The design and application of a hollow-fiber tangential-flow filtration device has been used to concentrate bacteria and suspended particles from large volume surface water and groundwater samples (i.e., hundreds of liters). Filtrate tlux rates (4–8 L min−1) are equal to or faster than those of other devices that are based on continuous flow centrifugation and plate and frame filtration. Particle recovery efficiencies for inorganic particles (approximately 90%) were similar to other dewatering devices, but microbial cell recoveries (30–90%) were greatly improved by this technique relative to other currently available methods. Although requirements for operation and maintenance of the device are minimal, its size, as with other dewatering devices, limits its applicability at remote sample sites. Nevertheless, it has proven useful for sample collection in studies involving microbial transport and analysis of particle-associated trace inorganic solutes.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, Soil Science Society of America","publisherLocation":"Madison, WI","doi":"10.2134/jeq1990.00472425001900030045x","usgsCitation":"Kuwabara, J., and Harvey, R., 1990, Application of a hollow-fiber, tangential-flow device for sampling suspended bacteria and particles from natural waters: Journal of Environmental Quality, v. 19, no. 3, p. 625-629, https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq1990.00472425001900030045x.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"625","endPage":"629","numberOfPages":"5","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":306586,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"19","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ec8de4b0c8380cd49334","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kuwabara, J.S.","contributorId":57905,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kuwabara","given":"J.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372549,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Harvey, R.W. 0000-0002-2791-8503","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2791-8503","contributorId":11757,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harvey","given":"R.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372548,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70016192,"text":"70016192 - 1990 - Molecular orbital (SCF-X-α-SW) theory of Fe2+-Mn3+, Fe3+-Mn2+, and Fe3+-Mn3+ charge transfer and magnetic exchange in oxides and silicates","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-05-29T13:36:10","indexId":"70016192","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":738,"text":"American Mineralogist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Molecular orbital (SCF-X-α-SW) theory of Fe2+-Mn3+, Fe3+-Mn2+, and Fe3+-Mn3+ charge transfer and magnetic exchange in oxides and silicates","docAbstract":"Metal-metal charge-transfer and magnetic exchange interactions have important effects on the optical spectra, crystal chemistry, and physics of minerals. Previous molecular orbital calculations have provided insight on the nature of Fe2+-Fe3+ and Fe2+-Ti4+ charge-transfer transitions in oxides and silicates. In this work, spin-unrestricted molecular orbital calculations on (FeMnO10) clusters are used to study the nature of magnetic exchange and electron delocalization (charge transfer) associated with Fe3+-Mn2+, Fe3+-Mn3+, and Fe2+-Mn3+ interactions in oxides and silicates.
","language":"English","issn":"0003004X","usgsCitation":"Sherman, D.M., 1990, Molecular orbital (SCF-X-α-SW) theory of Fe2+-Mn3+, Fe3+-Mn2+, and Fe3+-Mn3+ charge transfer and magnetic exchange in oxides and silicates: American Mineralogist, v. 75, no. 3-4, p. 256-261.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"256","endPage":"261","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222894,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"75","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5d09e4b0c8380cd70106","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sherman, David M.","contributorId":73218,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sherman","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372799,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70016207,"text":"70016207 - 1990 - Partitioning of F between H2O and CO2 fluids and topaz rhyolite melt - Implications for mineralizing magmatic-hydrothermal fluids in F-rich granitic systems","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:41","indexId":"70016207","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1336,"text":"Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Partitioning of F between H2O and CO2 fluids and topaz rhyolite melt - Implications for mineralizing magmatic-hydrothermal fluids in F-rich granitic systems","docAbstract":"Fluid/melt distribution coefficients for F have been determined in experiments conducted with peraluminous topaz rhyolite melts and fluids consisting of H2O and H2O+CO2 at pressures of 0.5 to 5 kbar, temperatures of 775??