Effective management of the fishery resources of the Upper Mississippi River and successful mitigation of the loss of critical habitat depend in part on an understanding of the reproductive and early life history requirements of the affected fishes. However, little is known about the use of nursery areas by fishes in the river. Of the nearly 130 species identified in the adult ichthyofauna, only a few are represented proportionally in the available data on early life stages because study designs have not included consideration of the early stages, collection gears have not adequately sampled the young, and eggs and larvae of some species are difficult to sample by conventional approaches. For the species collected, information is available on seasonal variations in total densities, composition, and catch among different habitat types. However, the data are most accurate for species with buoyant early life stages, such as freshwater drum (Aplodinotus grunniens) and gizzard shad (Dorosoma cepedianum). Eggs and larvae of freshwater drum dominate collections made in the main channel, whereas other larval fishes are usually most abundant in backwater habitats. The species found there usually deposit eggs on the substrate or on vegetation. Habitat preferences (as indicated by relative abundance) often shift as development proceeds and physical and behavioral changes occur in the larvae. Only limited information is available on the distribution of larvae within habitats, but it is clear that variations within habitats are significant.
During the late Wisconsin glaciation, the mountainous regions of northwestern Montana were covered by glacial ice. Marias Pass, on the Continental Divide immediately south of Glacier National Park, was covered by a local ice field. This ice and that from other glaciers to the north and south flowed eastward onto the plains of Montana to form the Two Medicine Glacier, a large piedmont glacier that extended 55 km beyond the mountain front. The presence of the Glacier Peak G ash and the underlying St. Helens Jy ash in laminated lake sediments near Marias Pass indicates that in this region the Continental Divide was ice free before about 11,400 BP. Macrofossils, pollen, and spores in these same sediments indicate establishment of shrubs, herbs, and scattered conifers by that time. At Sun River Canyon, about 90 km south of Marias Pass, glaciers also flowed beyond the mountain front onto the plains to form the Sun River Glacier, another large piedmont glacier that extended beyond the mountain front for 25 km. The presence of the Glacier Peak G ash in a postglacial alluvial fan indicates that glacial ice had receded upvalley from the canyon mouth and that the Sun River Glacier no longer existed by 11,200 BP.
","language":"English","publisher":"INSTAAR, University of Colorado","doi":"10.2307/1550889","usgsCitation":"Carrara, P., Short, S.K., and Wilcox, R., 1986, Deglaciation of the mountainous region of northwestern Montana, U.S.A., as indicated by late Pleistocene ashes: Arctic and Alpine Research, v. 18, no. 3, p. 317-325, https://doi.org/10.2307/1550889.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"317","endPage":"325","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225320,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana","volume":"18","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fe53e4b0c8380cd4ec88","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carrara, P. E.","contributorId":33727,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carrara","given":"P. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368684,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Short, S. K.","contributorId":6596,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Short","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368683,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wilcox, R.E.","contributorId":107348,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilcox","given":"R.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368685,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70014554,"text":"70014554 - 1986 - Design and cost analysis of rapid aquifer restoration systems using flow simulation and quadratic programming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-20T22:53:12.574099","indexId":"70014554","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3825,"text":"Groundwater","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Design and cost analysis of rapid aquifer restoration systems using flow simulation and quadratic programming","docAbstract":"Detailed two-dimensional flow simulation of a complex ground-water system is combined with quadratic and linear programming to evaluate design alternatives for rapid aquifer restoration. The design model ensures that a contaminant plume is removed and treated within four years at the least possible cost. Rapid restoration is accomplished by maintaining specified velocities around the plume perimeter toward a group of pumping wells located near the plume center. Ground-water velocities are adjusted to include the effects of solute retardation due to sorption. As a simplification, the model does not account for hydrodynamic dispersion. Results show how treatment and pumping costs depend dynamically on the type of treatment process, the capacity of pumping and injection wells, and the number of wells. The design for an inexpensive treatment process minimizes pumping costs, while an expensive process results in the minimization of treatment costs. Substantial reductions in pumping costs occur with increases in injection capacity or in the number of wells. Treatment costs are reduced by expansions in pumping capacity or injection capacity. The analysis identifies maximum pumping and injection capacities.
","language":"English","publisher":"National Groundwater Association","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.1986.tb01694.x","usgsCitation":"Lefkoff, L., and Gorelick, S., 1986, Design and cost analysis of rapid aquifer restoration systems using flow simulation and quadratic programming: Groundwater, v. 24, no. 6, p. 777-790, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1986.tb01694.x.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"777","endPage":"790","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226227,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"24","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-03-21","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ff35e4b0c8380cd4f092","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lefkoff, L.J.","contributorId":47418,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lefkoff","given":"L.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368662,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gorelick, S.M.","contributorId":21589,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gorelick","given":"S.