Data on streamflow, water quality, and macroinvertebrate and smallmouth bass (microptercus dolomieni) populations were collected from July 1987 through September 1990, in four streams in southwestern Wisconsin to determine the effect of surface-water hydrology and quality on populations of macroinvertebrates and smallmouth bass. The study was a joint project of the U.S. Geological Survey and the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources.
\nDrought conditions greatly affected streamflows in southwestern Wisconsin throughout much of the period of study. Precipitation in all four basins in 1988 and 1989 was 9.91 to12.41 inches less than 1951-80 normal precipitation of 32.88 inches.
\nThe lowest annual mean discharge was recorded in water year 1988 at all of the streamflow- gaging stations except at Rattlesnake Creek, where annual mean discharge was lowest in water year 1990. Overland-flow runoff during the reproductive period of smallmouth bass (mid-May to mid-July) was 0.02 inch in 1988 at the Sinsinawa River and Rattlesnake Creek. Overland-flow runoff in the Little Platte River and the Livingston Branch of the Pecatonica River also was low in 1988 (0.03 inch and 0.04 inch, respectively) during the reproductive period of smallmouth bass. The trend of low overland-flow runoff continued in 1989; in water year 1990, however, overland-flow runoff during the reproductive period of smallmouth bass was 1.38 inches at Livingston Branch of the Pecatonica River and 0.22 inch at Rattlesnake Creek.
\nTurbidity ranged from 1.5 nephelometric turbidity units at Rattlesnake Creek to 3,700 nephelometric turbidity units at the Sinsinawa River. Suspended-solid concentrations ranged from 2 milligrams per liter at Rattlesnake Creek to a maximum 24,300 milligrams per liter at the Livingston Branch of the Pecatonica River. The high turbidities and suspended-solid concentrations, which occurred during storms, did not last for long periods of time and are not thought to have been harmful to the biota of the rivers.
\nUn-ionized ammonia concentrations exceeded the State of Wisconsin, Department of Natural Resources' standard of 0.04 milligram per liter for warmwater streams at all four of the streams. The maximum concentration of un-ionized ammonia measured was 0.10 milligram per liter at Rattlesnake Creek and there was no discernible effects on smallmouth bass or macroinvertebrates.
\nDissolved-oxygen concentrations at all four study streams occasionally decreased to below or near the concentration of 1 milligram per liter considered necessary to sustain life of smallmouth bass. Two fish kills were documented as the result of low dissolved-oxygen concentrations. All of these episodes of low dissolved-oxygen concentrations occurred during or just after rainstorms and subsequent increasing streamflows.
\nSamples of water-sediment mixture and bottom material were analyzed for pesticides commonly used in the basins. Samples from all of the stations had concentrations of herbicides that exceeded the analytical reporting limit. Water-sediment samples at the Sinsinawa River had the highest herbicide concentration. The concentration of metolachlor was the highest of the herbicides-- 110 micrograms per liter; concentrations of atrazine and cyanazine were next highest at 97 and 84 micrograms per liter, respectively.
\nAll of the water-sediment mixture samples had insecticide concentrations below the analytical reporting limit, with the exception of carbofuran. One water-sediment mixture sample collected at the Little Platte River had a carbofuran concentration of 0.44 microgram per liter. No pesticides were detected in the bottom-material samples collected at the four study streams.
\nRichness of macroinvertebrate taxa did not differ substantially among the four streams during the study, but the abundances of several taxa differed significantly among streams. Livingston Branch of the Pecatonica River had comparatively few midges but many caddisflies, whereas Rattlesnake Creek had many non-insect taxa and relatively few caddisflies. The Little Platte River had consistently high numbers of caddisflies, mayflies, and riffle beetles.
\nMacroinvertebrate-community composition, as measured by Bray-Curtis dissimilarity coefficients, varied considerably over time within and among the streams. The macroinvertebrate community composition of the Little Platte River changed very little during the winter of 1987-88 as compared to the other streams, but the community composition of the Livingston Branch of the Pecatonica River changed substantially. The communities of Rattlesnake Creek and Livingston Branch of the Pecatonica River became more similar to the community of the Little Platte River from fall 1987 through fall 1988, whereas the community in the Sinsinawa River remained distinct.
\nWater quality, as estimated by biotic-index values, generally was better in the Little Platte River than in the other streams from fall 1987 through fall 1988. However, water quality appeared to have deteriorated (biotic-index values increased) in the Little Platte River during the winter of 1988-89. Water quality in the Livingston Branch of the Pecatonica River also deteriorated during the same period.
\nThe drought of 1988-89 and accompanying decrease in frequency of storms contributed to an uncharacteristically stable environment for macroinvertebrate development in most streams. Total taxa richness increased in three of the four streams. Total taxa richness did not increase in the Little Platte River, possibly because of moderate flooding that occurred prior to the spring 1989 sampling period or, more likely, because of changes in dissolved-oxygen concentrations. Although dissolved-oxygen concentrations were fairly similar in all streams, dissolved-oxygen concentrations were lower in 1989 in the Little Platte River than in other streams. The observed increase in biotic-index values in the Little Platte River during the spring of 1989 supports a decline in water quality.
\nSmallmouth bass reproduction was related to precipitation and streamflow during the critical mid-May to mid-July reproductive period. Reproductive success was good (38-297 Age 0 smallmouth bass per acre) in 1988 and 1989 and poor (0-3 Age 0 smallmouth bass per acre) in 1987 and 1990. This pattern corresponded with total precipitation of less than 7 inches in May and June in 1988 and 1989 and greater than 7 inches in 1989 and 1990.
\nIn years when runoff exceeded 0.10 inch, only three or fewer Age 0 (smallmouth bass less than 1 year old) smallmouth bass per acre were caught in late summer to fall sampling surveys. In contrast, when overland runoff was less than 0.10 inch, 32 to 297 Age 0 smallmouth bass per acre were found in late summer or fall. The numbers of Age 0 smallmouth bass per acre were significantly different from each other at the 1 -percent probability level (p=0.0001). Smallmouth bass reproductive success indicated that smallmouth bass in these streams were extremely vulnerable to the amount of runoff during the early stage of their life.
\nLow concentrations of dissolved oxygen constituted the most detrimental water-quality problem affecting smallmouth bass populations. Dissolved-oxygen concentrations were occasionally less than 3 milligrams per liter, a dissolved-oxygen concentration that may be detrimental to early-life stages of smallmouth bass in the streams; however, smallmouth bass were apparently able to withstand these low dissolved-oxygen concentrations and seem to have survived in some situations when dissolved-oxygen concentration decreased to1 milligram per liter.
