The dissimilatory Fe(III) reducer, GS-15, is the first microorganism known to couple the oxidation of aromatic compounds to the reduction of Fe(III) and the first example of a pure culture of any kind known to anaerobically oxidize an aromatic hydrocarbon, toluene. In this study, the metabolism of toluene, phenol, and p-cresol by GS-15 was investigated in more detail. GS-15 grew in an anaerobic medium with toluene as the sole electron donor and Fe(III) oxide as the electron acceptor. Growth coincided with Fe(III) reduction. [ring-14C]toluene was oxidized to 14CO2, and the stoichiometry of 14CO2 production and Fe(III) reduction indicated that GS-15 completely oxidized toluene to carbon dioxide with Fe(III) as the electron acceptor. Magnetite was the primary iron end product during toluene oxidation. Phenol and p-cresol were also completely oxidized to carbon dioxide with Fe(III) as the sole electron acceptor, and GS-15 could obtain energy to support growth by oxidizing either of these compounds as the sole electron donor. p-Hydroxybenzoate was a transitory extracellular intermediate of phenol and p-cresol metabolism but not of toluene metabolism. GS-15 oxidized potential aromatic intermediates in the oxidation of toluene (benzylalcohol and benzaldehyde) and p-cresol (p-hydroxybenzylalcohol and p-hydroxybenzaldehyde). The metabolism described here provides a model for how aromatic hydrocarbons and phenols may be oxidized with the reduction of Fe(III) in contaminated aquifers and petroleum-containing sediments.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","doi":"10.1128/aem.56.6.1858-1864.1990","issn":"00992240","usgsCitation":"Lovley, D.R., and Lonergan, D., 1990, Anaerobic oxidation of toluene, phenol, and p-cresol by the dissimilatory iron-reducing organism, GS-15: Applied and Environmental Microbiology, v. 56, no. 6, p. 1858-1864, https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.56.6.1858-1864.1990.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"1858","endPage":"1864","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479838,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.56.6.1858-1864.1990","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":223317,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"56","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059eac6e4b0c8380cd48a47","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lovley, Derek R.","contributorId":107852,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lovley","given":"Derek","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373269,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lonergan, D.J.","contributorId":86110,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lonergan","given":"D.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373268,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70016360,"text":"70016360 - 1990 - Ages of travertine deposits in eastern Grand Canyon National Park, Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-26T06:56:37","indexId":"70016360","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3218,"text":"Quaternary Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ages of travertine deposits in eastern Grand Canyon National Park, Arizona","docAbstract":"Travertine deposits in eastern Grand Canyon National Park, Arizona, are inferred to have formed under conditions of effective wetness that were greater than present. Uranium-series dating of 17 samples indicates that the deposits formed at about 15,000, 71,000, 111,000, 171,000, and 338,000 yr B.P. Intervals of travertine deposition are essentially contemporaneous with dated high paleolake levels, montane glacial maxima, and high paleowater-table levels from several Great Basin localities. ?? 1990.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Quaternary Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/0033-5894(90)90070-2","issn":"00335894","usgsCitation":"Szabo, B.J., 1990, Ages of travertine deposits in eastern Grand Canyon National Park, Arizona: Quaternary Research, v. 34, no. 1, p. 24-32, https://doi.org/10.1016/0033-5894(90)90070-2.","startPage":"24","endPage":"32","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":266518,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0033-5894(90)90070-2"},{"id":223318,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"34","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-01-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e905e4b0c8380cd48049","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Szabo, Barney J.","contributorId":6848,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Szabo","given":"Barney","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373270,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70016418,"text":"70016418 - 1990 - Thrust-ridge paleodepositional model for the Upper Freeport coal bed and associated clastic facies, Upper Potomac coal field, Appalachian Basin, U.S.A.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-22T12:05:43.784155","indexId":"70016418","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2033,"text":"International Journal of Coal Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Thrust-ridge paleodepositional model for the Upper Freeport coal bed and associated clastic facies, Upper Potomac coal field, Appalachian Basin, U.S.A.","docAbstract":"A blind-thrust-ridge model is proposed to explain the lack of coarse clastic material in the vast minable Upper Freeport coal bed (UF). This coal bed contains only fine elastic partings and is overlain by regionally extensive, closely spaced channel-belt deposits in the Upper Potomac coal field of the Appalachian basin. A blind-thrust ridge may have formed a sediment trap and prevented c coarse fluvial sediments from entering the swamp during a period (Westphalian D) when the thick Upper Freeport peat accumulated. Anticlinal thrust ridges and associated depressions may have existed uninterrupted for about 40 km parallel to the Appalachian orogen. Sediment shed from the breached anticlinal ridges accumulated in the sediment trap and was carried out of the ends of the trap by streams that occupied the shear zone at the ends of the blind-thrust ridge. The extent, parallel to the orogen, of thick, areally extensive UF is related to the length of the blind-thrust ridge that, in turn, controlled the spacing of the river-derived coarse clastic sediments that entered the main basin from the east. The thrust plane eventually emerged to the surface of the blind-thrust ridge and peat accumulation was terminated when the ridge became eroded and the sediment trapped behind it was released. The peat was buried by abundant coarse clastic sediment, which formed closely spaced channel belts and intervening flood basins. This model has implications for widespread peat deposits (now coal) that developed in tropical regions a few hundred kilometers from the sea in a tectonically active foreland basin.
