Remotely sensed surface temperature and reflectance in the visible and near infrared wavebands along with ancilliary meteorological data provide the capability of computing three of the four surface energy balance components (i.e., net radiation, soil heat flux, and sensible heat flux) at different spatial and temporal scales. As a result, under nonadvective conditions, this enables the estimation of the remaining term (i.e., the latent heat flux). One of the practical applications with this approach is to produce evapotranspiration (ET) maps for agricultural regions which consist of an array of fields containing different crops at varying stages of growth and soil moisture conditions. Such a situation exists in the semiarid southwest at the University of Arizona Maricopa Agricultural Center, south of Phoenix. For one day (14 June 1987), surface temperature and reflectance measurements from an aircraft 150 m above ground level (agl) were acquired over fields from zero to nearly full cover at four times between 1000 MST and 1130 MST. The diurnal pattern of the surface energy balance was measured over four fields, which included alfalfa at 60% cover, furrowed cotton at 20% and 30% cover, and partially plowed what stubble. Instantaneous and daily values of ET were estimated for a representative area around each flux site with an energy balance model that relies on a reference ET. This reference value was determined with remotely sensed data and several meteorological inputs. The reference ET was adjusted to account for the different surface conditions in the other fields using only remotely sensed variables. A comparison with the flux measurements suggests the model has difficulties with partial canopy conditions, especially related to the estimation of the sensible heat flux. The resulting errors for instantaneous ET were on the order of 100 W m−2 and for daily values of order 2 mm day−1. These findings suggest future research should involve development of methods to account for the variability of meteorological parameters brought about by changes in surface conditions and improvements in the modeling of sensible heat transfer across the surface—atmosphere interface for partial canopy conditions using remote sensing information.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0034-4257(90)90013-C","issn":"00344257","usgsCitation":"Kustas, W.P., Moran, M.S., Jackson, R.D., Gay, L.W., Duell, L., Kunkel, K.E., and Matthias, A., 1990, Instantaneous and daily values of the surface energy balance over agricultural fields using remote sensing and a reference field in an arid environment: Remote Sensing of Environment, v. 32, no. 2-3, p. 125-141, https://doi.org/10.1016/0034-4257(90)90013-C.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"125","endPage":"141","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":223199,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"32","issue":"2-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3c28e4b0c8380cd62b09","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kustas, William P.","contributorId":29962,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kustas","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":6622,"text":"US Department of Agriculture","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":372711,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moran, M. S.","contributorId":91630,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Moran","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372716,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jackson, R. D.","contributorId":30758,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jackson","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":6622,"text":"US Department of Agriculture","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":372712,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gay, L. W.","contributorId":53526,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gay","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372714,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Duell, L.F.W.","contributorId":11765,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duell","given":"L.F.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372710,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Kunkel, K. E.","contributorId":83626,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kunkel","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372715,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Matthias, A.D.","contributorId":36296,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Matthias","given":"A.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372713,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70015922,"text":"70015922 - 1990 - Magmatic unrest at Long Valley Caldera, California, 1980-1990","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:45","indexId":"70015922","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1813,"text":"Geoscience Canada","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Magmatic unrest at Long Valley Caldera, California, 1980-1990","docAbstract":"On May 25, 1980, the resort town of Mammoth Lakes, California, was shaken by a remarkable 48-hour-long earthquake sequence that included four M=6, two M=5 and 300 M=3 quakes. The nature of the precursory seismicity plus the unusual character of the May 25-27 sequence itself suggested that it was not typical of tectonic earthquakes in the region. Discovery of 25 cm of domical uplift centred on the resurgent dome within Long Valley caldera strongly implied that this activity was accompanied, if not caused, by influex of magma into the Long Valley magma chamber. -Authors","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geoscience Canada","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"03150941","usgsCitation":"Bailey, R., and Hill, D., 1990, Magmatic unrest at Long Valley Caldera, California, 1980-1990: Geoscience Canada, v. 17, no. 3, p. 175-179.","startPage":"175","endPage":"179","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223340,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"17","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4b4fe4b0c8380cd6944b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bailey, R. A.","contributorId":87531,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bailey","given":"R. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372083,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hill, D.P.","contributorId":27432,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hill","given":"D.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372082,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70016170,"text":"70016170 - 1990 - Equivalent strike-slip earthquake cycles in half-space and lithosphere-asthenosphere earth models","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-24T16:27:51.109446","indexId":"70016170","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2312,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Equivalent strike-slip earthquake cycles in half-space and lithosphere-asthenosphere earth models","docAbstract":"By virtue of the images used in the dislocation solution, the deformation at the free surface produced throughout the earthquake cycle by slippage on a long strike-slip fault in an Earth model consisting of an elastic plate (lithosphere) overlying a viscoelastic half-space (asthenosphere) can be duplicated by prescribed slip on a vertical fault embedded in an elastic half-space. For the case in which each earthquake ruptures the entire lithosphere (thickness H), the half-space equivalent slip rate is as follows: Depth interval 0-H, slip identical to that in lithosphere-asthenosphere model (i.e., abrupt coseismic slip and no subsequent slip); depth interval (2n−1)H to (2n+1)H (n = 1,2,…), slip rate uniform in space and dependent upon time as Fn(t) exp (−t/τa) where Fn is a (n - 1) degree polynomial in t, τa is twice the asthenosphere relaxation time (η/μ), and t is measured from the instant after the preceding earthquake. The slip rate averaged over the seismic cycle in each depth interval equals the secular rate of relative plate motion. For reasonable values of τa, slip rates below 5H do not vary much from that mean value and can be treated as constant. Thus the surface deformation due to the earthquake cycle in the lithosphere-asthenosphere model can be calculated very simply from the half-space model with time-dependent slip in the two depth intervals H−3H and 3H−5H, and uniform slip at a rate equal to the secular relative plate velocity below depth 5H. Inversion of 1973–1988 geodetic measurements of deformation across the segment of the San Andreas fault in the Transverse Ranges north of Los Angeles for the half-space equivalent slip distribution suggests no significant slip on the fault above 30 km and a uniform slip rate of 36 mm/yr below 30 km. One equivalent lithosphere-asthenosphere model would have a 30-km thick lithosphere and an asthenosphere relaxation time greater than 33 years, but other models are possible.