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368661,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70014550,"text":"70014550 - 1986 - Ground-water recharge and its effects on nitrate concentration beneath a manured field site in Pennsylvania","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-20T22:54:10.838869","indexId":"70014550","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3825,"text":"Groundwater","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ground-water recharge and its effects on nitrate concentration beneath a manured field site in Pennsylvania","docAbstract":"Ground-water recharge to a shallow, unconfined, fractured dolomite aquifer underlying agricultural land in Lancaster County, Pennyslvania occurs by two mechanisms. Direct recharge occurs through pathways such as near-surface bedrock fractures and sinkholes, and affects dissolved nitrate concentration of ground water within two to three days; its effects last only about one week. Gradual recharge occurs through small channels and pores in the unsaturated zone and affects dissolved nitrate concentration for several weeks or more after the effects of direct recharge have dissipated. Whether recharge causes an increase or decrease in dissolved nitrate concentration depends on the amount of nitrogen-rich manure spread on the site prior to the storm. Direct recharge from a storm in March 1984, a month in which 18 tons of manure were spread, resulted in a rapid decrease in dissolved nitrate concentration of about 2.5 milligrams per liter (mg/l) as nitrogen. Direct recharge from a storm in May 1984, after 384 tons of manure had been spread in April, resulted in a rapid increase in dissolved nitrate concentration of about 3 mg/l as nitrogen. Concentration changes caused by gradual recharge several weeks or more after the storms were of the same magnitude as those caused by direct recharge during the storm.
","language":"English","publisher":"National Groundwater Association","usgsCitation":"Gerhart, J.M., 1986, Ground-water recharge and its effects on nitrate concentration beneath a manured field site in Pennsylvania: Groundwater, v. 24, no. 4, p. 483-489.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"483","endPage":"489","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226161,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"24","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2cdce4b0c8380cd5bd97","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gerhart, J. M.","contributorId":12855,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gerhart","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368653,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":28333,"text":"wri864138 - 1986 - Preliminary appraisal of ground water in and near the ancestral Missouri River Valley, northeastern Montana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-03T18:53:28.63564","indexId":"wri864138","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"86-4138","title":"Preliminary appraisal of ground water in and near the ancestral Missouri River Valley, northeastern Montana","docAbstract":"A preliminary appraisal was conducted in and near the ancestral Missouri River valley in northeastern Montana to describe the groundwater resources and to establish a data base for the area. The data base then could be used for future evaluation of possible changes in water levels or water quality. In this area, consolidated aquifers are the Upper Cretaceous Fox Hills-lower Hell Creek aquifer and the overlying Paleocene Fort Union Formation. Unconsolidated aquifers are Pleistocene terrace gravel and glacial deposits and Holocene alluvial deposits. Aquifers are recharged by precipitation, infiltration of streamflow, and possibly leakage from lakes and potholes. Groundwater moves from topographically higher areas to the ancestral valley, then along the ancestral valley to the southwest. Water is discharged from aquifers by evapotranspiration, springs and seeps, movement directly into streams and lakes, and from pumping wells. Average well yields are greatest for irrigation wells completed in outwash gravel (886 gallons/min). Eighteen wells were completed in various aquifers to monitor potential long-term changes in water levels and water quality. Measured water levels declined about 2 ft. or less during the study (1982-85). Chemical analysis of groundwater samples indicated that concentrations of some dissolved constituents exceeded U.S. Environmental Protection Agency standards for drinking water.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri864138","usgsCitation":"Levings, G.W., 1986, Preliminary appraisal of ground water in and near the ancestral Missouri River Valley, northeastern Montana: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 86-4138, Report: iv, 41 p.; 4 Plates: 12.46 x 19.92 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri864138.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 41 p.; 4 Plates: 12.46 x 19.92 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":415087,"rank":7,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_36570.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":57144,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1986/4138/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":57143,"rank":6,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1986/4138/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":57142,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1986/4138/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":57141,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1986/4138/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":57140,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1986/4138/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":158494,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1986/4138/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana","otherGeospatial":"Missouri River Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -104.624,\n 48.911\n ],\n [\n -104.624,\n 48.373\n ],\n [\n -104.054,\n 48.373\n ],\n [\n -104.054,\n 48.911\n ],\n [\n -104.624,\n 48.911\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67ca7b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Levings, G. W.","contributorId":12485,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Levings","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199610,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70014551,"text":"70014551 - 1986 - Field observations of bed shear stress and sediment resuspension on continental shelves, Alaska and California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-01T01:11:15.593985","indexId":"70014551","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1333,"text":"Continental Shelf Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Field observations of bed shear stress and sediment resuspension on continental shelves, Alaska and California","docAbstract":"Bed shear stress was estimated using wave and current measurements obtained with the GEOPROBE bottom-tripod system during resuspension events in Norton Sound, Alaska, and on the northern California shelf. The boundary-layer model of Grant and Madsen (1979, Journal of Geophysical Research, 84, 1797-1808) was used to compute the bed shear stress under combined wave-generated and quasi-steady currents. Resuspension events were identified by sudden, large increases in light scattering at 1.9 m above the sea floor. The shear-stress values were used to compute the Shields parameter (??). The results for Norton Sound are in excellent agreement with the Shields threshold criterion; the data for the California shelf plot somewhat above the Shields threshold curve, though generally within the scatter envelope. Although the surface sediments in each area contain substantial fine-grained fractions (mean diameters were 0.007 cm in Norton Sound and 0.002 cm on the California shelf), the results do not indicate significant cohesion, because the sediment was entrained at bed shear-stress values close to those predicted by the modified Shields curve for cohesionless fine-grained particles. We suspect that frequent wave stirring and observed plowing of the surface sediment by benthonic animals maintain a high water content and contribute to the ease with which these materials are resuspended.