-1000??C, and concentrations of F in the melt ranging from 0.5 to 6.9 wt%. The major element, F, and Cl concentrations of the starting material and run product glasses were determined by electron microprobe, and the concentration of F in the fluid was calculated by mass balance. The H2O concentrations of some run product glasses were determined by ion microprobe (SIMS). The solubility of melt in the fluid phase increases with increasing F in the system; the solubility of H2O in the melt is independent of the F concentration of the system with up to 6.3 wt% F in the melt. No evidence of immiscible silica- and fluoriderich liquids was detected in the hydrous but water-undersaturated starting material glasses (???8.5 wt% F in melt) or in the water-saturated run product glasses. F concentrates in topaz rhyolite melts relative to coexisting fluids at most conditions studied; however, DF (wt% F in fluid/wt% F in melt) increases strongly with increasing F in the system. Maximum values of DF in this study are significantly larger than those previously reported in the literature. Linear extrapolation of the data suggests that DF is greater than one for water-saturated, peraluminous granitic melts containing ???8 wt% F at 800?? C and 2 kbar. DF increases as temperature and as (H2O/H2O+CO2) of the fluid increase. For topaz rhyolite melts containing ???1 wt% F and with H2O-rich fluids, DF is independent of changes in pressure from 2 to 5 kbar at 800?? C; for melts containing ???1 wt% F and in equilibrium with CO2-bearing fluids the concentrations of F in fluid increases with increasing pressure. F-and lithophile element-enriched granites may evolve to compositions containing extreme concentrations of F during the final stages of crystallization. If F in the melt exceeds 8 wt%, DF is greater than one and the associated magmatic-hydrothermal fluid contains >4 molal F. Such F-enriched fluids may be important in the mass transport of ore constituents, i.e., F, Mo, W, Sn, Li, Be, Rb, Cs, U, Th, Nb, Ta, and B, from the magma. ?? 1990 Springer-Verlag.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF01575620","issn":"00107999","usgsCitation":"Webster, J., 1990, Partitioning of F between H2O and CO2 fluids and topaz rhyolite melt - Implications for mineralizing magmatic-hydrothermal fluids in F-rich granitic systems: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 104, no. 4, p. 424-438, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01575620.","startPage":"424","endPage":"438","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205347,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01575620"},{"id":223202,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"104","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7540e4b0c8380cd77a83","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Webster, J.D.","contributorId":16582,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Webster","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372839,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70016100,"text":"70016100 - 1990 - A new tree-ring date for the \"floating island\" lava flow, Mount St. Helens, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:46","indexId":"70016100","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1109,"text":"Bulletin of Volcanology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A new tree-ring date for the \"floating island\" lava flow, Mount St. Helens, Washington","docAbstract":"Anomalously narrow and missing rings in trees 12 m from Mount St. Helens' \"floating island\" lava flow, and synchronous growth increases in trees farther from the flow margin, are evidence that this andesitic flow was extruded between late summer 1799 and spring 1800 a.d., within a few months after the eruption of Mount St. Helens' dacitic layer T tephra. For ease of reference, we assign here an 1800 a.d. date to this flow. The new date shows that the start of Mount St. Helens' Goat Rocks eruptive period (1800-1857 a.d.) resembled the recent (1980-1986) activity in both petrochemical trends and timing. In both cases, an initial explosive eruption of dacite was quickly succeeded by the eruption of more mafic lavas; dacite lavas then reappeared during an extended concluding phase of activity. This behavior is consistent with a recently proposed fluid-dynamic model of magma withdrawal from a compositionally zoned magma chamber. ?? 1990 Springer-Verlag.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of Volcanology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF00301535","issn":"02588900","usgsCitation":"Yamaguchi, D., Hoblitt, R., and Lawrence, D., 1990, A new tree-ring date for the \"floating island\" lava flow, Mount St. Helens, Washington: Bulletin of Volcanology, v. 52, no. 7, p. 545-550, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00301535.","startPage":"545","endPage":"550","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205330,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00301535"},{"id":223044,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"52","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e4bae4b0c8380cd468a0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Yamaguchi, D.K.","contributorId":26074,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yamaguchi","given":"D.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372550,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hoblitt, R.","contributorId":89536,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoblitt","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372552,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lawrence, D.B.","contributorId":33061,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lawrence","given":"D.