[No abstract available]
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0009-2541(90)90155-Z","issn":"00092541","usgsCitation":"Bowser, C., and Jones, B., 1990, Geochemical constraints on groundwaters dominated by silicate hydrolysis: An interactive spreadsheet, mass balance approach: Chemical Geology, v. 84, no. 1-4, p. 33-35, https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(90)90155-Z.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"33","endPage":"35","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223310,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":266083,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(90)90155-Z"}],"volume":"84","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a15f5e4b0c8380cd54fd9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bowser, C.J.","contributorId":32302,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bowser","given":"C.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373005,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jones, B.F.","contributorId":52156,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"B.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373006,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1014583,"text":"1014583 - 1990 - Use of dietary yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae nitrogen by lake trout","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-14T16:29:01.626166","indexId":"1014583","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2574,"text":"Journal of the World Aquaculture Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Use of dietary yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae nitrogen by lake trout","docAbstract":"In a 12 week experiment, lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) were fed diets in which 50% of the nitrogen was provided by one of six preparations of Saccharomyces yeast. Fish fed baker's yeast with disrupted cell walls grew at a rate equal to that of fish fed the control diet and faster than fish fed intact yeast cells. Fish fed a diet containing disrupted yeast cells previously washed in a saline solution did not perform as well. The results of this study indicated that it may be possible to use more than 50% yeast in the diets of salmonid fishes.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1749-7345.1990.tb01024.x","usgsCitation":"Rumsey, G.L., Hughes, S.G., and Kinsella, J., 1990, Use of dietary yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae nitrogen by lake trout: Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, v. 21, no. 3, p. 205-209, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-7345.1990.tb01024.x.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"205","endPage":"209","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132113,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"21","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-04-03","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a17e4b07f02db60466b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rumsey, G. L.","contributorId":80604,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rumsey","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320657,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hughes, S. G.","contributorId":92200,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hughes","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320658,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kinsella, John L.","contributorId":336680,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kinsella","given":"John L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":900692,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70015786,"text":"70015786 - 1990 - Stochastic summation of empirical Green's functions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-27T00:22:46.356248","indexId":"70015786","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Stochastic summation of empirical Green's functions","docAbstract":"Two simple strategies are presented that use random delay times for repeatedly summing the record of a relatively small earthquake to simulate the effects of a larger earthquake. The simulations do not assume any fault plane geometry or rupture dynamics, but realy only on the ω−2 spectral model of an earthquake source and elementary notions of source complexity. The strategies simulate ground motions for all frequencies within the bandwidth of the record of the event used as a summand. The first strategy, which introduces the basic ideas, is a single-stage procedure that consists of simply adding many small events with random time delays. The probability distribution for delays has the property that its amplitude spectrum is determined by the ratio of ω−2 spectra, and its phase spectrum is identically zero. A simple expression is given for the computation of this zero-phase scaling distribution. The moment rate function resulting from the single-stage simulation is quite simple and hence is probably not realistic for high-frequency (>1 Hz) ground motion of events larger than ML ∼ 4.5 to 5. The second strategy is a two-stage summation that simulates source complexity with a few random subevent delays determined using the zero-phase scaling distribution, and then clusters energy around these delays to get an ω−2 spectrum for the sum. Thus, the two-stage strategy allows simulations of complex events of any size for which the ω−2 spectral model applies. Interestingly, a single-stage simulation with too few ω−2 records to get a good fit to an ω−2 large-event target spectrum yields a record whose spectral asymptotes are consistent with the ω−2 model, but that includes a region in its spectrum between the corner frequencies of the larger and smaller events reasonably approximated by a power law trend. This spectral feature has also been discussed as reflecting the process of partial stress release (Brune, 1970), an asperity failure (Boatwright, 1984), or the breakdown of ω−2 scaling due to rupture significantly longer than the width of the seismogenic zone (Joyner, 1984).
","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/BSSA08006A1418","usgsCitation":"Wennerberg, L., 1990, Stochastic summation of empirical Green's functions: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 80, no. 6 A, p. 1418-1432, https://doi.org/10.1785/BSSA08006A1418.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"1418","endPage":"1432","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":337698,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/ssa/bssa/article/80/6A/1418/119358/Stochastic-summation-of-empirical-Green-s"},{"id":223789,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"80","issue":"6 A","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9851e4b08c986b31bf8d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wennerberg, Leif","contributorId":96008,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wennerberg","given":"Leif","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371767,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70015785,"text":"70015785 - 1990 - A method of evaluating effects of antecedent precipitation on duststorms and its application to Yuma, Arizona, 1981-1988","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:01","indexId":"70015785","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1252,"text":"Climatic Change","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A method of evaluating effects of antecedent precipitation on duststorms and its application to Yuma, Arizona, 1981-1988","docAbstract":"Precipitation causes several short- and long-term effects on wind-induced surface erodibility and subsequent dust emission. Among the principal effects considered by this paper are soil moisture, soil crusts, and vegetation. A quantitative method is developed to assess these effects using differences between the potential and the actual amounts of dust emitted from dust sources as inferred from surface meteorological measurements obtained downwind from those sources. The results of this assessment must be interpreted with caution, however, when the size and location of dust sources are unknown. Using meteorological data recorded near Yuma, Arizona at the Yuma Marine Corps Air Station (YMCAS), the method is applied to calculate the potential and actual amounts of dust emitted from upwind dust sources during the spring and fall/winter seasons between January 1, 1981 and May 31, 1988. (Spring is considered to be the period between February 1 and May 31; fall/winter, between October 1 and January 31.) Because summer precipitation is intermittent and wind patterns are localized, summer meteorological data are not used to evaluate regional correlations between precipitation