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB095iB04p04873","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Savage, J., 1990, Equivalent strike-slip earthquake cycles in half-space and lithosphere-asthenosphere earth models: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 95, no. B4, p. 4873-4879, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB095iB04p04873.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"4873","endPage":"4879","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223304,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"95","issue":"B4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0a2de4b0c8380cd52227","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Savage, J.C. 0000-0002-5114-7673","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5114-7673","contributorId":102876,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Savage","given":"J.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372728,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70015727,"text":"70015727 - 1990 - Discontinuities in the shallow Martian crust at Lunae, Syria, and Sinai Plana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-29T16:25:12.424398","indexId":"70015727","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":6453,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Discontinuities in the shallow Martian crust at Lunae, Syria, and Sinai Plana","docAbstract":"Detailed photoclinometric profiles across 125 erosional features and 141 grabens in the western equatorial region of Mars indicate the presence of three discontinuities within the shallow crust. Pits, troughs, and wall valleys (tributary canyons) within Noctis Labyrinthus and Valles Marineris and escarpments within the fretted terrain of Sacra Fossae and Kasei Valles show distinct erosional base levels at depths of 0.3–0.6 km, 1 km, and 2–3 km. The shallowest discontinuity corresponds to thickness estimates for the ridged plains unit in this region, and thus the discontinuity probably is the contact between a sequence of layered rock making up this unit and the underlying megaregolith. The 1-km discontinuity is reflected in the base levels of erosion of all the features studied, and it may correspond to the base of the proposed layer of ground ice. Model calculations using photoclinometric profiles of simple grabens (corrected for the effects of mass wasting) and the 60° dip of bounding faults (measured from the exposed traces of faults on trough walls) show that graben-bounding faults consistently intersect at the mechanical discontinuity at about 1 km depth. This discontinuity may represent an interface between ice-laden and dry regolith, ice-laden and water-laden regolith, or pristine and cemented regolith. A correlation between wall valley head depth and local thickness of the faulted layer suggests that the 1-km discontinuity also controlled the depth of the heads of sapping canyons. There is no apparent relation between the pit and trough depths and the local thickness of the faulted layer, which can be explained if pits and troughs developed by subsidence into underlying tension cracks that disrupted the 1-km discontinuity. The data do suggest, however, that erosion of shallow pits and troughs was influenced by the 1-km discontinuity. The third discontinuity, at a depth of 2–3 km, corresponds to the proposed base of the Martian megaregolith and is probably the interface between overlying, ejected breccia and in situ, fractured basement rocks.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB095iB09p14231","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Davis, P.A., and Golombek, M., 1990, Discontinuities in the shallow Martian crust at Lunae, Syria, and Sinai Plana: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 95, no. B9, p. 14231-14248, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB095iB09p14231.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"14231","endPage":"14248","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223786,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"95","issue":"B9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a01ebe4b0c8380cd4fdb7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Davis, P. A.","contributorId":74021,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371633,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Golombek, M.P.","contributorId":52696,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Golombek","given":"M.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371632,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70016034,"text":"70016034 - 1990 - Modern configuration of the southwest Florida carbonate slope: Development by shelf margin progradation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-09-23T12:25:42.733368","indexId":"70016034","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2667,"text":"Marine Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modern configuration of the southwest Florida carbonate slope: Development by shelf margin progradation","docAbstract":"Simulation of transport affected by heterogeneous or homogeneous reversible reactions requires a choice between local equilibrium-based and kinetics-based models. The error associated with the use of equilibrium-based models is equivalent to the error of neglecting certain mathematical terms in the governing kinetics-based transport equations. Identification and evaluation of these kinetically influenced terms can therefore aid in the development of criteria for applicability of local equilibrium- based transport models. This paper extends a four-step derivation procedure, previously presented for cases of transport affected by surface reactions, to transport problems involving homogeneous reactions (solution phase complex formation or oxidation-reduction) and/or precipitation-dissolution reactions. Derivations for these classes of reactions are used to illustrate the manner in which mathematical differences between reaction classes are reflected in the mathematical derivation procedures required to identify kinetically influenced terms. Simulation results for a case of transport affected by a single solution phase complexation reaction and for a case of transport affected by a precipitation-dissolution reaction are used to demonstrate the nature of departures from equilibrium-controlled transport as well as the use of kinetically influenced terms in determining criteria for the applicability of the local equilibrium assumption. A final derivation for a multireaction problem demonstrates the application of the generalized procedure to a case of transport affected by reactions of several classes.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/WR026i001p00021","usgsCitation":"Bahr, J.M., 1990, Kinetically influenced terms for solute transport affected by heterogeneous and homogeneous classical reactions: Water Resources Research, v. 26, no. 1, p. 21-34, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR026i001p00021.