{"pageNumber":"448","pageRowStart":"11175","pageSize":"25","recordCount":16504,"records":[{"id":27450,"text":"wri934200 - 1993 - Simulated effects of the proposed Garrison Diversion Unit on streamflow and dissolved solids in the Sheyenne River and the Red River of the North, North Dakota and Minnesota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-08T19:23:14.649595","indexId":"wri934200","displayToPublicDate":"1995-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-4200","title":"Simulated effects of the proposed Garrison Diversion Unit on streamflow and dissolved solids in the Sheyenne River and the Red River of the North, North Dakota and Minnesota","docAbstract":"<p>Future development of the Garrison Diversion Unit in North Dakota could deliver 100 cubic feet per second of water for the cities of Fargo, Grand Forks, and surrounding communities. Missouri River water from the Garrison Diversion Unit Sheyenne River water supply would be delivered to the upper reaches of the Sheyenne River, which would convey the water to the Red River of the North. Potential effects of releasing Missouri River water to the Sheyenne River on the quantity and quality of streamflow in the Sheyenne River and in the Red River of the North are evaluated for two proposed operating plans year-round operation (12 months each year) and nonwinter operation (April through October each year). The Project Canals, Reservoirs, and River Systems (PROCRRS) and Canals, Rivers, and Reservoirs Salinity Accounting Procedures (CRRSAP) monthly accounting models are used to predict streamflow and dissolved-solids changes that could result from the proposed release of treated Missouri River water into the Sheyenne River and the Red River of the North. For year-round operation of the Garrison Diversion Unit Sheyenne River water supply for the period 1931-84, the maximum quantity of water that must be delivered to the upper reaches of the Sheyenne River so that 100 cubic feet per second of Missouri River water can be delivered to Fargo, N.Dak., and Grand Forks, N.Dak., was estimated to be about 151 cubic feet per second for August 1976. For nonwinter operation the maximum quantity of water was estimated to be about 210 cubic feet per second. </p><p>Model simulations were used to assess the effects that operation of the Garrison Diversion Unit Sheyenne River water supply could have on streamflow and water quality of the Sheyenne River and the Red River of the North. Effects were assessed by comparing simulated streamflows that include Missouri River water to baseline conditions, which represent hydrologic conditions before addition of Missouri River water. </p><p>Simulated mean monthly dissolved-solids concentrations for Sheyenne River nodes for year-round and nonwinter operation of the Garrison Diversion Unit Sheyenne River water supply generally were less than those for baseline conditions. Simulated mean monthly dissolved-solids concentrations for Red River of the North nodes for year-round and nonwinter operation generally were greater than those for baseline conditions.</p><p>Streamflow for 1933-42 was about 25 percent of the mean annual streamflow for 1931-84. Simulated monthly mean dissolved-solids concentrations for year-round and nonwinter operation for node 125, Sheyenne River near Cooperstown, N.Dak., for the low-flow conditions of 1933-42 were less than those for baseline conditions. Annual variability of simulated dissolved-solids concentrations for year-round operation was less than annual variability for nonwinter operation and for baseline conditions. Simulated monthly mean dissolved-solids concentrations for year-round and nonwinter operation for node 250, Sheyenne River near Kindred, N.Dak., for the low-flow conditions of 1933-42 ranged from 500 to 600 milligrams per liter. Simulated monthly mean dissolved-solids concentrations for baseline conditions ranged from 300 milligrams per liter to greater than 1,000 milligrams per liter. Simulated monthly mean dissolved-solids concentrations for nonwinter operation were less than those for year-round operation. For node 700, Red River of the North at Grand Forks, N.Dak., the magnitude of simulated monthly mean dissolved-solids concentrations for year-round and nonwinter operation for the low-flow conditions of 1933-42 were about the same as those for baseline conditions.</p><p>Streamflow for 1973-82 was about 30 percent greater than the mean annual streamflow for 1931-84. For the high-flow conditions of 1973-82, simulated monthly mean dissolved-solids concentrations for node 125 for year-round operation ranged from about 325 to 650 milligrams per liter, and simulated monthly mean dissolved-solids concentrations for baseline conditions and for nonwinter operation generally ranged from 325 to 800 milligrams per liter. Simulated monthly mean dissolved-solids concentrations for node 250 for year-round and nonwinter operation were about the same as those for baseline conditions. Simulated monthly mean dissolved-solids concentrations for node 700 for year-round and nonwinter operation also were about the same as those for baseline conditions.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri934200","usgsCitation":"Guenthner, R.S., 1993, Simulated effects of the proposed Garrison Diversion Unit on streamflow and dissolved solids in the Sheyenne River and the Red River of the North, North Dakota and Minnesota: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4200, Report: viii, 121 p.; Plate: 21.38 x 15.78 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri934200.","productDescription":"Report: viii, 121 p.; Plate: 21.38 x 15.78 inches","costCenters":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":403298,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_47892.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":56311,"rank":299,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4200/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":56310,"rank":399,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4200/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":158026,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4200/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota, North Dakota","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -100.4167,\n              45.5\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.2833,\n              45.5\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.2833,\n              49\n            ],\n            [\n              -100.4167,\n              49\n            ],\n            [\n              -100.4167,\n              45.5\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db699ee5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Guenthner, R. Scott","contributorId":95918,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Guenthner","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"Scott","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198138,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":136,"text":"wsp2400 - 1993 - National water summary 1990-91: Hydrologic events and stream water quality","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-04T22:33:24.152547","indexId":"wsp2400","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T07:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2400","title":"National water summary 1990-91: Hydrologic events and stream water quality","docAbstract":"<p><i>National Water Summary 1990-91 Hydrologic Events and Stream Water Quality</i> was planned to complement existing Federal-State water-quality reporting to the U.S. Congress that is required by the Clean Water Act of 1972. This act, formally known as the Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972 (Public Law 92-500), and its amendments in 1977,1979,1980,1981,1983, and 1987, is the principal basis for Federal-State cooperation on maintaining and reporting on water quality in the United States. Under section 305(b) of the Clean Water Act, the States must designate uses for waterbodies, biennially assess whether the waterbodies meet designated uses, and report to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), which in turn summarizes the findings of the State assessments in a biennial National Water Quality Inventory report to the Congress.</p>\n<p>This volume of the <i>National Water Summary</i> uses a nationally consistent data base and methods of statistical analysis to document stream water quality in the United States, Puerto Rico, and the Western Pacific Islands. As a basis for preparation of this report, the U.S. Geological Survey (uses) created a data base of waterquality data from about 2,900 stream water-quality monitoring stations in the United States (Lanfear, 1993). These data, which were extracted primarily from the uses National Water Information System (NWIS) and supplemented with data from the EPA national data base known as STORET, consisted mostly of water-chemistry and physical-sediment data. About 1,400 of these stations met a criterion, used in this volume for trends analysis of data, of having a period of record that began before water year 1980. (A water year is the period from October 1 through September 30 and is identified by the calendar year at the end of the period.) Inasmuch as the determination of trends requires about 10 years of data, few biological data were suitable for trends analysis because biological indicators of water quality were not being collected extensively by water year 1980. Also, because of the lack of long-term data, an assessment of the water quality of lakes and reservoirs is not included in this <i>National Water Summary</i>. Constituent and waterproperty data were selected from this data base and analyzed with statistical techniques that have been used extensively by the uses to summarize conditions and trends in water quality. (Throughout the remainder of this article, the term \"constituent\" is used also to represent water properties, such as pH and alkalinity.) Selected results from this analysis are presented graphically, both by State and nationally, in this volume.</p>\n<p>The data base created for preparation of this volume and the resulting nationally consistent statistical analysis of these data provide a unique opportunity to compare and contrast stream water-quality conditions and trends nationally and State by State. Because of the complexity of water quality and the natural seasonal and diurnal variations in the concentrations of waterquality constituents, the determination of trends in water quality requires a relatively long period of record. Trends in constituent concentrations in the State summaries in this volume were calculated for one or more of four periods water years 1970-89,1975-89,1980- 89, and 1982-89. Unfortunately, few water-quality monitoring stations have periods of record of more than 10 or 15 years, and therefore most analyses in the State summaries were done for 8- or 10-year periods. Although interest in water quality has continued to heighten since passage of the Clean Water Act, funds for support of data-collection programs are limited and data records of many of the constituents now of current concern, especially organic constituents, do not exist or are less than 10-years long; consequently only a modest number of organic constituents are presented in this volume. Discussion of conditions and trends in water quality in this <i>National Water Summary</i> also draw upon information about land use, population, water use, application of agricultural chemicals in rural areas, the siting of industrial facilities, and other ancillary information. Because the results of analysis of a restricted number of constituents are presented in this volume, State 305(b) reports also are cited in the discussion of water quality in each State.</p>\n<p>The following discussion is an overview of the three parts of this 1990-91 <i>National Water Summary</i> - \"Hydrologic Conditions and Water-Related Events, Water Years 1990-91,\" \"Hydrologic Perspectives on Water Issues,\" and \"State Summaries of Stream Water Quality.