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372551,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70016107,"text":"70016107 - 1990 - Geographic information system as country-level development and monitoring tool, Senegal example","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:40","indexId":"70016107","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Geographic information system as country-level development and monitoring tool, Senegal example","docAbstract":"Geographic information systems (GIS) allow an investigator the capability to merge and analyze numerous types of country-level resource data. Hypothetical resource analysis applications in Senegal were conducted to illustrate the utility of a GIS for development planning and resource monitoring. Map and attribute data for soils, vegetation, population, infrastructure, and administrative units were merged to form a database within a GIS. Several models were implemented using a GIS to: analyze development potential for sustainable dryland agriculture; prioritize where agricultural development should occur based upon a regional food budget; and monitor dynamic events with remote sensing. The steps for implementing a GIS analysis are described and illustrated, and the use of a GIS for conducting an economic analysis is outlined. Using a GIS for analysis and display of results opens new methods of communication between resource scientists and decision makers. Analyses yielding country-wide map output and detailed statistical data for each level of administration provide the advantage of a single system that can serve a variety of users.","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the International Symposium on Remote Sensing of Environment","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the 23rd International Symposium on Remote Sensing of Environment","conferenceDate":"18 April 1990 through 25 April 1990","conferenceLocation":"Bangkok, Thail","language":"English","publisher":"Publ by Environmental Research Inst of Michigan","publisherLocation":"Ann Arbor, MI, United States","issn":"02755505","usgsCitation":"Moore, D.G., and Howard, S.M., 1990, Geographic information system as country-level development and monitoring tool, Senegal example, in Proceedings of the International Symposium on Remote Sensing of Environment, v. 2, Bangkok, Thail, 18 April 1990 through 25 April 1990.","startPage":"683","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223143,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1769e4b0c8380cd554c9","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Anon","contributorId":128316,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Anon","id":536321,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Moore, Donald G.","contributorId":41146,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372568,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Howard, Stephen M. 0000-0001-5255-5882 smhoward@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5255-5882","contributorId":3483,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Howard","given":"Stephen","email":"smhoward@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":372567,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70162574,"text":"70162574 - 1990 - Historical activity at Campi Flegrei caldera, southern Italy","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-09T16:17:11","indexId":"70162574","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1437,"text":"Earthquakes & Volcanoes (USGS)","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Historical activity at Campi Flegrei caldera, southern Italy","docAbstract":"According to the biography of the 6th century Italian lawyer Antonion Castaldo, the swarm of earthquakes that had bothered the inhabitants of Pozzuoli and Naples all summer long ended abruptly on the eve of St. Michael (September 29) in the year 1538. Castaldo recalled that the end of this swarm was heralded by a very large earthquake followed immediately by loud thunder, sounding like bombardment from heavy guns. This was the beginning of a week-long eruption in Campi Flegrei, a volcanic caldera located along the west coast of southern Italy near Naples.
\nThis event has been the only eruption of Campi Flegrei in almost 4,000 years. It was preceded by a few decades of sporadic earthquakes swarms and noticeable uplift of the shoreline and was followed by 430 years of quiescence. Signs of renewed activity was first recognized in late 1969. Since then, the caldera center rose as much as 3 meters, and several hundred earthquakes were felt from 1983 to 1984 by people living in Campi Flegrei. These earthquakes extensively damaged buildings in Pozzuoli, located in the center of Campi Flegrei, and prompted the evacuation of 40,000 people. The uplift and the earthquakes stopped in December 1984, and no significant activity has occurred since.