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0278-4343(86)90081-6","issn":"02784343","usgsCitation":"Drake, D., and Cacchione, D., 1986, Field observations of bed shear stress and sediment resuspension on continental shelves, Alaska and California: Continental Shelf Research, v. 6, no. 3, p. 415-429, https://doi.org/10.1016/0278-4343(86)90081-6.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"415","endPage":"429","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226162,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska, California","volume":"6","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0fcbe4b0c8380cd53a07","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Drake, D.E.","contributorId":48150,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Drake","given":"D.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368654,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cacchione, D.A.","contributorId":65448,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cacchione","given":"D.A.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":368655,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70014897,"text":"70014897 - 1986 - EFFECTS OF ARTIFICIAL RECHARGE ON GROUND-WATER QUALITY, LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:28","indexId":"70014897","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"EFFECTS OF ARTIFICIAL RECHARGE ON GROUND-WATER QUALITY, LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK.","docAbstract":"Artificial-recharge experiments were conducted at East Meadow in central Nassau County, Long Island, N. Y. , from October 1982 through January 1984, to evaluate the degree of ground-water mounding and chemical effects of artificially replenishing the ground-water system with tertiary-treated wastewater. Reclaimed water was provided by the Cedar Creek wastewater-treatment plant in Wantagh. Recharge with reclaimed water increased the concentration of sodium and chloride in ground water but lowered the concentrations of total nitrogen (nitrate plus nitrite) and some low-molecular-weight hydrocarbons. Reclaimed water was well within the New York State effluent standards for ground-water recharge. Specific-conductance measurements and Stiff diagrams of chemical analyses were used to help define the extent and shape of the plume formed by reclaimed water.","conferenceTitle":"Water Forum '86: World Water Issues in Evolution, Proceedings of the Conference.","conferenceLocation":"Long Beach, CA, USA","language":"English","publisher":"ASCE","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, USA","isbn":"0872625451","usgsCitation":"Schneider, B.J., Ku, H.F., and Oaksford, E.T., 1986, EFFECTS OF ARTIFICIAL RECHARGE ON GROUND-WATER QUALITY, LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK., Water Forum '86: World Water Issues in Evolution, Proceedings of the Conference., Long Beach, CA, USA, p. 628-636.","startPage":"628","endPage":"636","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225283,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0458e4b0c8380cd5090d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schneider, Brian J.","contributorId":55580,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schneider","given":"Brian","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369554,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ku, Henry F. H.","contributorId":11258,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ku","given":"Henry","email":"","middleInitial":"F. H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369553,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Oaksford, Edward T.","contributorId":82693,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oaksford","given":"Edward","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369555,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70015326,"text":"70015326 - 1986 - Gas analyses from the Pu'u O'o eruption in 1985, Kilauea volcano, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:56","indexId":"70015326","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1109,"text":"Bulletin of Volcanology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Gas analyses from the Pu'u O'o eruption in 1985, Kilauea volcano, Hawaii","docAbstract":"Volcanic gas samples were collected from July to November 1985 from a lava pond in the main eruptive conduit of Pu'u O'o from a 2-week-long fissure eruption and from a minor flank eruption of Pu'u O'o. The molecular composition of these gases is consistent with thermodynamic equilibrium at a temperature slightly less than measured lava temperatures. Comparison of these samples with previous gas samples shows that the composition of volatiles in the magma has remained constant over the 3-year course of this episodic east rift eruption of Kilauea volcano. The uniformly carbon depleted nature of these gases is consistent with previous suggestions that all east rift eruptive magmas degas during prior storage in the shallow summit reservoir of Kilauea. Minor compositional variations within these gas collections are attributed to the kinetics of the magma degassing process. ?? 1986 Springer-Verlag.