\"</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wsp2400","usgsCitation":"1993, National water summary 1990-91: Hydrologic events and stream water quality: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2400, ix, 590 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2400.","productDescription":"ix, 590 p.","numberOfPages":"602","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota 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,{"id":4484,"text":"cir1120C - 1993 - Occurrence and transport of agricultural chemicals in the Mississippi River basin, July through August 1993","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-08T14:21:10","indexId":"cir1120C","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1120","chapter":"C","title":"Occurrence and transport of agricultural chemicals in the Mississippi River basin, July through August 1993","docAbstract":"Heavy rainfall and severe flooding in the upper Mississippi River Basin from mid-June through early August 1993 flushed extraordinarily large amounts of agricultural chemicals (herbicides and nitrate) into the Mississippi River, many of its tributaries, and, ultimately, the Gulf of Mexico. Even though extremely high streamflows were recorded during the flood in 1993, concentrations of herbicides, such as atrazine, alachlor, cyanazine, and metolachlor, were similar to the maximum concentrations measured during spring and summer 1991 and 1992. It was anticipated that the higher streamflows during the flood would dilute the concentrations of herbicides that are usually flushed into streams in late spring and summer. Instead, concentrations were similar to those measured during much lower flows, but the daily loads of herbicides transported in some reaches of the Mississippi River were higher than those measured in 1991 and 1992. The total atrazine load transported to the Gulf of Mexico from April through August 1993 (539,000 kilograms) was about 80 percent higher than that for the same period in 1991 and 235 percent higher than for the same period in 1992. The concentrations of atrazine and cyanazine in a few individual samples exceeded health-based limits for drinking water. However, because drinking-water regulations are based on the average of at least four quarterly samples, the annual average concentrations in the Mississippi River probably will not exceed these limits for 1993. Nitrate concentrations were similar to those measured during spring and summer 1991 and 1992. The loads of nitrate-nitrogen transported into the Gulf of Mexico during July and August 1993 were as much as 5,734 metric tons per day. These loads generally are similar to those measured in spring 1991 and 1992 but larger than those measured in summer 1991 and 1992. The total nitrate-nitrogen load transported to the Gulf of Mexico from April through August 1993 (827,000 metric tons) was about 37 percent larger than that for this same period in 1991 and 112 percent larger than that for the same period in 1992. The transport of extraordinarily high loads of nitrate and large amounts of fresh-water into the Gulf of Mexico during midsummer when primary production is highest could increase phytoplankton biomass and affect the gulf ecosystem along the Louisiana coast.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/cir1120C","usgsCitation":"Goolsby, D.A., Battaglin, W.A., and Thurman, E.M., 1993, Occurrence and transport of agricultural chemicals in the Mississippi River basin, July through August 1993: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1120, v, 22 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir1120C.","productDescription":"v, 22 p.","costCenters":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":124492,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/cir_1120_C.bmp"},{"id":529,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/circ1120-c","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Mississippi River","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -95.2294921875,\n              45.89000815866184\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.50390625,\n              46.07323062540835\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.185546875,\n              45.02695045318546\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.7685546875,\n              43.58039085560784\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.4833984375,\n              41.73852846935917\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.4501953125,\n              39.30029918615029\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.23046875,\n              35.137879119634185\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.0654296875,\n              31.541089879585808\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.7578125,\n              29.305561325527698\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.9892578125,\n              28.34306490482549\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.505859375,\n              30.29701788337205\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.65917968749999,\n              30.486550842588485\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.791015625,\n              32.13840869677249\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.82421875,\n              34.08906131584994\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.9453125,\n              35.96022296929667\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.9453125,\n              37.579412513438385\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.912109375,\n              39.70718665682654\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.384765625,\n              41.57436130598913\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.966796875,\n              44.05601169578525\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.2294921875,\n              45.89000815866184\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4af4e4b07f02db691e8c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Goolsby, Donald A.","contributorId":46083,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goolsby","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":149319,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Battaglin, William A. 0000-0001-7287-7096 wbattagl@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7287-7096","contributorId":1527,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Battaglin","given":"William","email":"wbattagl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":149317,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thurman, E. 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,{"id":4918,"text":"twri06A5 - 1993 - A modular finite-element model (MODFE) for areal and axisymmetric ground-water-flow problems, Part 3: Design philosophy and programming details","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:43","indexId":"twri06A5","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":336,"text":"Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations","code":"TWRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"06-A5","title":"A modular finite-element model (MODFE) for areal and axisymmetric ground-water-flow problems, Part 3: Design philosophy and programming details","docAbstract":"A MODular Finite-Element, digital-computer program (MODFE) was developed to simulate steady or unsteady-state, two-dimensional or axisymmetric ground-water-flow. The modular structure of MODFE places the computationally independent tasks that are performed routinely by digital-computer programs simulating ground-water flow into separate subroutines, which are executed from the main program by control statements. Each subroutine consists of complete sets of computations, or modules, which are identified by comment statements, and can be modified by the user without affecting unrelated computations elsewhere in the program. Simulation capabilities can be added or modified by either adding or modifying subroutines that perform specific computational tasks, and the modular-program structure allows the user to create versions of MODFE that contain only the simulation capabilities that pertain to the ground-water problem of interest. MODFE is written in a Fortran programming language that makes it virtually device independent and compatible with desk-top personal computers and large mainframes.\r\nMODFE uses computer storage and execution time efficiently by taking advantage of symmetry and sparseness within the coefficient matrices of the finite-element equations. Parts of the matrix coefficients are computed and stored as single-subscripted variables, which are assembled into a complete coefficient just prior to solution. Computer storage is reused during simulation to decrease storage requirements. Descriptions of subroutines that execute the computational steps of the modular-program structure are given in tables that cross reference the subroutines with particular versions of MODFE. Programming details of linear and nonlinear hydrologic terms are provided. Structure diagrams for the main programs show the order in which subroutines are executed for each version and illustrate some of the linear and nonlinear versions of MODFE that are possible. Computational aspects of changing stresses and boundary conditions with time and of mass-balance and error terms are given for each hydrologic feature. Program variables are listed and defined according to their occurrence in the main programs and in subroutines. Listings of the main programs and subroutines are given.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/twri06A5","usgsCitation":"Torak, L., 1993, A modular finite-element model (MODFE) for areal and axisymmetric ground-water-flow problems, Part 3: Design philosophy and programming details: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations 06-A5, USGS-TWRI book 6, chap. A5. 243 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/twri06A5.","productDescription":"USGS-TWRI book 6, chap. A5. 243 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":139605,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":687,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/twri/twri6a5/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6ade34","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Torak, L.J.","contributorId":87533,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Torak","given":"L.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":150113,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":4917,"text":"twri06A3 - 1993 - A modular finite-element model (MODFE) for areal and axisymmetric ground-water-flow problems, Part 1: Model Description and User's Manual","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":21165,"text":"ofr90194 - 1992 - A modular finite-element model (MODFE) for areal and axisymmetric ground-water-flow problems; Part 1, Model description and user's manual","indexId":"ofr90194","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"title":"A modular finite-element model (MODFE) for areal and axisymmetric ground-water-flow problems; Part 1, Model description and user's manual"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":4917,"text":"twri06A3 - 1993 - A modular finite-element model (MODFE) for areal and axisymmetric ground-water-flow problems, Part 1: Model Description and User's Manual","indexId":"twri06A3","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"title":"A modular finite-element model (MODFE) for areal and axisymmetric ground-water-flow problems, Part 1: Model Description and User's Manual"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:43","indexId":"twri06A3","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":336,"text":"Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations","code":"TWRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"06-A3","title":"A modular finite-element model (MODFE) for areal and axisymmetric ground-water-flow problems, Part 1: Model Description and User's Manual","docAbstract":"A MODular, Finite-Element digital-computer program (MODFE) was developed to simulate steady or unsteady-state, two-dimensional or axisymmetric ground-water flow. Geometric- and hydrologic-aquifer characteristics in two spatial dimensions are represented by triangular finite elements and linear basis functions; one-dimensional finite elements and linear basis functions represent time. Finite-element matrix equations are solved by the direct symmetric-Doolittle method or the iterative modified, incomplete-Cholesky, conjugate-gradient method. Physical processes that can be represented by the model include (1) confined flow, unconfined flow (using the Dupuit approximation), or a combination of both; (2) leakage through either rigid or elastic confining beds; (3) specified recharge or discharge at points, along lines, and over areas; (4) flow across specified-flow, specified-head, or bead-dependent boundaries; (5) decrease of aquifer thickness to zero under extreme water-table decline and increase of aquifer thickness from zero as the water table rises; and (6) head-dependent fluxes from springs, drainage wells, leakage across riverbeds or confining beds combined with aquifer dewatering, and evapotranspiration.\r\nThe report describes procedures for applying MODFE to ground-water-flow problems, simulation capabilities, and data preparation. Guidelines for designing the finite-element mesh and for node numbering and determining band widths are given. Tables are given that reference simulation capabilities to specific versions of MODFE. Examples of data input and model output for different versions of MODFE are provided.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/twri06A3","usgsCitation":"Torak, L., 1993, A modular finite-element model (MODFE) for areal and axisymmetric ground-water-flow problems, Part 1: Model Description and User's Manual: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations 06-A3, USGS-TWRI book 6, chap. A3. 136 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/twri06A3.","productDescription":"USGS-TWRI book 6, chap. A3. 136 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":139604,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":686,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/twri/twri6a3/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6adeb2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Torak, L.J.","contributorId":87533,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Torak","given":"L.