Much has been published about double-diffusive convection as a mechanism for explaining variations in composition and temperature within all-liquid natural systems. However, relatively little is known about the applicability of this phenomenon within the heterogeneous rocks of currently active geothermal systems where primary porosity may control fluid flow in some places and fractures may control it in others. The main appeal of double-diffusive convection within hydrothermal systems is-that it is a mechanism that may allow efficient transfer of heat mainly by convection, while at the same time maintaining vertical and lateral salinity gradients.
The Salton Sea geothermal system exhibits the following reservoir characteristics: (1) decreasing salinity and temperature from bottom to top and center toward the sides, (2) a very high heat flow from the top of the system that seems to require a major component of convective transfer of heat within the chemically stratified main reservoir, and (3) a relatively uniform density of the reservoir fluid throughout the system at all combinations of subsurface temperature, pressure, and salinity. Double-diffusive convection can account for these characteristics very nicely whereas other previously suggested models appear to account either for the thermal structure or for the salinity variations, but not both. Hydrologists, reservoir engineers, and particularly geochemists should consider the possibility and consequences of double-diffusive convection when formulating models of hydrothermal processes, and of the response of reservoirs to testing and production.
In the region of the Los Padres-Tehachapi geodetic network, the San Andreas fault (SAF) changes its orientation by over 30° from N40°W, close to that predicted by plate motion for a transform boundary, to N73°W. The strain orientation near the SAF is consistent with right-lateral shear along the fault, with maximum shear rate of 0.38±0.01 μrad/yr at N63°W. In contrast, away from the SAF the strain orientations on both sides of the fault are consistent with the plate motion direction, with maximum shear rate of 0.19±0.01 μrad/yr at N44°W. The strain rate does not drop off rapidly away from the fault, and thus the area is fit by either a broad shear zone below the SAF or a single fault with a relatively deep locking depth. The fit to the line length data is poor for locking depth d less than 25 km. For d of 25 km a buried slip rate of 30 ± 6 mm/yr is estimated. We also estimated buried slip for models that included the Garlock and Big Pine faults, in addition to the SAF. Slip rates on other faults are poorly constrained by the Los Padres-Tehachapi network. The best fitting Garlock fault model had computed left-lateral slip rate of 11±2 mm/yr below 10 km. Buried left-lateral slip of 15±6 mm/yr on the Big Pine fault, within the Western Transverse Ranges, provides significant reduction in line length residuals; however, deformation there may be more complicated than a single vertical fault. A subhorizontal detachment on the southern side of the SAF cannot be well constrained by these data. We investigated the location of the SAF and found that a vertical fault below the surface trace fits the data much better than either a dipping fault or a fault zone located south of the surface trace.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB095iB02p01139","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Eberhart-Phillips, D., Lisowski, M., and Zoback, M.D., 1990, Crustal strain near the Big Bend of the San Andreas Fault: Analysis of the Los Padres-Tehachapi Trilateration Networks, California: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 95, no. B2, p. 1139-1153, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB095iB02p01139.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"1139","endPage":"1153","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223512,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"95","issue":"B2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fce3e4b0c8380cd4e4ba","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Eberhart-Phillips, D.","contributorId":80428,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eberhart-Phillips","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373169,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lisowski, M.","contributorId":70381,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lisowski","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373168,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Zoback, Mark D.","contributorId":29431,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zoback","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":901429,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70015873,"text":"70015873 - 1990 - The occurrence and distribution of trace metals in the Mississippi River and its tributaries","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-15T13:05:49","indexId":"70015873","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5331,"text":"Science of Total Environment","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The occurrence and distribution of trace metals in the Mississippi River and its tributaries","docAbstract":"Quantitative and semiquantitative analyses of dissolved trace metals are reported for designated sampling sites on the Mississippi River and its main tributaries utilizing depth-integrated and width-integrated sampling technology to collect statistically representative samples. Data are reported for three sampling periods, including: July-August 1987, November-December 1987, and May-June 1988. Concentrations of Al, As, Ba, Be, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Li, Mn, Mo, Pb, Sr, Tl, U, V, and Zn are reported quantitatively, with the remainder of the stable metals in the periodic table reported semiquantitatively. Correlations between As and V, Ba and U, Cu and Zn, Li and Ba, and Li and U are significant at the 99% confidence level for each of the sampling trips. Comparison of the results of this study for selected metals with other published data show generally good agreement for Cr, Cu, Fe, and Zn, moderate agreement for Mo, and poor agreement for Cd and V.