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of Volcanology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF01074465","issn":"02588900","usgsCitation":"Greenland, L., 1986, Gas analyses from the Pu'u O'o eruption in 1985, Kilauea volcano, Hawaii: Bulletin of Volcanology, v. 48, no. 6, p. 341-348, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01074465.","startPage":"341","endPage":"348","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205423,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01074465"},{"id":223871,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"48","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a14bde4b0c8380cd54b43","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Greenland, L. P.","contributorId":56368,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Greenland","given":"L. P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370652,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70014559,"text":"70014559 - 1986 - Late Cretaceous stratigraphy, deformation and intrusion in the Madison Range of southwestern Montana ( USA).","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:33","indexId":"70014559","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Late Cretaceous stratigraphy, deformation and intrusion in the Madison Range of southwestern Montana ( USA).","docAbstract":"Dating of orogenic rock units in the central part of the Madison Range shows that Laramide deformation was virtually completed by the end of the Cretaceous. Early Campanian K-Ar dates of about 79 m.y. were obtained from welded tuffs in the basal part of the Livingston Formation, a volcanic and volcaniclastic assemblage that is conformable with underlying Cretaceous clastic rocks and with the overlying Sphinx Conglomerate. The Sphinx and the Livingston were deformed by the Hilgard fault system which extends along the western side of the southern two-thirds of the range. This north-trending fault system represents the culmination of Laramide shortening within the range. Dating of hornblende indicates an approximate date of 68-69 m.y. B.P. for emplacement of the igneous suite. The dacite postdates movement along faults of the Hilgard fault system, and postdates the synorogenic Sphinx Conglomerate. -from Authors","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Tysdal, R.G., Marvin, R.F., and Dewitt, E., 1986, Late Cretaceous stratigraphy, deformation and intrusion in the Madison Range of southwestern Montana ( USA).: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 97, no. 7, p. 859-868.","startPage":"859","endPage":"868","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225258,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"97","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a44d9e4b0c8380cd66e36","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tysdal, R. G.","contributorId":8823,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tysdal","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368670,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Marvin, R. F.","contributorId":60597,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marvin","given":"R.","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368671,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dewitt, E.","contributorId":108257,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dewitt","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368672,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70014505,"text":"70014505 - 1986 - Upper Pleistocene and Holocene lakes in the An Nafud, Saudi Arabia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:33","indexId":"70014505","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1919,"text":"Hydrobiologia","onlineIssn":"1573-5117","printIssn":"0018-8158","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Upper Pleistocene and Holocene lakes in the An Nafud, Saudi Arabia","docAbstract":"Two major lake periods were discovered in the sand sea of An Nafud and the surrounding areas. In Upper Pleistocene large lakes occurred around the dune area and in the interior of the sand sea. Their deposits were formed between 34 000 and 24 000 BP. The lakes were not conformous to the present dune relief. They had an extension of several km2 and a depth of ca. 10 m. Holocene lakes (8 400-5 400 BP) were of minor extension and restricted to the interdune depressions. Lake sediments consist of cemented sand, calcareous crusts and diatomites. Upper Pleistocene lakes were fresh water lakes, the Halocene lakes were mostly swamps depending on rising and falling aquifers in the dunes. Plant remains as pollen and macro rests show that the environmental changes didn't exceed the system of semidesert comparable to the modern plant cover. However, the Upper Pleistocene lake deposits contain some more soudanian elements as the Holocene sediments in the pollen spectra. Climatically the lake formations are interpreted as depending on a stronger influence of the mediterranean cyclones or an interaction of them with monsoonal air masses. ?? 1986 Dr W. Junk Publishers.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Hydrobiologia","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Kluwer Academic Publishers","doi":"10.1007/BF00026660","issn":"00188158","usgsCitation":"Schulz, E., and Whitney, J., 1986, Upper Pleistocene and Holocene lakes in the An Nafud, Saudi Arabia: Hydrobiologia, v. 143, no. 1, p. 175-190, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00026660.","startPage":"175","endPage":"190","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205634,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00026660"},{"id":225517,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"143","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbd48e4b08c986b328f4a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schulz, E.","contributorId":87549,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schulz","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368536,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Whitney, J.W.","contributorId":27437,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whitney","given":"J.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368535,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70014516,"text":"70014516 - 1986 - **1**5N-NMR INVESTIGATION OF HYDROXYLAMINE DERIVATIZED HUMIC SUBSTANCES.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:32","indexId":"70014516","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"**1**5N-NMR INVESTIGATION OF HYDROXYLAMINE DERIVATIZED HUMIC SUBSTANCES.","docAbstract":"Humic substances are the most abundant naturally occurring refactory organic compounds in soils and water. They have a broad range of physical, chemical and physiological properties. In soils, humic substances contribute to the cation exchange capacity, help maintain the physical structure, and play a role in plant growth and nutrition. In aquatic systems, humic substances serve to regulate the levels of inorganic constituents, yield trihalomethanes upon chlorination, and transport or concentrate organic and inorganic pollutants. The oxygen containing functional groups of humic and fulvic acids are believed to play a key role in the chemical properties of humic substances. This study was undertaken to gain additional information on the specific types of oxygen functionalities in humic substances. Since the analysis of hydroxyl moieties had been earlier established, we focused our attention on the analysis of ketone and aldehyde functional groups in humic substances.","largerWorkTitle":"National Meeting - American Chemical Society, Division of Environmental Chemistry","conferenceTitle":"American Chemical Society, Division of Environmental Chemistry 192nd National Meeting.","conferenceLocation":"Anaheim, CA, USA","language":"English","publisher":"ACS","publisherLocation":"Washington, DC, USA","issn":"02703009","usgsCitation":"Thorn, K.A., Arterburn, J.B., and Mikita, M.A., 1986, **1**5N-NMR INVESTIGATION OF HYDROXYLAMINE DERIVATIZED HUMIC SUBSTANCES., in National Meeting - American Chemical Society, Division of Environmental Chemistry, v. 26, no. 2, Anaheim, CA, USA, p. 