and dust storms. For the period between 1981 and 1988, a correlation of -0.60 was found between fall/winter precipitation and the actual amount of dust emitted from sources upwind of YMCAS during the following spring. A particularly strong reduction in dust emission was noted during the springs of 1983 and 1984 following the start of an 'El Nino event' in fall/winter 1982. Photographs taken at a geological and meteorological data-collection (Geomet) site, located in the natural desert 25 km southeast of YMCAS, show a correspondence between increased antecedent precipitation recorded at the site and increased vegetation. Whereas the annual precipitation totals at YMCAS and the Geomet site from the beginning of 1982 through 1984 are high, their seasonal totals, especially during the fall/winter seasons, are disparate. This fall/winter precipitation disparity may account for evidence suggesting that significant vegetation growth occurred at dust sources upwind of YMCAS by spring 1983, but that such growth did not occur at the Geomet site until fall/ winter of 1983. Spatial inhomogeneity in fall/winter precipitation probably contributed to the relatively low correlation (-0.60) between fall/winter precipitation recorded at YMCAS and the actual amount of dust emitted from upwind sources during the following spring. ?? 1990 Kluwer Academic Publishers.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Climatic Change","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Kluwer Academic Publishers","doi":"10.1007/BF00138374","issn":"01650009","usgsCitation":"MacKinnon, D.J., Elder, D., Helm, P.J., Tuesink, M., and Nist, C., 1990, A method of evaluating effects of antecedent precipitation on duststorms and its application to Yuma, Arizona, 1981-1988: Climatic Change, v. 17, no. 2-3, p. 331-360, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00138374.","startPage":"331","endPage":"360","numberOfPages":"30","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205417,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00138374"},{"id":223788,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"17","issue":"2-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e45ce4b0c8380cd465eb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"MacKinnon, D. J.","contributorId":79145,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"MacKinnon","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371766,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Elder, D.F.","contributorId":38289,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elder","given":"D.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371763,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Helm, P. J.","contributorId":72813,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Helm","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371765,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Tuesink, M.F.","contributorId":60385,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tuesink","given":"M.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371764,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Nist, C.A.","contributorId":29579,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nist","given":"C.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371762,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70016101,"text":"70016101 - 1990 - Pleistocene stratigraphy of the Boston Harbor drumlins, Massachusetts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-25T14:53:37","indexId":"70016101","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3218,"text":"Quaternary Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Pleistocene stratigraphy of the Boston Harbor drumlins, Massachusetts","docAbstract":"Evidence from the Boston Harbor drumlins indicates that two superposed tills were deposited during glacier advances which were separated by a long nonglacial interval. At Long and Peddocks Islands, argillans and truncated clay-filled fractures, along with discontinuities in clay-mineral composition, define the till contacts. Physical indicators separating the tills are not apparent at other exposures, where till boundaries were defined solely by discontinuities in clay-mineral composition. The weathering profile in the upper part of the lower till indicates extensive weathering under a climate similar to that of today, and probably similar to that of the Sangamon Interglaciation. The depth of the weathering profile, the sequence of clay-mineral alteration products, and the presence of pedogenic features in the upper part of the lower till are comparable to Sangamonian weathering profiles in the midwestern United States, implying that the lower till is Illinoian or older. ?? 1990.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Quaternary Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/0033-5894(90)90027-I","issn":"00335894","usgsCitation":"Newman, W., Berg, R.C., Rosen, P., and Glass, H., 1990, Pleistocene stratigraphy of the Boston Harbor drumlins, Massachusetts: Quaternary Research, v. 34, no. 2, p. 148-159, https://doi.org/10.1016/0033-5894(90)90027-I.","startPage":"148","endPage":"159","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":266501,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0033-5894(90)90027-I"},{"id":223045,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"34","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-01-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7c53e4b0c8380cd7990d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Newman, W.A.","contributorId":94434,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Newman","given":"W.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372555,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Berg, R. C.","contributorId":11673,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berg","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372553,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rosen, P.S.","contributorId":100539,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosen","given":"P.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372556,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Glass, H.D.","contributorId":85322,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Glass","given":"H.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372554,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":1004004,"text":"1004004 - 1990 - Quarterly Wildlife Mortality Report","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-01-26T15:39:26","indexId":"1004004","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3499,"text":"Supplement to the Journal of Wildlife Diseases","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Quarterly Wildlife Mortality Report","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Supplement to the Journal of Wildlife Diseases","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Converse, K.A., Quist, C., Windingstad, R., and Glaser, L., 1990, Quarterly Wildlife Mortality Report: Supplement to the Journal of Wildlife Diseases, v. 26, no. 3, 3 p.","productDescription":"3 p.","numberOfPages":"3","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129650,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -180.17578125,\n 17.14079039331665\n ],\n [\n -180.17578125,\n 72.71190310803662\n ],\n [\n -65.7421875,\n 72.71190310803662\n ],\n [\n -65.7421875,\n 17.14079039331665\n ],\n [\n -180.17578125,\n 17.14079039331665\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"26","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a82e4b07f02db64abe0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Converse, K. A.","contributorId":81436,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Converse","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":314907,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Quist, Charlotte","contributorId":104436,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Quist","given":"Charlotte","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":314908,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Windingstad, R.","contributorId":15558,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Windingstad","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":314905,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Glaser, L.","contributorId":81051,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Glaser","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":314906,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70016126,"text":"70016126 - 1990 - Precious metals of Wyoming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:47","indexId":"70016126","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Precious metals of Wyoming","docAbstract":"Within the