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":150112,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":25584,"text":"wri934047 - 1993 - Hydrogeology, simulated ground-water flow, and ground-water quality, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:29","indexId":"wri934047","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-4047","title":"Hydrogeology, simulated ground-water flow, and ground-water quality, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio","docAbstract":"Ground water is the primary source of water in the Wright-Patterson Air Force Base area. The aquifer consists of glacial sands and gravels that fill a buried bedrock-valley system. Consolidated rocks in the area consist of poorly permeable Ordovician shale of the Richmondian stage, in the upland areas, the Brassfield Limestone of Silurian age. The valleys are filled with glacial sediments of Wisconsinan age consisting of clay-rich tills and coarse-grained outwash deposits. Estimates of hydraulic conductivity of the shales based on results of displacement/recovery tests range from 0.0016 to 12 feet per day; estimates for the glacial sediments range from less than 1 foot per day to more than 1,000 feet per day.\r\n\r\nGround water flow from the uplands towards the valleys and the major rivers in the region, the Great Miami and the Mad Rivers. Hydraulic-head data indicate that ground water flows between the bedrock and unconsolidated deposits. Data from a gain/loss study of the Mad River System and hydrographs from nearby wells reveal that the reach of the river next to Wright-Patterson Air Force Base is a ground-water discharge area.\r\n\r\nA steady-state, three-dimensional ground-water-flow model was developed to simulate ground-water flow in the region. The model contains three layers and encompasses about 100 square miles centered on Wright-Patterson Air Force Base. Ground water enters the modeled area primarily by river leakage and underflow at the model boundary. Ground water exits the modeled area primarily by flow through the valleys at the model boundaries and through production wells. A model sensitivity analysis involving systematic changes in values of hydrologic parameters in the model indicates that the model is most sensitive to decreases in riverbed conductance and vertical conductance between the upper two layers. The analysis also indicates that the contribution of water to the buried-valley aquifer from the bedrock that forms the valley walls is about 2 to 4 percent of the total ground-water flow in the study area.\r\n\r\nGround waters in the vicinity of Wright-Patterson Air Force Base can be classified into two compositional groups on the basis of their chemical composition: calcium magnesium bicarbonate-type and sodium chloride-type waters. Calcium magnesium bicarbonate-type waters are found in the glacial deposits and the Brassfield Limestone, whereas the sodium chloride waters are exclusively associated with the shales. Equilibrium speciation calculations indicate that ground water of the glacial drift aquifer is in equilibrium with calcite, dolomite, and chalcedony, but is undersaturated with respect to gypsum and fluorite. Waters from the shales are slightly supersaturated with respect to calcite, dolomite, and siderite but are undersaturated with respect to chalcedony. Simple-mass balance calculations treating boron as a conservative species indicate that little (< 5 percent) or no recharge from the shales to the glacial drift aquifer takes place.\r\n\r\nData on the stable isotopes of oxygen and hydrogen indicate a meteoric origin for all ground water beneath Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, but the data were inconclusive with respect to identification of distinct isotopic differences between water collected from the glacial drift and bedrock aquifers. Tritium concentrations used to distinguish waters having a pre-and post-1953 recharge component indicate that most water entered the glacial drift aquifer after 1953. This finding indicates that recharge from shallow to deep parts (greater than 150 feet) of the aquifer takes place over time intervals of a few years or decades. However, the fact that some deep parts of the glacial aquifer did not contain measurable tritium indicates that ground-water flow from recharge zones to these parts of the aquifer takes decades or longer.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri934047","usgsCitation":"Dumouchelle, D., Schalk, C.W., Rowe, G., and De Roche, J., 1993, Hydrogeology, simulated ground-water flow, and ground-water quality, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4047, viii, 152 p. :ill. (some col.) ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri934047.","productDescription":"viii, 152 p. :ill. (some col.) ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":124919,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4047/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54318,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4047/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a2de4b07f02db614a47","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dumouchelle, D.H.","contributorId":83144,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dumouchelle","given":"D.H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194293,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schalk, C. W.","contributorId":64286,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schalk","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194291,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rowe, G.L.","contributorId":23978,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rowe","given":"G.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194290,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"De Roche, J.T.","contributorId":66691,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"De Roche","given":"J.T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194292,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":25608,"text":"wri934033 - 1993 - Hydrology, vegetation, and soils of four north Florida River flood plains with an evaluation of state and federal wetland determinations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:24","indexId":"wri934033","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-4033","title":"Hydrology, vegetation, and soils of four north Florida River flood plains with an evaluation of state and federal wetland determinations","docAbstract":"A study of hydrologic conditions, vegetation, and soils was made in wetland forests of four north Florida streams from 1987 to 1990. The study was conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the Florida Department of Environmental Regulation to support State and Federal efforts to improve wetland delineation methodology in flood plains. \r\n\r\nPlant communities and soils were described and related to topographic position and long-term hydrologic conditions at 10 study plots located on 4 streams. Detailed appendixes give average duration, frequency, and depth of flooding; canopy, subcanopy, and ground-cover vegetation; and taxonomic classification, series, and profile descriptions of soils for each plot. Topographic relief, range in stage, and depth of flooding were greatest on the alluvial flood plain of the Ochlockonee River, the largest of the four streams. Soils were silty in the lower elevations of the flood plain, and tree communities were distinctly different in each topographic zone. The Aucilla River flood plain was dominated by levees and terraces with very few depressions or low backwater areas. Oaks dominated the canopy of both lower and upper terraces of the Aucilla flood plain. Telogia Creek is a blackwater stream that is a major tributary of the Ochlockonee River. Its low, wet flood plain was dominated by Wyssa ogeche (Ogeechee tupelo) trees, had soils with mucky horizons, and was inundated by frequent floods of very short duration. The St. Marks River, a spring-fed stream with high base flow, had the least topographic relief and lowest range in stage of the four streams. St. Marks soils had a higher clay content than the other streams, and limestone bedrock was relatively close to the surface. \r\n\r\nWetland determinations of the study plots based on State and Federal regulatory criteria were evaluated. Most State and Federal wetland determinations are based primarily on vegetation and soil characteristics because hydrologic records are usually not available. In this study, plots were located near long-term gaging stations, thus wetland determinations based on plant and soil characteristics could be evaluated at sites where long-term hydrologic conditions were known. Inconsistencies among hydrology, vegetation, and soil determinations were greatest on levee communities of the Ochlockonee and Aucilla River flood plains. Duration of average annual longest flood was almost 2 weeks for both plots. The wetland species list currently used (1991) by the State lacks many ground-cover species common to forested flood plains of north Florida rivers. There were 102 ground-cover species considered upland plants by the State that were present on the nine annually flooded plots of this study. Among them were 34 species that grew in areas continuously flooded for an average of 5 weeks or more each year. Common flood-plain species considered upland plants by the State were: Hypoxis leptocarpa (yellow star-grass), and two woody vines, Brunnichia ovata (ladies' eardrops) and Campsis radicans (trumpet-creeper), which were common in areas flooded continuously for 6 to 9 weeks a year; Sebastiania fruticosa (Sebastian-bush), Chasmanthium laxum (spikegrass), and Panicum dichotomum (panic grass), which typically grew in areas flooded an average of 2 to 3 weeks or more per year; Vitis rotundifolia (muscadine) and Toxicodendron radicans (poison-ivy), usually occurring in areas flooded an average of 1 to 2 weeks a year; and Quercus virginiana (live oak) present most often in areas flooded approximately 1 week a year. \r\n\r\nFederal wetland regulations (1989) limited wetland jurisdiction to only those areas that are inundated or saturated during the growing season. However, year-round hydrologic records were chosen in this report to describe the influence of hydrology on vegetation, because saturation, inundation, or flowing water can have a variety of both beneficial and adverse effects on flood-plain vegetation at any time of the ","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nU.S.G.S. Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri934033","usgsCitation":"Light, H., Darst, M.R., MacLaughlin, M., and Sprecher, S., 1993, Hydrology, vegetation, and soils of four north Florida River flood plains with an evaluation of state and federal wetland determinations: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4033, x, 94 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri934033.","productDescription":"x, 94 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":1933,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri934033","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":118762,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri_93_4033.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c954","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Light, H.M.","contributorId":43389,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Light","given":"H.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194391,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Darst, M. R.","contributorId":75187,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Darst","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194392,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"MacLaughlin, M.T.","contributorId":17651,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"MacLaughlin","given":"M.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194389,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sprecher, S.W.","contributorId":19911,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sprecher","given":"S.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194390,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":20350,"text":"ofr92648 - 1993 - Hydrologic and hydraulic analyses at Akin Branch and Cayce Valley Branch, Columbia, Tennessee","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:45","indexId":"ofr92648","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"92-648","title":"Hydrologic and hydraulic analyses at Akin Branch and Cayce Valley Branch, Columbia, Tennessee","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the City of Columbia, Tennessee, conducted hydrologic and hydraulic analyses at Akin Branch and Cayce Valley Branch in the Little Bigby Creek watershed, Columbia, Tennessee, from 1990 through 1991. Results of the analyses can be used by city planners in the development of plans to replace several deteriorating and inadequate drainage structures. \rAkin Branch and Cayce Valley Branch drain small watersheds of 1.69 and 1.04 square miles, respectively. Flood discharges for 5-, lo-, and 25-year recurrence-interval storm events were calculated at the stream mouths using flood-frequency relations developed for use at small urban streams in Tennessee. For each stream, flood discharges at locations upstream from the mouth were calculated by subdividing the watershed and assigning a percentage of the discharge at the mouth, based on drainage area, to each subarea. \rFlood profiles for the selected recurrence-interval flood discharges were simulated for Akin Branch and Cayce Valley Branch for existing conditions and conditions that might exist if drainage improvements such as larger culverts and bridges and channel improvements are constructed. The results of the simulations were used to predict changes in flood elevations that might result from such drainage improvements. Analyses indicate that reductions in existing flood elevations of as much as 2.1 feet for the 5-year flood at some sites on Akin Branch and as much as 3.8 feet for the 5-year flood at some sites on Cayce Valley Branch might be expected with the drainage improvements.