Although poisoning from anthropogenically derived lead threatens wildlife of many species, routes of lead exposure are unclear and rarely empirically tested. We used blood lead concentration and isotope ratio (207Pb/206Pb) data from populations of four species of raptors from across North America to test hypotheses associated with lead exposure via inhalation versus ingestion. Mean variation in blood lead concentration among cohort siblings was non‐zero at nests of ferruginous hawks Buteo regalis and osprey Pandion haliaetus (P < 0.001 and P < 0.001), indicating exposure via episodic ingestion. However, within‐nest variation in blood lead concentration was not significantly different from zero among cohort siblings at nests of bald eagles Haliaeetus leucocephalus and golden eagles Aquila chrysaetos (P = 0.014 and P = 0.023), consistent with exposure via continuous inhalation. Isotope ratio data corroborated the lead concentration data and within‐nest average and variance of blood lead concentrations were positively correlated (r = 0.70 to 0.94), indicating episodic ingestion. This study provides some of the first empirical population‐level data to evaluate mechanisms of lead exposure and demonstrates the importance of lead ingestion to avian predators and scavengers.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/acv.12379","usgsCitation":"Katzner, T., Stuber, M.J., Slabe, V.A., Anderson, J.T., Cooper, J.L., Rhea, L.L., and Milsap, B., 2018, Origins of lead in populations of raptors: Animal Conservation, v. 21, no. 3, p. 232-240, https://doi.org/10.1111/acv.12379.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"232","endPage":"240","ipdsId":"IP-090831","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":365054,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska, Arizona, California, Idaho, Michigan, Montana, Nevada, Virginia","volume":"21","issue":"3","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":12,"text":"Tacoma PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-11-06","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Katzner, Todd E. 0000-0003-4503-8435 tkatzner@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4503-8435","contributorId":191353,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Katzner","given":"Todd E.","email":"tkatzner@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":765073,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stuber, M J","contributorId":216569,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stuber","given":"M","email":"","middleInitial":"J","affiliations":[{"id":36188,"text":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":765074,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Slabe, V A","contributorId":216570,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Slabe","given":"V","email":"","middleInitial":"A","affiliations":[{"id":12432,"text":"West Virginia University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":765075,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Anderson, J T","contributorId":216571,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Anderson","given":"J","email":"","middleInitial":"T","affiliations":[{"id":12432,"text":"West Virginia University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":765076,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Cooper, J L","contributorId":216572,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cooper","given":"J","email":"","middleInitial":"L","affiliations":[{"id":35592,"text":"Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":765077,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Rhea, L L","contributorId":216573,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rhea","given":"L","email":"","middleInitial":"L","affiliations":[{"id":37814,"text":"Former USGS","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":765078,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Milsap, B A","contributorId":216574,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Milsap","given":"B A","affiliations":[{"id":36188,"text":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":765079,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70193229,"text":"70193229 - 2018 - Quantitative tools for implementing the new definition of significant portion of the range in the U.S. Endangered Species Act","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-05T14:21:05","indexId":"70193229","displayToPublicDate":"2017-10-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2018","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1321,"text":"Conservation Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Quantitative tools for implementing the new definition of significant portion of the range in the U.S. Endangered Species Act","docAbstract":"In 2014, the Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) and National Marine Fisheries Service announced a new policy interpretation for the U.S. Endangered Species Act (ESA). According to the act, a species must be listed as threatened or endangered if it is determined to be threatened or endangered in a significant portion of its range (SPR). The 2014 policy seeks to provide consistency by establishing that a portion of the range should be considered significant if the associated individuals’ “removal would cause the entire species to become endangered or threatened.” We reviewed 20 quantitative techniques used to assess whether a portion of a species’ range is significant according to the new guidance. Our assessments are based on the 3R criteria—redundancy (i.e., buffering from catastrophe), resiliency (i.e., ability to withstand stochasticity), and representation (i.e., ability to evolve)—that the FWS uses to determine if a species merits listing. We identified data needs for each quantitative technique and considered which methods could be implemented given the data limitations typical of rare species. We also identified proxies for the 3Rs that may be used with limited data. To assess potential data availability, we evaluated 7 example species by accessing data in their species status assessments, which document all the information used during a listing decision. In all species, an SPR could be evaluated with at least one metric for each of the 3Rs robustly or with substantial assumptions. Resiliency assessments appeared most constrained by limited data, and many species lacked information on connectivity between subpopulations, genetic variation, and spatial variability in vital rates. These data gaps will likely make SPR assessments for species with complex life histories or that cross national boundaries difficult. Although we reviewed techniques for the ESA, other countries require identification of significant areas and could benefit from this research.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/cobi.12963","usgsCitation":"Earl, J.E., Nicol, S., Wiederholt, R., Diffendorfer, J.E., Semmens, D.J., Flockhart, D.T., Mattsson, B., McCracken, G., Norris, D.R., Thogmartin, W.E., and Lopez-Hoffman, L., 2018, Quantitative tools for implementing the new definition of significant portion of the range in the U.S. Endangered Species Act: Conservation Biology, v. 32, no. 1, p. 35-49, https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.12963.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"35","endPage":"49","ipdsId":"IP-084220","costCenters":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":503757,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://zotero.org/groups/5435545/items/TRDY2P4X","text":"External 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T. Tyler","contributorId":199133,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Flockhart","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"T. Tyler","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":718277,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Mattsson, Brady","contributorId":59692,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mattsson","given":"Brady","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":718278,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"McCracken, Gary","contributorId":38885,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCracken","given":"Gary","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":718279,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Norris, D. Ryan","contributorId":59734,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Norris","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"Ryan","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":718280,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Thogmartin, Wayne E. 0000-0002-2384-4279 wthogmartin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2384-4279","contributorId":2545,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thogmartin","given":"Wayne","email":"wthogmartin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":718282,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Lopez-Hoffman, Laura","contributorId":149127,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lopez-Hoffman","given":"Laura","affiliations":[{"id":17654,"text":"School of Natural Resources & the Environment and Udall Center for Studies in Public Policy, The University of Arizona, Tucson","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":718283,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11}]}} ,{"id":70192375,"text":"70192375 - 2018 - Divergent migration within lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens) populations: Multiple distinct patterns exist across an unrestricted migration corridor","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-27T11:16:27","indexId":"70192375","displayToPublicDate":"2017-10-25T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2018","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2158,"text":"Journal of Animal Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Divergent migration within lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens) populations: Multiple distinct patterns exist across an unrestricted migration corridor","title":"Divergent migration within lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens) populations: Multiple distinct patterns exist across an unrestricted migration corridor","docAbstract":"Two sounds associated with spawning lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) in lakes Huron and Champlain were characterized by comparing sound recordings to behavioral data collected using acoustic telemetry and video. These sounds were named growls and snaps, and were heard on lake trout spawning reefs, but not on a non-spawning reef, and were more common at night than during the day. Growls also occurred more often during the spawning period than the pre-spawning period, while the trend for snaps was reversed. In a laboratory flume, sounds occurred when male lake trout were displaying spawning behaviors; growls when males were quivering and parallel swimming, and snaps when males moved their jaw. Combining our results with the observation of possible sound production by spawning splake (Salvelinus fontinalis × Salvelinus namaycush hybrid), provides rare evidence for spawning-related sound production by a salmonid, or any other fish in the superorder Protacanthopterygii. Further characterization of these sounds could be useful for lake trout assessment, restoration, and control.
