The role of organic matter in Mississippi Valley-type Pb-Zn deposits has been studied by systematically sampling and characterizing various types of organic matter in the Upper Cambrian Bonneterre formation in lead-zinc mines from the Viburnum Trend and from rocks as far as 20 km away from the Trend. Organic matter that is several kilometers from ore consists of insoluble disseminated kerogen in carbonates. Kerogen from brown dolostones yields mainly n-alkane pyrolysis products up to approximately n-C 20 H 42 , whereas gray and white carbonates that are poorer in organic carbon give much smaller quantities of pyrolysis products. Within meters to centimeters of ore in the Milliken mine, at the south end of the Viburnum Trend, organic matter occurs as solid, partly soluble tacky bitumen and insoluble hard blebs of millimeter to centimeter size. These hydrocarbon materials also yield n-alkane pyrolysis products up to C 20 . In contrast, the solid insoluble organic matter in intimate contact (intergrown) with ore (galena and chalcopyrite) is friable and brittle. Products from pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry of this material are quite different from the kerogen in rocks or the hydrocarbon blebs; they are substituted aromatic molecules such as toluene and methyl naphthalene, rather than n-alkanes.The sulfur content of solid organic matter from the Milliken mine varies and is lowest for tacky material away from ore, intermediate for blebs near ore, and highest for friable material in intimate contact with ore.Pyrolysis-gas chromatography of this sample suite documents the progression of kerogen (far from ore) through solid petroleumlike material (near ore) to degraded organic matter (in contact with ore). The change in the organic matter from n-alkane to a hydrogen poorer aromatic character with a higher sulfur content when associated with sulfide ores, suggests that chemical reactions such as nonbiological (thermochemical) sulfate reduction, which consume hydrogen and produce reactive sulfur, were responsible for organic degradation.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.85.3.622","issn":"03610128","usgsCitation":"Leventhal, J., 1990, Organic matter and thermochemical sulfate reduction in the Viburnum Trend, southeast Missouri: Economic Geology, v. 85, no. 3, p. 622-632, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.85.3.622.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"622","endPage":"632","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223028,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"85","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1990-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6fc7e4b0c8380cd75c75","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Leventhal, J.S.","contributorId":60640,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leventhal","given":"J.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371898,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70015914,"text":"70015914 - 1990 - Coal and peat in the sub-Saharan region of Africa: alternative energy options?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-28T12:32:24","indexId":"70015914","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2829,"text":"Natural Resources Forum","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Coal and peat in the sub-Saharan region of Africa: alternative energy options?","docAbstract":"Increased energy demand as a result of growth in population, trends to sedentation and urbanization, and the desire for improvement in living standards, coupled with apparent climatic changes, are reducing fuelwood availability and contributing to deforestation and desertification in the sub‐Saharan countries. In 14 of those countries, the transport, industrial, and electric power generation sectors are all dependent on imported petroleum products for their energy needs with resultant balance of trade and debt‐servicing problems. Coal and peat are essentially unused and in some cases unknown in sub‐Saharan Africa. However, they might comprise valuable alternative energy sources in some or all of the developing nations of the region. The eleven countries considered in this appraisal reportedly contain coal and peat. On the basis of regional geology, another five countries might also contain coal‐bearing rocks. If the resource potential is adequate, coal and peat might be utilized in a variety of ways including substituting for fuelwood, generating electricity, supplying process heat for local industry and increasing agricultural productivity.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1477-8947.1990.tb00368.x","issn":"01650203","usgsCitation":"Weaver, J.N., and Landis, E.R., 1990, Coal and peat in the sub-Saharan region of Africa: alternative energy options?: Natural Resources Forum, v. 14, no. 1, p. 64-69, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-8947.1990.tb00368.x.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"64","endPage":"69","costCenters":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":223237,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"14","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-10-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f681e4b0c8380cd4c7d0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Weaver, Jean Noe jweaver@usgs.gov","contributorId":935,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weaver","given":"Jean","email":"jweaver@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Noe","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":372067,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Landis, Edwin R.","contributorId":48553,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Landis","given":"Edwin","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372068,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70015762,"text":"70015762 - 1990 - Studies of angiospermous woods in Australian brown coal by nuclear magnetic resonance and analytical pyrolysis: new insight into early coalification","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-23T00:51:40.174951","indexId":"70015762","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2033,"text":"International Journal of Coal Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Studies of angiospermous woods in Australian brown coal by nuclear magnetic resonance and analytical pyrolysis: new insight into early coalification","docAbstract":"Many Tertiary coals contain abundant fossilized remains of angiosperms, which commonly dominated the ancient peat-swamp environments; modern analogs of such swamps can be found in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Comparisons of angiospermous wood from Australian brown coal with similar wood buried in modern peat swamps of Indonesia have provided some new insights into coalification reactions. These comparisons were made by using solid-state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques and pyrolsis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (py-gc-ms). These two modern techniques are especially suited for detailed structural evaluation of the complex macromolecules in coal.
The earliest transformation (peatification) of organic matter in angiospermous wood is the degradation and removal of cellulosic components and the concomitant selective preservation of lignin-derived components. The angiospermous lignin that becomes enriched in wood as a result of cellulose degradation also is modified by coalification reactions; this modification, however, does not involve degradation and removal of the lignin. Rather, the early coalification process transforms the lignin phenols (guiacyl and syringyl) to eventually yield the aromatic structures typically found in brown coal. One such transformation, which is determined from NMR data, involves the cleavage of aryl-ether bonds that link guaiacyl and syringyl units in lignin, and this transformation leads to the formation of free lignin phenols. Another transformation, which is also determined from the NMR data, involves the loss of methoxyl groups, probably via demethylation, to produce catechol-like structures. Coincident with ether-cleavage and demethylation, the aromatic rings derived from lignin phenols become more carbon-substituted and cross linked, as determined by dipolar-dephasing NMR studies. This cross linking is probably responsible for preventing the lignin phenols, which are freed from the lignin macromolecule by ether cleavage, from being removed from the coal by dissolution. Pyrolysis data suggest that the syringyl units are altered more readily than are guaiacyl units, and this difference in resistance leads to an enrichment of the guaiacyl units in fossil angiospermous woods.