State boundaries are numerous gold deposits and anomalies scattered throughout the geological record. Many examples occur in rocks ranging in age from Archean to Tertiary, and in Quaternary to Recent unconsolidated gravels and sands. Yet relatively few of these deposits and anomalies have been explored and only a handful have been drilled. Since much of Wyoming is underlain by an Archean craton similar to the Superior Province of Canada, the eastern and southern African craton, and the Pilbara and Yilgarn blocks of Western Australia, one would expect Wyoming to also have significant mineralization.","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the Gold '90 Symposium - Gold '90","conferenceDate":"26 February 1990 through 1 March 1990","conferenceLocation":"Salt Lake City, UT, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Publ by Soc of Mining Engineers of AIME","publisherLocation":"Littleton, CO, United States","isbn":"087335091X","usgsCitation":"Hausel, W., 1990, Precious metals of Wyoming, Proceedings of the Gold '90 Symposium - Gold '90, Salt Lake City, UT, USA, 26 February 1990 through 1 March 1990, p. 53-63.","startPage":"53","endPage":"63","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223406,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a810be4b0c8380cd7b337","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Hausen, Donald M.","contributorId":113109,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hausen","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":508546,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Halbe, Douglas N.","contributorId":111774,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Halbe","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":508544,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Petersen, Erich U.","contributorId":112088,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Petersen","given":"Erich","email":"","middleInitial":"U.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":508545,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Tafuri, William J.","contributorId":114054,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tafuri","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":508547,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4}],"authors":[{"text":"Hausel, W. Dan","contributorId":13299,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hausel","given":"W. Dan","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372609,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70015772,"text":"70015772 - 1990 - Cretaceous and Eocene lignite deposits, Jackson Purchase, Kentucky","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-22T12:24:16.262671","indexId":"70015772","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2033,"text":"International Journal of Coal Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Cretaceous and Eocene lignite deposits, Jackson Purchase, Kentucky","docAbstract":"Lignites occur in the Cretaceous McNairy Formation and the Eocene Claiborne Formation in the Jackson Purchase region of western Kentucky. The lone Cretaceous lignite sample has over 18 percent inertodetrinite and 32 percent humodetrinite which, along with the abundant mineral matter, suggests a possible allochthonous origin for the deposit. The Claiborne Formation lignites have higher humic maceral contents than the Cretaceous lignites. Palynology suggests that there was considerable variation in the plant communities responsible for the Claiborne deposits. Differences in the preservation of the various plants is also seen in the variations between the humic types, particularly in the ulminite and humodetrinite contents. Potter and Dilcher (1980) suggested that the Claiborne lignites in the Jackson Purchase and west Tennessee developed in the abandoned oxbows of Eocene rivers. Significant short-distance changes in the peat thickness, flora, and other depositional elements should be expected in such an environment and could easily account for the observed variations in composition.
Stable-isotope compositions of fracture-and cavity-filling calcite from the unsaturated zone of three drill cores at Yucca Mountain Tertiary volcanic complex indicate that the water from which the minerals precipitated was probably meteoric in origin. A decrease in 18O in the calcite with depth is interpreted as being due to the increase in temperature in drill holes corresponding to an estimated average geothermal gradient of 34° per kilometer. A few of the calcite samples and all of the opal samples yielded uranium-series ages older than 400,000 yr, although most of the calcite samples yielded ages between 26,000 and 310,000 yr. The stable-isotope and uranium- series dates from precipitated calcite and opal of this reconnaissance study suggest a complex history of fluid movement through the volcanic pile, and episodes of fracture filling predominantly from meteoric water during at least the past 400,000 yr.
A map of mean annual runoff for States within the Northeastern, Southeastern, and Mid-Atlantic United States was prepared by the U.S. Geological Survey for the Direct/Delayed Response Project being conducted by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. This map shows mean annual runoff during water years 1951-80.
\nMean annual runoff from the northeastern region during 1951-80 ranged from less than 12 to greater than 40 inches. Runoff from the southeastern region runoff ranged from less than 12 to greater than 55 inches. In the mid-Atlantic region ranged from less than 10 to greater than 40 inches.
\nError analysis using 93 gaging stations not used for preparing the runoff map showed that the runoff map could be used to predict runoff with an average error of less than 10%. Errors in runoff estimation averaged about 12% if the locations of the gaging stations were used to estimate runoff instead of computing an area-weighted average over the basin. If the locations of the gaging stations were used to estimate runoff, there also was a significant negative bias of the errors that did not occur if the centroid or a weighted average runoff of the drainage basin were used.
\nThe runoff map is expected to be more accurate in areas that have a relatively high concentration of gaging stations and little topographic variability, such as part of the Northeast. Based on these criteria, the least reliably mapped areas would be in the Smokey Mountains along the North Carolina- Tennessee border.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri884094","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","usgsCitation":"Krug, W.R., Gebert, W.A., Graczyk, D., Stevens, D.L., Rochelle, B.P., and Church, M.R., 1990, Map of mean annual runoff for the Northeastern, Southeastern, and Mid-Atlantic United States, water years 1951-80: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 88-4094, Report: iv, 11 p.; 1 Plate: 21.76 x 37.40 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri884094.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 11 p.; 1 Plate: 21.76 x 37.40 inches","numberOfPages":"15","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":414923,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_47012.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":123324,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4094/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54372,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4094/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":54371,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4094/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"3168000","country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -91.6667,\n 47.4544\n ],\n [\n -91.6667,\n 25\n ],\n [\n -67,\n 25\n ],\n [\n -67,\n 47.4544\n ],\n [\n -91.6667,\n 47.4544\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a92e4b07f02db657b65","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Krug, William R.","contributorId":53381,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krug","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194464,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gebert, Warren A. wagebert@usgs.gov","contributorId":1546,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gebert","given":"Warren","email":"wagebert@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":194463,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Graczyk, David J.","contributorId":107265,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Graczyk","given":"David J.","affiliations":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":194468,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Stevens, Donald