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"21","endPage":"34","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":223252,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"26","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a40a8e4b0c8380cd64f37","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bahr, Jean M.","contributorId":69716,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bahr","given":"Jean","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372726,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70015879,"text":"70015879 - 1990 - Alkaline igneous rocks of Magnet Cove, Arkansas: Mineralogy and geochemistry of syenites","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-22T20:31:36","indexId":"70015879","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2588,"text":"LITHOS","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Alkaline igneous rocks of Magnet Cove, Arkansas: Mineralogy and geochemistry of syenites","docAbstract":"Syenites from the Magnet Cove alkaline igneous complex form a diverse mineralogical and geochemical suite. Compositional zoning in primary and late-stage minerals indicates complex, multi-stage crystallization and replacement histories. Residual magmatic fluids, rich in F, Cl, CO2 and H2O, reacted with primary minerals to form complex intergrowths of minerals such as rinkite, fluorite, V-bearing magnetite, F-bearing garnet and aegirine. Abundant sodalite and natrolite formed in pegmatitic segregations within nepheline syenite where Cl- and Na-rich fluids were trapped. During autometasomatism compatible elements such as Mn, Ti, V and Zr were redistributed on a local scale and concentrated in late-stage minerals. Early crystallization of apatite and perovskite controlled the compatible behavior of P and Ti, respectively. The formation of melanite garnet also affected the behaviour of Ti, as well as Zr, Hf and the heavy rare-earth elements. Pseudoleucite syenite and garnet-nepheline syenite differentiated along separate trends, but the two groups are related to the same parental magma by early fractionation of leucite, the presumed precursor of intergrowths of K-feldspar and nepheline. The Diamond Jo nepheline syenite group defines a different differentiation trend. Sphene-nepheline syenite, alkali syenite and several miscellaneous nepheline syenites do not consistently plot with the other syenite groups or each other on element and oxide variation diagrams, indicating that they were derived from still other parental syenite magmas. Mineral assemblages indicate that relatively high f{hook};O2, at or above the fayalite-magnetite-quartz buffer, prevailed throughout the crystallization history of the syenites. ?? 1990.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"LITHOS","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0024-4937(90)90041-X","issn":"00244937","usgsCitation":"Flohr, M., and Ross, M., 1990, Alkaline igneous rocks of Magnet Cove, Arkansas: Mineralogy and geochemistry of syenites: LITHOS, v. 26, no. 1-2, p. 67-98, https://doi.org/10.1016/0024-4937(90)90041-X.","startPage":"67","endPage":"98","numberOfPages":"32","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223538,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":267965,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0024-4937(90)90041-X"}],"volume":"26","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e967e4b0c8380cd48262","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Flohr, M.J.K.","contributorId":73753,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flohr","given":"M.J.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371986,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ross, M.","contributorId":8026,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ross","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371985,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70016148,"text":"70016148 - 1990 - Multivariate statistical analysis of stream-sediment geochemistry in the Grazer Paläozoikum, Austria","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-05-29T15:21:08","indexId":"70016148","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2746,"text":"Mineralium Deposita","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Multivariate statistical analysis of stream-sediment geochemistry in the Grazer Paläozoikum, Austria","docAbstract":"The Austrian reconnaissance study of stream-sediment composition — more than 30000 clay-fraction samples collected over an area of 40000 km2 — is summarized in an atlas of regional maps that show the distributions of 35 elements. These maps, rich in information, reveal complicated patterns of element abundance that are difficult to compare on more than a small number of maps at one time. In such a study, multivariate procedures such as simultaneous R-Q mode components analysis may be helpful. They can compress a large number of variables into a much smaller number of independent linear combinations. These composite variables may be mapped and relationships sought between them and geological properties. As an example, R-Q mode components analysis is applied here to the Grazer Paläozoikum, a tectonic unit northeast of the city of Graz, which is composed of diverse lithologies and contains many mineral deposits.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF00190384","issn":"00264598","usgsCitation":"Weber, L., and Davis, J., 1990, Multivariate statistical analysis of stream-sediment geochemistry in the Grazer Paläozoikum, Austria: Mineralium Deposita, v. 25, no. 3, p. 213-220, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00190384.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"213","endPage":"220","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205312,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00190384"},{"id":222891,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"25","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a60bbe4b0c8380cd7164b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Weber, L.","contributorId":64808,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weber","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372670,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Davis, J.C.","contributorId":72121,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372671,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70015816,"text":"70015816 - 1990 - Hydrogeology of an ancient arid closed basin: Implications for tabular sandstone-hosted uranium deposits","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-24T01:28:11.268759","indexId":"70015816","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hydrogeology of an ancient arid closed basin: Implications for tabular sandstone-hosted uranium deposits","docAbstract":"Hydrogeologic modeling shows that tabular-type uranium deposits in the Grants uranium region of the San Juan basin, New Mexico, formed in zones of ascending and discharging regional ground-water flow. The association of either lacustrine mudstone or actively subsiding structures and uranium deposits can best be explained by the occurrence of lakes at topographic depressions where ground water having different sources and compositions is likely to converge, mix, and discharge. Ascending and discharging flow also explains the association of uranium deposits with underlying evaporites and suggests a brine interface. The simulations contradict previous suggestions that ground water moved downward in the mudflat.
Much has been published about double-diffusive convection as a mechanism for explaining variations in composition and temperature within all-liquid natural systems. However, relatively little is known about the applicability of this phenomenon within the heterogeneous rocks of currently active geothermal systems where primary porosity may control fluid flow in some places and fractures may control it in others. The main appeal of double-diffusive convection within hydrothermal systems is-that it is a mechanism that may allow efficient transfer of heat mainly by convection, while at the same time maintaining vertical and lateral salinity gradients.
The Salton Sea geothermal system exhibits the following reservoir characteristics: (1) decreasing salinity and temperature from bottom to top and center toward the sides, (2) a very high heat flow from the top of the system that seems to require a major component of convective transfer of heat within the chemically stratified main reservoir, and (3) a relatively uniform density of the reservoir fluid throughout the system at all combinations of subsurface temperature, pressure, and salinity. Double-diffusive convection can account for these characteristics very nicely whereas other previously suggested models appear to account either for the thermal structure or for the salinity variations, but not both. Hydrologists, reservoir engineers, and particularly geochemists should consider the possibility and consequences of double-diffusive convection when formulating models of hydrothermal processes, and of the response of reservoirs to testing and production.