Many of the coalification reactions noted above occur to some degree in all angiospermous fossil wood examined; however, some significant differences are observed in the degree of coalification of the fossil wood samples from the same burial depth in the brown coal. These differences indicate that the depth and duration of burial are probably not entirely responsible for the variations in degree of coalification. Different rates of degradation in peat may have contributed to the variations in the apparent degree of coalification; some woods may have been altered more rapidly at the peat stage than others.
Although preliminary, this systematic study of botanically related wood in peat and coal results in a more detailed differentiation of coalification reactions than have previous investigations. The combined use of solid-state 13C NMR and py-gc-ms has facilitated this detailed insight into the coalification of angiospermous wood.
Fluid and heat discharge rates of thermal springs of the Cascade Range have been determined using the chloride inventory method. Discharge rates of thermal spring groups range from 1 to 120 L s−1. Most of the fluid (50%) and heat (61%) are discharged from two hot spring groups in northern Oregon. Total discharge from thermal springs in the Cascade Range of California, Oregon, and Washington is about 340 Ls−1, which corresponds to about 8.2×104 kJ s−1 of heat. This does not include hot springs developed on the flanks of Mount St. Helens after the 1980 eruption. The Cascade Range consists of geologically and technically distinct segments; rates of convective heat discharge by the thermal springs in these segments correlate with volcanic rock extrusion rates for the last 2 m. y. In Oregon and Washington, many streams without known thermal or mineral springs in their drainage basins also were sampled for chloride and sodium to detect chemical anomalies that might be associated with previously unknown thermal or mineral waters. Only three chloride anomalies not associated with known thermal or mineral springs were identified in the streams of the Cascade Range.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1029/JB095iB12p19517","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Mariner, R.H., Presser, T.S., Evans, W.C., and Pringle, M., 1990, Discharge rates of fluid and heat by thermal springs of the Cascade Range, Washington, Oregon, and northern California: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 95, no. B12, p. 19517-19531, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB095iB12p19517.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"19517","endPage":"19531","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":223077,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"95","issue":"B12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a01e3e4b0c8380cd4fd95","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mariner, Robert H.","contributorId":81075,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mariner","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371905,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Presser, T. S.","contributorId":93875,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Presser","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371906,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Evans, William C.","contributorId":104903,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Evans","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371907,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Pringle, M.K.W.","contributorId":67220,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pringle","given":"M.K.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371904,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70015831,"text":"70015831 - 1990 - A multilayered sharp interface model of coupled freshwater and saltwater flow in coastal systems: Model development and application","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-27T11:41:38","indexId":"70015831","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A multilayered sharp interface model of coupled freshwater and saltwater flow in coastal systems: Model development and application","docAbstract":"A quasi three-dimensional, finite difference model, that simulates freshwater and saltwater flow separated by a sharp interface, has been developed to study layered coastal aquifer systems. The model allows for regional simulation of coastal groundwater conditions, including the effects of saltwater dynamics on the freshwater system. Vertically integrated freshwater and saltwater flow equations incorporating the interface boundary condition are solved within each aquifer. Leakage through confining layers is calculated by Darcy's law, accounting for density differences across the layer. The locations of the interface tip and toe, within grid blocks, are tracked by linearly extrapolating the position of the interface. The model has been verified using available analytical solutions and experimental results. Application of the model to the Soquel-Aptos basin, Santa Cruz County, California, illustrates the use of the quasi three-dimensional, sharp interface approach for the examination of freshwater-saltwater dynamics in regional systems. Simulation suggests that the interface, today, is still responding to long-term Pleistocene sea level fluctuations and has not achieved equilibrium with present day sea level conditions.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/WR026i007p01431","usgsCitation":"Essaid, H.I., 1990, A multilayered sharp interface model of coupled freshwater and saltwater flow in coastal systems: Model development and application: Water Resources Research, v. 26, no. 7, p. 1431-1454, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR026i007p01431.","productDescription":"24 p.","startPage":"1431","endPage":"1454","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222817,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"26","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e48ee4b0c8380cd46706","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Essaid, Hedeff I. 0000-0003-0154-8628 hiessaid@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0154-8628","contributorId":2284,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Essaid","given":"Hedeff","email":"hiessaid@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":371864,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70015767,"text":"70015767 - 1990 - Major sedimentation issues for the USGS","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:58","indexId":"70015767","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Major sedimentation issues for the USGS","docAbstract":"Historically, sediment information has been used primarily in planning for engineering structures that were designed to meet a single or a very limited number of objectives. Today most water-resource systems are fully developed, but society is asking that the existing systems be operated to meet multiple objectives, which often were not considered in the original system design. Sediment related problems that seem to be of highest priority today include: 1. The relation of sediment transport to the transport and fate of attached pollutants, 2. Documentation of the mean sediment concentration and load as well as the natural variability of instantaneous sediment concentrations and loads as related to land use, and 3. Evaluation of the effect of sediment on fish and wildlife habitat. The sediment program of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) is changing in response to these changing priorities as it attempts to remain relevant and responsive to current problems.","largerWorkTitle":"Hydraulic Engineering - Proceedings of the 1990 National Conference","conferenceTitle":"Hydraulic Engineering - Proceedings of the 