L. Jr.","contributorId":105764,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stevens","given":"Donald","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194467,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Rochelle, Barry P.","contributorId":103316,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rochelle","given":"Barry","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194466,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Church, M. Robbins","contributorId":57497,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Church","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"Robbins","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194465,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70015948,"text":"70015948 - 1990 - Post-11,000-year volcanism at Medicine Lake Volcano, Cascade Range, northern California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-24T16:51:19.151041","indexId":"70015948","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":6453,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Post-11,000-year volcanism at Medicine Lake Volcano, Cascade Range, northern California","docAbstract":"Eruptive activity during the past 11,000 years at Medicine Lake volcano has been episodic. Eight eruptions produced about 5.3 km3 of basaltic lava during an interval of a few hundred years about 10,500 years B.P. After a hiatus of about 6000 years, eruptive activity resumed with a small andesite eruption at about 4300 years B.P. Approximately 2.5 km3 of lava with compositions ranging from basalt to rhyolite vented in nine eruptions during an interval of about 3400 years in late Holocene time. The most recent eruption occurred about 900 years B.P. A compositional gap in SiO2 values of erupted lavas occurs between 58 and 63%. The gap is spanned by chilled magmatic inclusions in late Holocene silicic lavas. Late Holocene andesitic to rhyolitic lavas were probably derived by fractionation, assimilation, and mixing from high-alumina basalt parental magma, possibly from basalt intruded into the volcano during the early mafic episode. Many basaltic to andesitic lavas contain iron-rich crystals and have high FeO*/MgO (characteristics caused by mixing of high-alumina basalt with ferrobasalt liquid produced by fractionation of parental high-alumina basalt). When ferrobasalt and high-alumina basalt are contaminated with a granitic crustal component, a calc-alkaline trend is produced. Some eruptions have produced both tholeiitic and calc-alkaline compositions. The eruptive activity is probably driven by intrusions of basalt that occur during east-west stretching of the crust in an extensional tectonic environment. Vents are typically aligned parallel or subparallel to major structural features, most commonly within 30° of north. Intruded magma should provide adequate heat for commercial geothermal development if sufficient fluids can be found. The nature and timing of future volcanic activity cannot be predicted from the observed pattern, but eruptions high on the edifice could produce high-silica products that might be accompanied by explosive activity, whereas eruptions lower on the flanks are likely to vent more fluid mafic lavas.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB095iB12p19693","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Donnelly-Nolan, J., Champion, D., Miller, C., Grove, T., and Trimble, D., 1990, Post-11,000-year volcanism at Medicine Lake Volcano, Cascade Range, northern California: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 95, no. B12, p. 19693-19704, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB095iB12p19693.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"19693","endPage":"19704","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222929,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"95","issue":"B12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7e4ae4b0c8380cd7a44e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Donnelly-Nolan, J.M.","contributorId":104936,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Donnelly-Nolan","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372157,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Champion, D.E.","contributorId":70402,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Champion","given":"D.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372156,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Miller, C.D.","contributorId":34504,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"C.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372155,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Grove, T.L.","contributorId":22088,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grove","given":"T.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372154,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Trimble, D.A.","contributorId":9664,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trimble","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372153,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70016221,"text":"70016221 - 1990 - Perturbation and melting of snow and ice by the 13 November 1985 eruption of Nevado del Ruiz, Colombia, and consequent mobilization, flow and deposition of lahars","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:47","indexId":"70016221","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Perturbation and melting of snow and ice by the 13 November 1985 eruption of Nevado del Ruiz, Colombia, and consequent mobilization, flow and deposition of lahars","docAbstract":"A complex sequence of pyroclastic flows and surges erupted by Nevado del Ruiz volcano on 13 November 1985 interacted with snow and ice on the summit ice cap to trigger catastrophic lahars (volcanic debris flows), which killed more than 23,000 people living at or beyond the base of the volcano. The rapid transfer of heat from the hot eruptive products to about 10 km2 of the snowpack, combined with seismic shaking, produced large volumes of meltwater that flowed downslope, liquefied some of the new volcanic deposits, and generated avalanches of saturated snow, ice and rock debris within minutes of the 21:08 (local time) eruption. About 2 ?? 107 m3 of water was discharged into the upper reaches of the Molinos, Nereidas, Guali, Azufrado and Lagunillas valleys, where rapid entrainment of valley-fill sediment transformed the dilute flows and avalanches to debris flows. Computed mean velocities of the lahars at peak flow ranged up to 17 m s-1. Flows were rapid in the steep, narrow upper canyons and slowed with distance away from the volcano as flow depth and channel slope diminished. Computed peak discharges ranged up to 48,000 m3 s-1 and were greatest in reaches 10 to 20 km downstream from the summit. A total of about 9 ?? 107 m3 of lahar slurry was transported to depositional areas up to 104 km from the source area. Initial volumes of individual lahars increased up to 4 times with distance away from the summit. The sedimentology and stratigraphy of the lahar deposits provide compelling evidence that: (1) multiple initial meltwater pulses tended to coalesce into single flood waves; (2) lahars remained fully developed debris flows until they reached confluences with major rivers; and (3) debris-flow slurry composition and rheology varied to produce gradationally density-stratified flows. Key lessons and reminders from the 1985 Nevado del Ruiz volcanic eruption are: (1) catastrophic lahars can be generated on ice- and snow-capped volcanoes by relatively small eruptions; (2) the surface area of snow on an ice cap can be more critical than total ice volume when considering lahar potential; (3) placement of hot rock debris on snow is insufficient to generate lahars; the two materials must be mechanically mixed together for sufficiently rapid head transfer; (4) lahars can increase their volumes significantly by entrainment of water and eroded sediment; and (5) valley-confined lahars can maintain relatively high velocities and can have catastrophic impacts as far as 100 km downstream. ?? 1990.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"03770273","usgsCitation":"Pierson, T., Janda, R.J., Thouret, J., and Borrero, C., 1990, Perturbation and melting of snow and ice by the 13 November 1985 eruption of Nevado del Ruiz, Colombia, and consequent mobilization, flow and deposition of lahars: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 41, no. 1-4, p. 17-66.","startPage":"17","endPage":"66","numberOfPages":"50","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223456,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"41","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a770ae4b0c8380cd783f3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pierson, T.C. 0000-0001-9002-4273","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9002-4273","contributorId":41855,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pierson","given":"T.C.","affiliations":[{"id":157,"text":"Cascades Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":372882,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Janda, R. J. 0000-0002-3251-8088","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3251-8088","contributorId":64693,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Janda","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":157,"text":"Cascades Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":372883,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thouret, J.