153-155.","startPage":"153","endPage":"155","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225646,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"26","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e21ee4b0c8380cd45987","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thorn, Kevin A. 0000-0003-2236-5193 kathorn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2236-5193","contributorId":3288,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thorn","given":"Kevin","email":"kathorn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":368559,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Arterburn, Jeffrey B.","contributorId":86498,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arterburn","given":"Jeffrey","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368561,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mikita, Michael A.","contributorId":62761,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mikita","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368560,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70045274,"text":"70045274 - 1986 - Ground Water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-05-23T11:19:08","indexId":"70045274","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":363,"text":"General Interest Publication","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":6}},"title":"Ground Water","docAbstract":"Some water underlies the Earth's surface almost everywhere, beneath hills, mountains,plains, and deserts. It's not always accessible, or fresh enough for use without treatment, and it's sometimes difficult to locate or to measure and descri be. This water may occur close to the land surface, as in a marsh, or it may lie many hundreds of feet below the surface, as in some arid areas of the West. Water at very shallow depths might be just a few hours old ; at moderate depth, it may be 100 years old; and at great depth or after having flowed long distances from places of entry, water may be several thousands of years old . Water under the Earth's surface is called ground water.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, DC","doi":"10.3133/70045274","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1986, Ground Water: General Interest Publication, 23 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70045274.","productDescription":"23 p.","numberOfPages":"11","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":272703,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70045274/report.pdf"},{"id":270653,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70045274/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5163e6e9e4b0b7010f820172","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":535463,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1003153,"text":"1003153 - 1986 - An integrated system for treating nitrogen supersaturated water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-29T15:56:18.635662","indexId":"1003153","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3196,"text":"Progressive Fish-Culturist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An integrated system for treating nitrogen supersaturated water","docAbstract":"Groundwater is commonly supersaturated with nitrogen and must be treated before it is used for culturing fish–especially sensitive species such as lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) and Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). We treated water with an integrated system that passed water through a packed column aerator, then through a vacuum degasser, and finally through another packed column aerator (installed as a backup system). Packed‐column aeration prior to vacuum degassing provided increased efficiency because only a small amount of vacuum was required to remove the remaining excess nitrogen, and oxygen levels were not affected by the vacuum degasser. In well water passed through packed columns, nitrogen gas was reduced from 131 to 105% of saturation and oxygen was increased from 23 to 86% of saturation. With a vacuum pressure of 3 in Hg, the degasser further reduced the nitrogen gas from 105 to 99% of saturation, and oxygen saturation remained near 86%. The integrated system provided water in which all gases were near saturation. No effects of gas supersaturation have been observed among the 18 species of cold‐water, coolwater, or warmwater fish that have been cultured in this water.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1577/1548-8640(1986)48%3C281:AISFTN%3E2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Dawson, V.K., and Marking, L.L., 1986, An integrated system for treating nitrogen supersaturated water: Progressive Fish-Culturist, v. 48, no. 4, p. 281-284, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8640(1986)48%3C281:AISFTN%3E2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"281","endPage":"284","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":134363,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"48","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad7e4b07f02db684521","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dawson, V. K.","contributorId":48900,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dawson","given":"V.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312840,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Marking, L. L.","contributorId":90661,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marking","given":"L.","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312841,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1003281,"text":"1003281 - 1986 - Computer program calculation of gas supersaturation in water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-29T16:02:41.382349","indexId":"1003281","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3196,"text":"Progressive Fish-Culturist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Computer program calculation of gas supersaturation in water","docAbstract":"A short computer program, written in BASIC for the Apple IIe or IBM PC computer, efficiently performs all the calculations required to determine gas pressure and percent saturation values for water. Input for the program is limited to empirical determinations of barometric pressure, water temperature, differential dissolved gas pressures, dissolved oxygen, and salinity. An optional routine is included for obtaining a printed report of input data and results. The program can be easily modified to run on most other microcomputers that use BASIC programming language.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1577/1548-8640(1986)48%3C142:CPCOGS%3E2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Dawson, V.K., 1986, Computer program calculation of gas supersaturation in water: Progressive Fish-Culturist, v. 48, no. 2, p. 142-146, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8640(1986)48%3C142:CPCOGS%3E2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"142","endPage":"146","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129542,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"48","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b19e4b07f02db6a78f0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dawson, V. K.","contributorId":48900,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dawson","given":"V.