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R. E.","contributorId":75552,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Broshears","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195132,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bencala, K.E.","contributorId":105312,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bencala","given":"K.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195134,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kimball, B. A.","contributorId":87583,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kimball","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195133,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"McKnight, Diane M.","contributorId":59773,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McKnight","given":"Diane","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":16833,"text":"INSTAAR, University of Colorado","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":195131,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":27870,"text":"wri914164 - 1993 - Hydrologic conditions in the Jacobs Creek, Stony Brook, and Beden Brook drainage basins, west-central New Jersey, 1986-88","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-12T22:38:17.913572","indexId":"wri914164","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"91-4164","title":"Hydrologic conditions in the Jacobs Creek, Stony Brook, and Beden Brook drainage basins, west-central New Jersey, 1986-88","docAbstract":"Data on the quantity and quality of groundwater and surface water in the drainage basins of Jacobs Creek, Stony Brook, and Beden Brook upstream from U.S. Route 206 in west-central New Jersey were collected from October 1, 1986, through September 30, 1988. Water levels measured in 74 wells ranged from 49 to 453 ft above sea level. The water-table surface generally mimicked topography; however, the water-level altitude in one well indicates the possibility of local interbasin groundwater flow. Calcium and bicarbonate were the most abundant cation and anion in most of the 25 groundwater samples. With one exception, concentrations of nutrients, trace elements, organic carbon, and volatile organic compounds in groundwater samples were less than U.S. Environmental Protection Agency primary drinking-water regulations. Stream low-flow measurements made twice at each of 63 sites indicate that both discharge and runoff increased downstream for most reaches of Jacobs Creek, Stony Brook, and Beden Brook. For main-stem sites, the highest base-flow runoff occurred at site 01462733 on Jacobs Creek; the greatest discharge was measured at site 01401100 on Stony Brook. The flow-duration curve for Stony Brook for 1987-88 indicates a wetter- than-normal period for the area. Results of surface-water-quality analyses indicate that calcium and sodium plus potassium were the dominant or codominant cations, and bicarbonate and chloride were the dominant or codominant anions in most samples. Concentrations of nutrients typically exceeded those needed to support surplus algal growth. Concentrations of trace elements generally were less than U.S. Environmental Protection Agency primary drinking-water regulations. Bottom-sediment samples contained several persistent organic compounds. Significant downstream variations were found in concentrations of copper and lead in Jacobs Creek and Stony Brook. Results of macroinvertebrate community sampling indicate an input of nutrients to several stream sections on Jacobs Creek, Stony Brook, and Beden Brook.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri914164","usgsCitation":"Jacobsen, E., Hardy, M.A., and Kurtz, B.A., 1993, Hydrologic conditions in the Jacobs Creek, Stony Brook, and Beden Brook drainage basins, west-central New Jersey, 1986-88: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 91-4164, Report: vi, 104 p.; 1 Plate: 31.44 x 34.90 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri914164.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 104 p.; 1 Plate: 31.44 x 34.90 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":411817,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_47556.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":56694,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1991/4164/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":56693,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1991/4164/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":123514,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1991/4164/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Jersey","otherGeospatial":"Jacobs Creek, Stony Brook, and Belen Brook drainage basins","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -74.6417,\n 40.4583\n ],\n [\n -74.8667,\n 40.4583\n ],\n [\n -74.8667,\n 40.2758\n ],\n [\n -74.6417,\n 40.2758\n ],\n [\n -74.6417,\n 40.4583\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a28e4b07f02db611258","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jacobsen, Eric jacobsen@usgs.gov","contributorId":3864,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jacobsen","given":"Eric","email":"jacobsen@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":198817,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hardy, M. 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A.","contributorId":47825,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kurtz","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198818,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":38340,"text":"pp1550C - 1993 - The Loma Prieta, California, earthquake of October 17, 1989: Preseismic observations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-06-28T18:52:27.18154","indexId":"pp1550C","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1550","chapter":"C","title":"The Loma Prieta, California, earthquake of October 17, 1989: Preseismic observations","docAbstract":"The October 17, 1989, Loma Prieta, Calif., Ms=7.1 earthquake provided the first opportunity in the history of fault monitoring in the United States to gather multidisciplinary preearthquake data in the near field of an M=7 earthquake. The data obtained include observations on seismicity, continuous strain, long-term ground displacement, magnetic field, and hydrology. The papers in this chapter describe these data, their implications for fault-failure mechanisms, the scale of prerupture nucleation, and earthquake prediction in general.\r\n\r\nOf the 10 papers presented here, about half identify preearthquake anomalies in the data, but some of these results are equivocal. Seismicity in the Loma Prieta region during the 20 years leading up to the earthquake was unremarkable. In retrospect, however, it is apparent that the principal southwest-dipping segment of the subsequent Loma Prieta rupture was virtually aseismic during this period. Two M=5 earthquakes did occur near Lake Elsman near the junction of the Sargent and San Andreas faults within 2.5 and 15 months of, and 10 km to the north of, the Loma Prieta epicenter. Although these earthquakes were not on the subsequent rupture plane of the Loma Prieta earthquake and other M=5 earthquakes occurred in the preceding 25 years, it is now generally accepted that these events were, in some way, foreshocks to the main event.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1550C","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the National Science Foundation","usgsCitation":"Johnston, M.J., Olson, J.A., Hill, D.P., Fraser-Smith, A.C., Bernardi, A., Helliwell, R.A., McGill, P.R., Villard, O., Mueller, R.J., White, R.A., Ellsworth, W.L., Roeloffs, E.A., Linde, A.T., Gladwin, M.T., Gwyther, R.L., Hart, R., Lisowski, M., Savage, J.C., Prescott, W.H., Svarc, J.L., Murray, M.H., Silver, P., Valette-Silver, N.J., and Kolbek, O., 1993, The Loma Prieta, California, earthquake of October 17, 1989: Preseismic observations: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1550, v, 85 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1550C.","productDescription":"v, 85 p.","costCenters":[{"id":234,"text":"Earthquake Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":430606,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_76941.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":3426,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/pp1550/pp1550c/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":122605,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/pp_1550_c.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Southern Santa Cruz Mountains","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -123.39935311872875,\n 38.202956525657385\n ],\n [\n -123.39935311872875,\n 35.61752664382723\n ],\n [\n -120.24426193683829,\n 35.61752664382723\n ],\n [\n -120.24426193683829,\n 38.202956525657385\n ],\n [\n -123.39935311872875,\n 38.202956525657385\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e3e4b07f02db5e5909","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Johnston, Malcolm J. 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S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":905201,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Olson, Jean A.","contributorId":107719,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olson","given":"Jean","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":905202,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hill, David P. 0000-0002-1619-2006 dhill@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1619-2006","contributorId":206752,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hill","given":"David","email":"dhill@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":905203,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Fraser-Smith, Anthony C.","contributorId":339809,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fraser-Smith","given":"Anthony","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":905204,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Bernardi, Arman","contributorId":339810,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bernardi","given":"Arman","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":905205,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Helliwell, Robert A.","contributorId":339811,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Helliwell","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":905206,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"McGill, Paul R.","contributorId":339812,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McGill","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":905207,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Villard, O.G. Jr.","contributorId":339813,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Villard","given":"O.G.