1990 National Conference","conferenceDate":"30 July 1990 through 31 July 1990","conferenceLocation":"San Diego, CA, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Publ by ASCE","publisherLocation":"Boston, MA, United States","isbn":"0872627748","usgsCitation":"Jobson, H.E., and Andrews, E.D., 1990, Major sedimentation issues for the USGS, in Hydraulic Engineering - Proceedings of the 1990 National Conference, San Diego, CA, USA, 30 July 1990 through 31 July 1990, p. 1009-1014.","startPage":"1009","endPage":"1014","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224337,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4c1de4b0c8380cd69a01","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Chang Howard H.Hill Joseph C.","contributorId":128375,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Chang Howard H.Hill Joseph C.","id":536303,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Jobson, Harvey E.","contributorId":27032,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jobson","given":"Harvey","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371721,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Andrews, Edmund D. eandrews@usgs.gov","contributorId":3828,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andrews","given":"Edmund","email":"eandrews@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":371720,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70015852,"text":"70015852 - 1990 - Faults of the central part of the Lewis and Clark line and fragmentation of the Late Cretaceous foreland basin in west-central Montana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-27T12:25:44.628815","indexId":"70015852","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Faults of the central part of the Lewis and Clark line and fragmentation of the Late Cretaceous foreland basin in west-central Montana","docAbstract":"The Lewis and Clark line is a prominent zone of strike-slip, dip-slip, and oblique-slip faults that extends from near Wallace, Idaho, to east of Helena, Montana. Faults of this zone have been intermittently active from Middle Proterozoic to Holocene time, and because of numerous tectonic overprints, controversy continues about displacement directions and times of displacement along specific faults. Geologic mapping shows evidence that many principal faults of the Lewis and Clark line, such as the St. Marys-Helena Valley, Bald Butte, Ninemile, and Osburn faults, had right separation or slip that ranged between 28 and 11 km, and this displacement probably occurred during Late Cretaceous time. Other faults, such as the Elevation Mountain, Placer Creek, and Ranch Creek faults, have Late Cretaceous right separations that range between 8 and 3.2 km, and the Mount Sentinel fault zone has between 6.5 and 3 km of right separation of probable Late Cretaceous age.
Subsidiary structures of the Lewis and Clark line postdate Paleozoic and Lower Cretaceous rocks and predate Late Cretaceous stocks at some places; subsidiary faults and folds that have age constraints have slip directions compatible with right slip along adjacent, principal faults.
Sedimentation patterns of Lower and Upper Cretaceous rocks indicate that faults of the Lewis and Clark line fragmented the foredeep region of the foreland basin into separate northern and southern basins in Late Cretaceous time. The Lower and Upper Cretaceous Blackleaf Formation (Albian and lower Cenomanian) was deposited in a continuous foredeep basin that extended across the Lewis and Clark line from north of the Canadian border to southwestern Montana, a distance of about 450 km. North of the Lewis and Clark line, middle and upper Cenomanian rocks are absent, and a thin sequence of uppermost Cenomanian to Campanian rocks was deposited in a marine environment that changed to a strand-line and continental environment in early Campanian time. South of the Lewis and Clark line, middle and upper Cenomanian deposits are also absent, but a thick sequence of Turonian-to-Campanian rocks was deposited in brackish water and strand-line environments, and during later Campanian time, in a continental environment. In the region between the St. Marys-Helena Valley and Bald Butte faults, a barrier may have formed that served as a local sediment source between foredeep regions in the northern and southern foreland basin during the period 91 to 75 Ma. South of the Bald Butte fault, an extensional tectonic regime contributed to a higher sediment-accumulation rate in the foredeep region along the north border of the southern basin (30 cm/1,000 yr), as compared to lower sediment-accumulation rates (6.9 and 7.8 cm/ 1,000 yr) in the foredeep region of the south part of the northern basin.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1990)102<1021:FOTCPO>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Wallace, C.A., Lidke, D., and Schmidt, R.G., 1990, Faults of the central part of the Lewis and Clark line and fragmentation of the Late Cretaceous foreland basin in west-central Montana: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 102, no. 8, p. 1021-1037, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1990)102<1021:FOTCPO>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"1021","endPage":"1037","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223131,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -113.93105489049955,\n 47.74152319336437\n ],\n [\n -113.93105489049955,\n 45.78512955401325\n ],\n [\n -109.9320314529997,\n 45.78512955401325\n ],\n [\n -109.9320314529997,\n 47.74152319336437\n ],\n [\n -113.93105489049955,\n 47.74152319336437\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"102","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0f27e4b0c8380cd537d2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wallace, C. A.","contributorId":15596,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wallace","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371923,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lidke, D. J.","contributorId":10857,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lidke","given":"D. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371922,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schmidt, R. G.","contributorId":107690,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmidt","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371924,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70015830,"text":"70015830 - 1990 - Effect of ten quaternary ammonium cations on tetrachloromethane sorption to clay from water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-03-04T19:44:24","indexId":"70015830","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effect of ten quaternary ammonium cations on tetrachloromethane sorption to clay from water","docAbstract":"The mineral surface of Wyoming bentonite (clay) was modified by replacing inorganic ions by each of 10 quaternary ammonium compounds, and tetrachloromethane sorption to the modified sorbents from water was studied. Tetrachloromethane sorption from solution to clay modified with tetramethyl-, tetraethyl-, benzyltrimethyl-, or benzyltriethylammonium cations generally is characterized by relatively high solute uptake, isotherm nonlinearity, and competitive sorption (with trichloroethene as the competing sorbate). For these sorbents, the ethyl functional groups yield reduced sorptive capacity relative to methyl groups, whereas the benzyl group appears to have a similar effect on sorbent capacity as the methyl group. Sorption of tetrachloromethane to clay modified with dodecyldimethyl(2-phenoxyethyl)-, dodecyltrimethyl-, tetradecyltrimethyl-, hexadecyltrimethyl-, or benzyldimethylhexadecylammonium bromide is characterized by relatively low solute uptake, isotherm linearity, and noncompetitive sorption. For these sorbents, an increase in the size of the nonpolar functional group(s) causes an increase in the organic carbon normalized sorption coefficient (Koc). No measurable uptake of tetrachloromethane sorption by the unmodified clay or clay modified by ammonium bromide was observed.