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr92648","usgsCitation":"Outlaw, G.S., 1993, Hydrologic and hydraulic analyses at Akin Branch and Cayce Valley Branch, Columbia, Tennessee: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 92-648, iv, 56 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr92648.","productDescription":"iv, 56 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":1141,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/ofr92-648","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":152843,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a29e4b07f02db6117e0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Outlaw, George S.","contributorId":88767,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Outlaw","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":182501,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":1668,"text":"wsp2403 - 1993 - Low-flow characteristics of streams in North Carolina","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":45981,"text":"ofr90399 - 1991 - Low-flow characteristics of streams in North Carolina","indexId":"ofr90399","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"title":"Low-flow characteristics of streams in North Carolina"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":1668,"text":"wsp2403 - 1993 - Low-flow characteristics of streams in North Carolina","indexId":"wsp2403","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"title":"Low-flow characteristics of streams in North Carolina"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-01T11:11:28","indexId":"wsp2403","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2403","title":"Low-flow characteristics of streams in North Carolina","docAbstract":"Ten low-flow hydrologic areas were defined for North Carolina by relating topography, geology, mean annual runoff, and other features to low-flow frequency characteristics for 122 continuous-record streamflow stations and 396 partial-record streamflow stations. Regression equations relating low-flow characteristics to mean annual discharge were developed for five of the hydrologic areas covering 40% of the State, and statistical summaries of low-flow characteristics are given for all 10 hydrologic areas. Low-flow characteristics selected for analysis were the low-flow 7Q10, which is the annual minimum 7-day consecutive low flow, which on average will be exceeded in 9 out of 10 years--or stated another way, the probability is 10% that the 7-day consecutive low flow in any year will be less than the 7Q10; the low-flow W7Q10, which is similar to the low-flow 7Q10 except that it takes into account only the months from November through March; the low-flow 7Q2; and the low-flow 30Q2. Low-flow 7Q10's ranged from zero in some hydrologic areas in the Coastal Plain and Piedmont physiographic areas to a maximum value of 1.06 cu ft/sec/sq mi for a station in the western Piedmont and mountains physiographic area.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O. ;\r\nU.S. Geological Survey, Map Distribution,","doi":"10.3133/wsp2403","usgsCitation":"Giese, G.L., and Mason, 1993, Low-flow characteristics of streams in North Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2403, iv, 29 p. :ill., maps (some col.) ;28 cm.; 2 plates in pocket, https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2403.","productDescription":"iv, 29 p. :ill., maps (some col.) ;28 cm.; 2 plates in pocket","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":247046,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2403/plate-2.pdf","size":"2436","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":138220,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2403/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":247045,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2403/plate-1.pdf","size":"3396","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":26740,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2403/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"North 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L.","contributorId":44898,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Giese","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143945,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mason, Jr. 0000-0002-3998-3468 rrmason@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3998-3468","contributorId":2090,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mason","suffix":"Jr.","email":"rrmason@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":509,"text":"Office of the Associate Director for Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":143944,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":1008,"text":"wsp2396 - 1993 - Numerical simulation of ground-water flow in the central part of the western San Joaquin Valley, California","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":18103,"text":"ofr91535 - 1992 - Numerical simulation of ground-water flow in the central part of the western San Joaquin Valley, California","indexId":"ofr91535","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"title":"Numerical simulation of ground-water flow in the central part of the western San Joaquin Valley, California"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":1008,"text":"wsp2396 - 1993 - Numerical simulation of ground-water flow in the central part of the western San Joaquin Valley, California","indexId":"wsp2396","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"title":"Numerical simulation of ground-water flow in the central part of the western San Joaquin Valley, California"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:16","indexId":"wsp2396","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2396","title":"Numerical simulation of ground-water flow in the central part of the western San Joaquin Valley, California","docAbstract":"The occurrence of selenium in agricultural drain water in the central part of the western San Joaquin Valley, California, has focused concern on strategies for managing shallow, saline ground water. To assess alternatives to agricultural drains, a three-dimensional, finite-difference numerical model of the regional groundwater flow system was developed. This report documents the mathematical approach used to model the flow system, the data base on which the model is based, and the methods used to calibrate the model. \r\n\r\nThe 550-square-mile study area includes parts of the Panoche Creek alluvial fan and parts of the Little Panoche Creek and Cantua Creek alluvial fans. The model simulates transient flow in the semiconfined and confined zones above and below the Corcoran Clay Member of the Tulare Formation of Pleistocene age. The model incorporates areally distributed ground-water recharge, areally and vertically distributed pumping, regional-collector drains in the Wesdands Water District (operative from 1980 to 1985), on-farm drains in parts of the Panoche, Broadview, and Firebaugh Water Districts, and bare-soil evaporation (which occurs if the water table is within 7 feet of land surface). \r\n\r\nThe model also incorporates texture-based estimates of hydraulic conductivity, where texture is defined as the fraction of coarse-grained deposits present in a given subsurface interval. The numerical model was developed using hydrologic data from 1972 to 1988. Most of the parameters incorporated into the model were evaluated independently of the model, including system geometry, the distribution of texture, the altitudes of the water table and potentiometric surface of the confined zone in 1972 (initial condition), the hydraulic conductivity of coarse-grained deposits derived from the Coast Ranges, the hydraulic conductivity of coarse-grained deposits derived from the Sierra Nevada, specific storage, recharge, pumping, and parameters needed to incorporate drains and bare-soil evaporation. Four parameters were calibration variables: the hydraulic conductivity of fine-grained deposits in the semiconfined zone, the hydraulic conductivity of the Corcoran Clay Member, specific yield, and the transmissivity of the confined zone. \r\n\r\nThe model was calibrated in two phases. In the first phase, a steady-state model of the ground-water flow system in 1984 was used to constrain the relation between the hydraulic conductivity of fine-grained deposits in the semiconfined zone and the hydraulic conductivity of the Corcoran Clay Member, thus reducing the number of independent variables from four to three. In the second phase of calibration, the change in altitude of the water table from 1972 to 1984, the change in altitude of the potentiometric surface of the confined zone from 1972 to 1984, and the number of model cells subject to bare-soil evaporation from 1972 to 1988 were used to evaluate the remaining three variables. \r\n\r\nThe calibrated model reproduces the average change in water-table altitude (1972-84) to within 0.4 foot (average measured change 11.5 feet) and the average change in confined zone head (1972- 84) to within 19 feet (average measured change 120 feet). The simulated time-series record of the total number of model cells subject to bare-soil evaporation (each cell is 1 mile square) is within the range of the measured data. The measured values are at a minimum in October and a maximum in July. The October values ranged from 103 in 1972 to 132 in 1984 (the drains were closed in 1985) to 151 in 1988. The July values ranged from 144 in 1973 to 198 in 1984, to 204 in 1988. The simulated values ranged from 103 in 1972 to 161 in 1984, to 208 in 1988.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O. ;\r\nFor sale by the Books and Open-File Reports Section, U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wsp2396","usgsCitation":"Belitz, K., Phillips, S.P., and Gronberg, J., 1993, Numerical simulation of ground-water flow in the central part of the western San Joaquin Valley, California: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2396, vi, 69 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2396.","productDescription":"vi, 69 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":137965,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2396/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":25588,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2396/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afce4b07f02db69680d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Belitz, Kenneth 0000-0003-4481-2345 kbelitz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4481-2345","contributorId":442,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belitz","given":"Kenneth","email":"kbelitz@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":503,"text":"Office of Water Quality","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":27111,"text":"National Water Quality Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":376,"text":"Massachusetts Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":143013,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Phillips, Steven P. 0000-0002-5107-868X sphillip@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5107-868X","contributorId":1506,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Phillips","given":"Steven","email":"sphillip@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":143014,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gronberg, Jo Ann M.","contributorId":18342,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gronberg","given":"Jo Ann M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143015,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":20483,"text":"ofr93484 - 1993 - Data on chlorofluorocarbons (CCl3F and CCl2F2) as dating tools and hydrologic tracers in shallow ground water of the Delmarva Peninsula","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-04-30T18:18:17.188521","indexId":"ofr93484","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-484","displayTitle":"Data on chlorofluorocarbons (CCl<sub>3</sub>F and CCl<sub>2</sub>F<sub>2</sub>) as dating tools and hydrologic tracers in shallow ground water of the Delmarva Peninsula","title":"Data on chlorofluorocarbons (CCl3F and CCl2F2) as dating tools and hydrologic tracers in shallow ground water of the Delmarva Peninsula","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr93484","usgsCitation":"Plummer, N., Dunkle, S., and Busenberg, E., 1993, Data on chlorofluorocarbons (CCl3F and CCl2F2) as dating tools and hydrologic tracers in shallow ground water of the Delmarva Peninsula: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-484, iv, 56 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr93484.","productDescription":"iv, 56 p. ","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":152188,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0484/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":50015,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0484/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Delaware, Maryland, Virginia","otherGeospatial":"Delmarva Peninsula","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -75.6298828125,\n              39.65645604812829\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.08032226562499,\n              39.50404070558415\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.343994140625,\n              39.08743603215884\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.4208984375,\n              38.805470223177466\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.32202148437499,\n              38.39333888832238\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.102294921875,\n              38.09133660751176\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.948486328125,\n              37.82280243352756\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.09130859375,\n              37.32648861334206\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.0693359375,\n              37.1165261849112\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.87158203125,\n              36.94989178681327\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.30029296875,\n              37.82280243352756\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.8828125,\n              38.556757147352215\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.025634765625,\n              38.93377552819722\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.6298828125,\n              39.65645604812829\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c873","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Plummer, Niel 0000-0002-4020-1013 nplummer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4020-1013","contributorId":190100,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plummer","given":"Niel","email":"nplummer@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":182730,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dunkle, S.A.","contributorId":11248,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dunkle","given":"S.