-C.","contributorId":19709,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thouret","given":"J.-C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372881,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Borrero, C.A.","contributorId":100543,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Borrero","given":"C.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372884,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70016148,"text":"70016148 - 1990 - Multivariate statistical analysis of stream-sediment geochemistry in the Grazer Paläozoikum, Austria","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-05-29T15:21:08","indexId":"70016148","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2746,"text":"Mineralium Deposita","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Multivariate statistical analysis of stream-sediment geochemistry in the Grazer Paläozoikum, Austria","docAbstract":"The Austrian reconnaissance study of stream-sediment composition — more than 30000 clay-fraction samples collected over an area of 40000 km2 — is summarized in an atlas of regional maps that show the distributions of 35 elements. These maps, rich in information, reveal complicated patterns of element abundance that are difficult to compare on more than a small number of maps at one time. In such a study, multivariate procedures such as simultaneous R-Q mode components analysis may be helpful. They can compress a large number of variables into a much smaller number of independent linear combinations. These composite variables may be mapped and relationships sought between them and geological properties. As an example, R-Q mode components analysis is applied here to the Grazer Paläozoikum, a tectonic unit northeast of the city of Graz, which is composed of diverse lithologies and contains many mineral deposits.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF00190384","issn":"00264598","usgsCitation":"Weber, L., and Davis, J., 1990, Multivariate statistical analysis of stream-sediment geochemistry in the Grazer Paläozoikum, Austria: Mineralium Deposita, v. 25, no. 3, p. 213-220, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00190384.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"213","endPage":"220","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205312,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00190384"},{"id":222891,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"25","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a60bbe4b0c8380cd7164b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Weber, L.","contributorId":64808,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weber","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372670,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Davis, J.C.","contributorId":72121,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372671,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70016075,"text":"70016075 - 1990 - Phase relations in the system CuMoS","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-14T19:39:22","indexId":"70016075","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2558,"text":"Journal of the Less-Common Metals","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Phase relations in the system CuMoS","docAbstract":"Phase relations in the system CuMoS were studied in the temperature range 500-1000 ??C by using the conventional sealed, evacuated glass capsule technique. Reflected-light microscopy, X-ray powder diffraction and electron microprobe analysis were used for phase characterization. The chevrel-type phase, CuxMo3S4, is stable above 600??C, and forms equilibrium assemblages with the cubic Cu2S solid solution, copper, molybdenum, Mo2S3 and MoS2. Its solid solution ranges from Cu1.50-2.00Mo3S4 at 700??C to Cu1.22-2.00Mo3S4 at 1000 ??C. ?? 1990.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of the Less-Common Metals","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-5088(90)90594-A","issn":"00225088","usgsCitation":"Dawei, H., Chang, L., and Knowles, C., 1990, Phase relations in the system CuMoS: Journal of the Less-Common Metals, v. 163, no. 2, p. 281-286, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-5088(90)90594-A.","startPage":"281","endPage":"286","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223497,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":269374,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-5088(90)90594-A"}],"volume":"163","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a787de4b0c8380cd786ee","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dawei, H.","contributorId":75691,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dawei","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372485,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chang, L.L.Y.","contributorId":101389,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chang","given":"L.L.Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372486,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Knowles, C.R.","contributorId":103416,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knowles","given":"C.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372487,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70016157,"text":"70016157 - 1990 - Holocene paleoclimatic evidence and sedimentation rates from a core in southwestern Lake Michigan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-09-06T10:24:45","indexId":"70016157","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2411,"text":"Journal of Paleolimnology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Holocene paleoclimatic evidence and sedimentation rates from a core in southwestern Lake Michigan","docAbstract":"Preliminary results of a multidisciplinary study of cores in southwestern Lake Michigan suggest that the materials in these cores can be interpreted in terms of both isostatically and climatically induced changes in lake level. Ostracodes and mollusks are well preserved in the Holocene sediments, and they provide paleolimnologic and paleoclimatic data, as well as biogenic carbonate for stable-isotope studies and radiocarbon dating. Pollen and diatom preservation in the cores is poor, which prevents comparison with regional vegetation records. New accelerator-mass spectrometer 14C ages, from both carbon and carbonate fractions, provide basin-wide correlations and appear to resolve the longstanding problem of anomalously old ages that result from detrital organic matter in Great Lakes sediments. Several cores contain a distinct unconformity associated with the abrupt fall in lake level that occurred about 10.3 ka when the isostatically depressed North Bay outlet was uncovered by the retreating Laurentide Ice Sheet. Below the unconformity, ostracode assemblages imply deep, cold water with very low total dissolved solids (TDS), and bivalves have ?? 18O (PDB) values as light as - 10 per mil. Samples from just above the unconformity contain littoral to sublittoral ostracode species that imply warmer, higher-TDS (though still dilute) water than that inferred below the unconformity. Above this zone, another interval with ?? 18O values more negative than - 10 occurs. The isotopic data suggest that two influxes of cold, isotopically light meltwater from Laurentide ice entered the lake, one shortly before 10.3 ka and the other about 9 ka. These influxes were separated by a period during which the lake was warmer, shallower, but still very low in dissolved solids. One or both of the meltwater influxes may be related to discharge from Lake Agassiz into the Great Lakes. Sedimentation rates appear to have been constant from about 10 ka to 5 ka. Bivalve shells formed between about 8 and 5 ka have ?? 