","language":"English","publisher":"NRC Research Press","doi":"10.1139/cjfas-2016-0511","usgsCitation":"Johnson, N.S., Higgs, D., Binder, T., Marsden, J., Buchinger, T.J., Brege, L., Bruning, T., Farha, S., and Krueger, C., 2018, Evidence of sound production by spawning lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) in lakes Huron and Champlain: Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, v. 75, no. 3, p. 429-438, https://doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2016-0511.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"429","endPage":"438","ipdsId":"IP-085673","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":501380,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1807/79579","text":"External Repository"},{"id":341809,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Michigan","otherGeospatial":"Drummond Island Lake Trout Refuge, Lake Huron","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -83.692,\n 45.941\n ],\n [\n -83.619,\n 45.941\n ],\n [\n -83.619,\n 45.899\n ],\n [\n -83.692,\n 45.899\n ],\n [\n -83.692,\n 45.941\n \n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"75","issue":"3","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":6,"text":"Columbus PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59293e8ee4b016f7a94076d0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, Nicholas S. 0000-0002-7419-6013 njohnson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7419-6013","contributorId":597,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Nicholas","email":"njohnson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":696196,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Higgs, Dennis","contributorId":192314,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Higgs","given":"Dennis","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":696197,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Binder, Thomas R.","contributorId":23056,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Binder","given":"Thomas R.","affiliations":[{"id":7019,"text":"Great Lakes Fishery Commission","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":696198,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Marsden, J. 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Ellen","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":696199,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Buchinger, Tyler John","contributorId":192316,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Buchinger","given":"Tyler","email":"","middleInitial":"John","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":696200,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Brege, Linnea 0000-0002-7495-3619 lbrege@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7495-3619","contributorId":176976,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brege","given":"Linnea","email":"lbrege@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":696201,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Bruning, Tyler 0000-0002-5970-9810 tbruning@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5970-9810","contributorId":173134,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bruning","given":"Tyler","email":"tbruning@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":696202,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Farha, Steven A. 0000-0001-9953-6996 sfarha@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9953-6996","contributorId":5170,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Farha","given":"Steven","email":"sfarha@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":696203,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Krueger, Charles C.","contributorId":67821,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Krueger","given":"Charles C.","affiliations":[{"id":7019,"text":"Great Lakes Fishery Commission","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":696204,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":70198153,"text":"70198153 - 2018 - Slip history of the La Cruz fault: Development of a late Miocene transformin response to increased rift obliquity in the northern Gulf of California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-07-17T15:53:13","indexId":"70198153","displayToPublicDate":"2016-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2018","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3525,"text":"Tectonophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Slip history of the La Cruz fault: Development of a late Miocene transformin response to increased rift obliquity in the northern Gulf of California","docAbstract":"The Gulf of California rift has accommodated oblique divergence of the Pacific and North America plates in north-western México since Miocene time. Due to its infancy, its rifted margins preserve a rare onshore record of early continental break-up processes and an opportunity to investigate the role of rift obliquity in strain localization. We map rift-related structures and syn-tectonic basins on southern Isla Tiburón, a proximal onshore exposure of the rifted North America margin. We integrate analysis and geochronology of syn-tectonic sedimentary basins and mapping of crosscutting relationships to characterize the style and timing of fault activity. On southern Isla Tiburón, an early phase of extension initiated between~19–17 Ma and ~12.2Ma. Subsequently, these normal faults and related basins were cut by the La Cruz strike-slip fault and buried by deposits of the La Cruz basin, an elongate, fault-controlled trough coextensive with the La Cruz fault. Crosscutting relationships show that the NW-striking La Cruz fault accrued 5 ± 2 km of dextral slip ~8–4 Ma. The La Cruz fault and parallel Tiburón transform were kinematically linked to detachment faulting that accommodated latest Miocene to Pliocene oblique opening of the offshore Upper Tiburón pull-apart basin. The onset of strike-slip faulting on Isla Tiburón was synchronous with the ~8–6 Ma onset of transform faulting and basin formation along >1000 km of the reconstructed Pacific-NorthAmerica plate boundary. This transition coincides with the commencement of a clockwise azimuthal shift in Pacific-North America relative plate motion that increased the obliquity of the Gulf of California rift and formed the Gulf of California shear zone. The record from the proto-Gulf of California illustrates how highly oblique rift geometries, where transform faults are kinematically linked to pull-apart basins, enhance the ability of continental lithosphere to rupture and, ultimately, hasten the formation of new oceanic rift basins.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.tecto.2016.06.013","usgsCitation":"Bennett, S.E., Oskin, M.E., Iriondo, A., and Kunk, M.J., 2018, Slip history of the La Cruz fault: Development of a late Miocene transformin response to increased rift obliquity in the northern Gulf of California: Tectonophysics, v. 693, p. 409-435, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2016.06.013.","productDescription":"27 p.","startPage":"409","endPage":"435","ipdsId":"IP-068713","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":469209,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2016.06.013","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":355748,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Mexico","otherGeospatial":"Gulf of California","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -121.6845703125,\n 21.861498734372567\n ],\n [\n -101.4697265625,\n 21.861498734372567\n ],\n [\n -101.4697265625,\n 36.94989178681327\n ],\n [\n -121.6845703125,\n 36.94989178681327\n ],\n [\n -121.6845703125,\n 21.861498734372567\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"693","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5b6fc50ae4b0f5d57878eae6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bennett, Scott E.K. 0000-0002-9772-4122 sekbennett@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9772-4122","contributorId":5340,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bennett","given":"Scott","email":"sekbennett@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.K.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":740277,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Oskin, Michael E.","contributorId":191806,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Oskin","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":740278,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Iriondo, Alexander","contributorId":23619,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Iriondo","given":"Alexander","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":740279,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kunk, Michael J. 0000-0003-4424-7825 mkunk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4424-7825","contributorId":200968,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kunk","given":"Michael","email":"mkunk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":740280,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70208674,"text":"70208674 - 2017 - Are nest boxes ecological traps for red-footed falcons Falco vespertinius at Naurzum","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-06-02T22:12:40.68054","indexId":"70208674","displayToPublicDate":"2017-12-31T16:58:06","publicationYear":"2017","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"displayTitle":"Are nest boxes ecological traps for red-footed falcons Falco vespertinius at Naurzum","title":"Are nest boxes ecological traps for red-footed falcons Falco vespertinius at Naurzum","docAbstract":"Nest box programs are frequently implemented for conservation of cavity-nesting birds, but their effectiveness is rarely evaluated in comparison to birds not using nest boxes. In the European Palearctic, Red-Footed Falcon (Falco vespertinus) populations are both of high conservation concern and are strongly associated with nest box programs in heavily managed landscapes. We used a 21-year monitoring dataset developed from monitoring 753 nesting attempts by Red-footed Falcons at the Naurzum Zapovednick to evaluate response of demographic parameters of Redfooted Falcons to environmental factors including use of nest boxes. Variations in lay date and in numbers of eggs were not well explained by any one model, but instead by combinations of models with terms for nest type, land cover type and degree of coloniality. In contrast, variation in both offspring loss and numbers of fledglings produced were fairly well explained by a single model including terms for nest type, land cover type, and an interaction between the two parameters (65% and 81% model weights respectively). Because, for other species, early lay dates are associated with individual fitness, this interaction highlighted a potential ecological trap where falcons using nest boxes on forest edges at Naurzum lay eggs earlier but suffer greater offspring loss and produce lower numbers of fledglings than do those in other nesting settings.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Biological diversity of Asian Steppe: Proceedings of the III international scientific conference","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"III International Scientific Conference: Biological Diversity of Asian Steppe","conferenceDate":"Apr 24-27, 2017","conferenceLocation":"Kostanay, Kazakhstan","language":"English","publisher":"Kostanay State Pedagogical Institute","usgsCitation":"Katzner, T., Bragin, A.E., and Bragin, E.A., 2017, Are nest boxes ecological traps for red-footed falcons Falco vespertinius at Naurzum, in Biological diversity of Asian Steppe: Proceedings of the III international scientific conference, Kostanay, Kazakhstan, Apr 24-27, 2017, p. 240-244.