The Summit Lake landslide, northwestern Nevada, composed of Early Miocene pyroclastic debris, Ashdown Tuff, and basalt and rhyolite of the Black Rock Range, blocked the upper Soldier Creek-Snow Creek drainage and impounded Summit Lake sometimes prior to 7840 yr B.P. The slide covers 8.2 km2 and has geomorphic features characteristic of long run-out landslides, such as lobate form, longitudinal and transverse ridges, low surface gradient (7.1 °), and preservation of original stratigraphic position of transported blocks. However, estimated debris volume is the smallest reported (2.5 × 105 m3) for a landslide of this type.
The outflow channel of the Summit Lake basin was a northward-flowing stream valley entrenched by Mahogany Creek. Subsequent negative tectonic adjustment of the basin by about 35 m, accompanied by concommitant progradation of a prominent alluvial fan deposited by Mahogany Creek, argues for a probable diversion of drainage from the Alvord basin southward into the Lahontan basin. The landslide occurred while the creek flowed southward, transferring about 147 km2 of watershed from the Lahontan basin back to the Alvord basin. Overflow northward occurred during high stands of Pluvial Lake Parman in the basin; otherwise, under drier climates, the Summit Lake basin has been closed.
Within large depressions on the slide surface, the ca. 6800 yr old Mazama Bed and other sediments have buried a weakly developed soil. Disseminated humus in the soil yields an age of 7840 ± 310 yr B.P. Absence of older tephra (such as St. Helens M) brackets the slide age between 7840 and 19,000 yr B.P. Projectile points found on the highest strandlines of Pluvial Lake Parman suggest a ca 8700 yr B.P. age by correlation with cultural artifacts and radiocarbon ages from nearby Last Supper Cave, Nevada. Organic matter accumulation in landslide soils suggests ages ranging from 9100 to 16,250 yr B.P. Estimation of the age of the slide from morphologic data for the isolated Summit Lake population of Lahontan cutthroat trout does not conflict with the radiometric ages.
Seven years of discharge and water quality records define temporal and spatial patterns of solute movement in a Colorado alpine stream system. Dissolved solids concentrations are low, generally less than 30 mg 1−1 and occasionally less than 3 mg 1−1 at the highest elevations. Calcium is the dominant cation and bicarbonate and sulfate are the main anions. Temporal changes in solute concentrations are dominated by an annual cycle with high values in late winter and spring that decrease rapidly during early summer and then return more slowly through fall. This pattern corresponds to the seasonal streamflow regime and reflects differential elution of the snowpack by meltwater and changing proportions of surface and subsurface water in the streamflow. The amplitude of the annual cycle of solute concentration is reduced with increasing catchment area and where the groundwater contribution to flow is relatively high. In general, solute concentrations increase down valley but this trend is reversed in the case of biologically important solutes, such as nitrate and potassium. Rates of geochemical denudation are dominated by the volume of water discharge and thus are highest in the parts of the basin that accumulate the greatest depths of winter snow. They vary between 5 and 26 g m−2 yr−1 for different parts of the catchment and average less than 9 g m−2 yr−1. These rates are low compared to those from high-elevation catchments elsewhere but are an order of magnitude higher than rates of sediment removal from the basin.