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":905208,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Mueller, Robert J.","contributorId":76776,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mueller","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":905209,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"White, Randall A. 0000-0003-4074-8577 rwhite@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4074-8577","contributorId":1993,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"Randall","email":"rwhite@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":905210,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Ellsworth, William L. ellsworth@usgs.gov","contributorId":787,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellsworth","given":"William","email":"ellsworth@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":905211,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Roeloffs, Evelyn A. 0000-0002-4761-0469 evelynr@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4761-0469","contributorId":2680,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roeloffs","given":"Evelyn","email":"evelynr@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":905212,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Linde, Alan T.","contributorId":339814,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Linde","given":"Alan","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":905213,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Gladwin, M. T.","contributorId":30373,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gladwin","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":905214,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Gwyther, R. L.","contributorId":67683,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gwyther","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":905215,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15},{"text":"Hart, R.H.G.","contributorId":42743,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hart","given":"R.H.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":905216,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":16},{"text":"Lisowski, Michael 0000-0003-4818-2504 mlisowski@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4818-2504","contributorId":637,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lisowski","given":"Michael","email":"mlisowski@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":905217,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":17},{"text":"Savage, James C. 0000-0002-5114-7673 jasavage@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5114-7673","contributorId":2412,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Savage","given":"James","email":"jasavage@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":905218,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":18},{"text":"Prescott, William H.","contributorId":63788,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prescott","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":905219,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":19},{"text":"Svarc, Jerry L. 0000-0002-2802-4528 jsvarc@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2802-4528","contributorId":2413,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Svarc","given":"Jerry","email":"jsvarc@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":905220,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":20},{"text":"Murray, Mark Hunter 0000-0003-4862-5547","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4862-5547","contributorId":300982,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murray","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"Hunter","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":905221,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":21},{"text":"Silver, P.G.","contributorId":31642,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Silver","given":"P.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":905222,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":22},{"text":"Valette-Silver, N. J.","contributorId":100140,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Valette-Silver","given":"N.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":905223,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":23},{"text":"Kolbek, Olga","contributorId":339815,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kolbek","given":"Olga","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":905224,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":24}]}} ,{"id":29429,"text":"wri934139 - 1993 - Hydrology of Little Rock Lake in Vilas County, north-central Wisconsin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-26T13:06:09","indexId":"wri934139","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-4139","title":"Hydrology of Little Rock Lake in Vilas County, north-central Wisconsin","docAbstract":"Water budgets were developed for Little Rock Lake for October 1983 through September 1990 as part of a study to evaluate the chemical and biological effects of artificially acidifying one basin of the two-basin lake. The 17.9-hectare seepage lake is situated in 60- to 90-meter-thick, predominantly sand and gravel glacial deposits of Vilas County, north-central Wisconsin. Annual precipitation during the study varied from 647 to 926 mm (millimeters). Average annual precipitation during 1951-80, based on nearby National Weather Service stations, was 825 mm. Annual evaporation from the lake surface ranged from 495 to 648 mm. Total lake-stage fluctuation was 930 mm during the study. Lake volume at the maximum stage was 31 percent greater than at the minimum lake stage. Inflow to the lake was dominated by precipitation, which was about 99 percent of total inflow. Ground-water inflow to the lake was transient, occurring only intermittently during October 1983 through September 1986, and amounted to only about 1 percent of total inflow. No ground water flowed into the lake from October 1986 through September 1990. Evaporation accounted for about two-thirds of total outflow from the lake, and lake water discharging to the underlying aquifer accounted for the remainder. The average hydraulic residence times for the 7-year study period were 3.9, 3.3, and 4 years for the entire lake, the south basin, and the north basin, respectively; corresponding chemical residence times were 10.9, 9.3, and 10 years.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri934139","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources","usgsCitation":"Rose, W.J., 1993, Hydrology of Little Rock Lake in Vilas County, north-central Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4139, v, 22 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri934139.","productDescription":"v, 22 p.","numberOfPages":"27","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":119511,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4139/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58277,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4139/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","county":"Vilas County","otherGeospatial":"Little Rock Lake","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-88.9879,46.0971],[-88.9329,46.0746],[-88.9332,45.9822],[-89.0478,45.9822],[-89.0477,45.8953],[-89.1091,45.8973],[-89.1752,45.8993],[-89.1754,45.859],[-89.3008,45.8606],[-89.3007,45.9014],[-89.3628,45.8987],[-89.4256,45.8987],[-89.5498,45.8988],[-89.6741,45.8987],[-89.7571,45.8985],[-89.797,45.898],[-89.8199,45.8984],[-89.9212,45.8981],[-89.9846,45.8974],[-90.0428,45.8972],[-90.0442,45.9823],[-90.0134,45.9824],[-89.9853,45.9821],[-89.9289,45.9818],[-89.9282,46.0693],[-89.9288,46.1558],[-89.9287,46.2428],[-89.929,46.3],[-89.7599,46.268],[-89.7368,46.2636],[-89.5829,46.2347],[-89.5331,46.2252],[-89.5133,46.2215],[-89.4272,46.2048],[-89.3759,46.1949],[-89.2666,46.1737],[-89.2302,46.1662],[-89.0854,46.1365],[-88.9879,46.0971]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Vilas\",\"state\":\"WI\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a17e4b07f02db6048af","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rose, W. J.","contributorId":14433,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rose","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201514,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":28538,"text":"wri924106 - 1993 - Development, calibration, and testing of ground-water flow models for the Mississippi River Valley alluvial aquifer in eastern Arkansas using one-square-mile cells","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:46","indexId":"wri924106","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"92-4106","title":"Development, calibration, and testing of ground-water flow models for the Mississippi River Valley alluvial aquifer in eastern Arkansas using one-square-mile cells","docAbstract":"Significant water-level declines in the Mississippi River Valley alluvial aquifer prompted the need to better understand the flow system in the aquifer which, in turn, led to the development of digital groundwater flow models of the alluvial aquifer. Two models were developed in the eastern Arkansas study area with the Arkansas River dividing the study area and functioning as a hydrologic boundary to the models. Both models simulate groundwater flow in one layer with recharge entering the aquifer from head-dependent surface infiltration through the overlying confining unit and from seepage through river beds. Digital models were used to simulate flow in the aquifer during seven stress periods between 1918 and 1987. Pumpage used in the simulations ranged from 83,400,000 to 412,000,000 cu ft/d in the north model and from 12,800,000 to 58,500,000 cu ft/d in the south model. Three different spatial and temporal pumpage scenarios were tested to simulate pumpage stress in the models. The pumpage distribution used in the calibrated model was based on a combination of all three scenarios. Several criteria were used during model development to determine how well the model simulated conditions in the aquifer. Potentiometric maps of model-computed water levels were compared to measured data to check the computed water levels and direction of flow. Hydrographs of observation wells were compared to computed water levels at corresponding model cells to assess the temporal distribution of pumpage. A root-mean-square error analysis was performed during calibration by comparing observation-well and model-computed water levels for 1972. Sensitivity analyses were performed to determine the effects of changes in input parameters on computed heads (water levels). Both models were sensitive to changes in recharge and pumpage but the south model generally was less sensitive than the north model.