\nWe cannot forecast whether the activity since 968 will culminate in another eruption or whether Campi Flegrei will remain quiet for several hundred more years. This article summarizes the historical recorded of activity in Campi Flegrei, which, with varying degrees of reliability, spans 2,000 years, and emphasizes that further scientific studies of this caldera will improve our understanding of the behavior of longquiescent volcanic system.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Dvorak, J., and Gasparini, P., 1990, Historical activity at Campi Flegrei caldera, southern Italy: Earthquakes & Volcanoes (USGS), v. 22, no. 6, p. 255-267.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"255","endPage":"267","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":314902,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Italy","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 14.037780761718748,\n 40.90832339902113\n ],\n [\n 14.294586181640625,\n 40.95501133048621\n ],\n [\n 14.567871093749998,\n 40.79613778833376\n ],\n [\n 14.35089111328125,\n 40.62854560636587\n ],\n [\n 14.061126708984373,\n 40.75557964275591\n ],\n [\n 13.985595703125,\n 40.85744791303121\n ],\n [\n 14.037780761718748,\n 40.90832339902113\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"22","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56a8a6c5e4b0b28f1184dbf9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dvorak, J.","contributorId":94042,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dvorak","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":589865,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gasparini, P.","contributorId":35881,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gasparini","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":589866,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70016110,"text":"70016110 - 1990 - Flexure and faulting of sedimentary host rocks during growth of igneous domes, Henry Mountains, Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-10T00:09:40.54647","indexId":"70016110","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2468,"text":"Journal of Structural Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Flexure and faulting of sedimentary host rocks during growth of igneous domes, Henry Mountains, Utah","docAbstract":"A sequence of sedimentary rocks about 4 km thick was bent, stretched and uplifted during the growth of three igneous domes in the southern Henry Mountains. Mount Holmes, Mount Ellsworth and Mount Hillers are all about 12 km in diameter, but the amplitudes of their domes are about 1.2, 1.85 and 3.0 km, respectively. These mountains record successive stages in the inflation of near-surface diorite intrusions that are probably laccolithic in origin. The host rocks deformed along networks of outcrop-scale faults, or deformation bands, marked by crushed grains, consolidation of the porous sandstone and small displacements of sedimentary beds. Zones of deformation bands oriented parallel to the beds and formation contacts subdivided the overburden into thin mechanical layers that slipped over one another during doming.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0191-8141(90)90004-I","issn":"01918141","usgsCitation":"Jackson, M., and Pollard, D.D., 1990, Flexure and faulting of sedimentary host rocks during growth of igneous domes, Henry Mountains, Utah: Journal of Structural Geology, v. 12, no. 2, p. 185-206, https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-8141(90)90004-I.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"185","endPage":"206","numberOfPages":"22","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223196,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"12","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a10d8e4b0c8380cd53e27","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jackson, M.D.","contributorId":70387,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jackson","given":"M.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372573,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pollard, D. D.","contributorId":72914,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pollard","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372574,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70016012,"text":"70016012 - 1990 - Temporal and spatial variations in the solute content of an alpine stream, Colorado Front Range","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-05T13:13:23.951942","indexId":"70016012","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1801,"text":"Geomorphology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Temporal and spatial variations in the solute content of an alpine stream, Colorado Front Range","docAbstract":"Seven years of discharge and water quality records define temporal and spatial patterns of solute movement in a Colorado alpine stream system. Dissolved solids concentrations are low, generally less than 30 mg 1−1 and occasionally less than 3 mg 1−1 at the highest elevations. Calcium is the dominant cation and bicarbonate and sulfate are the main anions. Temporal changes in solute concentrations are dominated by an annual cycle with high values in late winter and spring that decrease rapidly during early summer and then return more slowly through fall. This pattern corresponds to the seasonal streamflow regime and reflects differential elution of the snowpack by meltwater and changing proportions of surface and subsurface water in the streamflow. The amplitude of the annual cycle of solute concentration is reduced with increasing catchment area and where the groundwater contribution to flow is relatively high. In general, solute concentrations increase down valley but this trend is reversed in the case of biologically important solutes, such as nitrate and potassium. Rates of geochemical denudation are dominated by the volume of water discharge and thus are highest in the parts of the basin that accumulate the greatest depths of winter snow. They vary between 5 and 26 g m−2 yr−1 for different parts of the catchment and average less than 9 g m−2 yr−1. These rates are low compared to those from high-elevation catchments elsewhere but are an order of magnitude higher than rates of sediment removal from the basin.