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"240","endPage":"244","ipdsId":"IP-084190","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":375273,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Kazahkstan","state":"Kostanay Oblast","otherGeospatial":"Naurzum State Nature Reserve","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 63.66165161132813,\n 51.24042602354956\n ],\n [\n 64.91683959960938,\n 51.24042602354956\n ],\n [\n 64.91683959960938,\n 51.931565061629236\n ],\n [\n 63.66165161132813,\n 51.931565061629236\n ],\n [\n 63.66165161132813,\n 51.24042602354956\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":12,"text":"Tacoma PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Katzner, Todd E. 0000-0003-4503-8435 tkatzner@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4503-8435","contributorId":191353,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Katzner","given":"Todd E.","email":"tkatzner@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":782958,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bragin, Alexander E.","contributorId":193027,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bragin","given":"Alexander","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":782959,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bragin, Evgeny A.","contributorId":194894,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bragin","given":"Evgeny","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":35656,"text":"Science Department, Naurzum National Nature Reserve, Kostanay Oblast, Naurzumski Raijon, Karamendy, Kazakhstan","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":782960,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70195218,"text":"70195218 - 2017 - The thermal regime and species composition of fish and invertebrates in Kelly Warm Spring, Grand Teton National Park, Wyoming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-19T10:42:30","indexId":"70195218","displayToPublicDate":"2017-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2017","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3746,"text":"Western North American Naturalist","onlineIssn":"1944-8341","printIssn":"1527-0904","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The thermal regime and species composition of fish and invertebrates in Kelly Warm Spring, Grand Teton National Park, Wyoming","docAbstract":"We evaluated the thermal regime and relative abundance of native and nonnative fish and invertebrates within Kelly Warm Spring and Savage Ditch, Grand Teton National Park, Wyoming. Water temperatures within the system remained relatively warm year-round with mean temperatures >20 °C near the spring source and >5 °C approximately 2 km downstream of the source. A total of 7 nonnative species were collected: Convict/Zebra Cichlid (Cichlasoma nigrofasciatum), Green Swordtail (Xiphophorus hellerii), Tadpole Madtom (Noturus gyrinus), Guppy (Poecilia reticulata), Goldfish (Carassius auratus), red-rimmed melania snail (Melanoides tuberculata), and American bullfrog tadpoles (Lithobates catesbeianus). Nonnative fish (Zebra Cichlids and Green Swordtails), red-rimmed melania snails, and bullfrog tadpoles dominated the upper 2 km of the system. Abundance estimates of the Zebra Cichlid exceeded 12,000 fish/km immediately downstream of the spring source. Relative abundance of native species increased movingdownstream as water temperatures attenuated with distance from the thermally warmed spring source; however, nonnative species were captured 4 km downstream from the spring. Fish diseases were prevalent in both native and nonnative fish from the Kelly Warm Spring pond. Clinostomum marginatum, a trematode parasite, was found in native species samples, and the tapeworm Diphyllobothrium dendriticum was present in samples from nonnative species. Diphyllobothrium dendriticum is rare in Wyoming. Salmonella spp. were also found in some samples of nonnative species. These bacteria are associated with aquarium fish and aquaculture and are generally not found in the wild.
","language":"English","publisher":"Monte L. Bean Life Science Museum, Brigham Young University","doi":"10.3398/064.077.0405","usgsCitation":"Harper, D., and Farag, A., 2017, The thermal regime and species composition of fish and invertebrates in Kelly Warm Spring, Grand Teton National Park, Wyoming: Western North American Naturalist, v. 77, no. 4, p. 440-449, https://doi.org/10.3398/064.077.0405.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"440","endPage":"449","ipdsId":"IP-083872","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":488736,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/wnan/vol77/iss4/4","text":"External Repository"},{"id":351236,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Grand Teton National Park, Kelly Warm Spring","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -110.61748623847961,\n 43.63864915229675\n ],\n [\n -110.61528682708739,\n 43.63864915229675\n ],\n [\n -110.61528682708739,\n 43.63986428872045\n ],\n [\n -110.61748623847961,\n 43.63986428872045\n ],\n [\n -110.61748623847961,\n 43.63864915229675\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"77","issue":"4","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":4,"text":"Rolla PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a7c1e77e4b00f54eb229308","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harper, David 0000-0001-7061-8461 david_harper@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7061-8461","contributorId":169848,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harper","given":"David","email":"david_harper@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":727507,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Farag, Aida 0000-0003-4247-6763 aida_farag@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4247-6763","contributorId":200690,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Farag","given":"Aida","email":"aida_farag@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":727508,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70196906,"text":"70196906 - 2017 - Spatial ecology and movement of reintroduced Canada lynx","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-11T14:19:18","indexId":"70196906","displayToPublicDate":"2017-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2017","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1445,"text":"Ecography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Spatial ecology and movement of reintroduced Canada lynx","docAbstract":"Understanding movement behavior and identifying areas of landscape connectivity is critical for the conservation of many species. However, collecting fine‐scale movement data can be prohibitively time consuming and costly, especially for rare or endangered species, whereas existing data sets may provide the best available information on animal movement. Contemporary movement models may not be an option for modeling existing data due to low temporal resolution and large or unusual error structures, but inference can still be obtained using a functional movement modeling approach. We use a functional movement model to perform a population‐level analysis of telemetry data collected during the reintroduction of Canada lynx to Colorado. Little is known about southern lynx populations compared to those in Canada and Alaska, and inference is often limited to a few individuals due to their low densities. Our analysis of a population of Canada lynx fills significant gaps in the knowledge of Canada lynx behavior at the southern edge of its historical range. We analyzed functions of individual‐level movement paths, such as speed, residence time, and tortuosity, and identified a region of connectivity that extended north from the San Juan Mountains, along the continental divide, and terminated in Wyoming at the northern edge of the Southern Rocky Mountains. Individuals were able to traverse large distances across non‐boreal habitat, including exploratory movements to the Greater Yellowstone area and beyond. We found evidence for an effect of seasonality and breeding status on many of the movement quantities and documented a potential reintroduction effect. Our findings provide the first analysis of Canada lynx movement in Colorado and substantially augment the information available for conservation and management decisions. The functional movement framework can be extended to other species and demonstrates that information on movement behavior can be obtained using existing data sets.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/ecog.03030","usgsCitation":"Buderman, F.E., Hooten, M., Ivan, J., and Shenk, T., 2017, Spatial ecology and movement of reintroduced Canada lynx: Ecography, v. 41, no. 1, p. 126-139, https://doi.org/10.1111/ecog.03030.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"126","endPage":"139","ipdsId":"IP-072342","costCenters":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":354099,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Yellowstone National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -111.02783203125,\n 44.1151978766043\n ],\n [\n -109.94293212890625,\n 44.1151978766043\n ],\n [\n -109.94293212890625,\n 44.88895839978044\n ],\n [\n -111.02783203125,\n 44.88895839978044\n ],\n [\n -111.02783203125,\n 44.1151978766043\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"41","issue":"1","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":12,"text":"Tacoma PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-09-22","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5afee789e4b0da30c1bfc2de","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Buderman, Frances E.","contributorId":171634,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Buderman","given":"Frances","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":734972,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hooten, Mevin 0000-0002-1614-723X mhooten@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1614-723X","contributorId":2958,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hooten","given":"Mevin","email":"mhooten@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":12963,"text":"Colorado Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Fort Collins, CO","active":true,"usgs":false},{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":734971,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ivan, Jacob S.","contributorId":200243,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ivan","given":"Jacob S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":734973,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Shenk, Tanya","contributorId":204778,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Shenk","given":"Tanya","affiliations":[{"id":36892,"text":"University of Nebraska","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":734974,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70203232,"text":"70203232 - 2017 - Community distance sampling models allowing for imperfect detection and temporary emigration","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-05-02T08:50:44","indexId":"70203232","displayToPublicDate":"2017-12-20T07:35:11","publicationYear":"2017","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1475,"text":"Ecosphere","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Community distance sampling models allowing for imperfect detection and temporary emigration","docAbstract":"Recent developments of community abundance models (CAMs) enable us to analyze communities subject to imperfect detection. However, existing CAMs assume spatial closure, that is, that individuals are always present in the sampling plots, which is often violated in field surveys. Violation of this assumption, such as in the presence of spatial temporary emigration, can lead to the underestimates of detection probability and overestimates of population densities and diversity metrics. Here, we propose a model that simultaneously accommodates both temporary emigration and imperfect detection by integrating CAMs and a form of hierarchical distance sampling for open populations. Expected values of species richness are obtained via the summation of occupancy (or incidence) probabilities, based on species‐level densities, across all species of the community. Simulations were used to examine the effects of spatial temporary emigration on the estimation of biological communities. We also applied the proposed model to empirical data and constructed area‐based rarefaction curves accounting for temporary emigration. Simulation experiments showed that temporary emigration can decrease the local species richness (α diversity) based on densities and increase the species turnover (β diversity). Raw species counts can overestimate or underestimate α diversity in the presence of temporary emigration, but the specific biases depend on the values of detection and emigration probabilities. Our newly proposed model yielded unbiased estimates of α, β, and γ diversity in the presence of temporary emigration. The application to empirical data suggested that accounting for temporary emigration lowered area‐based rarefaction curves because availability probabilities of individual species were estimated to be <1. Temporary emigration prevails in field surveys and has broad significance for understanding the ecology and function of biological communities and separation of imperfect detection and temporary emigration resolves long‐standing issues in the use of count data. We therefore suggest that the consideration of temporary emigration would contribute to understanding the nature and role of biological communities.