The Late Proterozoic (830 ± 20 Ma) Darb Zubaydah ophiolite, north-central Arabian Shield, preserves a largely intact section consisting of ultramafic rocks, gabbro, diabase, granodiorite, and interbedded volcanic and sedimentary rocks. Formation of these rocks within or near an island arc is indicated by the absence of pelagic sediments and the abundance of pillow basalt, turbiditic sediments, lahar deposits, and basaltic to rhyolitic tuff. The oldest extrusive rocks, which range from tholeiites with MORB characteristics to calc-alkaline andesites and rhyolites, formed in a young, relatively un-evolved island are or in a back-arc basin sufficiently close to an arc to receive calc-alkaline lava flows and coarse-grained, arc-derived detritus. tus. Overlying turbidites and lahar deposits of the Kaffan sandstone point to the initiation of a rifting event. High-Ti basalts, which erupted above the Kaffan sandstone, and related diabase are interpreted to be magmatic products of incipient intra-arc rifting. Renewed arc volcanism produced calc-alkaline volcanic rocks that interfingered with the high-Ti basalt and later dominated the section as the volcanic apron of the arc prograded basinward. Extrusion of voluminous calc-alkaline tuff may have been contemporaneous with intrusion of granodiorite and gravity-driven landsliding.
Thorstenson and Plummer's (1977) \"stoichiometric saturation' model is reviewed, and a general relation between stoichiometric saturation Kss constants and excess free energies of mixing is derived for a binary solid-solution B1-xCxA: GE = RT[ln Kss - xln(xKCA) - (l-x)ln((l-x)KBA)]. This equation allows a suitable excess free energy function, such as Guggenheim's (1937) sub-regular function, to be fitted from experimentally determined Kss constants. Solid-phase free energies and component activity-coefficients can then be determined from one or two fitted parameters and from the endmember solubility products KBA and KCA. A general form of Lippmann's (1977,1980) \"solutus equation is derived from an examination of Lippmann's (1977,1980) \"total solubility product' model. Lippmann's II or \"total solubility product' variable is used to represent graphically not only thermodynamic equilibrium states and primary saturation states but also stoichiometric saturation and pure phase saturation states.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Journal of Science","doi":"10.2475/ajs.290.2.164","issn":"00029599","usgsCitation":"Glynn, P.D., and Reardon, E., 1990, Solid-solution aqueous-solution equilibria: Thermodynamic theory and representation: American Journal of Science, v. 290, no. 2, p. 164-201, https://doi.org/10.2475/ajs.290.2.164.","productDescription":"38 p.","startPage":"164","endPage":"201","numberOfPages":"38","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479859,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.2475/ajs.290.2.164","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":223521,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"290","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b923ae4b08c986b319d87","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Glynn, P. D.","contributorId":7008,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Glynn","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373471,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reardon, E.J.","contributorId":47088,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reardon","given":"E.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373472,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70016011,"text":"70016011 - 1990 - Transformation of Monoaromatic hydrocarbons to organic acids in anoxic groundwater environment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-03-04T19:38:09","indexId":"70016011","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1540,"text":"Environmental Geology and Water Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Transformation of Monoaromatic hydrocarbons to organic acids in anoxic groundwater environment","docAbstract":"The transformation of benzene and a series of alkylbenzenes was studied in anoxic groundwater of a shallow glacial-outwash aquifer near Bemidji, Minnesota, U.S.A. Monoaromatic hydrocarbons, the most water-soluble components of crude oil, were transported downgradient of an oil spill, forming a plume of contaminated groundwater. Organic acids that were not original components of the oil were identified in the anoxic groundwater. The highest concentrations of these oxidized organic compounds were found in the anoxic plume where a decrease in concentrations of structurally related alkylbenzenes was observed. These results suggest that biological transformation of benzene and alkylbenzenes to organic acid intermediates may be an important attenuation process in anoxic environments. The transformation of a complex mixture of hydrocarbons to a series of corresponding oxidation products in an anoxic subsurface environment provides new insight into in situ anaerobic degradation processes.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF01890379","issn":"01775146","usgsCitation":"Cozzarelli, I., Eganhouse, R., and Baedecker, M., 1990, Transformation of Monoaromatic hydrocarbons to organic acids in anoxic groundwater environment: Environmental Geology and Water Sciences, v. 16, no. 2, p. 135-141, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01890379.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"135","endPage":"141","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":205362,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01890379"},{"id":223343,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","city":"Bemidji","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -94.98916625976562,\n 47.41229100755385\n ],\n [\n -94.82711791992188,\n 47.41229100755385\n ],\n [\n -94.82711791992188,\n 47.52183788271235\n ],\n [\n -94.98916625976562,\n 47.52183788271235\n ],\n [\n -94.98916625976562,\n 47.41229100755385\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"16","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb6d2e4b08c986b326ecc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cozzarelli, I.M. 0000-0002-5123-1007","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5123-1007","contributorId":22343,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cozzarelli","given":"I.