The transformation of benzene and a series of alkylbenzenes was studied in anoxic groundwater of a shallow glacial-outwash aquifer near Bemidji, Minnesota, U.S.A. Monoaromatic hydrocarbons, the most water-soluble components of crude oil, were transported downgradient of an oil spill, forming a plume of contaminated groundwater. Organic acids that were not original components of the oil were identified in the anoxic groundwater. The highest concentrations of these oxidized organic compounds were found in the anoxic plume where a decrease in concentrations of structurally related alkylbenzenes was observed. These results suggest that biological transformation of benzene and alkylbenzenes to organic acid intermediates may be an important attenuation process in anoxic environments. The transformation of a complex mixture of hydrocarbons to a series of corresponding oxidation products in an anoxic subsurface environment provides new insight into in situ anaerobic degradation processes.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF01890379","issn":"01775146","usgsCitation":"Cozzarelli, I., Eganhouse, R., and Baedecker, M., 1990, Transformation of Monoaromatic hydrocarbons to organic acids in anoxic groundwater environment: Environmental Geology and Water Sciences, v. 16, no. 2, p. 135-141, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01890379.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"135","endPage":"141","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":205362,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01890379"},{"id":223343,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","city":"Bemidji","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -94.98916625976562,\n 47.41229100755385\n ],\n [\n -94.82711791992188,\n 47.41229100755385\n ],\n [\n -94.82711791992188,\n 47.52183788271235\n ],\n [\n -94.98916625976562,\n 47.52183788271235\n ],\n [\n -94.98916625976562,\n 47.41229100755385\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"16","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb6d2e4b08c986b326ecc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cozzarelli, I.M. 0000-0002-5123-1007","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5123-1007","contributorId":22343,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cozzarelli","given":"I.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372338,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Eganhouse, R.P.","contributorId":67555,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eganhouse","given":"R.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372340,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Baedecker, M.J.","contributorId":42702,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baedecker","given":"M.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372339,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70016233,"text":"70016233 - 1990 - The Hayes tephra deposits, and upper Holocene marker horizon in south-central Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-25T14:55:45","indexId":"70016233","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3218,"text":"Quaternary Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The Hayes tephra deposits, and upper Holocene marker horizon in south-central Alaska","docAbstract":"The most widespread of all Holocene tephra deposits in the Cook Inlet region of south-central Alaska is a set of deposits from Hayes volcano. Because of their unique phenocryst content-biotite in rare amounts and a high proportion of amphibole to pyroxene-the deposits are readily identifiable at all but the most distant sites where they are very fine grained. Eighteen radiocarbon dates from eight upland sites limit the age of the tephra set to between about 3500 and 3800 yr. The set originated at Hayes volcano in the Tordrillo Mountains 150 km northwest of Anchorage; seven or possibly eight closely succeeding deposits, low-silica dacite in composition, compose two main lobes that extend northeast for 400 km and south for at least 250 km from the vent. We estimate the total tephra volume to be 10 km3; multiple layers imply four to six larger and two or three smaller eruptions. The deposits are a nearly isochronous marker horizon that should be useful in future archeologic, geologic, and palynologic studies in the region. ?? 1990.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Quaternary Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/0033-5894(90)90056-Q","issn":"00335894","usgsCitation":"Riehle, J., Bowers, P., and Ager, T.A., 1990, The Hayes tephra deposits, and upper Holocene marker horizon in south-central Alaska: Quaternary Research, v. 33, no. 3, p. 276-290, https://doi.org/10.1016/0033-5894(90)90056-Q.","startPage":"276","endPage":"290","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222790,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":266503,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0033-5894(90)90056-Q"}],"volume":"33","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-01-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba770e4b08c986b321572","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Riehle, J.R.","contributorId":73573,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Riehle","given":"J.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372924,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bowers, P.M.","contributorId":60094,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bowers","given":"P.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372923,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ager, T. A.","contributorId":88386,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ager","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372925,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70016190,"text":"70016190 - 1990 - Conductivity and transit time estimates of a soil liner","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:40","indexId":"70016190","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Conductivity and transit time estimates of a soil liner","docAbstract":"A field-scale soil linear was built to assess the feasibilty of constructing a liner to meet the saturated hydraulic conductivity requirement of the U.S. EPA (i.e., less than 1 ?? 10-7 cm/s), and to determine the breakthrough and transit times of water and tracers through the liner. The liner, 8 ?? 15 ?? 0.9 m, was constructed in 15-cm compacted lifts using a 20,037-kg pad-foot compactor and standard engineering practices. Estimated saturated hydraulic conductivities were 2.4 ?? 10-9 cm/s, based on data from large-ring infiltrometers; 4.0 ?? 10-8 cm/s from small-ring infiltrometers; and 5.0 ?? 