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nU.S.G.S. Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri924106","usgsCitation":"Mahon, G., and Poynter, D., 1993, Development, calibration, and testing of ground-water flow models for the Mississippi River Valley alluvial aquifer in eastern Arkansas using one-square-mile cells: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 92-4106, iv, 33 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri924106.","productDescription":"iv, 33 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123658,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4106/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57351,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4106/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9be4b07f02db65dd48","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mahon, G.L. 0000-0002-7410-0261","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7410-0261","contributorId":28636,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mahon","given":"G.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199986,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Poynter, D.T.","contributorId":57902,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poynter","given":"D.T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199987,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":39622,"text":"pp1414E - 1993 - Hydrology of the Great Plains aquifer system in Nebraska, Colorado, Kansas, and adjacent areas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-09-20T17:00:47","indexId":"pp1414E","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1414","chapter":"E","title":"Hydrology of the Great Plains aquifer system in Nebraska, Colorado, Kansas, and adjacent areas","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/pp1414E","usgsCitation":"Helgesen, J.O., Leonard, R.B., and Wolf, R.J., 1993, Hydrology of the Great Plains aquifer system in Nebraska, Colorado, Kansas, and adjacent areas: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1414, p. E1-E80; 10 plates in separate case, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1414E.","productDescription":"p. E1-E80; 10 plates in separate case","costCenters":[{"id":5050,"text":"WY-MT Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":67246,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1414e/plate-01.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":67247,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1414e/plate-02.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":67248,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1414e/plate-03.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":67249,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1414e/plate-04.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":67250,"rank":404,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1414e/plate-05.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":67251,"rank":405,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1414e/plate-06.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":67252,"rank":406,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1414e/plate-07.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":67253,"rank":407,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1414e/plate-08.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":67254,"rank":408,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1414e/plate-09.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":67255,"rank":409,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1414e/plate-10.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":67256,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1414e/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":104645,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_4874.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"4874"},{"id":120406,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1414e/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a13e4b07f02db601d72","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Helgesen, J. O.","contributorId":62600,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Helgesen","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":221825,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Leonard, R. B.","contributorId":32917,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leonard","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":221824,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wolf, R. J.","contributorId":21518,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolf","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":221823,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":26332,"text":"wri924162 - 1993 - Hydrology of valley fill and potential for additional ground-water withdrawals along the north flank of the Little Rocky Mountains, Fort Belknap Indian Reservation, north-central Montana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:27","indexId":"wri924162","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"92-4162","title":"Hydrology of valley fill and potential for additional ground-water withdrawals along the north flank of the Little Rocky Mountains, Fort Belknap Indian Reservation, north-central Montana","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri924162","usgsCitation":"Briar, D., Christensen, P., and Oellermann, D., 1993, Hydrology of valley fill and potential for additional ground-water withdrawals along the north flank of the Little Rocky Mountains, Fort Belknap Indian Reservation, north-central Montana: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 92-4162, v, 86 p. :ill., maps (some col.) ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri924162.","productDescription":"v, 86 p. :ill., maps (some col.) ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":119062,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4162/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":55130,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4162/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":55131,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4162/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":55132,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4162/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ee4b07f02db5fdafd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Briar, D.W.","contributorId":58287,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Briar","given":"D.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196197,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Christensen, P.K.","contributorId":82354,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Christensen","given":"P.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196198,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Oellermann, D.J.","contributorId":54458,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oellermann","given":"D.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196196,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":27796,"text":"wri914076 - 1993 - Hydrology, water quality, trophic status, and aquatic plants of Fowler Lake, Wisconsin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-26T14:41:49","indexId":"wri914076","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"91-4076","title":"Hydrology, water quality, trophic status, and aquatic plants of Fowler Lake, Wisconsin","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Fowler Lake Management District, completed a hydrologic and water-quality study of Fowler Lake in southeastern Wisconsin during calendar year 1984. Data on temperature, pH, specific conductance, and concentrations of dissolved oxygen, total phosphorus, dissolved orthophosphate phosphorus, and various nitrogen species were collected from January through November 1984. The water-quality data indicate that Fowler Lake can be classified as a mildly fertile lake with excellent water clarity as indicated by Secchi depth readings generally greater than 12 feet. Although phosphorus concentrations are generally less than 0.01 milligram per liter, the lake does produce dense stands of macrophytes during the open-water period. The lake is thermally stratified during the summer months, resulting in oxygen depletion in the deepest parts of the lake.
\nThe average hydraulic residence time for Fowler Lake during 1984 was 6.9 days, which is substantially less than the 305 days for upstream Okauchee Lake or the 145 days for downstream Lac La Belle. Precipitation during 1984 was about 27 percent higher than normal and streamflows in the area were about 55 percent higher than normal. The Oconomowoc River contributed 98 percent of the inflow and 88 percent of the phosphorus load to Fowler Lake.