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Chemical Society","doi":"10.1021/es00078a003","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Smith, J.A., 1990, Effect of ten quaternary ammonium cations on tetrachloromethane sorption to clay from water: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 24, no. 8, p. 1167-1172, https://doi.org/10.1021/es00078a003.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"1167","endPage":"1172","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":222816,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"24","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0613e4b0c8380cd510f6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, J. A.","contributorId":101646,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371863,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70015881,"text":"70015881 - 1990 - Age and progression of volcanism, Wrangell volcanic field, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-08-19T21:36:32","indexId":"70015881","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1109,"text":"Bulletin of Volcanology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Age and progression of volcanism, Wrangell volcanic field, Alaska","docAbstract":"The Wrangell volcanic field covers more than 10 000 km2 in southern Alaska and extends uninterrupted into northwest. Yukon Territory. Lavas in the field exhibit medium-K, calc-alkaline affinities, typical of continental volcanic arcs along convergent plate margins. Eleven major eruptive centers are recognized in the Alaskan part of the field. More than 90 K-Ar age determinations in the field show a northwesterly progression of eruptive activity from 26 Ma, near the Alaska-Yukon border, to about 0.2 Ma at the northwest end of the field. A few age determinations in the southeast extension of the field in Yukon Territory, Canada, range from 11 to 25 Ma. The ages indicate that the progression of volcanism in the Alaska part of the field increased from about 0.8 km/Ma, at 25 Ma, to more than 20 km/MA during the past 2 Ma. The progression of volcanic activity and its increased rate of migration with time is attributed to changes in the rate and angle of Pacific plate convergence and the progressive decoupling of the Yakutat terrane from North America. Subduction of Yakutat terrane-Pacific plate and Wrangell volcanic activity ceased about 200 000 years age when Pacific plate motion was taken up by strike-slip faulting and thrusting. ?? 1990 Springer-Verlag.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of Volcanology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF00680318","issn":"02588900","usgsCitation":"Richter, D., Smith, J., Lanphere, M.A., Dalrymple, G.B., Reed, B., and Shew, N.B., 1990, Age and progression of volcanism, Wrangell volcanic field, Alaska: Bulletin of Volcanology, v. 53, no. 1, p. 29-44, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00680318.","startPage":"29","endPage":"44","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222766,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":205296,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00680318"}],"volume":"53","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e8e1e4b0c8380cd47f3f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Richter, D.H.","contributorId":43325,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Richter","given":"D.H.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":371994,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, James G.","contributorId":44534,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"James G.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":371995,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lanphere, M. A.","contributorId":35298,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lanphere","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371993,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dalrymple, G. B.","contributorId":10407,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dalrymple","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371991,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Reed, B.L.","contributorId":29434,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reed","given":"B.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371992,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Shew, Nora B. 0000-0003-0025-7220 nshew@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0025-7220","contributorId":3382,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shew","given":"Nora","email":"nshew@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":371996,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70015915,"text":"70015915 - 1990 - Temperature, size, and depth of the magma reservoir for the Taylor Creek Rhyolite, New Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:45","indexId":"70015915","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":738,"text":"American Mineralogist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Temperature, size, and depth of the magma reservoir for the Taylor Creek Rhyolite, New Mexico","docAbstract":"The 55 km3 mid-Tertiary Taylor Creek Rhyolite in southwestern New Mexico consists of 20 lava domes and flows. This rhyolite is metaluminous to weakly peraluminous. Compositional zonation in feldspar phenocrysts is very minor and nonsystematic. The compositions of each feldspar species vary little throughout the suite of analyzed samples. This chemical homogeneity of phenocrysts reflects similar whole-rock homogeneity and suggests that the lavas were tapped from a single large reservoir of magma. Ages of sanidine phenocrysts determined using 40Ar/39Ar indicate that the Taylor Creek Rhyolite lavas were emplaced during a period of less than 0.42 my. and possibly less than 0.13 m.y., which is consistent with the single-reservoir scenario. Two-feldspar geothermometry suggests that Taylor Creek Rhyolite phenocrysts crystallized at about 775??C, at an assumed pressure of 2 kbar. Fe-Ti-oxide geothermometry suggests phenocryst growth at about 800??C. Experimental studies suggest that quartz and potassium-feldspar crystals that grow from H2O-undersaturated granitic magmas should exhibit resorption texture, a texture ubiquitous to Taylor Creek Rhyolite quartz and sanidine phenocrysts. We tentatively conclude that the Taylor Creek Rhyolite magma was H2O undersaturated and subliquidus at an unspecified pressure greater than 0.5 kbar during phenocryst growth and that Taylor Creek Rhyolite pyroclastic deposits formed because volatile saturation developed during the ascent of magma to sites of eruption. -from Authors","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"American Mineralogist","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"0003004X","usgsCitation":"Duffield, W.A., and Bray, D., 1990, Temperature, size, and depth of the magma reservoir for the Taylor Creek Rhyolite, New Mexico: American Mineralogist, v. 75, no. 9-10, p. 1059-1070.","startPage":"1059","endPage":"1070","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223286,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"75","issue":"9-10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba4d0e4b08c986b3205e3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Duffield, W. A.","contributorId":71935,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duffield","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372070,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bray, du","contributorId":28749,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bray","given":"du","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372069,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70015944,"text":"70015944 - 1990 - Location and mapping of hydrologic regimes and thermal waters in Hawai'i: the use of electrical geophysical techniques","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:45","indexId":"70015944","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Location and mapping of hydrologic regimes and thermal waters in Hawai'i: the use of electrical geophysical techniques","docAbstract":"Useful information on several different hydrologic regimes can be obtained using a combination of electrical geophysical surveys. Fresh-water lenses and laterally-confined aquifers can be located and mapped. However, more studies are required to evaluate the utility of geophysical methods for assessing perched aquifers.","largerWorkTitle":"Transactions - Geothermal Resources Council","conferenceTitle":"1990 International Symposium on Geothermal Energy","conferenceDate":"20 August 1990 through 24 August 1990","conferenceLocation":"Kailua-Kona, HI, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Publ by Geothermal Resources Council","publisherLocation":"Davis, CA, United States","issn":"01935933","isbn":"0934412685","usgsCitation":"Kauahikaua, J., 1990, Location and mapping of hydrologic regimes and thermal waters in Hawai'i: the use of electrical geophysical techniques, in Transactions - Geothermal Resources Council, v. 14, no. pt 2, Kailua-Kona, HI, USA, 20 August 1990 through 24 August 1990, p. 1489-1492.","startPage":"1489","endPage":"1492","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222873,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"14","issue":"pt 2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4909e4b0c8380cd682f7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kauahikaua, Jim","contributorId":47366,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kauahikaua","given":"Jim","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372146,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70015952,"text":"70015952 - 1990 - Timing of uplift peripheral to the Red Sea, Saudi Arabia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-06T20:07:36","indexId":"70015952","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2067,"text":"International Journal of Radiation Applications and Instrumentation. Part D. Nuclear Tracks and Radiation Measurements","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Timing of uplift peripheral to the Red Sea, Saudi Arabia","docAbstract":"A Prominent escarpment is found along the western margin of the Arabian Shield. Elevations along this escarpment are up to 3200 m above the Red Sea. Between the Red Sea and the crest of the escarpment is a relatively featureless coastal plane that is ??? 50 km across. The coastal plane abruptly gives way to the steep mountainous terrain, the elevation of which increases abruptly towards the high crest. The elevation slowly decreases to the east of the high crest. Forty-four apatite fission-track ages have been determined on rocks from the Proterozoic Arabian Shield in southwestern Saudi Arabia. These ages range from 13.8 to 568 Ma. In general, the youngest ages are found at low elevations along the base of the escarpment near the eastern edge of the coastal plane. The oldest ages are from along and to the east of the crest. The fission-track data from Saudi Arabia show that there was a period of minor uplift and cooling during the Cretaceous. This was followed by a relatively stable period which lasted until the Mid to Upper Miocene. The latest uplift and erosion began slightly younger than 13.8 Ma. This latest episode resulted in a minimum uplift of 3 km and is related to the Red Sea Rift. Samples totally annealed prior to this latest episode of uplift and cooling have not yet reached the surface.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"International Journal of Radiation Applications and Instrumentation. Part D. Nuclear Tracks and Radiation Measurements","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the 6th International Fission Track Dating Workshop","conferenceLocation":"Besancon, Fr","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/1359-0189(90)90098-I","issn":"0191278X","usgsCitation":"Naeser, C.W., Zimmermann, R., Bohannon, R.G., and Schmidt, D.L., 1990, Timing of uplift peripheral to the Red Sea, Saudi Arabia: International Journal of Radiation Applications and Instrumentation. Part D. Nuclear Tracks and Radiation Measurements, v. 17, no. 3, https://doi.org/10.1016/1359-0189(90)90098-I.","startPage":"424","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222981,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":268864,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1359-0189(90)90098-I"}],"volume":"17","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb3f9e4b08c986b3260e1","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Couchot PierreFromm M.Chambaudet A.Rebetez M.Van den haute Peteret al","contributorId":128349,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Couchot PierreFromm M.Chambaudet A.Rebetez M.Van den haute Peteret al","id":536318,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Naeser, C. W.","contributorId":17582,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Naeser","given":"C.","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372166,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zimmermann, R.A.","contributorId":106265,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zimmermann","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372169,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bohannon, R. G.","contributorId":61808,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bohannon","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372168,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Schmidt, D. L.","contributorId":23934,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmidt","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372167,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70016034,"text":"70016034 - 1990 - Modern configuration of the southwest Florida carbonate slope: Development by shelf margin progradation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-09-23T12:25:42.733368","indexId":"70016034","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2667,"text":"Marine Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modern configuration of the southwest Florida carbonate slope: Development by shelf margin progradation","docAbstract":"Microgranular quartz diorite and diorite inclusions are widespread in central Sierra Nevada granitoid rocks and are almost exclusively restricted to hornblende-bearing rocks, most commonly felsic tonalites and mafic granodiorites. Strontium 87/strontium 86 values of the inclusions and host granitoids from individual plutons generally plot on single isochrons that agree closely with previously determined ages. Neodymium 143/neodymium 144 values of five inclusions ranged from 0.51229 to 0.51248 and yield εNd values that correlate closely with values of their respective hosts. The Nd-Sm and Rb-Sr systematics indicate that most inclusions were in isotopic equilibrium with enclosing materials at the time of formation. Silica contents of inclusions and granitoids are contiguous, but inclusions generally contain less than, and granitoids more than, 60% SiO2. Linear continuity of the femic oxide and H2O+ trends relative to SiO2 suggests many inclusions formed as concentrations of hydrous mafic minerals. Variation of other major element oxides and trace elements support this inference. The aforementioned data are generally inconsistent with a direct genetic link between the mafic inclusions and the mantle-derived basalt. However, many initial Sierra Nevada magmas were produced by mixing of mafic, mantle-derived melts and felsic crustal materials, resulting in isotopically varied tonalitic and granodioritic magmas. Most inclusions thus represent fragmented crystal accumulations of early-formed, near-liquidus minerals generated from these previously mixed magmas.