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372338,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Eganhouse, R.P.","contributorId":67555,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eganhouse","given":"R.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372340,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Baedecker, M.J.","contributorId":42702,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baedecker","given":"M.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372339,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70015945,"text":"70015945 - 1990 - Patterns of volcanism in the Cascade Arc during the past 15 000 years","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:45","indexId":"70015945","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1813,"text":"Geoscience Canada","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Patterns of volcanism in the Cascade Arc during the past 15 000 years","docAbstract":"About 110 well-dated and 70 poorly dated eruptive periods less than 15 000 years old at individual volcanoes in the Cascade Arc constitute a data set for identifying spatial and temporal patterns of eruptive activity. Key features of the record include: 1) the mean frequency of eruptive periods during the past 4000 years is approximately two per century; however, the variance about the mean may be large; 2) at most major centres, episodes of activity lasting several thousand years are defined by groups of eruptive periods separated by apparent dormant intervals of roughly similar duration, 3) arc-wide clustering of eruptive activity may exist at 0-4 ka, 6-8 ka, and 10-14 ka. Such clustering would be remarkable in light of significant along-arc changes in crustal structure, stress field, and subduction-zone geometry. -Author","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geoscience Canada","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"03150941","usgsCitation":"Scott, W.E., 1990, Patterns of volcanism in the Cascade Arc during the past 15 000 years: Geoscience Canada, v. 17, no. 3, p. 179-183.","startPage":"179","endPage":"183","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222874,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"17","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a75eee4b0c8380cd77e18","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Scott, W. E.","contributorId":22773,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372147,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70016424,"text":"70016424 - 1990 - Cooling rate and thermal structure determined from progressive magnetization of the dacite dome at Mount St. Helens, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-24T15:30:45.753432","indexId":"70016424","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":6453,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Cooling rate and thermal structure determined from progressive magnetization of the dacite dome at Mount St. Helens, Washington","docAbstract":"Our study of a magnetic anomaly associated with the recently active dacite dome at Mount St. Helens suggests that the dome consists of a hot, nonmagnetized core surrounded by a cool, magnetized carapace and flanking talus. The talus does not contribute to the anomaly because its constituent blocks are randomly oriented. Temporal changes in the magnetic anomaly indicate that the magnetized carapace thickened at an average rate of 0.03±0.01 m/d from 1984 to 1986. Petrographic and rock magnetic properties of dome samples indicate that the dominant process responsible for these changes is magnetization of extensively oxidized rock at progressively deeper levels within the dome as the rock cools through its blocking temperature, rather than subsequent changes in magnetization caused by further oxidation. Newly extruded material cools rapidly for a short period as heat is conducted outward in response to convective heat loss from its surface. The cooling rate gradually declines for several weeks, and thereafter the material cools at a relatively constant rate by convective heat loss from its interior along fractures that propagate inward. The rate of internal convective heat loss through fractures varies with rainfall, snowmelt, and large-scale fracturing during subsequent eruptive episodes. In accordance with a model for solidification of the 1959 lava lake at Kilauea Iki, Hawaii, we picture the dome's magnetized carapace as being a two-phase, porous, convective zone separated from the nonmagnetized core of the dome by a thin, single-phase conductive zone. As a consequence of the heat balance between the conductive and convective zones, the blocking-temperature isotherm migrates inward at a relatively constant rate. If the dome remains inactive, the time scale for its complete magnetization is estimated to be 18–36 years, a forecast which can be refined by shallow drilling into the dome and by continuing studies of its growing magnetic anomaly.
This study examines and compares methods of dating pit/mound microtopography formed by tree uprooting, and provides 14C evidence for the longevity of these landforms. Microtopography can often by dated by reference to known meteorological phenomena, or within certain age constraints, by dendrochronologic means. We used 14C analysis of buried wood and charcoal in treethrow mounds in Michigan and Wisconsin, U.S.A. to arrive at estimates of the geochronometric ages of treethrow mounds. Results indicate that mounds in these areas often persist for more than 1000 years, which are two to five times longer than published estimates by less reliable methods. The longevity of treethrow mounds in these regions is ascribed to (l) sandy, porous soils which minimize runoff, (2) a continuous mat of forest litter and vegetation cover, (3) surface concentrations of gravel which may act as an “armor”, (4) large initial size of the features, and (5) soil freezing. Implications are that rates of mass movement due to uprooting may be substantially less than studies from other regions suggest.