","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.1002/ecs2.2028","usgsCitation":"Yamaura, Y., and Royle, A., 2017, Community distance sampling models allowing for imperfect detection and temporary emigration: Ecosphere, v. 8, no. 12, p. 1-15, https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.2028.","productDescription":"e02028, 15 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"15","ipdsId":"IP-089901","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":469230,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.2028","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":363415,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"8","issue":"12","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":10,"text":"Baltimore PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-12-20","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Yamaura, Yuichi","contributorId":173122,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Yamaura","given":"Yuichi","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":16855,"text":"Hokkaido University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":761807,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Royle, J. Andrew 0000-0003-3135-2167 aroyle@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3135-2167","contributorId":146229,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Royle","given":"J. Andrew","email":"aroyle@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":761806,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70180705,"text":"pp1802R - 2017 - Tellurium","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70180705,"text":"pp1802R - 2017 - Tellurium","indexId":"pp1802R","publicationYear":"2017","noYear":false,"chapter":"R","title":"Tellurium"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70158974,"text":"pp1802 - 2017 - Critical mineral resources of the United States—Economic and environmental geology and prospects for future supply","indexId":"pp1802","publicationYear":"2017","noYear":false,"title":"Critical mineral resources of the United States—Economic and environmental geology and prospects for future supply"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70158974,"text":"pp1802 - 2017 - Critical mineral resources of the United States—Economic and environmental geology and prospects for future supply","indexId":"pp1802","publicationYear":"2017","noYear":false,"title":"Critical mineral resources of the United States—Economic and environmental geology and prospects for future supply"},"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-19T14:46:20","indexId":"pp1802R","displayToPublicDate":"2017-12-19T09:30:00","publicationYear":"2017","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1802","chapter":"R","title":"Tellurium","docAbstract":"Tellurium (Te) is a very rare element that averages only 3 parts per billion in Earth’s upper crust. It shows a close association with gold and may be present in orebodies of most gold deposit types at levels of tens to hundreds of parts per million. In large-tonnage mineral deposits, such as porphyry copper and seafloor volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits, sulfide minerals may contain hundreds of parts per million tellurium, although the orebodies likely have overall concentrations of 0.1 to 1.0 parts per million tellurium. Tellurium is presently recovered as a primary ore from only two districts in the world; these are the gold-tellurium epithermal vein deposits located adjacent to one another at Dashuigou and Majiagou (Sichuan Province) in southwestern China, and the epithermal-like mineralization at the Kankberg deposit in the Skellefteå VMS district of Västerbotten County, Sweden. Combined, these two groups of deposits account for about 15 percent (about 70 metric tons) of the annual global production of between 450 and 470 metric tons of tellurium. Most of the world’s tellurium, however, is produced as a byproduct of the mining of porphyry copper deposits. These deposits typically yield concentrations of 1 to 4 percent tellurium in the anode slimes recovered during copper refining. Present production of tellurium from the United States is solely from the anode slimes at ASARCO LLC’s copper refinery in Amarillo, Texas, and may total about 50 metric tons per year. The main uses of tellurium are in photovoltaic solar cells and as an additive to copper, lead, and steel alloys in various types of machinery. The environmental data available regarding the mining of tellurium are limited; most concerns to date have focused on the more-abundant metals present in the large-tonnage deposits from which tellurium is recovered as a byproduct. Global reserves of tellurium are estimated to be 24,000 metric tons, based on the amount of tellurium likely contained in global copper reserves and on a 50 percent recovery rate from refinery anode slimes during the commonly used electrolytic process, also known as solvent extraction-electrolytic refining. If the more economical solvent-leach process—a process that does not recover tellurium—is increasingly used in the future to recover lower grades of copper from porphyry and other large-tonnage deposits, then additional high-grade tellurium-rich gold deposits may become new primary sources for tellurium, particularly epithermal vein deposits associated with alkaline magmatism.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Critical mineral resources of the United States—Economic and environmental geology and prospects for future supply","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1802R","isbn":"978-1-4113-3991-0","usgsCitation":"Goldfarb, R.J., Berger, B.R., George, M.W., and Seal, R.R., II, 2017, Tellurium, chap. R of Schulz, K.J., DeYoung, J.H., Jr., Seal, R.R., II, and Bradley, D.C., eds., Critical mineral resources of the United States—Economic and environmental geology and prospects for future supply: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1802, p. R1–R27, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1802R.","productDescription":"viii, 27 p.","numberOfPages":"40","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-069567","costCenters":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":334839,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1802/r/coverthb1.jpg"},{"id":334840,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1802/r/pp1802r.pdf","text":"Report","size":"3.91 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"PP 1802 R"}],"contact":"Mineral Resources Program Coordinator
U.S. Geological Survey
913 National Center
Reston, VA 20192
Email: minerals@usgs.gov
https://minerals.usgs.gov
Zirconium and hafnium are corrosion-resistant metals that are widely used in the chemical and nuclear industries. Most zirconium is consumed in the form of the main ore mineral zircon (ZrSiO4, or as zirconium oxide or other zirconium chemicals. Zirconium and hafnium are both refractory lithophile elements that have nearly identical charge, ionic radii, and ionic potentials. As a result, their geochemical behavior is generally similar. Both elements are classified as incompatible because they have physical and crystallochemical properties that exclude them from the crystal lattices of most rock-forming minerals. Zircon and another, less common, ore mineral, baddeleyite (ZrO2), form primarily as accessory minerals in igneous rocks. The presence and abundance of these ore minerals in igneous rocks are largely controlled by the element concentrations in the magma source and by the processes of melt generation and evolution. The world’s largest primary deposits of zirconium and hafnium are associated with alkaline igneous rocks, and, in one locality on the Kola Peninsula of Murmanskaya Oblast, Russia, baddeleyite is recovered as a byproduct of apatite and magnetite mining. Otherwise, there are few primary igneous deposits of zirconium- and hafnium-bearing minerals with economic value at present. The main ore deposits worldwide are heavy-mineral sands produced by the weathering and erosion of preexisting rocks and the concentration of zircon and other economically important heavy minerals, such as ilmenite and rutile (for titanium), chromite (for chromium), and monazite (for rare-earth elements) in sedimentary systems, particularly in coastal environments. In coastal deposits, heavy-mineral enrichment occurs where sediment is repeatedly reworked by wind, waves, currents, and tidal processes. The resulting heavy-mineral-sand deposits, called placers or paleoplacers, preferentially form at relatively low latitudes on passive continental margins and supply 100 percent of the world’s zircon. Zircon makes up a relatively small percentage of the economic heavy minerals in most deposits and is produced primarily as a byproduct of heavy-mineral-sand mining for titanium minerals.