Stable-isotope compositions of fracture-and cavity-filling calcite from the unsaturated zone of three drill cores at Yucca Mountain Tertiary volcanic complex indicate that the water from which the minerals precipitated was probably meteoric in origin. A decrease in 18O in the calcite with depth is interpreted as being due to the increase in temperature in drill holes corresponding to an estimated average geothermal gradient of 34° per kilometer. A few of the calcite samples and all of the opal samples yielded uranium-series ages older than 400,000 yr, although most of the calcite samples yielded ages between 26,000 and 310,000 yr. The stable-isotope and uranium- series dates from precipitated calcite and opal of this reconnaissance study suggest a complex history of fluid movement through the volcanic pile, and episodes of fracture filling predominantly from meteoric water during at least the past 400,000 yr.
Preliminary results of a multidisciplinary study of cores in southwestern Lake Michigan suggest that the materials in these cores can be interpreted in terms of both isostatically and climatically induced changes in lake level. Ostracodes and mollusks are well preserved in the Holocene sediments, and they provide paleolimnologic and paleoclimatic data, as well as biogenic carbonate for stable-isotope studies and radiocarbon dating. Pollen and diatom preservation in the cores is poor, which prevents comparison with regional vegetation records. New accelerator-mass spectrometer 14C ages, from both carbon and carbonate fractions, provide basin-wide correlations and appear to resolve the longstanding problem of anomalously old ages that result from detrital organic matter in Great Lakes sediments. Several cores contain a distinct unconformity associated with the abrupt fall in lake level that occurred about 10.3 ka when the isostatically depressed North Bay outlet was uncovered by the retreating Laurentide Ice Sheet. Below the unconformity, ostracode assemblages imply deep, cold water with very low total dissolved solids (TDS), and bivalves have ?? 18O (PDB) values as light as - 10 per mil. Samples from just above the unconformity contain littoral to sublittoral ostracode species that imply warmer, higher-TDS (though still dilute) water than that inferred below the unconformity. Above this zone, another interval with ?? 18O values more negative than - 10 occurs. The isotopic data suggest that two influxes of cold, isotopically light meltwater from Laurentide ice entered the lake, one shortly before 10.3 ka and the other about 9 ka. These influxes were separated by a period during which the lake was warmer, shallower, but still very low in dissolved solids. One or both of the meltwater influxes may be related to discharge from Lake Agassiz into the Great Lakes. Sedimentation rates appear to have been constant from about 10 ka to 5 ka. Bivalve shells formed between about 8 and 5 ka have ?? 18O values that range from-2.3 to-3.3 per mil and appear to decrease toward the end of the interval. The ostracode assemblages and the stable isotopes suggest changes that are climatically controlled, including fluctuating water levels and increasing dissolved solids, although the water remained relatively dilute (TDS < 300 mg/l). A dramatic decrease in sedimentation rates occurred at about 5 ka, about the time of the peak of the Nippissing high lake stage. This decrease in sedimentation rate may be associated with a large increase in effective wave base as the lake approached its present size and fetch. A dramatic reduction in ostracode and mollusk abundances during the late Holocene is probably due to this decrease in sedimentation rates, which would result in increased carbonate dissolution. Ostracode productivity may also have declined due to a reduction in bottom-water oxygen caused by increased epilimnion algal productivity.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Paleolimnology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Kluwer Academic Publishers","doi":"10.1007/BF00239699","issn":"09212728","usgsCitation":"Colman, S.M., Jones, G.A., Forester, R.M., and Foster, D., 1990, Holocene paleoclimatic evidence and sedimentation rates from a core in southwestern Lake Michigan: Journal of Paleolimnology, v. 4, no. 3, p. 269-284, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00239699.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"269","endPage":"284","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":223047,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Lake Michigan","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -88.06640625,\n 41.5579215778042\n ],\n [\n -84.935302734375,\n 41.5579215778042\n ],\n [\n -84.935302734375,\n 46.01222384063236\n ],\n [\n -88.06640625,\n 46.01222384063236\n ],\n [\n -88.06640625,\n 41.5579215778042\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"4","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a31ece4b0c8380cd5e35f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Colman, Steven M. 0000-0002-0564-9576","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0564-9576","contributorId":77482,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Colman","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":372695,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jones, Glenn A.","contributorId":17779,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jones","given":"Glenn","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":6706,"text":"Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution,","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":372692,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Forester, R. M.","contributorId":76332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Forester","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372694,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Foster, D.S.","contributorId":30641,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foster","given":"D.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372693,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70016210,"text":"70016210 - 1990 - Seismicity following the 1985 eruption of Nevado del Ruiz, Colombia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:41","indexId":"70016210","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seismicity following the 1985 eruption of Nevado del Ruiz, Colombia","docAbstract":"Over 200 of the best-recorded earthquakes occurring near Nevado del Ruiz, Colombia, between December 1985 and May 1986 are examined for spatial patterns, information on local stress orientations, and evidence for seismogenic structures that may be related to magma-transport processes. These earthquakes occurred following the devastating eruption of November 13, 1985. Earthquake activity that is probably related to the volcanic system occurs over a large area, of the order of 50 km2. A pattern of earthquakes beneath the southern half of Ruiz may be the expression of a conduit system, but evidence is inconclusive due to low spatial resolution of most hypocenters. Epicenter and first-motion plots suggest most earthquakes occur on small faults of varying orientation. Most seismicity during this time period was unrelated to mapped faults, including some with Holocene offsets, except for the Villamaria Fault near Ruiz's northeast sector. Composite focal mechanisms show a variation of nearly 90?? in the strike of T-axes and indicate Ruiz is in a zone of local extension. ?? 1990.