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier ","doi":"10.1016/0048-9697(90)90251-O","issn":"00489697","usgsCitation":"Taylor, H.E., Garbarino, J., and Brinton, T., 1990, The occurrence and distribution of trace metals in the Mississippi River and its tributaries: Science of Total Environment, v. 97-98, p. 369-384, https://doi.org/10.1016/0048-9697(90)90251-O.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"369","endPage":"384","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":205368,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0048-9697(90)90251-O"},{"id":223437,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"97-98","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bae35e4b08c986b323f54","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Taylor, Howard E. hetaylor@usgs.gov","contributorId":1551,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"Howard","email":"hetaylor@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":371971,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Garbarino, J.R.","contributorId":76326,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garbarino","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371972,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brinton, T.I.","contributorId":93922,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brinton","given":"T.I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371973,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70015914,"text":"70015914 - 1990 - Coal and peat in the sub-Saharan region of Africa: alternative energy options?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-28T12:32:24","indexId":"70015914","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2829,"text":"Natural Resources Forum","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Coal and peat in the sub-Saharan region of Africa: alternative energy options?","docAbstract":"Increased energy demand as a result of growth in population, trends to sedentation and urbanization, and the desire for improvement in living standards, coupled with apparent climatic changes, are reducing fuelwood availability and contributing to deforestation and desertification in the sub‐Saharan countries. In 14 of those countries, the transport, industrial, and electric power generation sectors are all dependent on imported petroleum products for their energy needs with resultant balance of trade and debt‐servicing problems. Coal and peat are essentially unused and in some cases unknown in sub‐Saharan Africa. However, they might comprise valuable alternative energy sources in some or all of the developing nations of the region. The eleven countries considered in this appraisal reportedly contain coal and peat. On the basis of regional geology, another five countries might also contain coal‐bearing rocks. If the resource potential is adequate, coal and peat might be utilized in a variety of ways including substituting for fuelwood, generating electricity, supplying process heat for local industry and increasing agricultural productivity.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1477-8947.1990.tb00368.x","issn":"01650203","usgsCitation":"Weaver, J.N., and Landis, E.R., 1990, Coal and peat in the sub-Saharan region of Africa: alternative energy options?: Natural Resources Forum, v. 14, no. 1, p. 64-69, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-8947.1990.tb00368.x.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"64","endPage":"69","costCenters":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":223237,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"14","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-10-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f681e4b0c8380cd4c7d0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Weaver, Jean Noe jweaver@usgs.gov","contributorId":935,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weaver","given":"Jean","email":"jweaver@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Noe","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":372067,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Landis, Edwin R.","contributorId":48553,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Landis","given":"Edwin","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372068,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1014882,"text":"1014882 - 1990 - Immunological discrimination of Atlantic striped bass stocks","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-01-15T11:31:09","indexId":"1014882","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Immunological discrimination of Atlantic striped bass stocks","docAbstract":"Stocks of Atlantic striped bass Morone saxatilis that were assumed to be geographically isolated during spawning showed strong antigenic differences in blood serum albumin. A discriminant function was estimated from the immunologic responses of northern (Canadian and Hudson River) and southern (Chesapeake Bay and Roanoke River) stocks to two reference antisera. The function correctly classified 92% of the northern and 95% of the southern fish in the training set. Cross-validation revealed similar percentages of correct classification for fish that were of known origin but not used to estimate the discriminant function. Monte Carlo experiments were used to evaluate the ability of the discriminant function to predict the relative contribution of northern fish in samples of various size and stock composition. Averages of predicted proportions of northern fish in the samples agreed well with actual proportions. Coefficients of variation (100 × SD/mean) in the predicted proportions ranged from 1.5 to 36% for samples of 50–400 fish that contained at least 10% northern stock. In samples that contained only 2% northern stock, however, at least 1,600 fish were required to achieve similar levels of precision.