18O values that range from-2.3 to-3.3 per mil and appear to decrease toward the end of the interval. The ostracode assemblages and the stable isotopes suggest changes that are climatically controlled, including fluctuating water levels and increasing dissolved solids, although the water remained relatively dilute (TDS < 300 mg/l). A dramatic decrease in sedimentation rates occurred at about 5 ka, about the time of the peak of the Nippissing high lake stage. This decrease in sedimentation rate may be associated with a large increase in effective wave base as the lake approached its present size and fetch. A dramatic reduction in ostracode and mollusk abundances during the late Holocene is probably due to this decrease in sedimentation rates, which would result in increased carbonate dissolution. Ostracode productivity may also have declined due to a reduction in bottom-water oxygen caused by increased epilimnion algal productivity.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Paleolimnology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Kluwer Academic Publishers","doi":"10.1007/BF00239699","issn":"09212728","usgsCitation":"Colman, S.M., Jones, G.A., Forester, R.M., and Foster, D., 1990, Holocene paleoclimatic evidence and sedimentation rates from a core in southwestern Lake Michigan: Journal of Paleolimnology, v. 4, no. 3, p. 269-284, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00239699.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"269","endPage":"284","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":223047,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Lake Michigan","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -88.06640625,\n 41.5579215778042\n ],\n [\n -84.935302734375,\n 41.5579215778042\n ],\n [\n -84.935302734375,\n 46.01222384063236\n ],\n [\n -88.06640625,\n 46.01222384063236\n ],\n [\n -88.06640625,\n 41.5579215778042\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"4","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a31ece4b0c8380cd5e35f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Colman, Steven M. 0000-0002-0564-9576","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0564-9576","contributorId":77482,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Colman","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":372695,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jones, Glenn A.","contributorId":17779,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jones","given":"Glenn","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":6706,"text":"Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution,","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":372692,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Forester, R. M.","contributorId":76332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Forester","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372694,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Foster, D.S.","contributorId":30641,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foster","given":"D.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372693,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70016163,"text":"70016163 - 1990 - Instantaneous and daily values of the surface energy balance over agricultural fields using remote sensing and a reference field in an arid environment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-20T09:52:24","indexId":"70016163","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3254,"text":"Remote Sensing of Environment","printIssn":"0034-4257","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Instantaneous and daily values of the surface energy balance over agricultural fields using remote sensing and a reference field in an arid environment","docAbstract":"Remotely sensed surface temperature and reflectance in the visible and near infrared wavebands along with ancilliary meteorological data provide the capability of computing three of the four surface energy balance components (i.e., net radiation, soil heat flux, and sensible heat flux) at different spatial and temporal scales. As a result, under nonadvective conditions, this enables the estimation of the remaining term (i.e., the latent heat flux). One of the practical applications with this approach is to produce evapotranspiration (ET) maps for agricultural regions which consist of an array of fields containing different crops at varying stages of growth and soil moisture conditions. Such a situation exists in the semiarid southwest at the University of Arizona Maricopa Agricultural Center, south of Phoenix. For one day (14 June 1987), surface temperature and reflectance measurements from an aircraft 150 m above ground level (agl) were acquired over fields from zero to nearly full cover at four times between 1000 MST and 1130 MST. The diurnal pattern of the surface energy balance was measured over four fields, which included alfalfa at 60% cover, furrowed cotton at 20% and 30% cover, and partially plowed what stubble. Instantaneous and daily values of ET were estimated for a representative area around each flux site with an energy balance model that relies on a reference ET. This reference value was determined with remotely sensed data and several meteorological inputs. The reference ET was adjusted to account for the different surface conditions in the other fields using only remotely sensed variables. A comparison with the flux measurements suggests the model has difficulties with partial canopy conditions, especially related to the estimation of the sensible heat flux. The resulting errors for instantaneous ET were on the order of 100 W m−2 and for daily values of order 2 mm day−1. These findings suggest future research should involve development of methods to account for the variability of meteorological parameters brought about by changes in surface conditions and improvements in the modeling of sensible heat transfer across the surface—atmosphere interface for partial canopy conditions using remote sensing information.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0034-4257(90)90013-C","issn":"00344257","usgsCitation":"Kustas, W.P., Moran, M.S., Jackson, R.D., Gay, L.W., Duell, L., Kunkel, K.E., and Matthias, A., 1990, Instantaneous and daily values of the surface energy balance over agricultural fields using remote sensing and a reference field in an arid environment: Remote Sensing of Environment, v. 32, no. 2-3, p. 125-141, https://doi.org/10.1016/0034-4257(90)90013-C.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"125","endPage":"141","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":223199,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"32","issue":"2-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3c28e4b0c8380cd62b09","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kustas, William P.","contributorId":29962,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kustas","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":6622,"text":"US Department of Agriculture","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":372711,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moran, M. S.","contributorId":91630,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Moran","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372716,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jackson, R. D.","contributorId":30758,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jackson","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":6622,"text":"US Department of Agriculture","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":372712,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gay, L. W.","contributorId":53526,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gay","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372714,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Duell, L.F.W.","contributorId":11765,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duell","given":"L.F.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372710,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Kunkel, K. E.","contributorId":83626,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kunkel","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372715,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Matthias, A.D.","contributorId":36296,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Matthias","given":"A.