Seismic body waves, from tamped chemical explosions, two with yields of 50 and one of 150 kg, were compared with corresponding data from three mining-induced tremors with a view to testing methods of discriminating between the two types of events. Detonated at depths of about 2 km, all three explosions generated P waves for which the low-frequency spectral asymptotes agree well with corresponding results scaled down from nuclear shots at the Nevada Test Site. For the two smaller explosions, recorded underground at hypocentral distances ranging from 234 to 871 m, the P wave corner frequencies, defined by the intersections of the low- and high-frequency asymptotes, are also in fine agreement with scaled-down results from the Nevada Test Site; for the 150-kg explosion, which was recorded only at the surface, it appears that 2.39 km of upward propagation caused the corner frequency to be at least a factor of 4 lower than anticipated due to attenuation. All three explosions generated S waves that appear to be a consequence of deviatoric stress release in the immediate environs of the explosions. The three tremors analyzed here generated P and S waves whose spectra and source parameters agree well with standard earthquake source models. With regard to discrimination based on P wave spectra, we conclude that for events of fixed low-frequency spectral asymptotes, the explosions typically have higher corner frequencies than tremors or earthquakes, although counterexamples certainly exist. Interestingly, the 150-kg explosion was identified as such on the basis of P and S wave polarities that are incompatible with the normally expected double-couple source model; instead, these initial motions are consistent with an explosion in conjunction with normal faulting. The body wave spectra of this explosion and those of a nearby tremor, however, were indistinguishable.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB095iB13p21777","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"McGarr, A., Bicknell, J., Churcher, J., and Spottiswoode, S., 1990, Comparison of ground motion from tremors and explosions in deep gold mines: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 95, no. B13, p. 21777-21792, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB095iB13p21777.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"21777","endPage":"21792","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223082,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"95","issue":"B13","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f867e4b0c8380cd4d09c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McGarr, Art 0000-0001-9769-4093","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9769-4093","contributorId":43491,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGarr","given":"Art","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372039,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bicknell, J.","contributorId":107433,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bicknell","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372041,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Churcher, J.","contributorId":79239,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Churcher","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372040,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Spottiswoode, S.","contributorId":30366,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spottiswoode","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372038,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70016197,"text":"70016197 - 1990 - Age determinations and growth rates of Pacific ferromanganese deposits using strontium isotopes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:40","indexId":"70016197","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Age determinations and growth rates of Pacific ferromanganese deposits using strontium isotopes","docAbstract":"87Sr 86Sr ratios, trace element and REE compositions, and textural characteristics were determined for three hydrogenetic Fe-Mn crusts, one hydrothermal deposit, and two mixed hydrothermalhydrogenetic crusts from the Pacific. The Sr isotope data are compared to the Sr seawater curve for the Cenozoic to determine the ages and growth rates of the crusts. The 87Sr 86Sr in the crusts does not increase monotonically with depth as expected if the Sr were solely derived from seawater and perfectly preserved since deposition. This indicates post-depositional exchange of Sr or heterogeneous sources for the Sr originally contained in the crusts. Textures of hydrogenetic crusts generally correlate with Sr isotopic variations. The highest porosity intervals commonly exhibit the highest 87Sr 86Sr ratios, indicating exchange with younger seawater. Intervals with the lowest porosity commonly have lower 87Sr 86Sr and may preserve the original Sr isotopic ratios. Minimum ages of crust growth inception were calculated from dense, low porosity intervals. Growth of the hydrogenetic crusts began at or after 23 Ma, although their substrates are Cretaceous. Estimated average growth rates of the three hydrogenetic crusts vary between 0.9 and 2.7 mm/Ma, consistent with published rates determined by other techniques. Within the Marshall Islands crust, growth rates for individual layers varied greatly between 1.0 and 5.4 mm/Ma. For one crust, very low 87Sr 86Sr ratios occurred in detrital-rich intervals. Hydrothermal Fe-Mn oxide from the active Lau Basin back-arc spreading axis (Valu Fa Ridge) has an 87Sr 86Sr ratio with a predominantly seawater signature ( 87Sr 86Sr 0.709196), indicating a maximum age of 0.9 Ma. One crust from an off-axis seamount west of Gorda Ridge may have begun precipitating hydrogenetically at 0.5 Ma (0.709211), and had increasing hydrothermal or volcanic input in the top half of the crust, indicated by a significantly lower 87Sr 86Sr ratio (0.709052). ?? 1990.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Ingram, B., Hein, J., and Farmer, G.L., 1990, Age determinations and growth rates of Pacific ferromanganese deposits using strontium isotopes: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 54, no. 6, p. 1709-1721.","startPage":"1709","endPage":"1721","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222997,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"54","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e8eae4b0c8380cd47f87","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ingram, B.L.","contributorId":51731,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ingram","given":"B.