\nThe low annual phosphorus input (28 pounds per square mile) to the lake from the Oconomowoc River shows the benefit of upstream lakes on the Oconomowoc River. Fourteen percent of the phosphorus input load to Fowler Lake is deposited in the lake sediments and the rest is transported through the lake by surface-water flow to downstream Lac La Belle. Dense growths of macrophytes in the lake change in composition seasonally; chara sp. (muskgrass) and Myriophyllum sp. (milfoil) are abundant in June and Najas marina and Vallesneria Americana (wild celery) are abundant in August.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri914076","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Fowler Lake Management District","usgsCitation":"Hughes, P., 1993, Hydrology, water quality, trophic status, and aquatic plants of Fowler Lake, Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 91-4076, v, 44 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri914076.","productDescription":"v, 44 p.","numberOfPages":"47","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":120157,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1991/4076/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56633,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1991/4076/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","county":"Waukesha County","city":"Oconomowoc","otherGeospatial":"Fowler Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -88.50156784057617,\n 43.10023083967166\n ],\n [\n -88.50156784057617,\n 43.138322400420535\n ],\n [\n -88.44148635864256,\n 43.138322400420535\n ],\n [\n -88.44148635864256,\n 43.10023083967166\n ],\n [\n -88.50156784057617,\n 43.10023083967166\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ce4b07f02db5fc6df","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hughes, P.E.","contributorId":104083,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hughes","given":"P.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198698,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":27499,"text":"wri934006 - 1993 - Hydrology and water quality of Reedy Creek in the Reedy Creek Improvement District, central Florida, 1986-89","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:44","indexId":"wri934006","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-4006","title":"Hydrology and water quality of Reedy Creek in the Reedy Creek Improvement District, central Florida, 1986-89","docAbstract":"The Reedy Creek Improvement District encompasses an area of about 43 sq mi in southwestern Orange and northwestern Osceola Counties in central Florida. The District operates a wastewater-treatment plant that discharges through two forested wetland areas and a percolation-pond system into Reedy Creek. Discharges from these wetland systems provide a relatively steady base flow which maintains streamflow in Reedy Creek during periods of low rainfall. Streamflows during the study were characterized by relatively long periods of below-average discharge interspersed with periods of high discharges. The highest mean discharges were recorded in 1988 and the lowest mean discharges were recorded in 1989. Water-quality data collection included the operation of four continuous water-quality monitors recording hourly water temperature, specific conductance, and dissolved oxygen concentration, and the collection of water-quality samples. Dissolved oxygen concentrations were similar for all stations on Reedy Creek and frequently were less than the minimum Florida standard of 5.0 mg/L. These low dissolved oxygen concentrations probably are the result of natural conditions. Nutrient analyses of water-quality samples were used to compute loadings into and out of a wetland conservation area in the southern part of the District and in the reach of Reedy Creek downstream from the wastewater discharges. Overall retention percentages for 1986-89, not including atmospheric and precipitation inputs, were 59.1 percent for total ammonia nitrogen: 3.4 percent for total organic nitrogen, which was the predominant nitrogen species: 33.2 percent for total nitrate nitrogen; 27.0 percent for total phosphorus; and 26.0 percent for total organic carbon. Highest loading inputs to the wetland conservation area were from the reach of Reedy Creek receiving wastewater discharge. Discharges from the wetlands receiving wastewater and entering the wetland conservation area during 1988 carried 16.3 percent of the total nitrogen load, and 25.0 percent of the total phosphorus load: during 1989 the discharges carried 22.0 percent of the total N and 21.0 percent of the total P.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nU.S.G.S. Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri934006","usgsCitation":"Hampson, P.S., 1993, Hydrology and water quality of Reedy Creek in the Reedy Creek Improvement District, central Florida, 1986-89: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4006, vi, 57 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri934006.","productDescription":"vi, 57 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123532,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4006/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56349,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4006/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a18e4b07f02db604da7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hampson, P. S.","contributorId":58677,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hampson","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198219,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":26070,"text":"wri934064 - 1993 - Simulated hydrologic responses of the Quashnet River stream-aquifer system to proposed ground-water withdrawals, Cape Cod, Massachusetts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:28","indexId":"wri934064","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-4064","title":"Simulated hydrologic responses of the Quashnet River stream-aquifer system to proposed ground-water withdrawals, Cape Cod, Massachusetts","docAbstract":"An investigation of the Quashnet River stream- aquifer system on Cape Cod was initiated in response to concern over possible streamflow reduction and degradation of the sea-run brown trout habitat of the river resulting from proposed ground-water withdrawals. A two-layer finite-difference ground-water-flow model was developed to simulate the stream-aquifer system. Steady-state pumping rates of 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 million gallons per day were simulated at three well sites 1,500 to 2,500 feet west of the river. No infiltration of water from the river to the aquifer was induced in any of the simulations. Maximum streamflow depletion along the river for the scenarios tested ranged from 3 to 15 percent of calculated steady-state prepumping streamflow. Mean monthly streamflow depletions determined by use of the transient model, for a constant withdrawal of 1.0 million gallons per day from a site 1,500 feet west of the river, range from 6 to 8 percent of the mean monthly streamflows measured at a gage located 0.3 miles from the mouth of the river. A particle-tracking postprocessor to the steady-state model was used to delineate contributing areas of the river and the proposed withdrawal sites. Although the simulated cone of depression produced by pumping extends beyond the river, the contributing area of the well does not include the river under any of the withdrawal schemes simulated.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri934064","usgsCitation":"Barlow, P.M., and Hess, K., 1993, Simulated hydrologic responses of the Quashnet River stream-aquifer system to proposed ground-water withdrawals, Cape Cod, Massachusetts: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4064, vi, 52 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri934064.","productDescription":"vi, 52 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":157839,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4064/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54845,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4064/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49b4e4b07f02db5cacdb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barlow, P. M.","contributorId":63022,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barlow","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195747,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hess, K.M.","contributorId":39415,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hess","given":"K.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195746,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":30278,"text":"wri924050 - 1993 - Hydrology of the Hart Syncline area, northwestern Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:51","indexId":"wri924050","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"92-4050","title":"Hydrology of the Hart Syncline area, northwestern Colorado","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey :\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri924050","usgsCitation":"Van Liew, W.P., and Robson, S.G., 1993, Hydrology of the Hart Syncline area, northwestern Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 92-4050, vi, 97 p. :ill., maps (1 col.) ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri924050.","productDescription":"vi, 97 p. :ill., maps (1 col.) ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":122181,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4050/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":59061,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4050/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":59062,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4050/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a13e4b07f02db601e76","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Van Liew, W. P.","contributorId":78370,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Liew","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202973,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Robson, S. G.","contributorId":97102,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robson","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202974,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":30414,"text":"wri914190 - 1993 - Ground-water hydrology of the lower Wolftever Creek basin, with emphasis on the Carson Spring area, Hamilton County, Tennessee","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:58","indexId":"wri914190","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"91-4190","title":"Ground-water hydrology of the lower Wolftever Creek basin, with emphasis on the Carson Spring area, Hamilton County, Tennessee","docAbstract":"An investigation of the ground-water-flow system that supplies Carson Spring and the surrounding lower Wolftever Creek basin northeast of Chattanooga, Tennessee, was conducted from September 1986 through December 1989. About two-thirds of the lower basin is underlain by the Chepultepec Dolomite of Ordovician age. Test drilling within a few miles of the spring showed that numerous solution cavities have developed in this formation; many are partly or completely plugged with cherty gravels and mud. In the recharge area to the spring, the formation can provide yields of 100 to perhaps 600 gallons of water per minute to bedrock wells. A well that penetrated a well-integrated cavity system underlying Carson Spring was tested at 2,000 gallons per minute.