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB095iB11p17841","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Dodge, F.C., and Kistler, R.W., 1990, Some additional observations on inclusions in the granitic rocks of the Sierra Nevada: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 95, no. B11, p. 17841-17848, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB095iB11p17841.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"17841","endPage":"17848","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222989,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"95","issue":"B11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b926ee4b08c986b319eef","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dodge, F. C. W.","contributorId":18755,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dodge","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"C. W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372530,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kistler, R. W.","contributorId":36112,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kistler","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372531,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70015909,"text":"70015909 - 1990 - Crustal structure of the northwestern Basin and Range Province from the 1986 Program for Array Seismic Studies of the Continental Lithosphere Seismic Experiment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-07T14:33:02.99065","indexId":"70015909","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2312,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Crustal structure of the northwestern Basin and Range Province from the 1986 Program for Array Seismic Studies of the Continental Lithosphere Seismic Experiment","docAbstract":"A portion of northwestern Nevada was imaged to determine the crustal structure and to assess reported differences between refraction versus reflection determinations of Moho depth and how the crustal composition and structure has been influenced by volcanic and extension mechanisms. Interpretation of the refraction/wide-angle reflection data suggests that the crust is fairly uniform in thickness and varies by less than 5 km over the 280 km east-west profile and 3 km over its 220 km north-south length. The velocity structure is characterized by five layers: 1) an uppermost crust, composed of sedimentary rocks and basement that has an average velocity of 5.7 km s-1; 2) a middle crust that extends to a depth of 18-22 with an average velocity of 6.1 km s-1; 3) a 10-12 km thick lower crust with an average velocity of 6.6 km s-1; 4) a 2-5 km thick transitional crust-mantle boundary defined by a 7.6 km s-1 velocity; and 5) an upper mantle with an average Pn velocity of 7.9-8.0 km s-1. A uniform upper mantle composition across the Basin and Range is suggested and the homogeneity of the velocity structure beneath the western Basin and Range argues for a youthful Moho and crust that has been reworked by province-wide late Cenozoic extension, episodic magmatism, and underplating. -from Authors","largerWorkTitle":"","language":"English","publisher":"AGU","doi":"10.1029/JB095iB13p21823","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Benz, H.M., Smith, R.B., and Mooney, W.D., 1990, Crustal structure of the northwestern Basin and Range Province from the 1986 Program for Array Seismic Studies of the Continental Lithosphere Seismic Experiment: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 95, no. B13, p. 21823-21842, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB095iB13p21823.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"21823","endPage":"21842","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":223184,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.51953124999999,\n 32.13840869677249\n ],\n [\n -104.150390625,\n 32.13840869677249\n ],\n [\n -104.150390625,\n 45.67548217560647\n ],\n [\n -122.51953124999999,\n 45.67548217560647\n ],\n [\n -122.51953124999999,\n 32.13840869677249\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"95","issue":"B13","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fcf0e4b0c8380cd4e520","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Benz, Harley M. 0000-0002-6860-2134 benz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6860-2134","contributorId":794,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Benz","given":"Harley","email":"benz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":372055,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, R. B.","contributorId":64589,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372056,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mooney, Walter D. 0000-0002-5310-3631 mooney@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5310-3631","contributorId":3194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mooney","given":"Walter","email":"mooney@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":372057,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1015633,"text":"1015633 - 1990 - [Book review] Mediterranean-type Ecosystems: A Data Source Book, edited by R.L. Specht","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-11-02T11:53:45","indexId":"1015633","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":743,"text":"American Scientist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"[Book review] Mediterranean-type Ecosystems: A Data Source Book, edited by R.L. Specht","docAbstract":"Review of: Mediterranean-type Ecosystems: A Data Source Book. R.L. Sprecht, ed. Tasks for Vegetation Science, 19. 248 pp. Kluwer, 1988. $125.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"American Scientist","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Sigma Xi, The Scientific Research Society","publisherLocation":"Research Triangle Park, NC","usgsCitation":"Keeley, J., 1990, [Book review] Mediterranean-type Ecosystems: A Data Source Book, edited by R.L. Specht: American Scientist, v. 78, p. 65-65.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"65","endPage":"65","numberOfPages":"65","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132816,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":262947,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.werc.usgs.gov/fileHandler.ashx?File=/Lists/Products/Attachments/1139/Mediterranean Type Ecosystems 1990.pdf"}],"volume":"78","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a27e4b07f02db6106ba","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Keeley, Jon E. 0000-0002-4564-6521","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4564-6521","contributorId":69082,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keeley","given":"Jon E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323018,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":25626,"text":"wri884094 - 1990 - Map of mean annual runoff for the Northeastern, Southeastern, and Mid-Atlantic United States, water years 1951-80","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-29T20:46:11.718949","indexId":"wri884094","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"88-4094","title":"Map of mean annual runoff for the Northeastern, Southeastern, and Mid-Atlantic United States, water years 1951-80","docAbstract":"A map of mean annual runoff for States within the Northeastern, Southeastern, and Mid-Atlantic United States was prepared by the U.S. Geological Survey for the Direct/Delayed Response Project being conducted by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. This map shows mean annual runoff during water years 1951-80.