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372810,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hein, J.R. 0000-0002-5321-899X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5321-899X","contributorId":61429,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hein","given":"J.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372811,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Farmer, G. L.","contributorId":97251,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Farmer","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372812,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70016196,"text":"70016196 - 1990 - A quantitative micropaleontologic method for shallow marine peleoclimatology: Application to Pliocene deposits of the western North Atlantic Ocean","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:40","indexId":"70016196","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2673,"text":"Marine Micropaleontology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A quantitative micropaleontologic method for shallow marine peleoclimatology: Application to Pliocene deposits of the western North Atlantic Ocean","docAbstract":"A transfer function was developed to estimate summer and winter paleotemperatures for arctic to tropical regions of the western North Atlantic Ocean using fossil ostracode assemblages. Q-mode factor analysis was run on ostracode assemblages from 100 modern bottom sediment samples from continental shelves of North America, Greenland and the Caribbean using 59 ostracode taxa. Seven factors accounting for 80% of the variance define assemblages that correspond to frigid, subfrigid, cold temperate, mild temperate, warm temperate, subtropical and tropical climatic zones. Multiple regression of the factor matrix against observed February and August bottom temperatures yielded an astracode transfer function with an accuracy of about ??2??C. The transfer function was used to reconstruct middle Pliocene (3.5-3.0 Ma) shallow marine climates of the western North Atlantic during the marine transgression that deposited the Yorktown Formation (Virginia and North Carolina), the Duplin Formation (South and North Carolina) and the Pinecrest beds (Florida). Middle Pliocene paleowater temperatures in Virginia averaged 19??C in August and 13.5??C in February, about 5??C to 8??C warmer than at comparable depths off Virginia today. August and February water temperatures in North Carolina were 23??C and 13.4??C, in South Carolina about 23??C and 13.5??C and in southern Florida about 24.6??C and 15.4??C. Marine climates north of 35??N were warmer than today; south of 35??N, they were about the same or slightly cooler. Thermal gradients along the coast were generally not as steep as they are today. The North Atlantic transfer function can be applied to other shallow marine Pliocene and Pleistocene deposits of eastern North America. ?? 1990 Elsevier Science Publishers B.V.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Marine Micropaleontology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/0377-8398(90)90032-H","issn":"03778398","usgsCitation":"Cronin, T.M., and Dowsett, H., 1990, A quantitative micropaleontologic method for shallow marine peleoclimatology: Application to Pliocene deposits of the western North Atlantic Ocean: Marine Micropaleontology, v. 16, no. 1-2, p. 117-147, https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-8398(90)90032-H.","startPage":"117","endPage":"147","numberOfPages":"31","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222947,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":205318,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0377-8398(90)90032-H"}],"volume":"16","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e525e4b0c8380cd46b6e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cronin, T. M. 0000-0002-2643-0979","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2643-0979","contributorId":42613,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cronin","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":372808,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dowsett, H.J. 0000-0003-1983-7524","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1983-7524","contributorId":87924,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dowsett","given":"H.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372809,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70016433,"text":"70016433 - 1990 - Integration of potential-field and digital geologic data for two North American geoscience transects","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-07T16:27:07.225598","indexId":"70016433","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2307,"text":"Journal of Geological Education","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Integration of potential-field and digital geologic data for two North American geoscience transects","docAbstract":"Two North American contributions to the Global Geoscience Transects Program, the Quebec-Maine-Gulf of Maine transect and the Great Lakes portion of the United States-Canadian Border transect, are among the first to produce digital geology in a form that can be combined with gridded gravity and aeromagnetic data. Maps of shaded relief and color-composite bandpass-filtered potential-field data combined with overlays of digitized geologic contacts and faults reveal significant new geologic information, including the relative thickness of plutons, the structure of poorly exposed or concealed magnetic units, and possible evidence for mineralized ground. Mechanisms for capturing digital geology by use of scanners, commercial geographic information systems (GIS) software packages, and public-domain PC-based software packages are illustrated by examples from these two transects. The digital geology is combined with the potential field data by use of in-house raster-based image-processing software and commercial hardware. Geologic cross sections constructed along the transects may be tested and refined by using 2-D and 2.5-D magnetic- and gravity-modeling software. The integrated data sets ultimately allow construction of 3-D models of the crust within the transects.