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":182729,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Busenberg, Eurybiades ebusenbe@usgs.gov","contributorId":2271,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Busenberg","given":"Eurybiades","email":"ebusenbe@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":182728,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":28896,"text":"wri934052 - 1993 - Hydrology and water chemistry of shallow aquifers along the upper Clark Fork, western Montana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:49","indexId":"wri934052","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-4052","title":"Hydrology and water chemistry of shallow aquifers along the upper Clark Fork, western Montana","docAbstract":"Shallow ground-water resources in western Montana have been developed primarily in Quaternary alluvium and Tertiary deposits, although bedrock supplies water to wells locally. Well-yield and trans- missivity values were largest (medians of 40 gallons per minute and 970 feet squared per day, respec- tively) in alluvium and smallest (medians of 15 gallons per minute and 130 feet squared per day, respectively) in bedrock. Chemical composition of ground water was dominated by calcium, magnesium, and bicarbonate derived from dissolution of carbonate minerals. Other water types may be the result of ion exchange (increased sodium) and mixing of geothermal water or leachate from mine wastes (increased sulfate). Although concen- trations of arsenic were relatively small (maximum of 20 micrograms per liter), they were somewhat larger in alluvium within 300 feet of the Clark Fork. Elevated concentrations of cadmium (maximum of 6 micrograms per liter) were measured in water from one well downgradient from tailings ponds. Although mining and smelting activities have resulted in widespread distribution of contami- nants in the Clark Fork valley, this study indicates that ground water contains elevated concentrations of trace elements only locally. Streamflow data indicate significant ground-water inflow to the Clark Fork in two reaches. Between Racetrack and Garrison, irrigation-return flow probably augments naturally occurring ground-water discharge. Between Jens and Cramer Creek, geo- thermal water from bedrock flows through alluvium to the river. In the Clark Fork, the maximum arsenic concentration was 8.1 micrograms per liter; copper and manganese concentrations were largest at Warm Springs (maximums of 14 and 350 micrograms per liter, respectively) and decreased downstream.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri934052","usgsCitation":"Nimick, D., 1993, Hydrology and water chemistry of shallow aquifers along the upper Clark Fork, western Montana: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4052, v, 63 p. :ill., maps (some col.) ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri934052.","productDescription":"v, 63 p. :ill., maps (some col.) ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":124242,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4052/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57771,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4052/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":57772,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4052/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acce4b07f02db67e83c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nimick, D. A.","contributorId":70399,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nimick","given":"D. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200579,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":19838,"text":"ofr93363 - 1993 - Hydrologic conditions in floodplain habitats of the Apalachicola River, Florida: Annual report of progress, October 1992 - September 1993","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-10-08T19:49:27.600285","indexId":"ofr93363","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-363","title":"Hydrologic conditions in floodplain habitats of the Apalachicola River, Florida: Annual report of progress, October 1992 - September 1993","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr93363","usgsCitation":"Light, H.M., Darst, M.R., and Grubbs, J.W., 1993, Hydrologic conditions in floodplain habitats of the Apalachicola River, Florida: Annual report of progress, October 1992 - September 1993: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-363, iv, 48 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr93363.","productDescription":"iv, 48 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":153449,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0363/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":379255,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0363/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Apalachicola River","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -85.22369384765625,\n              29.723837146389066\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.814453125,\n              29.723837146389066\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.814453125,\n              30.734753566735037\n            ],\n            [\n              -85.22369384765625,\n              30.734753566735037\n            ],\n            [\n              -85.22369384765625,\n              29.723837146389066\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a28e4b07f02db6115e1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Light, Helen M.","contributorId":18355,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Light","given":"Helen","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":181604,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Darst, Melanie R.","contributorId":93042,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Darst","given":"Melanie","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":181606,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Grubbs, J. W.","contributorId":77139,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grubbs","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":181605,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":1268,"text":"wsp2397 - 1993 - Delineation of recharge areas for selected wells in the St. Peter-Prairie du Chien-Jordan aquifer, Rochester, Minnesota","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":18642,"text":"ofr90397 - 1991 - Delineation of recharge areas for selected wells in the St. Peter-Prairie du Chien-Jordan Aquifer, Rochester, Minnesota","indexId":"ofr90397","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"title":"Delineation of recharge areas for selected wells in the St. Peter-Prairie du Chien-Jordan Aquifer, Rochester, Minnesota"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":1268,"text":"wsp2397 - 1993 - Delineation of recharge areas for selected wells in the St. Peter-Prairie du Chien-Jordan aquifer, Rochester, Minnesota","indexId":"wsp2397","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"title":"Delineation of recharge areas for selected wells in the St. Peter-Prairie du Chien-Jordan aquifer, Rochester, Minnesota"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-11T00:00:40.643267","indexId":"wsp2397","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2397","title":"Delineation of recharge areas for selected wells in the St. Peter-Prairie du Chien-Jordan aquifer, Rochester, Minnesota","docAbstract":"<p>Accurate delineation of recharge areas for wells is an important requisite to protecting ground-water quality. Zones of transport and zones of contribution are two types of recharge areas that can be delineated. Analytical-calculation, numerical-modeling, and hydrogeologic-mapping methods were used to delineate recharge areas for two high-capacity wells (greater than about 200 gallons per minute discharge) completed in a karstic aquifer in the city of Rochester, in southeastern Minnesota. One well is less than 1,000 feet from a river in an area where the aquifer is unconfined, whereas the other well is more than 2,000 feet from a stream in an area where a bedrock confining unit is present.</p>\n<p>Ground-water travel times from points along the top of the aquifer to a pumped well are identified by use of a constructed map showing lines of equal advective travel time. A zone of transport, therefore, is defined by the area bounded by lines of equal travel time. Zones of transport are delineated by analytical models (calculations) and by numerical models that account for hydrologic factors. Analytical models that were used include fixed-radius (Theis drawdown, Theis time-of-travel, and volumetric equation) and variable shape. Numerical modeling was done with the U.S. Geological Survey three-dimensional ground-water-flow model MODFLOW and particle-tracking code MODPATH. The zone-of-transport areas for each of the two wells calculated by the various analytical models were very similar. The Theis-drawdown method yielded results that compared least favorably with results from the other analytical methods. The zone-of-transport areas computed by use of the numerical model were generally larger than areas computed by use of analytical models.</p>\n<p>Hydrogeologic mapping and numerical modeling were used to delineate zones of contribution to wells, defined as all parts of a ground-water-flow system that could supply water to a well. The zones of contribution delineated by use of numerical modeling have similar orientation (parallel to regional flow directions) but significantly different areas than the zones of contribution delineated by use of hydrogeologic mapping. Differences in computed areas of recharge are attributed to the capability of the numerical model to more accurately represent (1) the three-dimensional flow system, (2) hydrologic boundaries such as streams, (3) variable recharge, and (4) the influence of nearby pumped wells, compared to the analytical models.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/wsp2397","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","usgsCitation":"Delin, G., and Almendinger, J.E., 1993, Delineation of recharge areas for selected wells in the St. Peter-Prairie du Chien-Jordan aquifer, Rochester, Minnesota: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2397, v, 39 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2397.","productDescription":"v, 39 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":424298,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_25297.