10-8 cm/s from a water-balance analysis. These estimates were derived from 1 year of monitoring water infiltration into the linear. Breakthrough of tracers at the base of the liner was estimated to be between 2 and 13 years, depending on the method of calculation and the assumptions used in the calculation.","conferenceTitle":"Optimizing the Resources for Water Management - Proceedings of the ASCE 17th Annual National Conference","conferenceDate":"17 April 1990 through 21 April 1990","conferenceLocation":"Fort Worth, TX, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Publ by ASCE","publisherLocation":"Boston, MA, United States","isbn":"087262756X","usgsCitation":"Krapac, I., Cartwright, K., Panno, S., Hensel, B., Rehfeldt, K., and Herzog, B., 1990, Conductivity and transit time estimates of a soil liner, Optimizing the Resources for Water Management - Proceedings of the ASCE 17th Annual National Conference, Fort Worth, TX, USA, 17 April 1990 through 21 April 1990, p. 820-823.","startPage":"820","endPage":"823","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222892,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f9bae4b0c8380cd4d759","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Krapac, I.G.","contributorId":33850,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krapac","given":"I.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372791,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cartwright, K.","contributorId":50292,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cartwright","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372792,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Panno, S.V.","contributorId":102990,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Panno","given":"S.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372795,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hensel, B.R.","contributorId":83669,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hensel","given":"B.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372794,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Rehfeldt, K.H.","contributorId":54739,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rehfeldt","given":"K.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372793,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Herzog, B.L.","contributorId":107030,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herzog","given":"B.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372796,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70016191,"text":"70016191 - 1990 - Spatial resolution requirements for automated cartographic road extraction","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:40","indexId":"70016191","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3052,"text":"Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Spatial resolution requirements for automated cartographic road extraction","docAbstract":"Ground resolution requirements for detection and extraction of road locations in a digitized large-scale photographic database were investigated. A color infrared photograph of Sunnyvale, California was scanned, registered to a map grid, and spatially degraded to 1- to 5-metre resolution pixels. Road locations in each data set were extracted using a combination of image processing and CAD programs. These locations were compared to a photointerpretation of road locations to determine a preferred pixel size for the extraction method. Based on road pixel omission error computations, a 3-metre pixel resolution appears to be the best choice for this extraction method. -Authors","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Benjamin, S., and Gaydos, L., 1990, Spatial resolution requirements for automated cartographic road extraction: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, v. 56, no. 1, p. 93-100.","startPage":"93","endPage":"100","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222893,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"56","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b94a4e4b08c986b31abc4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Benjamin, S.","contributorId":23474,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Benjamin","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372797,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gaydos, L.","contributorId":101015,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gaydos","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372798,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70016235,"text":"70016235 - 1990 - Paleohydrologic techniques used to define the spatial occurrence of floods","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-05T12:47:44.087242","indexId":"70016235","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1801,"text":"Geomorphology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Paleohydrologic techniques used to define the spatial occurrence of floods","docAbstract":"Defining the cause and spatial characteristics of floods may be difficult because of limited streamflow and precipitation data. New paleohydrologic techniques that incorporate information from geomorphic, sedimentologic, and botanic studies provide important supplemental information to define homogeneous hydrologic regions. These techniques also help to define the spatial structure of rainstorms and floods and improve regional flood-frequency estimates. The occurrence and the non-occurrence of paleohydrologic evidence of floods, such as flood bars, alluvial fans, and tree scars, provide valuable hydrologic information. The paleohydrologic research to define the spatial characteristics of floods improves the understanding of flood hydrometeorology. This research was used to define the areal extent and contributing drainage area of flash floods in Colorado. Also, paleohydrologic evidence was used to define the spatial boundaries for the Colorado foothills region in terms of the meteorologic cause of flooding and elevation. In general, above 2300 m, peak flows are caused by snowmelt. Below 2300 m, peak flows primarily are caused by rainfall. The foothills region has an upper elevation limit of about 2300 m and a lower elevation limit of about 1500 m. Regional flood-frequency estimates that incorporate the paleohydrologic information indicate that the Big Thompson River flash flood of 1976 had a recurrence interval of approximately 10,000 years. This contrasts markedly with 100 to 300 years determined by using conventional hydrologic analyses. Flood-discharge estimates based on rainfall-runoff methods in the foothills of Colorado result in larger values than those estimated with regional flood-frequency relations, which are based on long-term streamflow data.
Preliminary hydrologic and paleohydrologic research indicates that intense rainfall does not occur at higher elevations in other Rocky Mountain states and that the highest elevations for rainfall-producing floods vary by latitude. The study results have implications for floodplain management and design of hydraulic structures in the mountains of Colorado and other Rocky Mountain States.