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313066,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70015638,"text":"70015638 - 1986 - Use of detrended correspondence analysis in evaluating factors controlling species composition of periphyton","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-01T10:44:49","indexId":"70015638","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Use of detrended correspondence analysis in evaluating factors controlling species composition of periphyton","docAbstract":"Detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) was evaluated for its usefulness in elucidating relationships among samples and among species of periphyton in an oligotrophic stream, and for its effectiveness in displaying major gradients where an experimental gradient (copper) affecting species composition was imposed. It was highly sensitive to differences among samples and consistently provided ecologically meaningful species ordinations. Gradients related to seasonality of taxa and year-to-year differences in population densities were evident in DCA ordinations if data for all sampling dates were included, and these gradients complicated interpretation of the copper gradient. Stage of succession was a secondary gradient during exposure and complicated interpretation of the copper gradient after a major disturbance event (flooding).","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Rationale for sampling and interpretation of biological data in the assessment of freshwater ecosystems ","language":"English","publisher":"ASTM","publisherLocation":"Philadelphia, PA","issn":"00660558","isbn":"0803104553","usgsCitation":"Leland, H.V., and Carter, J.L., 1986, Use of detrended correspondence analysis in evaluating factors controlling species composition of periphyton, chap. of Rationale for sampling and interpretation of biological data in the assessment of freshwater ecosystems , p. 101-117.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"101","endPage":"117","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":223947,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbb7ee4b08c986b328665","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Isom Billy G.","contributorId":128338,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Isom Billy G.","id":536301,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Leland, Harry V.","contributorId":51158,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leland","given":"Harry","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371422,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Carter, James L. 0000-0002-0104-9776 jlcarter@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0104-9776","contributorId":3278,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carter","given":"James","email":"jlcarter@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":371421,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70014525,"text":"70014525 - 1986 - Precambrian basement geology of North and South Dakota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-09-25T18:24:46.222553","indexId":"70014525","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1168,"text":"Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Precambrian basement geology of North and South Dakota","docAbstract":"Combined analysis of drill-hole, gravity, and magnetic data indicates that the buried Precambrian basement rocks of the Dakotas can be divided into several lithotectonic terranes. Eastern North Dakota and northeastern South Dakota are underlain by Archean gneiss. Except for the Black Hills region of South Dakota, where Archean rocks are also exposed, the western third of both Dakotas is underlain mainly by Early Proterozoic gneiss and metasedimentary rocks. Part of this region is underlain by Archean crust with an Early Proterozoic tectonic overprint. A broad transition zone of strongly overprinted Archean crust occurs between the Proterozoic rocks to the west and the Archean rocks to the east. South central South Dakota is underlain by an Early Proterozoic batholith. Early Proterozoic felsic volcanic rocks occur in southeast South Dakota. The bootheel portion of South Dakota contains a diverse assemblage of basement rocks that are partly Archean in age.Churchill Province rocks of the Trans-Hudson foldbelt project into the western Dakotas. The Thompson nickel belt and the Pickwitonei gneiss belt correlate with the western and eastern halves, respectively, of the transition between Archean and Proterozoic crust, and the Archean Glennie – Hanson Lake microcontinent of the Churchill Province likely extends into western North Dakota. Archean rocks of Minnesota extend into the eastern Dakotas, and the Wyoming craton extends to the Black Hills region. The Cheyenne foldbelt projects into southwest South Dakota. The Penokean foldbelt of Michigan and Wisconsin does not extend into the Dakotas, but it most likely extends into northwest Iowa.Tectonic evolution of the Early Proterozoic terrane in the Dakotas was most likely similar to plate tectonic models for the evolution of the Trans-Hudson foldbelt in the Churchill Province. As in the Churchill Province, the western Dakotas are underlain by Early Proterozoic rocks, but it is not known whether these rocks formed as a result of rifting and subsequent closure of a once extensive Archean crust or as a result of collision of once widely separated blocks of Archean crust.
","language":"English","publisher":"Canadian Science Publishing","doi":"10.1139/e86-109","issn":"00084077","usgsCitation":"Klasner, J.S., and King, E.R., 1986, Precambrian basement geology of North and South Dakota: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 23, no. 8, p. 1083-1102, https://doi.org/10.1139/e86-109.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"1083","endPage":"1102","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225779,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Dakota, South 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Dakota\",\"nation\":\"USA \"}}]}","volume":"23","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a80eee4b0c8380cd7b2b4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Klasner, J. S.","contributorId":66228,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klasner","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368581,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"King, E. R.","contributorId":93482,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"King","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368582,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1003280,"text":"1003280 - 1986 - Invertebrate communities associated with Bangia atropurpurea and Cladophora glomerata in western Lake Erie","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-08T22:53:54.187543","indexId":"1003280","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2330,"text":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Invertebrate communities associated with Bangia atropurpurea and Cladophora glomerata in western Lake Erie","docAbstract":"The appearance of the marine alga Bangia atropurpurea (Rhodophyta) in Lake Erie has been followed by its rapid dispersal throughout the eulittoral zone of the lake. Bangia was extensively sampled to determine its suitability as a habitat for littoral organisms. Present data indicate that the only organisms capable of maintaining populations on Bangia filaments are larval Chironomidae. Cladophora supports a larger and more diverse community. It is concluded that the mucilaginous cell wall of Bangia provides a less stable substrate for attached or clinging organisms than does the cellulose cell wall of Cladophora. The presence of Bangia in the littoral zone of Lake Erie results in a reduction of the quantity and diversity of algal epiphytes and may negatively impact the littoral food web.