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372713,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70016068,"text":"70016068 - 1990 - Rheological analysis of fine-grained natural debris-flow material","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:46","indexId":"70016068","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Rheological analysis of fine-grained natural debris-flow material","docAbstract":"Experiments were conducted on large samples of fine-grained material (???2mm) from a natural debris flow using a wide-gap concentric-cylinder viscometer. The rheological behavior of this material is compatible with a Bingham model at shear rates in excess of 5 sec. At lesser shear rates, rheological behavior of the material deviates from the Bingham model, and when sand concentration of the slurry exceeds 20 percent by volume, particle interaction between sand grains dominates the mechanical behavior. Yield strength and plastic viscosity are extremely sensitive to sediment concentration.","largerWorkTitle":"Hydraulics/Hydrology of Arid Lands","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the International Symposium on Hydraulics/Hydrology of Arid Lands and 1990 National Conference on Hydraulic Engineering","conferenceDate":"30 July 1990 through 2 August 1990","conferenceLocation":"San Diego, CA, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Publ by ASCE","publisherLocation":"Boston, MA, United States","isbn":"0872627713","usgsCitation":"Major, J.J., and Pierson, T.C., 1990, Rheological analysis of fine-grained natural debris-flow material, in Hydraulics/Hydrology of Arid Lands, San Diego, CA, USA, 30 July 1990 through 2 August 1990, p. 225-231.","startPage":"225","endPage":"231","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223402,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aad3ae4b0c8380cd86e6e","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"French Richard H.","contributorId":128450,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"French Richard H.","id":536320,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Major, Jon J. 0000-0003-2449-4466 jjmajor@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2449-4466","contributorId":439,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Major","given":"Jon","email":"jjmajor@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":372469,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pierson, Thomas C. 0000-0001-9002-4273 tpierson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9002-4273","contributorId":2498,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pierson","given":"Thomas","email":"tpierson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":372470,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70016168,"text":"70016168 - 1990 - Kinetically influenced terms for solute transport affected by heterogeneous and homogeneous classical reactions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-10-04T14:41:39","indexId":"70016168","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Kinetically influenced terms for solute transport affected by heterogeneous and homogeneous classical reactions","docAbstract":"Simulation of transport affected by heterogeneous or homogeneous reversible reactions requires a choice between local equilibrium-based and kinetics-based models. The error associated with the use of equilibrium-based models is equivalent to the error of neglecting certain mathematical terms in the governing kinetics-based transport equations. Identification and evaluation of these kinetically influenced terms can therefore aid in the development of criteria for applicability of local equilibrium- based transport models. This paper extends a four-step derivation procedure, previously presented for cases of transport affected by surface reactions, to transport problems involving homogeneous reactions (solution phase complex formation or oxidation-reduction) and/or precipitation-dissolution reactions. Derivations for these classes of reactions are used to illustrate the manner in which mathematical differences between reaction classes are reflected in the mathematical derivation procedures required to identify kinetically influenced terms. Simulation results for a case of transport affected by a single solution phase complexation reaction and for a case of transport affected by a precipitation-dissolution reaction are used to demonstrate the nature of departures from equilibrium-controlled transport as well as the use of kinetically influenced terms in determining criteria for the applicability of the local equilibrium assumption. A final derivation for a multireaction problem demonstrates the application of the generalized procedure to a case of transport affected by reactions of several classes.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/WR026i001p00021","usgsCitation":"Bahr, J.M., 1990, Kinetically influenced terms for solute transport affected by heterogeneous and homogeneous classical reactions: Water Resources Research, v. 26, no. 1, p. 21-34, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR026i001p00021.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"21","endPage":"34","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":223252,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"26","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a40a8e4b0c8380cd64f37","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bahr, Jean M.","contributorId":69716,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bahr","given":"Jean","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372726,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70016259,"text":"70016259 - 1990 - Changes in lake levels, salinity and the biological community of Great Salt Lake (Utah, USA), 1847-1987","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:41","indexId":"70016259","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1919,"text":"Hydrobiologia","onlineIssn":"1573-5117","printIssn":"0018-8158","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Changes in lake levels, salinity and the biological community of Great Salt Lake (Utah, USA), 1847-1987","docAbstract":"Great Salt Lake is the fourth largest terminal lake in the world, with an area of about 6000 square kilometers at its historic high elevation. Since its historic low elevation of 1277.52 meters in 1963, the lake has risen to a new historic high elevation of 1283.77 meters in 1986-1987, a net increase of about 6.25 meters. About 60 percent of this increase, 3.72 meters, has occurred since 1982 in response to greater than average precipitation and less than average evaporation. Variations in salinity have resulted in changes in the composition of the aquatic biological community which consists of bacteria, protozoa, brine shrimp and brine flies. These changes were particularly evident following the completion of a causeway in 1959 which divided the lake. Subsequent salinities in the north part of the lake have ranged from 16 to 29 percent and in the south part from 6 to 28 percent. Accompanying the rise in lake elevation from 1982 to 1987 have been large decreases in salinity of both parts of the lake. This has resulted in changes in the biota from obligate halophiles, such as Dunaliella salina and D. viridis, to opportunistic forms such as a blue-green alga (Nodularia spumigena). The distribution and abundance of brine shrimp (Artemia salina) in the lake also have followed closely the salinity. In 1986, when the salinity of the south part of the lake was about 6 percent, a population of brackish-water killifish (Lucania parva) was observed along the shore near inflow from a spring. ?? 1990 Kluwer Academic Publishers.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Hydrobiologia","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Kluwer Academic Publishers","doi":"10.1007/BF00026946","issn":"00188158","usgsCitation":"Stephens, D.W., 1990, Changes in lake levels, salinity and the biological community of Great Salt Lake (Utah, USA), 1847-1987: Hydrobiologia, v. 197, no. 1, p. 139-146, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00026946.","startPage":"139","endPage":"146","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205356,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00026946"},{"id":223258,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"197","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f419e4b0c8380cd4bb37","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stephens, D. W.","contributorId":68335,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stephens","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372997,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1014588,"text":"1014588 - 1990 - Use of triticale as a replacement for wheat middlings in diets for Atlantic salmon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-08-08T15:24:38.721867","indexId":"1014588","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":853,"text":"Aquaculture","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Use of triticale as a replacement for wheat middlings in diets for Atlantic salmon","docAbstract":"A study was conducted to determine the value of triticale (a hybrid between rye and wheat) as a substitute for wheat middlings in the diet of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Data on growth and carcass composition of fish fed the experimental diets containing triticale were comparable to those of fish fed the control diet with wheat middlings. No differences in diet acceptability were apparent when triticale was substituted for wheat middlings in the basal ration. Though the effect of triticale substitution on pellet quality (i.e., durability) is not known, the results indicated that this hybrid grain can be used as a nutritional substitute for wheat middlings in the diet of salmonids, and that further evaluation of this potential feed ingredient is warranted.