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1990)119<0077:IDOASB>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Schill, W.B., and Dorazio, R., 1990, Immunological discrimination of Atlantic striped bass stocks: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 119, no. 1, p. 77-85, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1990)119<0077:IDOASB>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"77","endPage":"85","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131654,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"119","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6adf46","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schill, W. B.","contributorId":60146,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schill","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321439,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dorazio, R.M. 0000-0003-2663-0468","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2663-0468","contributorId":23475,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dorazio","given":"R.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321438,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70015952,"text":"70015952 - 1990 - Timing of uplift peripheral to the Red Sea, Saudi Arabia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-06T20:07:36","indexId":"70015952","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2067,"text":"International Journal of Radiation Applications and Instrumentation. Part D. Nuclear Tracks and Radiation Measurements","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Timing of uplift peripheral to the Red Sea, Saudi Arabia","docAbstract":"A Prominent escarpment is found along the western margin of the Arabian Shield. Elevations along this escarpment are up to 3200 m above the Red Sea. Between the Red Sea and the crest of the escarpment is a relatively featureless coastal plane that is ??? 50 km across. The coastal plane abruptly gives way to the steep mountainous terrain, the elevation of which increases abruptly towards the high crest. The elevation slowly decreases to the east of the high crest. Forty-four apatite fission-track ages have been determined on rocks from the Proterozoic Arabian Shield in southwestern Saudi Arabia. These ages range from 13.8 to 568 Ma. In general, the youngest ages are found at low elevations along the base of the escarpment near the eastern edge of the coastal plane. The oldest ages are from along and to the east of the crest. The fission-track data from Saudi Arabia show that there was a period of minor uplift and cooling during the Cretaceous. This was followed by a relatively stable period which lasted until the Mid to Upper Miocene. The latest uplift and erosion began slightly younger than 13.8 Ma. This latest episode resulted in a minimum uplift of 3 km and is related to the Red Sea Rift. Samples totally annealed prior to this latest episode of uplift and cooling have not yet reached the surface.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"International Journal of Radiation Applications and Instrumentation. Part D. Nuclear Tracks and Radiation Measurements","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the 6th International Fission Track Dating Workshop","conferenceLocation":"Besancon, Fr","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/1359-0189(90)90098-I","issn":"0191278X","usgsCitation":"Naeser, C.W., Zimmermann, R., Bohannon, R.G., and Schmidt, D.L., 1990, Timing of uplift peripheral to the Red Sea, Saudi Arabia: International Journal of Radiation Applications and Instrumentation. Part D. Nuclear Tracks and Radiation Measurements, v. 17, no. 3, https://doi.org/10.1016/1359-0189(90)90098-I.","startPage":"424","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222981,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":268864,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1359-0189(90)90098-I"}],"volume":"17","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb3f9e4b08c986b3260e1","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Couchot PierreFromm M.Chambaudet A.Rebetez M.Van den haute Peteret al","contributorId":128349,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Couchot PierreFromm M.Chambaudet A.Rebetez M.Van den haute Peteret al","id":536318,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Naeser, C. W.","contributorId":17582,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Naeser","given":"C.","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372166,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zimmermann, R.A.","contributorId":106265,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zimmermann","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372169,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bohannon, R. G.","contributorId":61808,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bohannon","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372168,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Schmidt, D. L.","contributorId":23934,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmidt","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372167,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70015731,"text":"70015731 - 1990 - The magnetospheric disturbance ring current as a source for probing the deep earth electrical conductivity","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:00","indexId":"70015731","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3209,"text":"Pure and Applied Geophysics PAGEOPH","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The magnetospheric disturbance ring current as a source for probing the deep earth electrical conductivity","docAbstract":"Two current rings have been observed in the equatorial plane of the earth at times of high geomagnetic activity. An eastward current exists between about 2 and 3.5 earth radii (Re) distant, and a larger, more variable companion current exists between about 4 and 9 Re. These current regions are loaded during geomagnetic substorms. They decay, almost exponentially, after the cessation of the particle influx that attends the solar wind disturbance. This review focuses upon characteristics needed for intelligent use of the ring current as a source for induction probing of the earth's mantle. Considerable difficulties are found with the assumption that Dst is a ring-current index. ?? 