\r\n\r\nFrom May 1987 through December 1989, mean daily withdrawals from four wells at Carson Spring ranged from 4.78 to 5.83 cubic feet per second; mean daily spring discharge, which includes withdrawals, ranged from 5.53 to 5.79 cubic feet per second. For a 16-month drought period during 1987 and 1988, withdrawals from these wells exceeded natural spring discharge, and demonstrates that for a period of many consecutive months, the aquifer supplying the spring is capable of yielding more water than the spring would have discharged under natural conditions.\r\n\r\nAlthough the lower basin encompasses 17 square miles, the Carson Spring recharge area probably is not greater than 9 square miles. Most water not captured by cavities supplying the spring is discharged to Wolftever Creek. In the lower basin, the rate of ground-water discharge to the creek is about twice the average rate of discharge (0.25 cubic foot per second per square mile of drainage area) to area streams.\r\n\r\nPrincipal constituents in ground water in the lower basin are calcium and bicarbonate, or calcium, magnesium, and bicarbonate. Specific conductance commonly ranges from 100 to 700 microsiemens per centimeter, and pH usually ranges from about 7 to 8. Overall, the ground water is of good quality and suitable for most uses. Several potential sources of degradation are present and arise from industrial, municipal, and domestic activities.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri914190","usgsCitation":"Webster, D., and Carmichael, J.K., 1993, Ground-water hydrology of the lower Wolftever Creek basin, with emphasis on the Carson Spring area, Hamilton County, Tennessee: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 91-4190, v, 47 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri914190.","productDescription":"v, 47 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":2375,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri914190/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":126760,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri_91_4190.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa9e4b07f02db66842a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Webster, D.A.","contributorId":44532,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Webster","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203210,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Carmichael, J. K.","contributorId":90276,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carmichael","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203211,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":29553,"text":"wri934095 - 1993 - Hydrologic implications of measured changes in gravity during pumping at a carbonate-rock well near Moapa, Clark County, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:01","indexId":"wri934095","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-4095","title":"Hydrologic implications of measured changes in gravity during pumping at a carbonate-rock well near Moapa, Clark County, Nevada","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nOpen-File Reports Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri934095","usgsCitation":"Schaefer, D.H., 1993, Hydrologic implications of measured changes in gravity during pumping at a carbonate-rock well near Moapa, Clark County, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4095, iv, 11 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri934095.","productDescription":"iv, 11 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123217,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4095/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58383,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4095/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a1ae4b07f02db606a49","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schaefer, D. H.","contributorId":84763,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schaefer","given":"D.","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201707,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":29901,"text":"wri924100 - 1993 - Evaluation of statistical models to predict chemical quality of shallow ground water in the Pine Barrens of Suffolk County, Long Island, New York","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-10T20:19:18.239867","indexId":"wri924100","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"92-4100","title":"Evaluation of statistical models to predict chemical quality of shallow ground water in the Pine Barrens of Suffolk County, Long Island, New York","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri924100","usgsCitation":"Stackelberg, P., and Siwiec, S.F., 1993, Evaluation of statistical models to predict chemical quality of shallow ground water in the Pine Barrens of Suffolk County, Long Island, New York: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 92-4100, v, 26 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri924100.","productDescription":"v, 26 p.","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":411661,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_47664.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":119467,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4100/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58718,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4100/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","county":"Suffolk County","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -73,\n 40.8214\n ],\n [\n -72.62,\n 40.8214\n ],\n [\n -72.62,\n 40.9711\n ],\n [\n -73,\n 40.9711\n ],\n [\n -73,\n 40.8214\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afde4b07f02db696fa7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stackelberg, P. E.","contributorId":18390,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stackelberg","given":"P. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202323,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Siwiec, S. F.","contributorId":85633,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Siwiec","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202324,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":26651,"text":"wri914111 - 1993 - Hydrology of the L.C. Holding coal-lease tract and adjacent areas, southwestern Utah, and potential effects of coal mining","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-12T22:06:33.129767","indexId":"wri914111","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"91-4111","title":"Hydrology of the L.C. Holding coal-lease tract and adjacent areas, southwestern Utah, and potential effects of coal mining","docAbstract":"The U.S. Bureau of Land Management recognized a need for baseline hydrologic data and an understanding of the hydrologic system in the L.C. Holding coal-lease tract in order to determine the potential effects of mining on the water resources of the area. The potential impacts of mining on the hydrology of the area are of concern because Zion National Park is less than 3 miles from the westernmost part of the lease tract. Much of the water that passes through the Park either originates in the lease tract or traverses it. Runoff from melting snowpacks and summer thundershowers contributes most of the flow to perennial streams in the area. Base flow is sustained by spring discharge and diffuse seepage. Regional groundwater movement is southward. Most of the geologic formations in the study area contain aquifers. The water table of the regional aquifer is about 870 ft deep in the Navajo Sandstone. Groundwater issuing from the Navajo Sandstone on the east side of Zion Canyon has specific conductance values several times larger than groundwater from the west side, indicating recharge to the Navajo from the overlying strata, which contain water of larger specific conductance. Potential effects of mining in the area include: (1) increased dissolved-solids concen- trations and decreased pH values in both surface and groundwater; (2) dewatering of aquifers, causing a decrease or cessation of flow to some springs; and (3) land subsidence and associated subsidence fractures.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri914111","usgsCitation":"Cordy, G., Seiler, R.L., and Stolp, B., 1993, Hydrology of the L.C. Holding coal-lease tract and adjacent areas, southwestern Utah, and potential effects of coal mining: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 91-4111, Report: vii, 84 p.; 2 Plates: 24.88 × 27.67 inches and 25.92 × 29.21 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri914111.","productDescription":"Report: vii, 84 p.; 2 Plates: 24.88 × 27.67 inches and 25.92 × 29.21 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":394286,"rank":5,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_47518.htm"},{"id":55529,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1991/4111/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":55528,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1991/4111/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":55527,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1991/4111/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":123741,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1991/4111/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -112.8667,\n 37.2639\n ],\n [\n -112.7192,\n 37.2639\n ],\n [\n -112.7192,\n 37.45\n ],\n [\n -112.8667,\n 37.45\n ],\n [\n -112.8667,\n 37.2639\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa7e4b07f02db66712f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cordy, G. E.","contributorId":59075,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cordy","given":"G. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196774,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Seiler, R. L.","contributorId":87546,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seiler","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196776,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stolp, Bernard J. 0000-0003-3803-1497","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3803-1497","contributorId":71942,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stolp","given":"Bernard J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196775,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":29884,"text":"wri934227 - 1993 - Geohydrology and simulation of flow and water levels in the aquifer system in the Mud Lake area of the eastern Snake River plain, eastern Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-15T10:07:59","indexId":"wri934227","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-4227","title":"Geohydrology and simulation of flow and water levels in the aquifer system in the Mud Lake area of the eastern Snake River plain, eastern Idaho","docAbstract":"Water users rely on surface water and ground water to irrigate crops and to maintain lakes on wildlife refuges in the 2,200-square-mile Mud Lake study area. Ground-water development between the late 1970's and 1989 increased withdrawals from about 240,000 acre-feet in 1983 to about 370,000 acre-feet in 1990. Concurrent with ground-water development, change from subirrigation to sprinkler irrigation was predicted to reduce recharge by 95,000 acre-feet, according to an independent study. Of the 660,000 acre-feet total estimated recharge from precipitation and irrigation in the study area in 1980, half was in the area in which irrigation methods were changed. Water managers need the ability to evaluate the effects of water-use changes on the future supply of surface water and ground water.