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0044-8486(90)90339-O","usgsCitation":"Hughes, S.G., 1990, Use of triticale as a replacement for wheat middlings in diets for Atlantic salmon: Aquaculture, v. 90, no. 2, p. 173-178, https://doi.org/10.1016/0044-8486(90)90339-O.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"173","endPage":"178","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132118,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"90","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a17e4b07f02db604249","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hughes, S. G.","contributorId":92200,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hughes","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320672,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70016377,"text":"70016377 - 1990 - Teleseismic tomography of the compressional wave velocity structure beneath the Long Valley region, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-24T15:42:10.237864","indexId":"70016377","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":6453,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Teleseismic tomography of the compressional wave velocity structure beneath the Long Valley region, California","docAbstract":"In 1982 and 1984 the U.S. Geological Survey used several seismic networks, totaling over 90 stations, to record teleseismic P waves and measure travel time residuals in an area centered on the Long Valley caldera. We inverted the travel time residuals to obtain a three-dimensional image of the velocity structure with resolution of 5–6 km to depths of 70 km beneath the array. Direct inversion of these data indicates that the 2- to 4-km-thick low-velocity caldera fill contaminates the signal from any midcrustal velocity anomalies beneath the caldera. Thus two methods were used to strip the effects of the upper crust from the travel time residuals: (1) ray tracing through upper crustal velocity models provided by seismic refraction experiments and gravity surveys, and (2) an iterative stripping scheme using the inversion itself. The methods produce essentially identical results and adequately remove the effects of the shallowest crustal structures, including the caldera fill and hydrothermal alteration effects. The resulting “stripped” models show two well-resolved midcrustal low-velocity bodies in the Long Valley region. The first body is centered between 7 and 20 km depth beneath the resurgent dome of the Long Valley caldera and has a volume of 150–600 km3. The second, with a similar volume, is centered between 10 and 20 km depth beneath the Mono Craters, about 10 km north of Long Valley. Velocity contrasts in both of these bodies are about 6–10%, and the features are interpreted as silicic magma chambers. This experiment does not preclude the presence of additional pockets of magma smaller than 5 km across in the upper crust, particularly beneath the resurgent dome of the caldera (which would be removed with the stripping methods). It is likely that the midcrust anomaly beneath the resurgent dome is a remnant of the caldera forming magma chamber. Upper mantle velocities are lower than average beneath Mono Craters and higher than average beneath Long Valley. We tentatively interpret these anomalies as mantle partial melt beneath the Mono Craters and refractory upper mantle residuum beneath Long Valley. The high eruptive rate of the Mono Craters and these upper mantle structures suggest that the focus of volcanism is shifting north from Long Valley to the Mono Craters.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB095iB07p11021","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Dawson, P., Evans, J., and Iyer, H.M., 1990, Teleseismic tomography of the compressional wave velocity structure beneath the Long Valley region, California: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 95, no. B7, p. 11021-11050, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB095iB07p11021.","productDescription":"30 p.","startPage":"11021","endPage":"11050","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222798,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"95","issue":"B7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba4a5e4b08c986b3204aa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dawson, P.B.","contributorId":75934,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dawson","given":"P.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373323,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Evans, J.R.","contributorId":50526,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Evans","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373322,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Iyer, H. M.","contributorId":17997,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Iyer","given":"H.","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373321,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70016170,"text":"70016170 - 1990 - Equivalent strike-slip earthquake cycles in half-space and lithosphere-asthenosphere earth models","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-24T16:27:51.109446","indexId":"70016170","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2312,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Equivalent strike-slip earthquake cycles in half-space and lithosphere-asthenosphere earth models","docAbstract":"By virtue of the images used in the dislocation solution, the deformation at the free surface produced throughout the earthquake cycle by slippage on a long strike-slip fault in an Earth model consisting of an elastic plate (lithosphere) overlying a viscoelastic half-space (asthenosphere) can be duplicated by prescribed slip on a vertical fault embedded in an elastic half-space. For the case in which each earthquake ruptures the entire lithosphere (thickness H), the half-space equivalent slip rate is as follows: Depth interval 0-H, slip identical to that in lithosphere-asthenosphere model (i.e., abrupt coseismic slip and no subsequent slip); depth interval (2n−1)H to (2n+1)H (n = 1,2,…), slip rate uniform in space and dependent upon time as Fn(t) exp (−t/τa) where Fn is a (n - 1) degree polynomial in t, τa is twice the asthenosphere relaxation time (η/μ), and t is measured from the instant after the preceding earthquake. The slip rate averaged over the seismic cycle in each depth interval equals the secular rate of relative plate motion. For reasonable values of τa, slip rates below 5H do not vary much from that mean value and can be treated as constant. Thus the surface deformation due to the earthquake cycle in the lithosphere-asthenosphere model can be calculated very simply from the half-space model with time-dependent slip in the two depth intervals H−3H and 3H−5H, and uniform slip at a rate equal to the secular relative plate velocity below depth 5H. Inversion of 1973–1988 geodetic measurements of deformation across the segment of the San Andreas fault in the Transverse Ranges north of Los Angeles for the half-space equivalent slip distribution suggests no significant slip on the fault above 30 km and a uniform slip rate of 36 mm/yr below 30 km. One equivalent lithosphere-asthenosphere model would have a 30-km thick lithosphere and an asthenosphere relaxation time greater than 33 years, but other models are possible.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB095iB04p04873","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Savage, J., 1990, Equivalent strike-slip earthquake cycles in half-space and lithosphere-asthenosphere earth models: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 95, no. B4, p. 4873-4879, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB095iB04p04873.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"4873","endPage":"4879","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223304,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"95","issue":"B4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0a2de4b0c8380cd52227","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Savage, J.C. 0000-0002-5114-7673","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5114-7673","contributorId":102876,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Savage","given":"J.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372728,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}