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"03770273","usgsCitation":"Zollweg, J., 1990, Seismicity following the 1985 eruption of Nevado del Ruiz, Colombia: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 41, no. 1-4, p. 355-367.","startPage":"355","endPage":"367","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223254,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"41","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8b94e4b08c986b31793f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zollweg, J.E.","contributorId":61046,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zollweg","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372847,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70015731,"text":"70015731 - 1990 - The magnetospheric disturbance ring current as a source for probing the deep earth electrical conductivity","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:00","indexId":"70015731","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3209,"text":"Pure and Applied Geophysics PAGEOPH","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The magnetospheric disturbance ring current as a source for probing the deep earth electrical conductivity","docAbstract":"Two current rings have been observed in the equatorial plane of the earth at times of high geomagnetic activity. An eastward current exists between about 2 and 3.5 earth radii (Re) distant, and a larger, more variable companion current exists between about 4 and 9 Re. These current regions are loaded during geomagnetic substorms. They decay, almost exponentially, after the cessation of the particle influx that attends the solar wind disturbance. This review focuses upon characteristics needed for intelligent use of the ring current as a source for induction probing of the earth's mantle. Considerable difficulties are found with the assumption that Dst is a ring-current index. ?? 1990 Birkha??user Verlag.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Pure and Applied Geophysics PAGEOPH","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Birkha??user-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF00878018","issn":"00334553","usgsCitation":"Campbell, W., 1990, The magnetospheric disturbance ring current as a source for probing the deep earth electrical conductivity: Pure and Applied Geophysics PAGEOPH, v. 134, no. 4, p. 541-557, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00878018.","startPage":"541","endPage":"557","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205421,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00878018"},{"id":223838,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"134","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505badb3e4b08c986b323d9b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Campbell, W.H.","contributorId":30749,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Campbell","given":"W.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371637,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70015810,"text":"70015810 - 1990 - The 1989 earthquake swarm beneath Mammoth Mountain, California: An initial look at the 4 May through 30 September activity","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-10T15:45:45.342772","indexId":"70015810","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The 1989 earthquake swarm beneath Mammoth Mountain, California: An initial look at the 4 May through 30 September activity","docAbstract":"Mammoth Mountain is a 50,000- to 200,000-year-old cumulovolcano standing on the southwestern rim of Long Valley in eastern California. On 4 May 1989, two M = 1 earthquakes beneath the south flank of the mountain marked the onset of a swarm that has continued for more than 6 months. In addition to its longevity, noteworthy aspects of this persistent swarm include (1) an exponential-like increase in the rate of activity through the first month; (2) a vertically oriented, planar distribution of hypocenters at depths between 6 and 9 km with a north-northeast strike (roughly perpendicular to the average T-axis orientation for the swarm earthquakes); (3) recurring spasmodic bursts (rapid-fire sequences of similar-sized earthquakes with overlapping coda) and occasional earthquakes with enhanced low-frequency energy; (4) a uniform temporal distribution of the four largest (M ≈ 3) events over the first 4 months of the swarm with a cumulative seismic moment for the entire sequence through 30 September corresponding to a single M ≈ 4 earthquake; (5) a b-value of 1.2; and (6) submicrostrain perturbations on the nearby borehole dilatometer, the first of which led the onset of swarm activity by more than 2 weeks. These aspects of the swarm, together with its location along the southern extension of the youthful Mono-Inyo volcanic chain, which last erupted 500 to 600 years ago, point to a magmatic source for the modest but persistent influx of strain energy into the crust beneath Mammoth Mountain.
","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/BSSA0800020325","usgsCitation":"Hill, D., 1990, The 1989 earthquake swarm beneath Mammoth Mountain, California: An initial look at the 4 May through 30 September activity: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 80, no. 2, p. 325-339, https://doi.org/10.1785/BSSA0800020325.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"325","endPage":"339","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223281,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"80","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1990-04-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba62de4b08c986b320f40","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hill, D.P.","contributorId":27432,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hill","given":"D.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371827,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70015824,"text":"70015824 - 1990 - Geochemical hosts of solubilized radionuclides in uranium mill tailings","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-22T16:23:29.042822","indexId":"70015824","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1930,"text":"Hydrometallurgy","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geochemical hosts of solubilized radionuclides in uranium mill tailings","docAbstract":"The solubilization and subsequent resorption of radionuclides by ore components or by reaction products during the milling of uranium ores may have both economic and environmental consequences. Particle-size redistribution of radium during milling has been demonstrated by previous investigators; however, the identification of sorbing components in the tailings has received little experimental attention. In this study, uranium-bearing sandstone ore was milled, on a laboratory scale, with sulfuric acid. At regular intervals, filtrate from this suspension was placed in contact with mixtures of quartz sand and various potential sorbents which occur as gangue in uranium ores; the potential sorbents included clay minerals, iron and aluminum oxides, feldspar, fluorspar, barite, jarosite, coal, and volcanic glass. After equilibration, the quartz sand-sorbent mixtures were separated from the filtrate and radioassayed by gamma-spectrometry to determine the quantities of 238U, 230Th, 226Ra, and 210Pb sorbed, and the radon emanation coefficients. Sorption of 238U was low in all cases, with maximal sorptions of 1–2% by the bentonite- and coal-bearing samples. 230Th sorption also was generally less than 1%; maximal sorption here was observed in the fluorspar-bearing sample and appears to be associated with the formation of gypsum during milling. 226Ra and 210 Pb generally showed higher sorption than the other nuclides - more than 60% of the 26Ra solubilized from the ore was sorbed on the barite-bearing sample. The mechanism (s) for this sorption by a wide variety of substrates is not yet understood. Radon emanation coefficients of the samples ranged from about 5 to 30%, with the coal-bearing samples clearly demonstrating an emanating power higher than any of the other materials.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0304-386X(90)90099-N","issn":"0304386X","usgsCitation":"Landa, E.R., and Bush, C.A., 1990, Geochemical hosts of solubilized radionuclides in uranium mill tailings: Hydrometallurgy, v. 24, no. 3, p. 361-372, https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-386X(90)90099-N.