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":137455,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2397/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":26223,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2397/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","city":"Rochester","otherGeospatial":"St. Peter-Prairie du Chien-Jordan aquifer","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -92.74658203125,\n              43.898881944430414\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.74658203125,\n              44.11815563115412\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.35519409179688,\n              44.11815563115412\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.35519409179688,\n              43.898881944430414\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.74658203125,\n              43.898881944430414\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ab9e4b07f02db6712f6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Delin, G. N.","contributorId":12834,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Delin","given":"G. N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143469,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Almendinger, James Edward","contributorId":43330,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Almendinger","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"Edward","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143470,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":20644,"text":"ofr9395 - 1993 - Hydrologic conditions and low-flow investigations of the lower Bradley River near Homer, Alaska October 1991 to February 1992","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:38","indexId":"ofr9395","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-95","title":"Hydrologic conditions and low-flow investigations of the lower Bradley River near Homer, Alaska October 1991 to February 1992","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr9395","usgsCitation":"Rickman, R.L., 1993, Hydrologic conditions and low-flow investigations of the lower Bradley River near Homer, Alaska October 1991 to February 1992: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-95, iv, 17 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9395.","productDescription":"iv, 17 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":152271,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0095/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":50170,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0095/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a28e4b07f02db6115ea","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rickman, R. L.","contributorId":24803,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rickman","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":182989,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":26070,"text":"wri934064 - 1993 - Simulated hydrologic responses of the Quashnet River stream-aquifer system to proposed ground-water withdrawals, Cape Cod, Massachusetts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:28","indexId":"wri934064","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-4064","title":"Simulated hydrologic responses of the Quashnet River stream-aquifer system to proposed ground-water withdrawals, Cape Cod, Massachusetts","docAbstract":"An investigation of the Quashnet River stream- aquifer system on Cape Cod was initiated in response to concern over possible streamflow reduction and degradation of the sea-run brown trout habitat of the river resulting from proposed ground-water withdrawals. A two-layer finite-difference ground-water-flow model was developed to simulate the stream-aquifer system. Steady-state pumping rates of 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 million gallons per day were simulated at three well sites 1,500 to 2,500 feet west of the river. No infiltration of water from the river to the aquifer was induced in any of the simulations. Maximum streamflow depletion along the river for the scenarios tested ranged from 3 to 15 percent of calculated steady-state prepumping streamflow. Mean monthly streamflow depletions determined by use of the transient model, for a constant withdrawal of 1.0 million gallons per day from a site 1,500 feet west of the river, range from 6 to 8 percent of the mean monthly streamflows measured at a gage located 0.3 miles from the mouth of the river. A particle-tracking postprocessor to the steady-state model was used to delineate contributing areas of the river and the proposed withdrawal sites. Although the simulated cone of depression produced by pumping extends beyond the river, the contributing area of the well does not include the river under any of the withdrawal schemes simulated.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri934064","usgsCitation":"Barlow, P.M., and Hess, K., 1993, Simulated hydrologic responses of the Quashnet River stream-aquifer system to proposed ground-water withdrawals, Cape Cod, Massachusetts: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4064, vi, 52 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri934064.","productDescription":"vi, 52 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":157839,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4064/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54845,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4064/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49b4e4b07f02db5cacdb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barlow, P. M.","contributorId":63022,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barlow","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195747,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hess, K.M.","contributorId":39415,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hess","given":"K.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195746,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":2319,"text":"wsp2386 - 1993 - Water and tritium movement through the unsaturated zone at a low-level radioactive-waste disposal site near Sheffield, Illinois, 1981-85","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":20141,"text":"ofr89271 - 1991 - Water and tritium movement through the unsaturated zone at a low-level radioactive-waste disposal site near Sheffield, Illinois, 1981-85","indexId":"ofr89271","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"title":"Water and tritium movement through the unsaturated zone at a low-level radioactive-waste disposal site near Sheffield, Illinois, 1981-85"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":2319,"text":"wsp2386 - 1993 - Water and tritium movement through the unsaturated zone at a low-level radioactive-waste disposal site near Sheffield, Illinois, 1981-85","indexId":"wsp2386","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"title":"Water and tritium movement through the unsaturated zone at a low-level radioactive-waste disposal site near Sheffield, Illinois, 1981-85"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:19","indexId":"wsp2386","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2386","title":"Water and tritium movement through the unsaturated zone at a low-level radioactive-waste disposal site near Sheffield, Illinois, 1981-85","docAbstract":"The movement of water and tritium through the unsaturated zone was studied at a low-level radioactive-waste disposal site near Sheffield, Bureau County, Illinois, from 1981 to 1985. Water and tritium movement occurred in an annual, seasonally timed cycle; recharge to the saturated zone generally occurred in the spring and early summer. Mean annual precipitation (1982-85) was 871 mm (millimeters); mean annual recharge to the disposal trenches (July 1982 through June 1984) was estimated to be 107 mm. Average annual tritium flux below the study trenches was estimated to be 3.4 mCi/yr (millicuries per year). Site geology, climate, and waste-disposal practices influenced the spatial and temporal variability of water and tritium movement. Of the components of the water budget, evapotranspiration contributed most to the temporal variability of water and tritium movement. \r\n\r\nDisposal trenches are constructed in complexly layered glacial and postglacial deposits that average 17 m (meters) in thickness and overlie a thick sequence of Pennsylvanian shale. The horizontal saturated hydraulic conductivity of the clayey-silt to sand-sized glacial and postglacial deposits ranges from 4.8x10 -1 to 3.4x10 4 mm/d (millimeters per day). \r\n\r\nA 120-m-long horizontal tunnel provided access for hydrologic measurements and collection of sediment and water samples from the unsaturated and saturated geologic deposits below four disposal trenches. Trench-cover and subtrench deposits were monitored with soil-moisture tensiometers, vacuum and gravity lysimeters, piezometers, and a nuclear soil-moisture gage. A cross-sectional, numerical ground-water-flow model was used to simulate water movement in the variably saturated geologic deposits in the tunnel area. Concurrent studies at the site provided water-budget data for estimating recharge to the disposal trenches. \r\n\r\nVertical water movement directly above the trenches was impeded by a zone of compaction within the clayey-silt trench covers. Water entered the trenches primarily at the trench edges where the compacted zone was absent and the cover was relatively thin. Collapse holes in the trench covers that resulted from inadequate compaction of wastes within the trenches provided additional preferential pathways for surface-water drainage into the trenches; drainage into one collapse hole during a rainstorm was estimated to be 1,700 L (liters). Till deposits near trench bases induced lateral water and tritium movement. Limited temporal variation in water movement and small flow gradients (relative to the till deposits) were detected in the unsaturated subtrench sand deposit; maximum gradients during the spring recharge period averaged 1.62 mm/mm (millimeter per millimeter). Time-of-travel of water moving from the trench covers to below the trenches was estimated to be as rapid as 41 days (assuming individual water molecules move this distance in one recharge cycle). \r\n\r\nTritium concentrations in water from the unsaturated zone ranged from 200 (background) to 10,000,000 pCi/L (picocuries per liter). Tritium concentrations generally were higher below trench bases (averaging 91,000 pCi/L) than below intertrench sediments (averaging 3,300 pCi/L), and in the subtrench Toulon Member of the Glasford Formation (sand) (averaging 110,000 pCi/L) than in the Hulick Till Member of the Glasford Formation (clayey silt) (averaging 59,000 pCi/L). Average subtrench tritium concentration increased from 28,000 to 100,000 pCi/L during the study period. Within the trench covers, there was a strong seasonal trend in tritium concentrations; the highest concentrations occurred in late summer when soil-moisture contents were at a minimum. Subtrench tritium movement occurred in association with the annual cycle of water movement, as well as independently of the cycle, in apparent response to continuous water movement through the subtrench sand deposits and to the deterioration of trench-waste containers. \r\n\r\nThe increase in concen","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O. ;\r\nU.S. Geological Survey, Book and Open-File Report Sales [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wsp2386","usgsCitation":"Mills, P., and Healy, R.W., 1993, Water and tritium movement through the unsaturated zone at a low-level radioactive-waste disposal site near Sheffield, Illinois, 1981-85: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2386, vi, 72 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2386.","productDescription":"vi, 72 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":137562,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2386/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":28159,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2386/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a09e4b07f02db5fa705","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mills, P.C. pcmills@usgs.gov","contributorId":3810,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mills","given":"P.C.","email":"pcmills@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":344,"text":"Illinois Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":145008,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Healy, Richard W. 0000-0002-0224-1858 rwhealy@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0224-1858","contributorId":658,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Healy","given":"Richard","email":"rwhealy@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":145007,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":38340,"text":"pp1550C - 1993 - The Loma Prieta, California, earthquake of October 17, 1989: Preseismic observations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-06-28T18:52:27.18154","indexId":"pp1550C","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1550","chapter":"C","title":"The Loma Prieta, California, earthquake of October 17, 1989: Preseismic observations","docAbstract":"The October 17, 1989, Loma Prieta, Calif., Ms=7.1 earthquake provided the first opportunity in the history of fault monitoring in the United States to gather multidisciplinary preearthquake data in the near field of an M=7 earthquake. The data obtained include observations on seismicity, continuous strain, long-term ground displacement, magnetic field, and hydrology. The papers in this chapter describe these data, their implications for fault-failure mechanisms, the scale of prerupture nucleation, and earthquake prediction in general.\r\n\r\nOf the 10 papers presented here, about half identify preearthquake anomalies in the data, but some of these results are equivocal. Seismicity in the Loma Prieta region during the 20 years leading up to the earthquake was unremarkable. In retrospect, however, it is apparent that the principal southwest-dipping segment of the subsequent Loma Prieta rupture was virtually aseismic during this period. Two M=5 earthquakes did occur near Lake Elsman near the junction of the Sargent and San Andreas faults within 2.5 and 15 months of, and 10 km to the north of, the Loma Prieta epicenter. Although these earthquakes were not on the subsequent rupture plane of the Loma Prieta earthquake and other M=5 earthquakes occurred in the preceding 25 years, it is now generally accepted that these events were, in some way, foreshocks to the main event.