\nMean annual runoff from the northeastern region during 1951-80 ranged from less than 12 to greater than 40 inches. Runoff from the southeastern region runoff ranged from less than 12 to greater than 55 inches. In the mid-Atlantic region ranged from less than 10 to greater than 40 inches.
\nError analysis using 93 gaging stations not used for preparing the runoff map showed that the runoff map could be used to predict runoff with an average error of less than 10%. Errors in runoff estimation averaged about 12% if the locations of the gaging stations were used to estimate runoff instead of computing an area-weighted average over the basin. If the locations of the gaging stations were used to estimate runoff, there also was a significant negative bias of the errors that did not occur if the centroid or a weighted average runoff of the drainage basin were used.
\nThe runoff map is expected to be more accurate in areas that have a relatively high concentration of gaging stations and little topographic variability, such as part of the Northeast. Based on these criteria, the least reliably mapped areas would be in the Smokey Mountains along the North Carolina- Tennessee border.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri884094","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","usgsCitation":"Krug, W.R., Gebert, W.A., Graczyk, D., Stevens, D.L., Rochelle, B.P., and Church, M.R., 1990, Map of mean annual runoff for the Northeastern, Southeastern, and Mid-Atlantic United States, water years 1951-80: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 88-4094, Report: iv, 11 p.; 1 Plate: 21.76 x 37.40 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri884094.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 11 p.; 1 Plate: 21.76 x 37.40 inches","numberOfPages":"15","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":414923,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_47012.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":123324,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4094/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54372,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4094/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":54371,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4094/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"3168000","country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -91.6667,\n 47.4544\n ],\n [\n -91.6667,\n 25\n ],\n [\n -67,\n 25\n ],\n [\n -67,\n 47.4544\n ],\n [\n -91.6667,\n 47.4544\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a92e4b07f02db657b65","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Krug, William R.","contributorId":53381,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krug","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194464,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gebert, Warren A. wagebert@usgs.gov","contributorId":1546,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gebert","given":"Warren","email":"wagebert@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":194463,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Graczyk, David J.","contributorId":107265,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Graczyk","given":"David J.","affiliations":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":194468,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Stevens, Donald L. Jr.","contributorId":105764,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stevens","given":"Donald","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194467,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Rochelle, Barry P.","contributorId":103316,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rochelle","given":"Barry","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194466,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Church, M. Robbins","contributorId":57497,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Church","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"Robbins","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194465,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70016121,"text":"70016121 - 1990 - Differentiator design and performance for edge sharpening","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-18T14:26:16","indexId":"70016121","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3052,"text":"Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Differentiator design and performance for edge sharpening","docAbstract":"A two-dimensional differentiator is useful for edge sharpening in digital image processing. In the design of a differentiator, differentiator coefficients that satisfy the specification of frequency response must be approximated. Four mathematical techniques - the minimax method, least-squares method, nonlinear programming, and linear programming - can be applied to solve the approximation problem. Results indicated that the differentiator derived from linear programming gives the highest resolution. -from Authors","language":"English","usgsCitation":"Pan, J., and Domingue, J.O., 1990, Differentiator design and performance for edge sharpening: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, v. 56, no. 5, p. 573-578.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"573","endPage":"578","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":223351,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"56","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a010ae4b0c8380cd4fa80","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pan, Jeng-Jong","contributorId":35877,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pan","given":"Jeng-Jong","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372600,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Domingue, Julia O.","contributorId":91832,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Domingue","given":"Julia","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372601,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70015838,"text":"70015838 - 1990 - Inorganic geochemistry of surface sediments of the Ebro shelf and slope, northwestern Mediterranean","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-10-01T11:22:17.070711","indexId":"70015838","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2667,"text":"Marine Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Inorganic geochemistry of surface sediments of the Ebro shelf and slope, northwestern Mediterranean","docAbstract":"The Piedmont and Coastal Plain physiographic provinces comprise 80 percent of the Atlantic Coastal states from New Jersey to Georgia. The provinces are climatically similar. The soil moisture regime is udic. The soil temperature regime is typically thermic from Virginia through Georgia, although it is mesic at altitudes above 400 m in Georgia and above 320 m in Virginia. The soil temperature regime is mesic for the Piedmont and Coastal Plain from Maryland through New Jersey. The tightly folded, structurally complex crystalline rocks of the Piedmont and the gently dipping “layer-cake” clastic sedimentary rocks and sediments of the Coastal Plain respond differently to weathering, pedogenesis, and erosion. The different responses result in two physiographically contrasting terrains; each has distinctive near-surface hydrology, regolith, drainage morphology, and morphometry.
The Piedmont is predominantly an erosional terrain. Interfluves are as narrow as 0.5 to 2 km, and are convex upward. Valleys are as narrow as 0.1 to 0.5 km and generally V-shaped in cross section. Alluvial terraces are rare and discontinuous. Soils in the Piedmont are typically less than 1 m thick, have less sand and more clay than Coastal Plain soils, and generally have not developed sandy epipedons. Infiltration rates for Piedmont soils are low at 6–15 cm/h. The soil/saprolite, soil/rock, and saprolite/rock boundaries are distinct (can be placed within 10 cm) and are characterized by ponding and/or lateral movement of water. Water movement through soil into saprolite, and from saprolite into rock, is along joints, foliation, bedding planes and faults. Soils and isotopic data indicate residence times consistent with a Pleistocene age for most Piedmont soils.