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"361","endPage":"372","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223482,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"24","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1641e4b0c8380cd550ed","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Landa, E. R.","contributorId":100002,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Landa","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371853,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bush, C. A.","contributorId":43344,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bush","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371852,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70016203,"text":"70016203 - 1990 - Fractionation of palladium and platinum in a Mesozoic diabase sheet, Gettysburg basin, Pennsyvania: Implications for mineral exploration","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-20T06:44:08","indexId":"70016203","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2302,"text":"Journal of Geochemical Exploration","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fractionation of palladium and platinum in a Mesozoic diabase sheet, Gettysburg basin, Pennsyvania: Implications for mineral exploration","docAbstract":"The York Haven diabase sheet displays clear-cut evidence of fractionation of Pd and Pt during differentiation of a high-Ti (about 1.1%) quartz-normative tholeiitic magma (York Haven type). At York Haven the sheet is about 750 m thick. It is characterized by abundant cumulus MgO-rich orthopyroxene (bronzite), and is markedly depleted in incompatible elements relative to the chilled margins. In contrast, at Reesers Summit, 16 km to the northwest, the sheet is about 500 m thick and consists of evolved rocks that have contents of incompatible elements two to three times greater than in the enclosing chilled margins. These evolved rocks represent complementary fractions to the cumulate rocks at York Haven. Mineralogic, petrologic and geochemical variations suggest considerable lateral migration and fractionation of the initial magma. Chilled margins of both sections have essentially the same Pd and Pt contents (10 ppb each) and similar Pd to Pt ratios (1.2). During differentiation, the cumulate rocks at York Haven were enriched in Pt and depleted in Pd, whereas at Reesers Summit, the low-MgO diabase and ferrogabbro zone were enriched in Pd relative to Pt. Anomalously high contents of Pd (to 165 ppb), Au (to 54 ppb), and Te (to 26 ppb) were found in an iron- (to 18%) and chlorine- (to 0.44%) rich ferrogabbro at Reesers Summit, suggesting possible late or post-magmatic enrichment of precious metals. Field relations, geochemical and petrographic data provide guides for further exploration for Pd and Pt in differentiated high-Ti quartz-normative diabase sheets. Based on present information, the most favorable sites for economic deposits are late-stage differentiates enriched in Fe and Cl. ?? 1990.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0375-6742(90)90083-M","issn":"03756742","usgsCitation":"Gottfried, D., Froelich, A., Rait, N., and Aruscavage, P.J., 1990, Fractionation of palladium and platinum in a Mesozoic diabase sheet, Gettysburg basin, Pennsyvania: Implications for mineral exploration: Journal of Geochemical Exploration, v. 37, no. 1, p. 75-89, https://doi.org/10.1016/0375-6742(90)90083-M.","productDescription":"15 p. ","startPage":"75","endPage":"89","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223099,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States ","state":"Pennsylvania ","otherGeospatial":"Gettysburg Basin ","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -77.310791015625,\n 40.32141999593439\n ],\n [\n -77.9150390625,\n 40.052847601823984\n ],\n [\n -78.02490234375,\n 39.757879992021756\n ],\n [\n -77.51953125,\n 39.68182601089365\n ],\n [\n -77.27783203125,\n 40.06125658140474\n ],\n [\n -76.585693359375,\n 40.18726672309203\n ],\n [\n -75.9814453125,\n 40.271143686084194\n ],\n [\n -75.245361328125,\n 40.588928169693745\n ],\n [\n -75.41015624999999,\n 40.697299008636755\n ],\n [\n -77.310791015625,\n 40.32141999593439\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"37","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a13aae4b0c8380cd54727","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gottfried, D.","contributorId":92346,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gottfried","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372831,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Froelich, A.J.","contributorId":13593,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Froelich","given":"A.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372829,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rait, N.","contributorId":95521,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rait","given":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372832,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Aruscavage, P. J.","contributorId":41411,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aruscavage","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372830,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70015805,"text":"70015805 - 1990 - Ancient channels of the Susquehanna River beneath Chesapeake Bay and the Delmarva Peninsula","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-10-05T19:07:47","indexId":"70015805","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ancient channels of the Susquehanna River beneath Chesapeake Bay and the Delmarva Peninsula","docAbstract":"The trunk channels of each system are 2 to 4 km wide and are incised 30 to 50 m into underlying strata; they have irregular longitudinal profiles and very low gradients within the Chesapeake Bay area. The youngest paleochannel is clearly of late Wisconsinan age, about 18 ka, and the intermediate one appears to be late Illinoian in age, or about 150 ka. The age of the oldest is in the range of about 200 to 400 ka. The three paleochannel systems imply a dynamic coastal-plain environment and at least two previous generations of the Chesapeake Bay. -from Authors","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1990)102<1268:ACOTSR>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Colman, S.M., Halka, J., Hobbs, C.H., Mixon, R.B., and Foster, D., 1990, Ancient channels of the Susquehanna River beneath Chesapeake Bay and the Delmarva Peninsula: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 102, no. 9, p. 1268-1279, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1990)102<1268:ACOTSR>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"1268","endPage":"1279","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":488727,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://scholarworks.wm.edu/vimsarticles/2022","text":"External Repository"},{"id":223228,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Chesapeake Bay, Delmarva Peninsula, Susquehanna River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -77.025146484375,\n 36.98500309285596\n ],\n [\n -75.41015624999999,\n 36.98500309285596\n ],\n [\n -75.41015624999999,\n 39.46164364205549\n ],\n [\n -77.025146484375,\n 39.46164364205549\n ],\n [\n -77.025146484375,\n 36.98500309285596\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"102","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ebf4e4b0c8380cd48fc3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Colman, Steven M. 0000-0002-0564-9576","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0564-9576","contributorId":77482,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Colman","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":371818,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Halka, J.P.","contributorId":27551,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Halka","given":"J.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371815,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hobbs, C. H. III","contributorId":27940,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hobbs","given":"C.","suffix":"III","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371816,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mixon, R. B.","contributorId":11235,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mixon","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371814,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Foster, D.S.","contributorId":30641,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foster","given":"D.