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1550C","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the National Science Foundation","usgsCitation":"Johnston, M.J., Olson, J.A., Hill, D.P., Fraser-Smith, A.C., Bernardi, A., Helliwell, R.A., McGill, P.R., Villard, O., Mueller, R.J., White, R.A., Ellsworth, W.L., Roeloffs, E.A., Linde, A.T., Gladwin, M.T., Gwyther, R.L., Hart, R., Lisowski, M., Savage, J.C., Prescott, W.H., Svarc, J.L., Murray, M.H., Silver, P., Valette-Silver, N.J., and Kolbek, O., 1993, The Loma Prieta, California, earthquake of October 17, 1989: Preseismic observations: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1550, v, 85 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1550C.","productDescription":"v, 85 p.","costCenters":[{"id":234,"text":"Earthquake Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":430606,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_76941.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":3426,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/pp1550/pp1550c/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":122605,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/pp_1550_c.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Southern Santa Cruz Mountains","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -123.39935311872875,\n              38.202956525657385\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.39935311872875,\n              35.61752664382723\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.24426193683829,\n              35.61752664382723\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.24426193683829,\n              38.202956525657385\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.39935311872875,\n              38.202956525657385\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e3e4b07f02db5e5909","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Johnston, Malcolm J. S. 0000-0003-4326-8368 mal@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4326-8368","contributorId":622,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnston","given":"Malcolm","email":"mal@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J. S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":747049,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Johnston, Malcolm J. S. 0000-0003-4326-8368 mal@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4326-8368","contributorId":622,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnston","given":"Malcolm","email":"mal@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J. S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":905201,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Olson, Jean A.","contributorId":107719,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olson","given":"Jean","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":905202,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hill, David P. 0000-0002-1619-2006 dhill@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1619-2006","contributorId":206752,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hill","given":"David","email":"dhill@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":905203,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Fraser-Smith, Anthony C.","contributorId":339809,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fraser-Smith","given":"Anthony","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":905204,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Bernardi, Arman","contributorId":339810,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bernardi","given":"Arman","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":905205,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Helliwell, Robert A.","contributorId":339811,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Helliwell","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":905206,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"McGill, Paul R.","contributorId":339812,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McGill","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":905207,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Villard, O.G. Jr.","contributorId":339813,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Villard","given":"O.G.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":905208,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Mueller, Robert J.","contributorId":76776,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mueller","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":905209,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"White, Randall A. 0000-0003-4074-8577 rwhite@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4074-8577","contributorId":1993,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"Randall","email":"rwhite@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":905210,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Ellsworth, William L. ellsworth@usgs.gov","contributorId":787,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellsworth","given":"William","email":"ellsworth@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":905211,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Roeloffs, Evelyn A. 0000-0002-4761-0469 evelynr@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4761-0469","contributorId":2680,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roeloffs","given":"Evelyn","email":"evelynr@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":905212,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Linde, Alan T.","contributorId":339814,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Linde","given":"Alan","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":905213,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Gladwin, M. 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,{"id":19695,"text":"ofr93114 - 1993 - Hydrogeologic, water-quality, and land-use data for the reconnaissance of herbicides and nitrate in near-surface aquifers of the Midcontinental United States, 1991","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-08T14:25:56","indexId":"ofr93114","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-114","title":"Hydrogeologic, water-quality, and land-use data for the reconnaissance of herbicides and nitrate in near-surface aquifers of the Midcontinental United States, 1991","docAbstract":"<p>Water samples were collected during the spring and summer of 1991 from 303 wells penetrating near-surface unconsolidated and bedrock aquifers of the midcontinental United States. Samples were analyzed for 11 herbicides, 2 dealkylated atrazine metabolites, and 4 nutrients. Specific conductance, pH, and dissolved-oxygen concentrations of the ground water were measured onsite. 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,{"id":26332,"text":"wri924162 - 1993 - Hydrology of valley fill and potential for additional ground-water withdrawals along the north flank of the Little Rocky Mountains, Fort Belknap Indian Reservation, north-central Montana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:27","indexId":"wri924162","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"92-4162","title":"Hydrology of valley fill and potential for additional ground-water withdrawals along the north flank of the Little Rocky Mountains, Fort Belknap Indian Reservation, north-central Montana","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri924162","usgsCitation":"Briar, D., Christensen, P., and Oellermann, D., 1993, Hydrology of valley fill and potential for additional ground-water withdrawals along the north flank of the Little Rocky Mountains, Fort Belknap Indian Reservation, north-central Montana: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 92-4162, v, 86 p. :ill., maps (some col.) ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri924162.","productDescription":"v, 86 p. :ill., maps (some col.) ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":119062,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4162/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":55130,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4162/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":55131,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4162/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":55132,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4162/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ee4b07f02db5fdafd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Briar, D.W.","contributorId":58287,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Briar","given":"D.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196197,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Christensen, P.K.","contributorId":82354,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Christensen","given":"P.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196198,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Oellermann, D.J.","contributorId":54458,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oellermann","given":"D.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196196,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":39622,"text":"pp1414E - 1993 - Hydrology of the Great Plains aquifer system in Nebraska, Colorado, Kansas, and adjacent areas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-09-20T17:00:47","indexId":"pp1414E","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1414","chapter":"E","title":"Hydrology of the Great Plains aquifer system in Nebraska, Colorado, Kansas, and adjacent areas","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/pp1414E","usgsCitation":"Helgesen, J.O., Leonard, R.B., and Wolf, R.J., 1993, Hydrology of the Great Plains aquifer system in Nebraska, Colorado, Kansas, and adjacent areas: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1414, p. E1-E80; 10 plates in separate case, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1414E.","productDescription":"p. E1-E80; 10 plates in separate case","costCenters":[{"id":5050,"text":"WY-MT Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":67246,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1414e/plate-01.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":67247,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1414e/plate-02.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":67248,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1414e/plate-03.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":67249,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1414e/plate-04.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":67250,"rank":404,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1414e/plate-05.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":67251,"rank":405,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1414e/plate-06.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":67252,"rank":406,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1414e/plate-07.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":67253,"rank":407,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1414e/plate-08.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":67254,"rank":408,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1414e/plate-09.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":67255,"rank":409,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1414e/plate-10.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":67256,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1414e/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":104645,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_4874.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"4874"},{"id":120406,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1414e/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a13e4b07f02db601d72","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Helgesen, J. O.","contributorId":62600,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Helgesen","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":221825,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Leonard, R. B.","contributorId":32917,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leonard","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":221824,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wolf, R. J.","contributorId":21518,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolf","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":221823,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":25441,"text":"wri934014 - 1993 - Detailed study of water quality, bottom sediment, and biota associated with irrigation drainage in the Salton Sea area, California, 1988-90","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:18","indexId":"wri934014","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-4014","title":"Detailed study of water quality, bottom sediment, and biota associated with irrigation drainage in the Salton Sea area, California, 1988-90","docAbstract":"Results of a detailed study by the National Irrigation Water-Quality Program (NIWQP), U.S. Department of the Interior, indicate that factors controlling contaminant concentrations in subsurface irrigation drainwater in the Imperial Valley are soil characteristics, hydrology, and agricultural practices. Higher contaminant concentrations commonly were associated with clayey soils, which retard the movement of irrigation water and thus increase the degree of evaporative concentration. Regression of hydrogen- and oxygen-isotope ratios in samples collected from sumps yields a linear drainwater evaporation line that extrapolates through the isotopic composition of Colorado River water, thus demonstrating that Colorado River water is the sole source of subsurface drainwater in the Imperial Valley. Ratios of selenium to chloride indicate that selenium present in subsurface drainwater throughout the Imperial Valley originates from the Colorado River. The selenium load discharged to the Salton Sea from the Alamo River, the largest contributor, is about 6.5 tons/yr. Biological sampling and analysis showed that drainwater contaminants, including selenium, boron, and DDE, are accumulating in tissues of migratory and resident birds that use food sources in the Imperial Valley and the Salton Sea. Selenium concentration in fish-eating birds, shorebirds, and the endangered Yuma clapper rail were at levels that could affect reproduction. Boron concentrations in migratory waterfowl and resident shorebirds were at levels that potentially could cause reduced growth in young. As a result of DDE contamination of food sources, waterfowl and fish-eating birds in the Imperial Valley may be experiencing reproductive impairment.