From 2003 to 2012, world zirconium mineral concentrates production increased by more than 40 percent, and Australia and South Africa were the leading producers. Global consumption of zirconium mineral concentrates generally increased during the same time period, largely as a result of increased demand in developing economies in Asia and the Middle East. Global demand weakened in 2012, causing a decrease in world production of zirconium mineral concentrates and delaying the development of several new mining projects. Global consumption is expected to increase in the future, however, as demand from the ceramics, chemicals, and metals industries increases (driven by renewed growth in developing economies) and demand for zirconium and hafnium metal increases (driven by the construction and operation of new nuclear powerplants).
The behaviors of zirconium and hafnium in the environment are very similar to one another in that most zirconium- and hafnium-bearing minerals have limited solubility and reactivity. Anthropogenic sources of zirconium, and likely hafnium, are from industrial zirconium-containing byproducts and emissions from the processing of sponge zirconium, and exposure to the general population from these sources is small. Zirconium and hafnium are likely not essential to human health and generally are considered to be of low toxicity to humans. The main exposure risks are associated with industrial inhalation and dermal exposure. Because of the low solubility of zirconium and hafnium, ecological health concerns in the aquatic environment and in soils are minimal. Heavy-mineral-sand mining may lead to increased erosion rates when the mining is managed improperly. In addition, surface mining requires removal of the overlying organic soil layer and produces waste material that includes tailings and slimes. The soil removal and mining activity disturbs the surrounding ecosystem and alters the character of the landscape. Dry mineral separation processes create high amounts of airborne dust, whereas wet mineral separation processes do not. In operations that restore the landscape to pre-mining conditions, the volume of waste and the impact on the landscape may be relatively temporary.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Critical mineral resources of the United States—Economic and environmental geology and prospects for future supply","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1802V","isbn":"978-1-4113-3991-0","usgsCitation":"Jones, J.V., III, Piatak, N.M., and Bedinger, G.M., 2017, Zirconium and hafnium, chap. V of Schulz, K.J., DeYoung, J.H., Jr., Seal, R.R., II, and Bradley, D.C., eds., Critical mineral resources of the United States—Economic and environmental geology and prospects for future supply: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1802, p. V1–V26, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1802V.","productDescription":"vii, 26 p.","numberOfPages":"38","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-049217","costCenters":[{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":339506,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1802/v/pp1802v.pdf","text":"Report","size":"16.4 MB","description":"PP 1802 V"},{"id":339517,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1802/v/coverthb1.jpg"}],"contact":"Mineral Resources Program Coordinator
U.S. Geological Survey
913 National Center
Reston, VA 20192
Email: minerals@usgs.gov
https://minerals.usgs.gov
The platinum-group elements (PGEs)—platinum, palladium, rhodium, ruthenium, iridium, and osmium—are metals that have similar physical and chemical properties and tend to occur together in nature. PGEs are indispensable to many industrial applications but are mined in only a few places. The availability and accessibility of PGEs could be disrupted by economic, environmental, political, and social events. The United States net import reliance as a percentage of apparent consumption is about 90 percent.
PGEs have many industrial applications. They are used in catalytic converters to reduce carbon monoxide, hydrocarbon, and nitrous oxide emissions in automobile exhaust. The chemical industry requires platinum or platinum-rhodium alloys to manufacture nitric oxide, which is the raw material used to manufacture explosives, fertilizers, and nitric acid. In the petrochemical industry, platinum-supported catalysts are needed to refine crude oil and to produce aromatic compounds and high-octane gasoline. Alloys of PGEs are exceptionally hard and durable, making them the best known coating for industrial crucibles used in the manufacture of chemicals and synthetic materials. PGEs are used by the glass manufacturing industry in the production of fiberglass and flat-panel and liquid crystal displays. In the electronics industry, PGEs are used in computer hard disks, hybridized integrated circuits, and multilayer ceramic capacitors.
Aside from their industrial applications, PGEs are used in such other fields as health, consumer goods, and finance. Platinum, for example, is used in medical implants, such as pacemakers, and PGEs are used in cancer-fighting drugs. Platinum alloys are an ideal choice for jewelry because of their white color, strength, and resistance to tarnish. Platinum, palladium, and rhodium in the form of coins and bars are also used as investment commodities, and various financial instruments based on the value of these PGEs are traded on major exchanges.
PGEs are among the rarest metals; Earth’s upper crust contains only about 0.0005 part per million (ppm) platinum. Today, the average grade of PGEs in ores that are mined primarily for their PGE concentrations varies from 5 to 15 ppm, although the concentration of PGEs in hand-picked ore specimens may range from tens to hundreds of parts per million.
More than 100 different minerals have one of the PGEs as an essential component. PGE minerals occur as native metals. They also occur as compounds with other transition metals (copper, iron, mercury, nickel, and silver), post-transition metals (bismuth, lead, and tin), metalloids (antimony, arsenic, and tellurium), and nonmetals (selenium and sulfur).
From 1900 to 2011, approximately 14,200 metric tons of PGEs was produced, and roughly 95 percent of that production (13,500 metric tons) took place between 1960 and 2011. The breakdown of production by country shows that, since 1900, about 90 percent of the production came from South Africa and Russia. The secondary supply of platinum, palladium, and rhodium is obtained through the recycling of catalytic converters from end-of-life vehicles, jewelry, and electronic equipment. Recycled platinum, palladium, and rhodium provide a significant proportion of the world’s total supply; these secondary sources are sufficient to close the gap between world mine production and consumption.
Exploration and mining companies report resources of about 104,000 metric tons of PGEs (including minor amounts of gold) in mineral deposits around the world that could be developed. For PGEs, almost all the reported production and identified resources are associated with deposits in three geologic features—the Bushveld Complex, which is a layered mafic-to-ultramafic intrusion in South Africa; the Great Dyke, which is a layered mafic-to-ultramafic intrusion in Zimbabwe; and sill-like intrusions associated with flood basalts in the Noril’sk-Talnakh area of Russia.
The metallic forms of PGEs are generally considered to be inert. PGEs pose a risk to human health only in cases where individuals are occupationally exposed to synthetic PGE compounds, especially workers in precious-metal refineries. In the natural environment, background PGE concentrations are low in water, sediment, soil, and plants. Anthropogenic sources of PGEs in the environment include catalytic converters used in modern automobiles, platinum-based chemotherapy drugs, and smelter emissions.