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0380-1330(86)71713-9","usgsCitation":"Chilton, E., Lowe, R., and Schurr, K., 1986, Invertebrate communities associated with Bangia atropurpurea and Cladophora glomerata in western Lake Erie: Journal of Great Lakes Research, v. 12, no. 3, p. 149-153, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0380-1330(86)71713-9.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"149","endPage":"153","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":134433,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"12","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48b1e4b07f02db53049b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chilton, E.W.","contributorId":15166,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chilton","given":"E.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313063,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lowe, R.L.","contributorId":67063,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lowe","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313065,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schurr, K.M.","contributorId":36102,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schurr","given":"K.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313064,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70045315,"text":"70045315 - 1986 - Notes on sedimentation activities calendar year 1985","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-05-23T11:24:13","indexId":"70045315","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"title":"Notes on sedimentation activities calendar year 1985","docAbstract":"This report is a digest of information furnished by Federal agencies conducting sedimentation investigations. The decision to publish the report was made in 1946, from a proposal by the Chairman of the Federal Interagercy River Basin Committee, Subcommittee on Ground Water. The subcommittee approved the proposal and agreed to issue this report as a means of effecting better coordination of the work of various Federal agencies in the field of sedimentation. From 1946 to 1947, the report was issued on a quarterly basis; from 1948 to 1953, reports were issued every 6 months; and from 1954 to the present, the report has been issued annually.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey, Office of Water Data Coordination","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"U.S. Interagency Advisory Committee on Water Data- Subcommittee on Sedimentation, 1986, Notes on sedimentation activities calendar year 1985, xxiii, 235 p.","productDescription":"xxiii, 235 p.","numberOfPages":"262","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"1985-01-01","temporalEnd":"1985-12-31","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":270691,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70045315/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":272712,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70045315/report.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5165386fe4b077fa94dadfe9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"U.S. Interagency Advisory Committee on Water Data- Subcommittee on Sedimentation","contributorId":127893,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"U.S. Interagency Advisory Committee on Water Data- Subcommittee on Sedimentation","id":535471,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1003282,"text":"1003282 - 1986 - Loss of lampricides by adsorption on bottom sediments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:50","indexId":"1003282","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1169,"text":"Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Loss of lampricides by adsorption on bottom sediments","docAbstract":"Problems have been encountered in maintaining effective concentrations of the lampricides 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol (TFM) and 5,2a??-dichloro-4a??-nitrosalicylanilide (Bayer 73) during treatments of certain Great Lakes tributaries. Concentrations of Bayer 73 decreased by more than 80% in a portion of the Ford River, Michigan, during treatment in 1980. Adsorption of Bayer 73 on sediments was hypothesized as the primary mechanism of this excessive loss. Subsequent laboratory studies demonstrated that lampricides are adsorbed by silt-type sediments that are high in organic content, including those collected from the treated portion of the Ford River. Un-ionized lampricides (acidic solution) were more readily adsorbed than ionized forms (basic solution). Adsorption onto sediments was proportionally greater, and desorption proportionally less, for Bayer 73 than for TFM. When Ford River sediments were mixed with lampricide-free water, less than 10% of the adsorbed Bayer 73, but more than 60% of the TFM, was released. The extensive adsorption of the lampricides (especially Bayer 73) from solution by silt-type sediments explains much of the loss of effective concentrations in certain streams.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Dawson, V.K., Johnson, D., and Allen, J.L., 1986, Loss of lampricides by adsorption on bottom sediments: Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, v. 43, no. 8, p. 1515-1520.","productDescription":"pp. 1515-1520","startPage":"1515","endPage":"1520","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":15425,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://rparticle.web-p.cisti.nrc.ca/rparticle/AbstractTemplateServlet?journal=cjfas&volume=43&year=1986&issue=43&msno=f86-189&calyLang=eng","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"6799.000000000000000"},{"id":134414,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"43","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a6fe4b07f02db640d07","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dawson, V. K.","contributorId":48900,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dawson","given":"V.