1990 Birkha??user Verlag.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Pure and Applied Geophysics PAGEOPH","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Birkha??user-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF00878018","issn":"00334553","usgsCitation":"Campbell, W., 1990, The magnetospheric disturbance ring current as a source for probing the deep earth electrical conductivity: Pure and Applied Geophysics PAGEOPH, v. 134, no. 4, p. 541-557, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00878018.","startPage":"541","endPage":"557","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205421,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00878018"},{"id":223838,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"134","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505badb3e4b08c986b323d9b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Campbell, W.H.","contributorId":30749,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Campbell","given":"W.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371637,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70015805,"text":"70015805 - 1990 - Ancient channels of the Susquehanna River beneath Chesapeake Bay and the Delmarva Peninsula","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-10-05T19:07:47","indexId":"70015805","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ancient channels of the Susquehanna River beneath Chesapeake Bay and the Delmarva Peninsula","docAbstract":"The trunk channels of each system are 2 to 4 km wide and are incised 30 to 50 m into underlying strata; they have irregular longitudinal profiles and very low gradients within the Chesapeake Bay area. The youngest paleochannel is clearly of late Wisconsinan age, about 18 ka, and the intermediate one appears to be late Illinoian in age, or about 150 ka. The age of the oldest is in the range of about 200 to 400 ka. The three paleochannel systems imply a dynamic coastal-plain environment and at least two previous generations of the Chesapeake Bay. -from Authors","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1990)102<1268:ACOTSR>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Colman, S.M., Halka, J., Hobbs, C.H., Mixon, R.B., and Foster, D., 1990, Ancient channels of the Susquehanna River beneath Chesapeake Bay and the Delmarva Peninsula: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 102, no. 9, p. 1268-1279, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1990)102<1268:ACOTSR>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"1268","endPage":"1279","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":488727,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://scholarworks.wm.edu/vimsarticles/2022","text":"External Repository"},{"id":223228,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Chesapeake Bay, Delmarva Peninsula, Susquehanna River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -77.025146484375,\n 36.98500309285596\n ],\n [\n -75.41015624999999,\n 36.98500309285596\n ],\n [\n -75.41015624999999,\n 39.46164364205549\n ],\n [\n -77.025146484375,\n 39.46164364205549\n ],\n [\n -77.025146484375,\n 36.98500309285596\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"102","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ebf4e4b0c8380cd48fc3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Colman, Steven M. 0000-0002-0564-9576","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0564-9576","contributorId":77482,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Colman","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":371818,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Halka, J.P.","contributorId":27551,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Halka","given":"J.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371815,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hobbs, C. H. III","contributorId":27940,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hobbs","given":"C.","suffix":"III","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371816,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mixon, R. B.","contributorId":11235,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mixon","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371814,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Foster, D.S.","contributorId":30641,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foster","given":"D.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371817,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70015734,"text":"70015734 - 1990 - Late Cenozoic volcanism, subduction, and extension in the Lassen region of California, southern Cascade Range","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-29T16:19:09.532394","indexId":"70015734","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":6453,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Late Cenozoic volcanism, subduction, and extension in the Lassen region of California, southern Cascade Range","docAbstract":"Some 537 volcanic vents younger than 7 Ma are identified and these are classified into five age intervals and five compositional categories based on SiO2 content. Maps of vents by age and composition illustrate regionally representative volcanic trends. By 2 Ma, the eastern limit of volcanism had contracted westward toward the late Quaternary arc. Late Quaternary volcanism is concentrated around and north of the silicic Lassen volcanic center. The belt of most recent volcanism (25-0 ka) has been active since at least 2 Ma. Most mafic volcanism is calcalkaline basalt and basaltic andesite. Normal faults and linear groups of vents are evidence of widespread crustal extension throughout most of the Lassen region. NNW orientation of maximum horizontal stress is indicated. The Lassen volcanic region is thought to occur above the subducting Gorda North plate but also within a broad zone of distributed extension that occurs in the North American lithosphere east and southeast of the present Cascadia subduction zone. The scarcity of volcanic rocks older than 7 Ma suggests that a more compressive lithospheric stress regime prior to the late Miocene extensional episode may have suppressed volcanism. -from Authors","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB095iB12p19453","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Guffanti, M., Clynne, M., Smith, J., Muffler, L., and Bullen, T., 1990, Late Cenozoic volcanism, subduction, and extension in the Lassen region of California, southern Cascade Range: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 95, no. B12, p. 19543-19464, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB095iB12p19453.