The abundance of sulfide minerals defines the environmental and geologic characteristics of PGE-enriched magmatic sulfide deposits; those deposits with the highest amount of sulfide minerals could have the highest environmental impact. Acid rock drainage from reef-type and contact-type deposits is unlikely because the ores and their host rocks contain low proportions of sulfide minerals. For some conduit-type orebodies with massive ores, mineral-processing techniques separate and produce concentrates of copper-, iron-, and nickel-bearing sulfide minerals; those with copper and nickel are processed to extract metal, but the iron-sulfide minerals, mainly pyrrhotite, are discarded as waste. This results in waste material with a high acid-generating potential.
The most significant primary source of PGEs in the United States is a deposit in the Stillwater Complex, which is a layered igneous intrusion in Montana. Approximately 305 metric tons of platinum and palladium have been mined from the Stillwater Complex deposit since 1986. Exploration and development drilling indicate that another 2,200 metric tons are present. Mining has progressed to depths of 1,800 meters below the surface, but the bottom of the ore deposit has not been reached; geologic estimates suggest that another 1,000 to 6,200 metric tons of PGEs could be present at depth. In the future, PGEs may be mined from deposits found near the base of the Duluth Complex, which is a group of igneous intrusions in Minnesota.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Critical mineral resources of the United States—Economic and environmental geology and prospects for future supply","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1802N","isbn":"978-1-4113-3991-0","usgsCitation":"Zientek, M.L., Loferski, P.J., Parks, H.L., Schulte, R.F., and Seal, R.R., II, 2017, Platinum-group elements, chap. N of Schulz, K.J., DeYoung, J.H., Jr., Seal, R.R., II, and Bradley, D.C., eds., Critical mineral resources of the United States—Economic and environmental geology and prospects for future supply: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1802, p. N1–N91, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1802N.","productDescription":"ix, 91 p.","numberOfPages":"106","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-052035","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":334214,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1802/n/coverthb1.jpg"},{"id":334215,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1802/n/pp1802n.pdf","text":"Report","size":"33.4 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"PP 1802 N"}],"contact":"Mineral Resources Program Coordinator
U.S. Geological Survey
913 National Center
Reston, VA 20192
Email: minerals@usgs.gov
https://minerals.usgs.gov
Cobalt is a silvery gray metal that has diverse uses based on certain key properties, including ferromagnetism, hardness and wear-resistance when alloyed with other metals, low thermal and electrical conductivity, high melting point, multiple valences, and production of intense blue colors when combined with silica. Cobalt is used mostly in cathodes in rechargeable batteries and in superalloys for turbine engines in jet aircraft. Annual global cobalt consumption was approximately 75,000 metric tons in 2011; China, Japan, and the United States (in order of consumption amount) were the top three cobalt-consuming countries. In 2011, approximately 109,000 metric tons of recoverable cobalt was produced in ores, concentrates, and intermediate products from cobalt, copper, nickel, platinum-group-element (PGE), and zinc operations. The Democratic Republic of the Congo (Congo [Kinshasa]) was the principal source of mined cobalt globally (55 percent). The United States produced a negligible amount of byproduct cobalt as an intermediate product from a PGE mining and refining operation in southeastern Montana; no U.S. production was from mines in which cobalt was the principal commodity. China was the leading refiner of cobalt, and much of its production came from cobalt ores, concentrates, and partially refined materials imported from Congo (Kinshasa).
The mineralogy of cobalt deposits is diverse and includes both primary (hypogene) and secondary (supergene) phases. Principal terrestrial (land-based) deposit types, which represent most of world’s cobalt mine production, include primary magmatic Ni-Cu(-Co-PGE) sulfides, primary and secondary stratiform sediment-hosted Cu-Co sulfides and oxides, and secondary Ni-Co laterites. Seven additional terrestrial deposit types are described in this chapter. The total terrestrial cobalt resource (reserves plus other resources) plus past production, where available, is calculated to be 25.5 million metric tons. Additional resources of cobalt are known to occur on the modern sea floor in aerially extensive deposits of Fe-Mn(-Ni-Cu-Co-Mo) nodules and Fe-Mn(-Co-Mo-rare-earth-element) crusts. Legal, economic, and technological barriers have prevented exploitation of these cobalt resources, which lie at water depths of as great as 6,000 meters, although advances in technology may soon allow production of these resources to be economically viable.
Environmental issues related to cobalt mining concern mainly the elevated cobalt contents in soils and waters. Although at low levels cobalt is essential to human health (it is the central atom in the critical nutrient vitamin B12), overexposure to high levels of cobalt may cause lung and heart dysfunction, as well as dermatitis. The ecological impacts of cobalt vary widely and can be severe for some species of fish and plants, depending on various environmental factors.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Critical mineral resources of the United States—Economic and environmental geology and prospects for future supply","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1802F","isbn":"978-1-4113-3991-0","usgsCitation":"Slack, J.F., Kimball, B.E., and Shedd, K.B., 2017, Cobalt, chap. F of Schulz, K.J., DeYoung, J.H., Jr., Seal, R.R., II, and Bradley, D.C., eds., Critical mineral resources of the United States—Economic and environmental geology and prospects for future supply: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1802, p. F1–F40, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1802F.","productDescription":"viii, 40 p.","numberOfPages":"52","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-078704","costCenters":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":339507,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1802/f/pp1802f.pdf","text":"Report ","size":"4.44 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"PP 1802 F"},{"id":339523,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1802/f/coverthb1.jpg"}],"contact":"Mineral Resources Program Coordinator
U.S. Geological Survey
913 National Center
Reston, VA 20192
Email: minerals@usgs.gov
https://minerals.usgs.gov
Rhenium is one of the rarest elements in Earth’s continental crust; its estimated average crustal abundance is less than 1 part per billion. Rhenium is a metal that has an extremely high melting point and a heat-stable crystalline structure. More than 80 percent of the rhenium consumed in the world is used in high-temperature superalloys, especially those used to make turbine blades for jet aircraft engines. Rhenium’s other major application is in platinum-rhenium catalysts used in petroleum refining.
Rhenium rarely occurs as a native element or as its own sulfide mineral; most rhenium is present as a substitute for molybdenum in molybdenite. Annual world mine production of rhenium is about 50 metric tons. Nearly all primary rhenium production (that is, rhenium produced by mining rather than through recycling) is as a byproduct of copper mining, and about 80 percent of the rhenium obtained through mining is recovered from the flue dust produced during the roasting of molybdenite concentrates from porphyry copper deposits. Molybdenite in porphyry copper deposits can contain hundreds to several thousand grams per metric ton of rhenium, although the estimated rhenium grades of these deposits range from less than 0.1 gram per metric ton to about 0.6 gram per metric ton.
Continental-arc porphyry copper-(molybdenum-gold) deposits supply most of the world’s rhenium production and have large inferred rhenium resources. Porphyry copper mines in Chile account for about 55 percent of the world’s mine production of rhenium; rhenium is also recovered from porphyry copper deposits in the United States, Armenia, Kazakhstan, Mexico, Peru, Russia, and Uzbekistan. Sediment-hosted strata-bound copper deposits in Kazakhstan (of the sandstone type) and in Poland (of the reduced-facies, or Kupferschiefer, type) account for most other rhenium produced by mining. These types of deposits also have large amounts of identified rhenium resources. The future supply of rhenium is likely to depend largely on the capacity of the specialized processing facilities needed to recover rhenium from molybdenite concentrates.