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313067,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnson, D.A.","contributorId":61370,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313069,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Allen, J. L.","contributorId":49295,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Allen","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313068,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70014705,"text":"70014705 - 1986 - Influences of quaternary climatic changes on processes of soil development on desert loess deposits of the Cima volcanic field, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-09-06T18:19:50.463591","indexId":"70014705","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1198,"text":"Catena","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Influences of quaternary climatic changes on processes of soil development on desert loess deposits of the Cima volcanic field, California","docAbstract":"Soils formed in loess are evidence of both relict and buried landscapes developed on Pliocene-to-latest Pleistocene basalt flows of the Cima volcanic field in the eastern Mojave Desert, California. The characteristics of these soils change systematically and as functions of the age and surface morphology of the lava flow. Four distinct phases of soil development are recognized: phase 1 - weakly developed soils on flows less than 0.18 M.y. old; phase 2 - strongly developed soils with thick argillic horizons on 0.18 - 0.7 M.y. old flows; phase 3 - strongly developed soils with truncated argillic horizons massively impregnated by carbonate on 0.7 to 1.1 M.y. old flows; and phase 4 - degraded soils with petrocalcic rubble on Pliocene flows. A critical aspect of the development of stage 1 soils is the evolution of a vesicular A horizon which profoundly affects the infiltration characteristics of the loess parent materials. Laboratory studies show that secondary gypsum and possibly other salt accumulation probably occurred during the period of phase 1 soil development. Slight reddening of the interiors of peds from vesicular-A horizons of phase 1 soils and presence of weakly developed B horizons indicates a slight degree of in situ chemical alteration. However, clay and Fe oxide contents of these soils show that these constituents, as well as carbonates and soluble salts, are incorporated as eolian dust. In contrast to phase 1 soils, chemical and mineralogical analysis of argillic horizons of phase 2 soils indicate proportionally greater degrees of in-situ chemical alteration. These data, the abundant clay films, and the strong reddening in the thick argillic horizons suggest that phase 2 and phase 3 soils formed during long periods of time and periodically were subjected to leaching regimes more intense than those that now exist. Flow-age data and soil-stratigraphic evidence also indicate that several major loess-deposition events occurred during the past ??? 1.0 M.y. Loess events are attributed to past changes in climate, such as the Pleistocene-to-Holocene climatic change, that periodically caused regional desiccation of pluvial lakes, reduction of vegetational density, and exposure of loose, unconsolidated fine materials. During times of warmer interglacial climates, precipitation infiltrates to shallower depths than during glacial periods. Extensive, saline playas which developed in the Mojave Desert during the Holocene are a likely source of much of the carbonates and soluble salts that are accumulating at shallow depths both in phase 1 soils and in the formerly noncalcareous, nongypsiferous argillic horizons of phase 2 and 3 soils. ?? 1986.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0341-8162(86)90010-X","usgsCitation":"McFadden, L.D., Wells, S.G., and Dohrenwend, J.C., 1986, Influences of quaternary climatic changes on processes of soil development on desert loess deposits of the Cima volcanic field, California: Catena, v. 13, no. 4, p. 361-389, https://doi.org/10.1016/0341-8162(86)90010-X.","productDescription":"29 p.","startPage":"361","endPage":"389","numberOfPages":"29","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225590,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Cima volcanic field","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -115.64751527404586,\n 35.30875004490268\n ],\n [\n -115.9171217596971,\n 35.30875004490268\n ],\n [\n -115.9171217596971,\n 35.13851834089037\n ],\n [\n -115.64751527404586,\n 35.13851834089037\n ],\n [\n -115.64751527404586,\n 35.30875004490268\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"13","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3ba4e4b0c8380cd62710","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McFadden, L. D.","contributorId":15765,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McFadden","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369048,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wells, S. G.","contributorId":81257,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wells","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369050,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dohrenwend, J. C.","contributorId":40960,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dohrenwend","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369049,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70014557,"text":"70014557 - 1986 - Shallow subsurface temperature surveys in the basin and range province-II. Ground temperatures in the Upsal Hogback geothermal area, west-central Nevada, U.S.A.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-19T18:43:31.529554","indexId":"70014557","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1828,"text":"Geothermics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Shallow subsurface temperature surveys in the basin and range province-II. Ground temperatures in the Upsal Hogback geothermal area, west-central Nevada, U.S.A.","docAbstract":"Numerous temperature surveys at a depth of 1 m were made in 1973–1985 in the Upsal Hogback and Soda Lakes geothermal areas in west-central Nevada. Whereas the surveys effectively delineated temperature at depth and heat flow within the relatively intense Soda Lakes thermal anomaly, they were not effective at the diffuse Upsal Hogback anomaly, where several perturbing factors that affect shallow subsurface temperatures are exceedingly variable. Albedo is the most important factor in the Upsal Hogback area, even at a depth of 30 m. All possible perturbing factors should be considered when designing a shallow temperature-based prospecting scheme.
Of 31 deep-sea cores collected along the central California continental slope, 18 have distinctly laminated sediment at depth, but none have laminations in the top few centimetres. The cores with laminated facies are restricted to water depths between 508 and 1508 m, but not all cores taken from this depth interval have laminated facies. 14C dates yield an extrapolated age of 4700 B.P. for the top of the uppermost laminated unit. Comparisons of the diatom flora in the laminated couplets with diatom floras in a 13-month sediment-trap record suggest that the laminations are varvelike couplets of seasonal sedimentation. The laminated facies represent a period from the last global deglaciation to early Holocene when the oxygen-minimum zone along the northeastern Pacific Ocean was stronger than at present. A stronger oxygen-minimum zone during this time is inferred to be the result of intensified upwelling.