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.5408/0022-1368-38.4.330","issn":"00221368","usgsCitation":"Phillips, J., 1990, Integration of potential-field and digital geologic data for two North American geoscience transects: Journal of Geological Education, v. 38, no. 4, p. 330-338, https://doi.org/10.5408/0022-1368-38.4.330.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"330","endPage":"338","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":480466,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5408/0022-1368-38.4.330","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":223020,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"38","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2018-02-13","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3c95e4b0c8380cd62e6b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Phillips, J. D. 0000-0002-6459-2821","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6459-2821","contributorId":22366,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Phillips","given":"J. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373497,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70016194,"text":"70016194 - 1990 - The Taylor Creek Rhyolite of New Mexico: a rapidly emplaced field of lava domes and flows","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:40","indexId":"70016194","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1109,"text":"Bulletin of Volcanology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The Taylor Creek Rhyolite of New Mexico: a rapidly emplaced field of lava domes and flows","docAbstract":"The Tertiary Taylor Creek Rhyolite of southwest New Mexico comprises at least 20 lava domes and flows. Each of the lavas was erupted from its own vent, and the vents are distributed throughout a 20 km by 50 km area. The volume of the rhyolite and genetically associated pyroclastic deposits is at least 100 km3 (denserock equivalent). The rhyolite contains 15%-35% quartz, sanidine, plagioclase, ??biotite, ??hornblende phenocrysts. Quartz and sanidine account for about 98% of the phenocrysts and are present in roughly equal amounts. With rare exceptions, the groundmass consists of intergrowths of fine-grained silica and alkali feldspar. Whole-rock major-element composition varies little, and the rhyolite is metaluminous to weakly peraluminous; mean SiO2 content is about 77.5??0.3%. Similarly, major-element compositions of the two feldsparphenocryst species also are nearly constant. However, whole-rock concentrations of some trace-elements vary as much as several hundred percent. Initial radiometric age determinations, all K-Ar and fission track, suggest that the rhyolite lava field grew during a period of at least 2 m.y. Subsequent 40Ar/39Ar ages indicate that the period of growth was no more than 100 000 years. The time-space-composition relations thus suggest that the Taylor Creek Rhyolite was erupted from a single magma reservoir whose average width was at least 30 km, comparable in size to several penecontemporaneous nearby calderas. However, this rhyolite apparently is not related to a caldera structure. Possibly, the Taylor Creek Phyolite magma body never became sufficiently volatile rich to produce a large-volume pyroclastic eruption and associated caldera collapse, but instead leaked repeatedly to feed many relatively small domes and flows. The new 40Ar/39Ar ages do not resolve preexisting unknown relative-age relations among the domes and flows of the lava field. Nonetheless, the indicated geologically brief period during which Taylor Creek Rhyolite magma was erupted imposes useful constraints for future evaluation of possible models for petrogenesis and the origin of trace-element characteristics of the system. ?? 1990 Springer-Verlag.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of Volcanology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF00268927","issn":"02588900","usgsCitation":"Duffield, W.A., and Dalrymple, G.B., 1990, The Taylor Creek Rhyolite of New Mexico: a rapidly emplaced field of lava domes and flows: Bulletin of Volcanology, v. 52, no. 6, p. 475-487, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00268927.","startPage":"475","endPage":"487","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222945,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":205317,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00268927"}],"volume":"52","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba918e4b08c986b322055","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Duffield, W. A.","contributorId":71935,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duffield","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372803,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dalrymple, G. B.","contributorId":10407,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dalrymple","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372802,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70016192,"text":"70016192 - 1990 - Molecular orbital (SCF-X-α-SW) theory of Fe2+-Mn3+, Fe3+-Mn2+, and Fe3+-Mn3+ charge transfer and magnetic exchange in oxides and silicates","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-05-29T13:36:10","indexId":"70016192","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":738,"text":"American Mineralogist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Molecular orbital (SCF-X-α-SW) theory of Fe2+-Mn3+, Fe3+-Mn2+, and Fe3+-Mn3+ charge transfer and magnetic exchange in oxides and silicates","docAbstract":"Metal-metal charge-transfer and magnetic exchange interactions have important effects on the optical spectra, crystal chemistry, and physics of minerals. Previous molecular orbital calculations have provided insight on the nature of Fe2+-Fe3+ and Fe2+-Ti4+ charge-transfer transitions in oxides and silicates. In this work, spin-unrestricted molecular orbital calculations on (FeMnO10) clusters are used to study the nature of magnetic exchange and electron delocalization (charge transfer) associated with Fe3+-Mn2+, Fe3+-Mn3+, and Fe2+-Mn3+ interactions in oxides and silicates.