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"19543","endPage":"19464","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223897,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"95","issue":"B12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a44d1e4b0c8380cd66de8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Guffanti, M.","contributorId":75693,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Guffanti","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371645,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Clynne, M.A.","contributorId":90722,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clynne","given":"M.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371647,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Smith, James G.","contributorId":44534,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"James G.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":371643,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Muffler, L.J.P.","contributorId":63383,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Muffler","given":"L.J.P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371644,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Bullen, T.D.","contributorId":79911,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bullen","given":"T.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371646,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70015981,"text":"70015981 - 1990 - The surface area of soil organic matter","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-03-04T19:35:45","indexId":"70015981","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The surface area of soil organic matter","docAbstract":"The previously reported surface area for soil organic matter (SOM) of 560-800 m2/g as determined by the ethylene glycol (EG) retention method was reexamined by the standard BET method based on nitrogen adsorption at liquid nitrogen temperature. Test samples consisted of two high organic content soils, a freeze-dried soil humic acid, and an oven-dried soil humic acid. The measured BET areas for these samples were less than 1 m2/g, except for the freeze-dried humic acid. The results suggest that surface adsorption of nonionic organic compounds by SOM is practically insignificant in comparison to uptake by partition. The discrepancy between the surface areas of SOM obtained by BET and EG methods was explained in terms of the 'free surface area' and the 'apparent surface area' associated with these measurements.The previously reported surface area for soil organic matter (SOM) of 560-800 m2/g as determined by the ethylene glycol (EG) retention method was reexamined by the standard BET method based on nitrogen adsorption at liquid nitrogen temperature. Test samples consisted of two high organic content soils, a freeze-dried soil humic acid, and an oven-dried soil humic acid. The measured BET areas for these samples were less than 1 m2/g, except for the freeze-dried humic acid. The results suggest that surface adsorption of nonionic organic compounds by SOM is practically insignificant in comparison to uptake by partition. The discrepancy between the surface areas of SOM obtained by BET and EG methods was explained in terms of the 'free surface area' and the 'apparent surface area' associated with these measurements.","language":"English","publisher":"American Chemical Society","doi":"10.1021/es00078a002","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Chiou, C.T., Lee, J., and Boyd, S., 1990, The surface area of soil organic matter: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 24, no. 8, p. 1164-1166, https://doi.org/10.1021/es00078a002.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"1164","endPage":"1166","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":222827,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"24","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb0a9e4b08c986b324fcf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chiou, C. T.","contributorId":97080,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chiou","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372242,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lee, J.-F.","contributorId":22910,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"J.-F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372240,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Boyd, S.A.","contributorId":74517,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boyd","given":"S.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372241,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1014554,"text":"1014554 - 1990 - Adverse effects of heated Bouin's solution on fish preservation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-23T00:09:14.81082","indexId":"1014554","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2177,"text":"Journal of Aquatic Animal Health","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Adverse effects of heated Bouin's solution on fish preservation","docAbstract":"Rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss (formerly Salmo gairdneri) and lake trout Salvelinus namaycush preserved by immersion in Bouin's solution at 48°C became severely deformed due to muscle contraction. This was reflected in tissue changes, indicating that this technique induces undesirable artifacts that are likely to interfere with histological examination.