This study examines and compares methods of dating pit/mound microtopography formed by tree uprooting, and provides 14C evidence for the longevity of these landforms. Microtopography can often by dated by reference to known meteorological phenomena, or within certain age constraints, by dendrochronologic means. We used 14C analysis of buried wood and charcoal in treethrow mounds in Michigan and Wisconsin, U.S.A. to arrive at estimates of the geochronometric ages of treethrow mounds. Results indicate that mounds in these areas often persist for more than 1000 years, which are two to five times longer than published estimates by less reliable methods. The longevity of treethrow mounds in these regions is ascribed to (l) sandy, porous soils which minimize runoff, (2) a continuous mat of forest litter and vegetation cover, (3) surface concentrations of gravel which may act as an “armor”, (4) large initial size of the features, and (5) soil freezing. Implications are that rates of mass movement due to uprooting may be substantially less than studies from other regions suggest.
The Grindstone Creek Section, Glenn County, Northern California is a sequence of hemipelagic mudstone, siltstone and sandstone interbedded with concretionary limestone and a few thin tuffs and bentonites. Two tuffs have been collected from a narrow interval of this sequence and subjected to mineralogical and isotopic analyses. U&z.sbnd;Pb isotopic analyses of zircon fractions from these volcanic horizons indicate an age of 137.1 + 1.6/−0.6 Ma. A detailed investigation has been conducted on the calcareous nannofossil stratigraphy of this section based on numerous samples with moderately preserved assemblages. The nannoflora is largely of Tethyan affinity, and allows direct correlation with the Berriasian stratotype section, with sections with published magnetostratigraphies and with a DSDP site drilled between known magnetic anomalies. The dated tuffs lie in the lower part of the upper BerriasianCretarhabdus angustiforatus Zone (Assipetra infracretacea Subzone) and within the narrow range ofRhagodiscus nebulosus. At three different sections, this subzone can be correlated with M-sequence Polarity Zones M16 and M16n. An independent magnetostratigraphic correlation is provided at DSDP Site 387, drilled between anomalies M15 and M16, where basal sediments containR. nebulosus. Buchia collected within a meter of the lower tuff lie within theB. uncitoides Zone which is Berriasian in age. The upper tuff level, which occurs 65 m above the lower tuff, is situated within the overlyingB. pacifica Zone. This zone had previously been correlated with the early Valanginian, but is clearly also partly of Berriasian age based on nannofossil stratigraphy. Our results allow an estimate of the age of the Berriasian-Valanginian and Jurassic-Cretaceous boundaries of 135.1 Ma and 141.1 Ma, respectively, and these fall within the range of, but differ significantiy from, several published time-scales.
In an effort to determine the in situ production rate of spallation-produced cosmogenic 3He, and evaluate its use as a surface exposure chronometer, we have measured cosmogenic helium contents in a suite of Hawaiian radiocarbon-dated lava flows. The lava flows, ranging in age from 600 to 13,000 years, were collected from Hualalai and Mauna Loa volcanoes on the island of Hawaii. Because cosmic ray surface-exposure dating requires the complete absence of erosion or soil cover, these lava flows were selected specifically for this purpose. The 3He production rate, measured within olivine phenocrysts, was found to vary significantly, ranging from 47 to 150 atoms g−1 yr−1 (normalized to sea level). Although there is considerable scatter in the data, the samples younger than 10,000 years are well-preserved and exposed, and the production rate variations are therefore not related to erosion or soil cover. Data averaged over the past 2000 years indicate a sea-level 3He production rate of 125 ± 30atoms g−1yr−1, which agrees well with previous estimates. The longer record suggests a minimum in sea level normalized 3He production rate between 2000 and 7000 years (55 ± 15atoms g−1yr−1), as compared to samples younger than 2000 years (125 ± 30 atoms g−1yr−1), and those between 7000 and 10,000 years (127 ± 19atoms g−1yr−1). The minimum in production rate is similar in age to that which would be produced by variations in geomagnetic field strength, as indicated by archeomagnetic data. However, the production rate variations (a factor of 2.3 ± 0.8) are poorly determined due to the large uncertainties in the youngest samples and questions of surface preservation for the older samples. Calculations using the atmospheric production model of O'Brien (1979) [35], and the method of Lal and Peters (1967) [11], predict smaller production rate variations for similar variation in dipole moment (a factor of 1.15–1.65). Because the production rate variations, archeomagnetic data, and theoretical estimates are not well determined at present, the relationship between dipole moment and production rate will require further study. Precise determination of the production rate is an important uncertainty in the surface-exposure technique, but the data demonstrate that it is feasible to date samples as young as 600 years of age providing that there has been no erosion or soil cover. Therefore, the technique will have important applications for volcanology, glacial geology, geomorphology and archaeology.