","language":"English","issn":"0003004X","usgsCitation":"Sherman, D.M., 1990, Molecular orbital (SCF-X-α-SW) theory of Fe2+-Mn3+, Fe3+-Mn2+, and Fe3+-Mn3+ charge transfer and magnetic exchange in oxides and silicates: American Mineralogist, v. 75, no. 3-4, p. 256-261.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"256","endPage":"261","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222894,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"75","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5d09e4b0c8380cd70106","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sherman, David M.","contributorId":73218,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sherman","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372799,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70016191,"text":"70016191 - 1990 - Spatial resolution requirements for automated cartographic road extraction","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:40","indexId":"70016191","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3052,"text":"Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Spatial resolution requirements for automated cartographic road extraction","docAbstract":"Ground resolution requirements for detection and extraction of road locations in a digitized large-scale photographic database were investigated. A color infrared photograph of Sunnyvale, California was scanned, registered to a map grid, and spatially degraded to 1- to 5-metre resolution pixels. Road locations in each data set were extracted using a combination of image processing and CAD programs. These locations were compared to a photointerpretation of road locations to determine a preferred pixel size for the extraction method. Based on road pixel omission error computations, a 3-metre pixel resolution appears to be the best choice for this extraction method. -Authors","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Benjamin, S., and Gaydos, L., 1990, Spatial resolution requirements for automated cartographic road extraction: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, v. 56, no. 1, p. 93-100.","startPage":"93","endPage":"100","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222893,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"56","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b94a4e4b08c986b31abc4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Benjamin, S.","contributorId":23474,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Benjamin","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372797,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gaydos, L.","contributorId":101015,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gaydos","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372798,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70016190,"text":"70016190 - 1990 - Conductivity and transit time estimates of a soil liner","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:40","indexId":"70016190","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Conductivity and transit time estimates of a soil liner","docAbstract":"A field-scale soil linear was built to assess the feasibilty of constructing a liner to meet the saturated hydraulic conductivity requirement of the U.S. EPA (i.e., less than 1 ?? 10-7 cm/s), and to determine the breakthrough and transit times of water and tracers through the liner. The liner, 8 ?? 15 ?? 0.9 m, was constructed in 15-cm compacted lifts using a 20,037-kg pad-foot compactor and standard engineering practices. Estimated saturated hydraulic conductivities were 2.4 ?? 10-9 cm/s, based on data from large-ring infiltrometers; 4.0 ?? 10-8 cm/s from small-ring infiltrometers; and 5.0 ?? 10-8 cm/s from a water-balance analysis. These estimates were derived from 1 year of monitoring water infiltration into the linear. Breakthrough of tracers at the base of the liner was estimated to be between 2 and 13 years, depending on the method of calculation and the assumptions used in the calculation.","conferenceTitle":"Optimizing the Resources for Water Management - Proceedings of the ASCE 17th Annual National Conference","conferenceDate":"17 April 1990 through 21 April 1990","conferenceLocation":"Fort Worth, TX, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Publ by ASCE","publisherLocation":"Boston, MA, United States","isbn":"087262756X","usgsCitation":"Krapac, I., Cartwright, K., Panno, S., Hensel, B., Rehfeldt, K., and Herzog, B., 1990, Conductivity and transit time estimates of a soil liner, Optimizing the Resources for Water Management - Proceedings of the ASCE 17th Annual National Conference, Fort Worth, TX, USA, 17 April 1990 through 21 April 1990, p. 820-823.","startPage":"820","endPage":"823","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222892,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f9bae4b0c8380cd4d759","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Krapac, I.G.","contributorId":33850,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krapac","given":"I.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372791,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cartwright, K.","contributorId":50292,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cartwright","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372792,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Panno, S.V.","contributorId":102990,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Panno","given":"S.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372795,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hensel, B.R.","contributorId":83669,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hensel","given":"B.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372794,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Rehfeldt, K.H.","contributorId":54739,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rehfeldt","given":"K.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372793,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Herzog, B.L.","contributorId":107030,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herzog","given":"B.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372796,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ]}