Detailed photoclinometric profiles across 125 erosional features and 141 grabens in the western equatorial region of Mars indicate the presence of three discontinuities within the shallow crust. Pits, troughs, and wall valleys (tributary canyons) within Noctis Labyrinthus and Valles Marineris and escarpments within the fretted terrain of Sacra Fossae and Kasei Valles show distinct erosional base levels at depths of 0.3–0.6 km, 1 km, and 2–3 km. The shallowest discontinuity corresponds to thickness estimates for the ridged plains unit in this region, and thus the discontinuity probably is the contact between a sequence of layered rock making up this unit and the underlying megaregolith. The 1-km discontinuity is reflected in the base levels of erosion of all the features studied, and it may correspond to the base of the proposed layer of ground ice. Model calculations using photoclinometric profiles of simple grabens (corrected for the effects of mass wasting) and the 60° dip of bounding faults (measured from the exposed traces of faults on trough walls) show that graben-bounding faults consistently intersect at the mechanical discontinuity at about 1 km depth. This discontinuity may represent an interface between ice-laden and dry regolith, ice-laden and water-laden regolith, or pristine and cemented regolith. A correlation between wall valley head depth and local thickness of the faulted layer suggests that the 1-km discontinuity also controlled the depth of the heads of sapping canyons. There is no apparent relation between the pit and trough depths and the local thickness of the faulted layer, which can be explained if pits and troughs developed by subsidence into underlying tension cracks that disrupted the 1-km discontinuity. The data do suggest, however, that erosion of shallow pits and troughs was influenced by the 1-km discontinuity. The third discontinuity, at a depth of 2–3 km, corresponds to the proposed base of the Martian megaregolith and is probably the interface between overlying, ejected breccia and in situ, fractured basement rocks.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB095iB09p14231","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Davis, P.A., and Golombek, M., 1990, Discontinuities in the shallow Martian crust at Lunae, Syria, and Sinai Plana: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 95, no. B9, p. 14231-14248, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB095iB09p14231.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"14231","endPage":"14248","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223786,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"95","issue":"B9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a01ebe4b0c8380cd4fdb7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Davis, P. A.","contributorId":74021,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371633,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Golombek, M.P.","contributorId":52696,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Golombek","given":"M.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371632,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70015816,"text":"70015816 - 1990 - Hydrogeology of an ancient arid closed basin: Implications for tabular sandstone-hosted uranium deposits","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-24T01:28:11.268759","indexId":"70015816","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hydrogeology of an ancient arid closed basin: Implications for tabular sandstone-hosted uranium deposits","docAbstract":"Hydrogeologic modeling shows that tabular-type uranium deposits in the Grants uranium region of the San Juan basin, New Mexico, formed in zones of ascending and discharging regional ground-water flow. The association of either lacustrine mudstone or actively subsiding structures and uranium deposits can best be explained by the occurrence of lakes at topographic depressions where ground water having different sources and compositions is likely to converge, mix, and discharge. Ascending and discharging flow also explains the association of uranium deposits with underlying evaporites and suggests a brine interface. The simulations contradict previous suggestions that ground water moved downward in the mudflat.
Mammoth Mountain is a 50,000- to 200,000-year-old cumulovolcano standing on the southwestern rim of Long Valley in eastern California. On 4 May 1989, two M = 1 earthquakes beneath the south flank of the mountain marked the onset of a swarm that has continued for more than 6 months. In addition to its longevity, noteworthy aspects of this persistent swarm include (1) an exponential-like increase in the rate of activity through the first month; (2) a vertically oriented, planar distribution of hypocenters at depths between 6 and 9 km with a north-northeast strike (roughly perpendicular to the average T-axis orientation for the swarm earthquakes); (3) recurring spasmodic bursts (rapid-fire sequences of similar-sized earthquakes with overlapping coda) and occasional earthquakes with enhanced low-frequency energy; (4) a uniform temporal distribution of the four largest (M ≈ 3) events over the first 4 months of the swarm with a cumulative seismic moment for the entire sequence through 30 September corresponding to a single M ≈ 4 earthquake; (5) a b-value of 1.2; and (6) submicrostrain perturbations on the nearby borehole dilatometer, the first of which led the onset of swarm activity by more than 2 weeks. These aspects of the swarm, together with its location along the southern extension of the youthful Mono-Inyo volcanic chain, which last erupted 500 to 600 years ago, point to a magmatic source for the modest but persistent influx of strain energy into the crust beneath Mammoth Mountain.