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371817,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70016108,"text":"70016108 - 1990 - Determination of selected elements in whole coal and in coal ash from the eight argonne premium coal samples by atomic absorption spectrometry, atomic emission spectrometry, and ion-selective electrode","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-16T00:42:43.724209","indexId":"70016108","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1506,"text":"Energy & Fuels","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Determination of selected elements in whole coal and in coal ash from the eight argonne premium coal samples by atomic absorption spectrometry, atomic emission spectrometry, and ion-selective electrode","docAbstract":"Methods for the determination of 24 elements in whole coal and coal ash by inductively coupled argon plasma-atomic emission spectrometry, flame, graphite furnace, and cold vapor atomic absorption spectrometry, and by ion-selective electrode are described. Coal ashes were analyzed in triplicate to determine the precision of the methods. Results of the analyses of NBS Standard Reference Materials 1633, 1633a, 1632a, and 1635 are reported. Accuracy of the methods is determined by comparison of the analysis of standard reference materials to their certified values as well as other values in the literature.","language":"English","publisher":"American Chemical Society","doi":"10.1021/ef00023a002","issn":"08870624","usgsCitation":"Doughten, M., and Gillison, J., 1990, Determination of selected elements in whole coal and in coal ash from the eight argonne premium coal samples by atomic absorption spectrometry, atomic emission spectrometry, and ion-selective electrode: Energy & Fuels, v. 4, no. 5, p. 426-430, https://doi.org/10.1021/ef00023a002.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"426","endPage":"430","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223144,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"4","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ffc5e4b0c8380cd4f3ac","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Doughten, M. W.","contributorId":101648,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doughten","given":"M. W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372570,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gillison, J.R.","contributorId":97888,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gillison","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372569,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70016214,"text":"70016214 - 1990 - A monitor for continuous measurement of temperature, pH, and conductance of wet precipitation: Preliminary results from the Adirondack Mountains, New York","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-02-09T18:11:29.93474","indexId":"70016214","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":925,"text":"Atmospheric Environment - Part A General Topics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A monitor for continuous measurement of temperature, pH, and conductance of wet precipitation: Preliminary results from the Adirondack Mountains, New York","docAbstract":"This report describes a continuous wet-only precipitation monitor designed by the U.S. Geological Survey to record variations in rainfall temperature, pH, and specific conductance at 1-min intervals over the course of storms. Initial sampling in the Adirondack Mountains showed that rainfall acidity varied over the course of summer storms, with low initial pH values increasing as storm intensity increased.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0960-1686(90)90460-5","issn":"00046981","usgsCitation":"Johnsson, P., and Reddy, M., 1990, A monitor for continuous measurement of temperature, pH, and conductance of wet precipitation: Preliminary results from the Adirondack Mountains, New York: Atmospheric Environment - Part A General Topics, v. 24A, no. 1, p. 233-236, https://doi.org/10.1016/0960-1686(90)90460-5.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"233","endPage":"236","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223307,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","otherGeospatial":"Adirondack Mountains","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -74.51638109032402,\n 43.001473898051785\n ],\n [\n -74.31862718407372,\n 43.0054911162062\n ],\n [\n -73.77480394188623,\n 43.0054911162062\n ],\n [\n -73.64846116844892,\n 43.318024597699775\n ],\n [\n -73.52761155907386,\n 43.35797735183297\n ],\n [\n -73.40126878563657,\n 43.46970519785111\n ],\n [\n -73.32985765282356,\n 43.756058657438956\n ],\n [\n -73.42873460594903,\n 44.060788631016635\n ],\n [\n -73.30788499657397,\n 44.24602576365015\n ],\n [\n -73.35732347313608,\n 44.53258150778041\n ],\n [\n -73.45620042626153,\n 44.85279283775512\n ],\n [\n -74.08791429344872,\n 44.89561333054317\n ],\n [\n -74.3460930043862,\n 44.77875512185818\n ],\n [\n -74.36806566063646,\n 44.49732853964022\n ],\n [\n -74.6701896840738,\n 44.32074381807698\n ],\n [\n -74.87892991844853,\n 43.914554661760036\n ],\n [\n -74.98879319969849,\n 43.50955804184633\n ],\n [\n -74.95034105126156,\n 43.1539434974855\n ],\n [\n -74.51638109032402,\n 43.001473898051785\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"24A","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e487e4b0c8380cd466c6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnsson, P.A.","contributorId":105735,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnsson","given":"P.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372860,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reddy, M.M.","contributorId":24363,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reddy","given":"M.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372859,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70168524,"text":"70168524 - 1990 - Intermediate-term earthquake prediction","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-18T15:46:02","indexId":"70168524","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1437,"text":"Earthquakes & Volcanoes (USGS)","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Intermediate-term earthquake prediction","docAbstract":"The problems in predicting earthquakes have been attacked by phenomenological methods from pre-historic times to the present. The associations of presumed precursors with large earthquakes often have been remarked upon. the difficulty in identifying whether such correlations are due to some chance coincidence or are real precursors is that usually one notes the associations only in the relatively short time intervals before the large events. Only rarely, if ever, is notice taken of whether the presumed precursor is to be found in the rather long intervals that follow large earthquakes, or in fact is absent in these post-earthquake intervals. If there are enough examples, the presumed correlation fails as a precursor in the former case, while in the latter case the precursor would be verified. Unfortunately, the observer is usually not concerned with the 'uniteresting' intervals that have no large earthquakes.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Knopoff, L., 1990, Intermediate-term earthquake prediction: Earthquakes & Volcanoes (USGS), v. 22, no. 5, p. 206-208.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"206","endPage":"208","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":318127,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"22","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56c6f941e4b0946c65240738","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Knopoff, L.","contributorId":63952,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knopoff","given":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":620786,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70015821,"text":"70015821 - 1990 - Precambrian terrane of north-central Wisconsin: an aeromagnetic perspective","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-09-21T17:33:00.578995","indexId":"70015821","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1168,"text":"Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Precambrian terrane of north-central Wisconsin: an aeromagnetic perspective","docAbstract":"A shaded relief magnetic map covering most of the region of exposed Precambrian rocks of north-central Wisconsin shows the structural grain and many lithologic units with clarity and comprehensive detail. The area includes part of the volcanic sequence of the Keweenawan Supergroup south of Lake Superior, the southern margin of the Archean Superior Province, the accreted island-arc terranes of the Penokean Orogen, and the Wolf River batholith. Numerous dikes are evident in the shaded relief, some being more than 200 km in length. Many of the longer dikes are reversely magnetized Keweenawan diabase associated with early extension of the Midcontinent Rift; some apparently were intruded along preexisting faults. A northwest system of dikes and faults indicated by the shaded relief map may be related to later stages of Keweenawan rifting. The Wolf River batholith is characterized by low magnetic relief associated with the predominant granitoids but includes circular plutons of highly magnetic anorthosite and a large area of magnetic rock having a signature different from the mapped anorthosite bodies. A fault bounding the western side of the batholith is paralleled by an apparent system of faults or dikes in the older terrane to the west. The magnetic map covering the Wisconsin magmatic terranes and the Archean Superior Province margin to the north is dominated by east-northeast-trending Penokean rocks. Large units of magnetic mafic rocks and less magnetic granitoid rocks are cut by a system of well-defined northeast shear zones and a more easterly trending, possibly younger set of faults, some of which contain dikes along parts of their lengths. Although the sutures bounding the magmatic terranes generally follow the magnetic trends, they do not have distinctive magnetic signatures.