The Coastal Plain is both an erosional and a constructional terrain. Interfluves commonly are broader than 2 km and are flat. Valleys are commonly as wide as 1 km to greater than 10 km, and contain numerous alluvial and estuarine terrace sequences that can be correlated along valleys for tens of kilometers. Coastal Plain soils are typically as thick as 2 to 8 m, have high sand content throughout, and have sandy epipedons. These epipedons consist of both A and E horizons and are 1 to 4 m thick. In Coastal Plain soils, the boundaries are transitional between the solum and the underlying parent material and between weathered and unweathered parent material. Infiltration rates for Coastal Plain soils are typically higher at 13–28 cm/h, than are those for Piedmont soils. Indeed, for unconsolidated quartz sand, rates may exceed 50 cm/h. Water moves directly from the soil into the parent material through intergranularpores with only minor channelization along macropores, joints, and fractures. The comparatively high infiltration capacity results in relatively low surface runoff, and correspondingly less erosion than on the Piedmont uplands.
Due to differences in Piedmont and Coastal Plain erosion rates, topographic inversion is common along the Fall Zone; surfaces on Cenozoic sedimentary deposits of the Coastal Plain are higher than erosional surfaces on regolith weathered from late Precambrian to early Paleozoic crystalline rocks of the Piedmont. Isotopic, paleontologic, and soil data indicate that Coastal Plain surficial deposits are post-middle Miocene to Holocene in age, but most are from 5 to 2 Ma. Thus, the relatively uneroded surfaces comprise a Pliocene landscape. In the eastern third of the Coastal Plain, deposits that are less than 3.5 Ma include alluvial terraces, marine terraces and barrier/back-barrier complexes as morphostratigraphic units that cover thousands of square kilometers. Isotopic and soil data indicate that eastern Piedmont soils range from late Pliocene to Pleistocene in age, but are predominantly less than 2 Ma old. Thus, the eroded uplands of the Piedmont “peneplain” comprise a Pleistocene landscape.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0169-555X(90)90015-I","issn":"0169555X","usgsCitation":"Markewich, H.W., Pavich, M.J., and Buell, G.R., 1990, Contrasting soils and landscapes of the Piedmont and Coastal Plain, eastern United States: Geomorphology, v. 3, no. 3-4, p. 417-447, https://doi.org/10.1016/0169-555X(90)90015-I.","productDescription":"31 p.","startPage":"417","endPage":"447","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223136,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"3","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fa7ce4b0c8380cd4db0e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Markewich, Helaine W. 0000-0001-9656-3243 helainem@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9656-3243","contributorId":2008,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Markewich","given":"Helaine","email":"helainem@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":372184,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pavich, Milan J. mpavich@usgs.gov","contributorId":2348,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pavich","given":"Milan","email":"mpavich@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":372186,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Buell, Gary R. grbuell@usgs.gov","contributorId":3107,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buell","given":"Gary","email":"grbuell@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":372185,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70016267,"text":"70016267 - 1990 - Geochemical evidence of Saharan dust parent material for soils developed on Quaternary limestones of Caribbean and western Atlantic islands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-26T06:53:13","indexId":"70016267","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3218,"text":"Quaternary Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geochemical evidence of Saharan dust parent material for soils developed on Quaternary limestones of Caribbean and western Atlantic islands","docAbstract":"Most previous workers have regarded the insoluble residues of high-purity Quaternary limestones (coral reefs and oolites) as the most important parent material for well-developed, clay-rich soils on Caribbean and western Atlantic islands, but this genetic mechanism requires unreasonable amounts of limestone solution in Quaternary time. Other possible parent materials from external sources are volcanic ash from the Lesser Antilles island arc and Saharan dust carried across the Atlantic Ocean on the northeast trade winds. Soils on Quaternary coral terraces and carbonate eolianites on Barbados, Jamaica, the Florida Keys (United States), and New Providence Island (Bahamas) were studied to determine which, if either, external source was important. Caribbean volcanic ashes and Saharan dust can be clearly distinguished using ratios of relatively immobile elements ( Al2O3 TiO2, Ti Y, Ti Zr, and Ti Th). Comparison of these ratios in 25 soils, where estimated ages range from 125,000 to about 870,000 yr, shows that Saharan dust is the most important parent material for soils on all islands. These results indicate that the northeast trade winds have been an important component of the regional climatology for much of the Quaterary. Saharan dust may also be an important parent material for Caribbean island bauxites of much greater age. ?? 1990.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Quaternary Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/0033-5894(90)90016-E","issn":"00335894","usgsCitation":"Muhs, D., Bush, C.A., Stewart, K.C., Rowland, T., and Crittenden, R., 1990, Geochemical evidence of Saharan dust parent material for soils developed on Quaternary limestones of Caribbean and western Atlantic islands: Quaternary Research, v. 33, no. 2, p. 157-177, https://doi.org/10.1016/0033-5894(90)90016-E.","startPage":"157","endPage":"177","numberOfPages":"21","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":266515,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0033-5894(90)90016-E"},{"id":223415,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"33","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-01-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1633e4b0c8380cd550ad","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Muhs, D.R. 0000-0001-7449-251X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7449-251X","contributorId":61460,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Muhs","given":"D.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373019,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bush, C. A.","contributorId":43344,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bush","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373016,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stewart, K. C.","contributorId":46519,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stewart","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373017,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rowland, T.R.","contributorId":89667,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rowland","given":"T.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373020,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Crittenden, R.C.","contributorId":48315,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crittenden","given":"R.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373018,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ]}