","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/BSSA0800020325","usgsCitation":"Hill, D., 1990, The 1989 earthquake swarm beneath Mammoth Mountain, California: An initial look at the 4 May through 30 September activity: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 80, no. 2, p. 325-339, https://doi.org/10.1785/BSSA0800020325.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"325","endPage":"339","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223281,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"80","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1990-04-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba62de4b08c986b320f40","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hill, D.P.","contributorId":27432,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hill","given":"D.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371827,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70015824,"text":"70015824 - 1990 - Geochemical hosts of solubilized radionuclides in uranium mill tailings","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-22T16:23:29.042822","indexId":"70015824","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1930,"text":"Hydrometallurgy","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geochemical hosts of solubilized radionuclides in uranium mill tailings","docAbstract":"The solubilization and subsequent resorption of radionuclides by ore components or by reaction products during the milling of uranium ores may have both economic and environmental consequences. Particle-size redistribution of radium during milling has been demonstrated by previous investigators; however, the identification of sorbing components in the tailings has received little experimental attention. In this study, uranium-bearing sandstone ore was milled, on a laboratory scale, with sulfuric acid. At regular intervals, filtrate from this suspension was placed in contact with mixtures of quartz sand and various potential sorbents which occur as gangue in uranium ores; the potential sorbents included clay minerals, iron and aluminum oxides, feldspar, fluorspar, barite, jarosite, coal, and volcanic glass. After equilibration, the quartz sand-sorbent mixtures were separated from the filtrate and radioassayed by gamma-spectrometry to determine the quantities of 238U, 230Th, 226Ra, and 210Pb sorbed, and the radon emanation coefficients. Sorption of 238U was low in all cases, with maximal sorptions of 1–2% by the bentonite- and coal-bearing samples. 230Th sorption also was generally less than 1%; maximal sorption here was observed in the fluorspar-bearing sample and appears to be associated with the formation of gypsum during milling. 226Ra and 210 Pb generally showed higher sorption than the other nuclides - more than 60% of the 26Ra solubilized from the ore was sorbed on the barite-bearing sample. The mechanism (s) for this sorption by a wide variety of substrates is not yet understood. Radon emanation coefficients of the samples ranged from about 5 to 30%, with the coal-bearing samples clearly demonstrating an emanating power higher than any of the other materials.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0304-386X(90)90099-N","issn":"0304386X","usgsCitation":"Landa, E.R., and Bush, C.A., 1990, Geochemical hosts of solubilized radionuclides in uranium mill tailings: Hydrometallurgy, v. 24, no. 3, p. 361-372, https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-386X(90)90099-N.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"361","endPage":"372","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223482,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"24","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1641e4b0c8380cd550ed","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Landa, E. R.","contributorId":100002,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Landa","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371853,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bush, C. A.","contributorId":43344,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bush","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371852,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70016209,"text":"70016209 - 1990 - A comparison of geochemical exploration techniques and sample media within accretionary continental margins: an example from the Pacific Border Ranges, Southern Alaska, U.S.A.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-17T11:28:57.782443","indexId":"70016209","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2302,"text":"Journal of Geochemical Exploration","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A comparison of geochemical exploration techniques and sample media within accretionary continental margins: an example from the Pacific Border Ranges, Southern Alaska, U.S.A.","docAbstract":"The Pacific Border Ranges of the southern Alaskan Cordillera are composed of a number of allochthonous tectonostratigraphic terranes. Within these terranes are widespread volcanogenic, massive sulfide deposits in and adjacent to portions of accreted ophiolite complexes, bands and disseminations of chromite in accreted island-arc ultramafic rocks, and epigenetic, gold-bearing quartz veins in metamorphosed turbidite sequences. A geochemical pilot study was undertaken to determine the most efficient exploration strategy for locating these types of mineral deposits within the Pacific Border Ranges and other typical convergent continental margin environments.
High-density sediment sampling was carried out in first- and second-order stream channels surrounding typical gold, chromite and massive sulfide occurrences. At each site, a stream-sediment and a panned-concentrate sample were collected. In the laboratory, the stream sediments were sieved into coarse-sand, fine- to medium-sand, and silt- to clay-size fractions prior to analysis. One split of the panned concentrates was retained for analysis; a second split was further concentrated by gravity separation in heavy liquids and then divided into magnetic, weakly magnetic and nonmagnetic fractions for analysis. A number of different techniques including atomic absorption spectrometry, inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry and semi-quantitative emission spectrography were used to analyze the various sample media.
Comparison of the various types of sample media shows that in this tectonic environment it is most efficient to include a silt- to clay-size sediment fraction and a panned-concentrate sample. Even with the relatively low detection limits for many elements by plasma spectrometry and atomic absorption spectrometry, anomalies reflecting the presence of gold veins could not be identified in any of the stream-sediment fractions. Unseparated panned-concentrate samples should be analyzed by emission spectroscopy and atomic absorption spectrometry for Ag and Au. If, however, magnetic and nonmagnetic concentrate fractions are used in a reconnaissance program, semiquantitative emission spectrography is adequate for all analytical work.