","language":"English","publisher":"Canadian Science Publishing","doi":"10.1139/e90-156","issn":"00084077","usgsCitation":"King, E.R., 1990, Precambrian terrane of north-central Wisconsin: an aeromagnetic perspective: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 27, no. 11, p. 1472-1477, https://doi.org/10.1139/e90-156.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"1472","endPage":"1477","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223434,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","otherGeospatial":"Lake Superior","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -87.66671060976584,\n 44.3610017587431\n ],\n [\n -87.66671060976584,\n 46.373762217927776\n ],\n [\n -92.90108864423792,\n 46.373762217927776\n ],\n [\n -92.90108864423792,\n 44.3610017587431\n ],\n [\n -87.66671060976584,\n 44.3610017587431\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"27","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a8107e4b0c8380cd7b321","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"King, E. R.","contributorId":93482,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"King","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371848,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70016431,"text":"70016431 - 1990 - Geophysical constraints on Washington convergent margin structure","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-24T15:28:32.02146","indexId":"70016431","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":6453,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geophysical constraints on Washington convergent margin structure","docAbstract":"Gravity and magnetic maps of western Washington reveal the lateral structure and fabric of the Washington Coast Range, Puget Basin, and southern Washington Cascade Range. The magnetic and gravity maps show large amplitude positive anomalies associated with the shallow but largely buried section of Washington Coast Range mafic rocks which are separated by negative anomalies over deep sedimentary basins. The positive anomalies indicate that the Coast Range mafic basement extends farther east than previously thought, at least as far east as the longitude of Seattle. Linear and steep gravity and magnetic gradients indicate many unmapped, often buried faults in the Washington Coast Range Province. Magnetic highs are also associated with mapped batholiths in the Cascade arc. Several magnetic highs observed east of the Coast Range rocks and west of these batholiths may be associated with buried Tertiary plutons or ophiolites. Two-dimensional gravity and magnetic modeling constrained with geological and other geophysical data indicate that the Coast Range Province rocks are about 1 km thick at the coast, thickening to as much as 30 km near their postulated eastern edge. A maximum boundary on the average density of the upper 15–20 km of the rocks that compose the Coast Range Province of 2920 kg/m3 was established by the modeling, suggesting a composition largely of basalt and gabbro with little interbedded sediments. Under these rocks may be mantle or a subduction complex composed of dense mafic, ultramafic, and sedimentary rocks like that proposed to underlie Vancouver Island. Previous gravity models of the Washington margin include lower densities for the proposed subduction complex than for Vancouver Island, suggesting a lower component of mafic and ultramafic rocks than the rocks underlying Vancouver Island. However, my Washington model requires that the proposed subduction complex be more dense than the trench sediments and, therefore, that material denser than sediments be incorporated within it. The absence of continental mantle and the modeled wedge shape of the Coast Range Province upper crust suggest that erosion of the bottom of the overriding plate by subduction processes may have occurred.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB095iB12p19533","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Finn, C.A., 1990, Geophysical constraints on Washington convergent margin structure: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 95, no. B12, p. 19533-19546, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB095iB12p19533.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"19533","endPage":"19546","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222972,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -120.99289441326454,\n 48.94625600979734\n ],\n [\n -129.5979382121656,\n 48.94625600979734\n ],\n [\n -129.5979382121656,\n 45.56775656606118\n ],\n [\n -120.99289441326454,\n 45.56775656606118\n ],\n [\n -120.99289441326454,\n 48.94625600979734\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"95","issue":"B12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2814e4b0c8380cd59deb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Finn, Carol A. 0000-0002-6178-0405 cfinn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6178-0405","contributorId":1326,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finn","given":"Carol","email":"cfinn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":373492,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70168781,"text":"70168781 - 1990 - Threat of an earthquake right under the capital in Japan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-11-14T09:23:52","indexId":"70168781","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1437,"text":"Earthquakes & Volcanoes (USGS)","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Threat of an earthquake right under the capital in Japan","docAbstract":"Tokyo, Japan's capital, has been enjoying a seismically quiet period following the 1923 Kanto earthquake of magnitude 7.9 that killed more than 140,000 people. Such a quiet period seems likely to be a repetition of the 80-year quiescence after the great 1703 Genroku earthquake of magntidue 8.2 that occurred in an epicentral area adjacent to that of the 1923 Kanto earthquake. In 1784, seismic activity immediately under the capital area revived with occasional occurrence of magnitude 6 to 7 shocks. Earthquakes of this class tended to occur more frequently as time went on and they eventually culminated in the 1923 Kanto earthquake. As more than 60 years have passed since the Kanto earthquake, we may well expect another revival of activity immediately under the capital area.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Rikitake, T., 1990, Threat of an earthquake right under the capital in Japan: Earthquakes & Volcanoes (USGS), v. 22, no. 5, p. 209-210.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"209","endPage":"210","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":318488,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Japan","otherGeospatial":"Tokyo area","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 138.92211914062497,\n 34.84987503195418\n ],\n [\n 141.064453125,\n 34.84987503195418\n ],\n [\n 141.064453125,\n 36.63316209558658\n ],\n [\n 138.92211914062497,\n 36.63316209558658\n ],\n [\n 138.92211914062497,\n 34.84987503195418\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"22","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56d6cb62e4b015c306f32d18","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rikitake, T.","contributorId":167283,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rikitake","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":621693,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}