The environmental consequences of rhenium recovery are closely linked to the consequences of mining large porphyry copper and strata-bound copper deposits; no additional environmental impact from recovery of rhenium from these deposits has been identified. No information is available regarding the potential toxic effects of rhenium on humans, partly because of the low natural abundance of rhenium.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Critical mineral resources of the United States—Economic and environmental geology and prospects for future supply","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1802P","isbn":"978-1-4113-3991-0","usgsCitation":"John, D.A., Seal, R.R., II, and Polyak, D.E., 2017, Rhenium, chap. P of Schulz, K.J., DeYoung, J.H., Jr., Seal, R.R., II, and Bradley, D.C., eds., Critical mineral resources of the United States—Economic and environmental geology and prospects for future supply: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1802, p. P1–P49, https:/doi.org/10.3133/pp1802P.","productDescription":"viii, 49 p.","numberOfPages":"62","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-052034","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":334220,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1802/p/pp1802p.pdf","text":"Report","size":"10.9 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"PP 1802 P"},{"id":334219,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1802/p/coverthb2.jpg"}],"contact":"Mineral Resources Program Coordinator
U.S. Geological Survey
913 National Center
Reston, VA 20192
Email: minerals@usgs.gov
https://minerals.usgs.gov
Mineral commodities are vital for economic growth, improving the quality of life, providing for national defense, and the overall functioning of modern society. Minerals are being used in larger quantities than ever before and in an increasingly diverse range of applications. With the increasing demand for a considerably more diverse suite of mineral commodities has come renewed recognition that competition and conflict over mineral resources can pose significant risks to the manufacturing industries that depend on them. In addition, production of many mineral commodities has become concentrated in relatively few countries (for example, tungsten, rare-earth elements, and antimony in China; niobium in Brazil; and platinum-group elements in South Africa and Russia), thus increasing the risk for supply disruption owing to political, social, or other factors. At the same time, an increasing awareness of and sensitivity to potential environmental and health issues caused by the mining and processing of many mineral commodities may place additional restrictions on mineral supplies. These factors have led a number of Governments, including the Government of the United States, to attempt to identify those mineral commodities that are viewed as most “critical” to the national economy and (or) security if supplies should be curtailed.
This book presents resource and geologic information on the following 23 mineral commodities currently among those viewed as important to the national economy and national security of the United States: antimony (Sb), barite (barium, Ba), beryllium (Be), cobalt (Co), fluorite or fluorspar (fluorine, F), gallium (Ga), germanium (Ge), graphite (carbon, C), hafnium (Hf), indium (In), lithium (Li), manganese (Mn), niobium (Nb), platinum-group elements (PGE), rare-earth elements (REE), rhenium (Re), selenium (Se), tantalum (Ta), tellurium (Te), tin (Sn), titanium (Ti), vanadium (V), and zirconium (Zr). For a number of these commodities—for example, graphite, manganese, niobium, and tantalum—the United States is currently wholly dependent on imports to meet its needs. The first two chapters (A and B) deal with general information pertinent to the study of mineral resources. Chapters C through V describe individual mineral commodities and include an overview of current uses of the commodity, identified resources and their distribution nationally and globally, the state of current geologic knowledge, the potential for finding additional deposits nationally and globally, and geoenvironmental issues that may be related to the production and uses of the commodity. These chapters are updates of the commodity chapters published in 1973 in U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 820, “United States Mineral Resources.”
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1802","isbn":"978-1-4113-3991-0","usgsCitation":"Schulz, K.J., DeYoung, J.H., Jr., Seal, R.R., II, and Bradley, D.C., eds., 2017, Critical mineral resources of the United States—Economic and environmental geology and prospects for future supply: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1802, 797 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1802.","productDescription":"Report: 862 p.; Data Release","numberOfPages":"862","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-069563","costCenters":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":350071,"rank":5,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://mrdata.usgs.gov/pp1802/ ","text":"- Global Distribution of Selected Mines, Deposits, and Districts of Critical Minerals","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"Global distribution of selected mines, deposits, and districts of critical minerals"},{"id":336929,"rank":2,"type":{"id":8,"text":"Cover"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1802/pp1802_frontbackcovers.pdf","text":"Front and Back Covers","size":"1.23 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"PP 1802"},{"id":352473,"rank":7,"type":{"id":12,"text":"Errata"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1802/pp1802_erratum-march132018.txt","text":"Erratum","size":"1 KB","linkFileType":{"id":2,"text":"txt"}},{"id":336933,"rank":3,"type":{"id":2,"text":"Additional Report Piece"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1802/cover/pp1802frontmatter.pdf","text":"Professional Paper 1802 - Front Matter","size":"326 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"PP 1802","linkHelpText":" - Front Matter"},{"id":336928,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1802/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":350094,"rank":6,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1802/pp1802_entirebook.pdf","text":"Report (Entire Book)","size":"148 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":349464,"rank":4,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/F7GH9GQR","text":"USGS data release","description":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Global Distribution of Selected Mines, Deposits, and Districts of Critical Minerals"}],"contact":"Mineral Resources Program Coordinator
U.S. Geological Survey
913 National Center
Reston, VA 20192
Email: minerals@usgs.gov
http://minerals.usgs.gov
The rare-earth elements (REEs) are 15 elements that range in atomic number from 57 (lanthanum) to 71 (lutetium); they are commonly referred to as the “lanthanides.” Yttrium (atomic number 39) is also commonly regarded as an REE because it shares chemical and physical similarities and has affinities with the lanthanides. Although REEs are not rare in terms of average crustal abundance, the concentrated deposits of REEs are limited in number.
Because of their unusual physical and chemical properties, the REEs have diverse defense, energy, industrial, and military technology applications. The glass industry is the leading consumer of REE raw materials, which are used for glass polishing and as additives that provide color and special optical properties to the glass. Lanthanum-based catalysts are used in petroleum refining, and cerium-based catalysts are used in automotive catalytic converters. The use of REEs in magnets is a rapidly increasing application. Neodymium-iron-boron magnets, which are the strongest known type of magnets, are used when space and weight are restrictions. Nickel-metal hydride batteries use anodes made of a lanthanum-based alloys.
China, which has led the world production of REEs for decades, accounted for more than 90 percent of global production and supply, on average, during the past decade. Citing a need to retain its limited REE resources to meet domestic requirements as well as concerns about the environmental effects of mining, China began placing restrictions on the supply of REEs in 2010 through the imposition of quotas, licenses, and taxes. As a result, the global rare-earth industry has increased its stockpiling of REEs; explored for deposits outside of China; and promoted new efforts to conserve, recycle, and substitute for REEs. New mine production began at Mount Weld in Western Australia, and numerous other exploration and development projects noted in this chapter are ongoing throughout the world.
The REE-bearing minerals are diverse and often complex in composition. At least 245 individual REE-bearing minerals are recognized; they are mainly carbonates, fluorocarbonates, and hydroxylcarbonates (n = 42); oxides (n = 59); silicates (n = 85); and phosphates (n = 26).
Many of the world’s significant REE deposits occur in carbonatites, which are carbonate igneous rocks. The REEs also have a strong genetic association with alkaline magmatism. The systematic geologic and chemical processes that explain these observations are not well understood. Economic or potentially economic REE deposits have been found in (a) carbonatites, (b) peralkaline igneous systems, (c) magmatic magnetite-hematite bodies, (d) iron oxide-copper-gold (IOCG) deposits, (e) xenotime-monazite accumulations in mafic gneiss, (f) ion-absorption clay deposits, and (g) monazite-xenotime-bearing placer deposits. Carbonatites have been the world’s main source for the light REEs since the 1960s. Ion-adsorption clay deposits in southern China are the world’s primary source of the heavy REEs. Monazite-bearing placer deposits were important sources of REEs before the mid-1960s and may be again in the future. In recent years, REEs have been produced from large carbonatite bodies mined at the Mountain Pass deposit in California and, in China, at the Bayan Obo deposit in Nei Mongol Autonomous Region, the Maoniuping deposit in Sichuan Province, the Daluxiang deposit in Sichuan Province, and the Weishan deposit in Anhui Province. Alkaline igneous complexes have recently been targeted for exploration because of their enrichments in the heavy REEs.