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nU.S.G.S. Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri934014","usgsCitation":"Setmire, J.G., Schroeder, R.A., Densmore, J., Goodbred, S., Audet, D., and Radke, W., 1993, Detailed study of water quality, bottom sediment, and biota associated with irrigation drainage in the Salton Sea area, California, 1988-90: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4014, vii, 102 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri934014.","productDescription":"vii, 102 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123593,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4014/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54171,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4014/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa8e4b07f02db667ae0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Setmire, J. G.","contributorId":16818,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Setmire","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193706,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schroeder, R. A.","contributorId":15554,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schroeder","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193705,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Densmore, J.N. 0000-0002-5345-6613","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5345-6613","contributorId":100882,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Densmore","given":"J.N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193710,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Goodbred, S.O.","contributorId":39019,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goodbred","given":"S.O.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193708,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Audet, D. J.","contributorId":38949,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Audet","given":"D. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193707,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Radke, W.R.","contributorId":55042,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Radke","given":"W.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193709,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":19619,"text":"ofr93149 - 1993 - Water-resources activities of the U.S. Geological Survey in Idaho, fiscal years 1989-90","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:43","indexId":"ofr93149","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-149","title":"Water-resources activities of the U.S. Geological Survey in Idaho, fiscal years 1989-90","docAbstract":"Twenty-five funded projects were conducted by the Water Resources Division of the U.S. Geological Survey, Idaho District, during fiscal years 1989-90. These projects were done in cooperation with 13 State and local agencies, 11 other Federal agencies, and 1 International Commission. State and local cooperative funding amounted to about $1.1 million in fiscal year 1989 and $1 million in fiscal year 1990; Federal funding amounted to about $3.6 million in fiscal year 1989 and about $4.4 million in fiscal year 1990. In conducting its fiscal year 1989-90 activities, the Idaho District employed a total of 83 employees. Projects other than continuing programs for collection of hydrologic data included establishment of statewide surface-water and groundwater-quality monitoring networks; study of effects of irrigation drainage; development of a hydraulic model to determine water-surface elevations for decreased discharges of the Snake River at Swan Falls Dam; evaluation of subsurface waste disposal; delineation of agricultural areas of the State with high concentrations of dissolved nitrogen; evaluation of water use and its effect on groundwater levels and thermal waters in specific areas of the State; and determination of the cause or causes of rapidly decreasing hot-spring discharges along Hot Creek.  (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nCopies of this report can be purchased from U.S. Geological Survey Books and Open-File Reports [Section],","doi":"10.3133/ofr93149","usgsCitation":"Kemp, B.N., 1993, Water-resources activities of the U.S. Geological Survey in Idaho, fiscal years 1989-90: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-149, iv, 52 p. :maps ;29 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr93149.","productDescription":"iv, 52 p. :maps ;29 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":153443,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0149/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":49094,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0149/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad5e4b07f02db68344d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kemp, B. N. (compiler)","contributorId":32192,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kemp","given":"B.","suffix":"(compiler)","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":181224,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":26954,"text":"wri924096 - 1993 - Geomorphic, hydrologic, and erosion data for selected reclaimed hillslopes, the Seneca II mine, Routt County, Colorado, October 1988-July 1990","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-02T20:58:07.661479","indexId":"wri924096","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"92-4096","title":"Geomorphic, hydrologic, and erosion data for selected reclaimed hillslopes, the Seneca II mine, Routt County, Colorado, October 1988-July 1990","docAbstract":"Geomorphic, hydrologic, and erosion data were collected from five reclaimed hillslopes at the Seneca II mine near Hayden, Colorado. Hillslope surveys were used to determine hillslope lengths, which range from 670 to 1,280 ft, and hillslope gradients, which range from 0.17 to 0.23 ft/ft (17 to 23 percent). Elevations in the study area range from 6,890 to 7,140 feet and hillslope aspect generally is west or south. Mean total vegetation cover ranges from 74 to 91 percent. Total monthly precipitation for December 1988 through May 1990 was computed from daily measurements made with weighing-bucket precipitation gages. Several snowpack measurements were made during 2 winters. Volumetric soil-water content was determined at incremental depths using a neutron probe and in the upper 11.8 in of soil using a time-domain reflectometer. Active and recent soil erosion was indicated by the presence of rills. Rill density (the sum of rill lengths/unit area) was computed at 50-feet intervals along each hillslope study area. Differences in soil-surface elevations between September or October 1989 and June 1990 were determined with an erosion frame and replicate soil-surface surveys at 16 erosion-study plots.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri924096","usgsCitation":"Elliott, J.G., 1993, Geomorphic, hydrologic, and erosion data for selected reclaimed hillslopes, the Seneca II mine, Routt County, Colorado, October 1988-July 1990: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 92-4096, iv, 59 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri924096.","productDescription":"iv, 59 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":395305,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_47660.htm"},{"id":123732,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4096/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":55840,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4096/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","county":"Routt County","otherGeospatial":"Seneca II mine","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -107.13043212890625,\n              40.36956635131763\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.02468872070312,\n              40.36956635131763\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.02468872070312,\n              40.42499671108253\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.13043212890625,\n              40.42499671108253\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.13043212890625,\n              40.36956635131763\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c50c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Elliott, J. G.","contributorId":45341,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elliott","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197309,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":28538,"text":"wri924106 - 1993 - Development, calibration, and testing of ground-water flow models for the Mississippi River Valley alluvial aquifer in eastern Arkansas using one-square-mile cells","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:46","indexId":"wri924106","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"92-4106","title":"Development, calibration, and testing of ground-water flow models for the Mississippi River Valley alluvial aquifer in eastern Arkansas using one-square-mile cells","docAbstract":"Significant water-level declines in the Mississippi River Valley alluvial aquifer prompted the need to better understand the flow system in the aquifer which, in turn, led to the development of digital groundwater flow models of the alluvial aquifer. Two models were developed in the eastern Arkansas study area with the Arkansas River dividing the study area and functioning as a hydrologic boundary to the models. Both models simulate groundwater flow in one layer with recharge entering the aquifer from head-dependent surface infiltration through the overlying confining unit and from seepage through river beds. Digital models were used to simulate flow in the aquifer during seven stress periods between 1918 and 1987. Pumpage used in the simulations ranged from 83,400,000 to 412,000,000 cu ft/d in the north model and from 12,800,000 to 58,500,000 cu ft/d in the south model. Three different spatial and temporal pumpage scenarios were tested to simulate pumpage stress in the models. The pumpage distribution used in the calibrated model was based on a combination of all three scenarios. Several criteria were used during model development to determine how well the model simulated conditions in the aquifer. Potentiometric maps of model-computed water levels were compared to measured data to check the computed water levels and direction of flow. Hydrographs of observation wells were compared to computed water levels at corresponding model cells to assess the temporal distribution of pumpage. A root-mean-square error analysis was performed during calibration by comparing observation-well and model-computed water levels for 1972. Sensitivity analyses were performed to determine the effects of changes in input parameters on computed heads (water levels). Both models were sensitive to changes in recharge and pumpage but the south model generally was less sensitive than the north model.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nU.S.G.S. Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri924106","usgsCitation":"Mahon, G., and Poynter, D., 1993, Development, calibration, and testing of ground-water flow models for the Mississippi River Valley alluvial aquifer in eastern Arkansas using one-square-mile cells: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 92-4106, iv, 33 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri924106.","productDescription":"iv, 33 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123658,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4106/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57351,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4106/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9be4b07f02db65dd48","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mahon, G.L. 0000-0002-7410-0261","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7410-0261","contributorId":28636,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mahon","given":"G.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199986,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Poynter, D.T.","contributorId":57902,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poynter","given":"D.T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199987,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
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