Basalt and rhyolite predominate on the surface and in the subsurface of the study area. Total basalt thickness is less than 4,000 feet; total sediment thickness (clay, silt, sand, and gravel) is less than 1,000 feet. Basalt and sediment interbeds contribute to confined ground-water conditions and affect movement and supply of water in parts of the aquifer system.
Estimated losses from and gains to perennial streams and lakes in 1980 were each about 110,000 acre-feet. Water-table altitudes ranged from about 4,500 to 6,200 feet above sea level, and water-table gradients were 3 to 120 feet per mile. Underflow from basins tributary to the study area was estimated to be about 450,000 acre-feet in 1980; measured discharge from flowing wells was about 10,000 acre-feet.
A five-layer, three-dimensional, finite-difference, numerical ground-water flow model was calibrated by trial-and-error to assumed 1980 steady-state hydrologic conditions to obtain a better understanding of the geohydrology and provide a tool to evaluate water-use alternatives. Water-level gradients simulated by the model were similar to gradients measured in 1980. Simulated underflow across model boundaries for 1980 was 932,000 acre-feet. Simulated losses from and gains to most streams and lakes were within 2 percent of estimated values. Simulated discharge from flowing wells matched measurements for 1980. An attempt to calibrate the numerical model to transient hydrologic conditions in monthly increments from 1981 to 1990 was discontinued because available data did not justify changes that were indicated by model simulations.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri934227","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Idaho Department of Water Resources and U.S. Department of Energy","usgsCitation":"Spinazola, J.M., 1993, Geohydrology and simulation of flow and water levels in the aquifer system in the Mud Lake area of the eastern Snake River plain, eastern Idaho: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4227, v, 78 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri934227.","productDescription":"v, 78 p.","numberOfPages":"83","costCenters":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":124187,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4227/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58692,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4227/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"100000","country":"United States","state":"Idaho","otherGeospatial":"Snake River Plain","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -113.0,43.5 ], [ -113.0,44.5 ], [ -111.5,44.5 ], [ -111.5,43.5 ], [ -113.0,43.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a8c88","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Spinazola, Joseph M.","contributorId":102044,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spinazola","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202296,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":28362,"text":"wri914136 - 1993 - Hydrology and water quality of the Forest County Potawatomi Indian Reservation, Wisconsin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-26T13:58:58","indexId":"wri914136","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"91-4136","title":"Hydrology and water quality of the Forest County Potawatomi Indian Reservation, Wisconsin","docAbstract":"This report presents data from a study by the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Forest County Potawatomi Community of Wisconsin, to document the hydrology and water quality of the Potawatomi Indian Reservation in southern Forest County. Data were collected from October 1981 through September 1987.
\nGlacial sand and gravel forms the primary aquifer on the reservation. This aquifer is unconfined, and its saturated thickness ranges from approximately 200 feet to zero feet in areas where the bedrock crops out. Horizontal hydraulic conductivity of the glacial deposits is estimated to range from 0.4 to 48 feet per day.
\nThree watersheds encompass the Reservation: The Wolf, the North Branch Oconto, and the Peshtigo. Estimates of base-flow discharge that will occur on the average once every 2 years for a 7- day period for Reservation streams range from 7.5 ft3/s (cubic feet per second) for North Branch Oconto at Wabeno to 32 ft3/s for the Rat River near Wabeno.
\nGround water in the study area is a calcium magnesium bicarbonate type and is suitable for most uses. The ground water sampled during the study was slightly alkaline and moderately hard to very hard; median hardness was 135 mg/L (milligrams per liter) as calcium carbonate. Alkalinity of ground water ranged from 79 to 318 mg/L; median alkalinity was 123 mg/L as calcium carbonate.
\nWith the exception of nitrate in water from one well sampled, constituent concentrations were less than the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCL's) for drinking water. Nitrate plus nitrite concentration was 15 mg/L as N, or 50 percent greater than the MCL, in one well located one-half mile northeast of Lake Lucerne.
\nSecondary Maximum Contaminant Levels (SMCL's) for iron were exceeded in water from two wells. In one of these two well waters, the manganese concentration equaled the SMCL.
\nStreams on the Reservation also contain a calcium magnesium bicarbonate type water. The stream waters are slightly alkaline and are considered soft to moderately hard; median hardness in stream samples was 56 mg/L as calcium carbonate. The alkalinity in stream samples ranged from 46 to 59 mg/L as calcium carbonate; the median value was 51 mg/L. Stream water is intermediate between hard, alkaline ground water and soft, acidic precipitation and surface runoff. Low but detectable concentrations of chromium, copper, iron, magnesium, mercury, and zinc were detected in most bottom-material samples.
\nWater quality of three lakes on the Reservation is variable and depends on the degree of connection with the ground-water system. In general, Bug Lake and Devils Lake are in poor hydraulic connection with the ground-water system, and their waters contain low concentrations of dissolved solids and alkalinity and low pH. King Lake is in good hydraulic connection with the ground-water system, and its waters contain higher concentrations of dissolved solids and alkalinity and higher pH than Bug and Devils Lakes.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri914136","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Forest County Potawatomi Community of Wisconsin","usgsCitation":"Lidwin, R., and Krohelski, J.T., 1993, Hydrology and water quality of the Forest County Potawatomi Indian Reservation, Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 91-4136, Report: v, 24 p.; 4 Plates: 25.06 x 21.81 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri914136.","productDescription":"Report: v, 24 p.; 4 Plates: 25.06 x 21.81 inches or smaller","numberOfPages":"29","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":57167,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1991/4136/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":57168,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1991/4136/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":57169,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1991/4136/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":57165,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1991/4136/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":57166,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1991/4136/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":120153,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1991/4136/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","county":"Forest County","otherGeospatial":"Potowatomi Indian Reservation","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-88.6833,46.0144],[-88.6844,45.9823],[-88.6746,45.9823],[-88.6757,45.8958],[-88.6761,45.8093],[-88.6758,45.7247],[-88.5519,45.723],[-88.4665,45.7224],[-88.4254,45.7225],[-88.4255,45.6356],[-88.4262,45.5492],[-88.4263,45.5071],[-88.4258,45.4925],[-88.4261,45.4774],[-88.4257,45.4633],[-88.4259,45.4505],[-88.4261,45.4358],[-88.4263,45.4212],[-88.4272,45.4066],[-88.4283,45.3769],[-88.5542,45.3778],[-88.6418,45.3784],[-88.6587,45.3785],[-88.6781,45.3787],[-88.7196,45.3784],[-88.754,45.3782],[-88.802,45.3775],[-88.9259,45.3799],[-88.9265,45.3909],[-88.9251,45.4014],[-88.9233,45.4659],[-89.0467,45.4668],[-89.0468,45.5518],[-89.0475,45.6391],[-89.0469,45.7265],[-89.047,45.8097],[-89.0477,45.8953],[-89.0478,45.9822],[-88.9332,45.9822],[-88.9329,46.0746],[-88.8507,46.0409],[-88.8473,46.0368],[-88.8431,46.0336],[-88.8426,46.0333],[-88.8371,46.0312],[-88.8325,46.0294],[-88.828,46.0294],[-88.8248,46.0294],[-88.8207,46.0289],[-88.819,46.0284],[-88.8169,46.0278],[-88.8143,46.026],[-88.8123,46.0247],[-88.8103,46.0238],[-88.8083,46.0238],[-88.8077,46.0238],[-88.8051,46.0238],[-88.8031,46.0252],[-88.803,46.0275],[-88.8024,46.0302],[-88.8017,46.032],[-88.7991,46.0338],[-88.7974,46.0344],[-88.7968,46.0346],[-88.7948,46.0341],[-88.7928,46.0332],[-88.7914,46.0318],[-88.7895,46.0324],[-88.7873,46.0334],[-88.786,46.0336],[-88.7843,46.0329],[-88.7828,46.0311],[-88.7828,46.0292],[-88.7841,46.0274],[-88.7847,46.026],[-88.7866,46.0232],[-88.7865,46.0209],[-88.7856,46.0196],[-88.7848,46.0186],[-88.7824,46.0178],[-88.7798,46.0178],[-88.7777,46.0179],[-88.7758,46.0181],[-88.7753,46.0197],[-88.7747,46.0203],[-88.7734,46.0216],[-88.7715,46.024],[-88.7691,46.0239],[-88.7669,46.0226],[-88.7662,46.0208],[-88.7637,46.02],[-88.7632,46.02],[-88.7615,46.02],[-88.7565,46.0212],[-88.754,46.0226],[-88.7507,46.0248],[-88.7458,46.0267],[-88.7408,46.028],[-88.7363,46.028],[-88.7334,46.0277],[-88.7317,46.0273],[-88.7284,46.0256],[-88.7251,46.0239],[-88.7232,46.0219],[-88.7221,46.0209],[-88.7216,46.0202],[-88.7241,46.0183],[-88.7254,46.0165],[-88.7253,46.0146],[-88.724,46.0133],[-88.7214,46.0133],[-88.7168,46.0139],[-88.7144,46.015],[-88.7129,46.0157],[-88.7084,46.0167],[-88.7023,46.0177],[-88.6977,46.0177],[-88.6953,46.0173],[-88.6913,46.0166],[-88.6846,46.0149],[-88.6833,46.0144]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Forest\",\"state\":\"WI\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a18e4b07f02db604cb6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lidwin, R.A.","contributorId":33349,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lidwin","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199667,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Krohelski, J. T.","contributorId":59046,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krohelski","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":199668,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":38459,"text":"pp1414B - 1993 - Regional aquifers in Kansas, Nebraska, and parts of Arkansas, Colorado, Missouri, New Mexico, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Texas, and Wyoming: Geohydrologic framework","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-22T19:40:06.531886","indexId":"pp1414B","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1414","chapter":"B","title":"Regional aquifers in Kansas, Nebraska, and parts of Arkansas, Colorado, Missouri, New Mexico, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Texas, and Wyoming: Geohydrologic framework","docAbstract":"Regional aquifers are described within a 370,000-square-mile area extending from the foothills of the Rocky Mountains in Colorado to the Missouri and Mississippi Rivers in eastern Nebraska and Missouri, and from South Dakota to the Ouachita, Arbuckle, and Wichita Mountains of Arkansas and Oklahoma.
\nThe present geohydrologic framework of aquifers and confining units in this area is controlled by topography, geologic structures, and hydraulic properties. All of these characteristics are the result of past geologic and hydrologic processes. From the end of the Precambrian to Late Cambrian time, the area was above sea level, and an uneven erosional surface had developed on the fractured crystalline rocks. From Late Cambrian through Middle Ordovician time, a transgressive but cyclic sea covered the area. The oldest deposits were mostly permeable sand followed by slightly permeable calcareous mud consisting of aragonite and algal remains.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1414B","usgsCitation":"Jorgensen, D.G., Helgesen, J.O., and Imes, J.L., 1993, Regional aquifers in Kansas, Nebraska, and parts of Arkansas, Colorado, Missouri, New Mexico, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Texas, and Wyoming: Geohydrologic framework: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1414, Report: vii, 72 p.; 25 Plates: 36.00 × 35.00 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1414B.","productDescription":"Report: vii, 72 p.; 25 Plates: 36.00 × 35.00 inches or smaller","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science 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","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri924184","usgsCitation":"Morin, R.H., Barrash, W., Paillet, F.L., and Taylor, T., 1993, Geophysical logging studies in the Snake River Plain Aquifer at the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory — Wells 44, 45, and 46: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 92-4184, v, 44 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri924184.","productDescription":"v, 44 p.","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":394785,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_47726.htm"},{"id":54263,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4184/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":118846,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4184/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","otherGeospatial":"Idaho National Engineering Laboratory","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -112.9583,\n 43.55\n ],\n [\n -112.9167,\n 43.55\n ],\n [\n -112.9167,\n 43.5833\n ],\n [\n -112.9583,\n 43.5833\n ],\n [\n -112.9583,\n 43.55\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac8e4b07f02db67bdab","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Morin, R. H.","contributorId":31794,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morin","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194124,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Barrash, Warren","contributorId":72829,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barrash","given":"Warren","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194127,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Paillet, Frederick L.","contributorId":63820,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paillet","given":"Frederick","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194125,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Taylor, T. A.","contributorId":70014,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"T. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194126,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ]}