Information relevant to the environmental aspects of REE mining is limited. Little is known about the aquatic toxicity of REEs. The United States lacks drinking water standards for REEs. The concentrations of REEs in environmental media are influenced by their low abundances in crustal rocks and their limited solubility in most groundwaters and surface waters. The scarcity of sulfide minerals, including pyrite, minimizes or eliminates concerns about acid-mine drainage for carbonatite-hosted deposits and alkaline-intrusion-related REE deposits. For now, insights into environmental responses of REE mine wastes must rely on predictive models.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Critical mineral resources of the United States—Economic and environmental geology and prospects for future supply","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1802O","isbn":"978-1-4113-3991-0","usgsCitation":"Van Gosen, B.S., Verplanck, P.L., Seal, R.R., II, Long, K.R., and Gambogi, Joseph, 2017, Rare-earth elements, chap. O of Schulz, K.J., DeYoung, J.H., Jr., Seal, R.R., II, and Bradley, D.C., eds., Critical mineral resources of the United States—Economic and environmental geology and prospects for future supply: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1802, p. O1–O31, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1802O.","productDescription":"viii, 31 p.","numberOfPages":"44","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-050900","costCenters":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":334627,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1802/o/pp1802o.pdf","text":"Report","size":"4.50 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"PP 1802 O"},{"id":334626,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1802/o/coverthb1.jpg"}],"contact":"Mineral Resources Program Coordinator
U.S. Geological Survey
913 National Center
Reston, VA 20192
Email: minerals@usgs.gov
https://minerals.usgs.gov
Many changes have taken place in the mineral resource sector since the publication by the U.S. Geological Survey of Professional Paper 820, “United States Mineral Resources,” which is a review of the long-term United States resource position for 65 mineral commodities or commodity groups. For example, since 1973, the United States has continued to become increasingly dependent on imports to meet its demands for an increasing number of mineral commodities. The global demand for mineral commodities is at an alltime high and is expected to continue to increase, and the development of new technologies and products has led to the use of a greater number of mineral commodities in increasing quantities to the point that, today, essentially all naturally occurring elements have several significant industrial uses. Although most mineral commodities are present in sufficient amounts in the earth to provide adequate supplies for many years to come, their availability can be affected by such factors as social constraints, politics, laws, environmental regulations, land-use restrictions, economics, and infrastructure.
This volume presents updated reviews of 23 mineral commodities and commodity groups viewed as critical to a broad range of existing and emerging technologies, renewable energy, and national security. The commodities or commodity groups included are antimony, barite, beryllium, cobalt, fluorine, gallium, germanium, graphite, hafnium, indium, lithium, manganese, niobium, platinum-group elements, rare-earth elements, rhenium, selenium, tantalum, tellurium, tin, titanium, vanadium, and zirconium. All these commodities have been listed as critical and (or) strategic in one or more of the recent studies based on assessed likelihood of supply interruption and the possible cost of such a disruption to the assessor. For some of the minerals, current production is limited to only one or a few countries. For many, the United States currently has no mine production or any significant identified resources and is largely dependent on imports to meet its needs. As a result, the emphasis in this volume is on the global distribution and availability of each mineral commodity. The environmental issues related to production of each mineral commodity, including current mitigation and remediation approaches to deal with these challenges, are also addressed.
This introductory chapter provides an overview of the mineral resource classifications, terms, and definitions used in this volume. A review of the history of the use and meaning of the term “critical” minerals (or materials) is included as an appendix to the chapter.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Critical mineral resources of the United States—Economic and environmental geology and prospects for future supply","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1802A","isbn":"978-1-4113-3991-0","usgsCitation":"Schulz, K.J., DeYoung, J.H., Jr., Bradley, D.C., and Seal, R.R., II, 2017, Critical mineral resources of the United States—An introduction, chap. A of Schulz, K.J., DeYoung, J.H., Jr., Seal, R.R., II, and Bradley, D.C., eds., Critical mineral resources of the United States—Economic and environmental geology and prospects for future supply: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1802, p. A1–A14, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1802A.","productDescription":"iii, 14 p.","numberOfPages":"22","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-075025","costCenters":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":339518,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1802/a/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":339512,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1802/a/pp1802a.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.79 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"PP 1802 A"}],"contact":"Mineral Resources Program Coordinator
U.S. Geological Survey
913 National Center
Reston, VA 20192
Email: minerals@usgs.gov
https://minerals.usgs.gov
Niobium and tantalum are transition metals that are almost always found together in nature because they have very similar physical and chemical properties. Their properties of hardness, conductivity, and resistance to corrosion largely determine their primary uses today. The leading use of niobium (about 75 percent) is in the production of high-strength steel alloys used in pipelines, transportation infrastructure, and structural applications. Electronic capacitors are the leading use of tantalum for high-end applications, including cell phones, computer hard drives, and such implantable medical devices as pacemakers. Niobium and tantalum are considered critical and strategic metals based on the potential risks to their supply (because current production is restricted to only a few countries) and the significant effects that a restriction in supply would have on the defense, energy, high-tech industrial, and medical sectors.
The average abundance of niobium and tantalum in bulk continental crust is relatively low—8.0 parts per million (ppm) niobium and 0.7 ppm tantalum. Their chemical characteristics, such as small ionic size and high electronic field strength, significantly reduce the potential for these elements to substitute for more common elements in rock-forming minerals and make niobium and tantalum essentially immobile in most aqueous solutions. Niobium and tantalum do not occur naturally as pure metals but are concentrated in a variety of relatively rare oxide and hydroxide minerals, as well as in a few rare silicate minerals. Niobium is primarily derived from the complex oxide minerals of the pyrochlore group ((Na,Ca,Ce)2(Nb,Ti,Ta)2(O,OH,F)7), which are found in some alkaline granite-syenite complexes (that is, igneous rocks containing sodium- or potassium-rich minerals and little or no quartz) and carbonatites (that is, igneous rocks that are more than 50 percent composed of primary carbonate minerals, by volume). Tantalum is derived mostly from the mineral tantalite ((Fe,Mn)(Ta,Nb)2O6), which is found as an accessory mineral in rare-metal granites and pegmatites that are also enriched in lithium and cesium (termed lithium-cesium-tantalum (LCT)-type pegmatites).
Brazil and Canada are the leading nations that produce niobium mineral concentrates, but Brazil is by far the leading producer, accounting for about 90 percent of production, which comes mostly from weathered material derived from carbonatites. Brazil and Canada also have the largest identified niobium resources; additional resources, although they are less well reported, occur in Angola, Australia, China, Greenland, Malawi, Russia, and South Africa. Australia and Brazil have been the leading producers of tantalum mineral concentrates, although recently Ethiopia and Mozambique have also been significant suppliers of tantalum. Artisanal mining of columbite-tantalite (also called coltan) is practiced in many countries, particularly Burundi, the Democratic Republic of the Congo (Congo [Kinshasa]), Nigeria, Rwanda, and Uganda. Brazil has about 40 percent of the identified tantalum resources; other countries and regions with identified tantalum resources include, in decreasing order of resources, Australia, Asia, Russia and the Middle East, Africa, North America, and Europe. Identified niobium and tantalum resources in the United States are small, low grade, and difficult to recover and process, and are thus not commercially recoverable at current prices. Consequently, the United States meets its current and expected future needs for niobium and tantalum through imports of primary mineral concentrates and alloys and through recovery from foreign and domestic alloy scrap that contain the metals.
Environmentally, the main issues related to niobium and tantalum mining are land disruptions, the volume of waste materials and their disposal, and the radioactivity of some tailings and waste materials that contain thorium and uranium. Because of the relative biological inertness of niobium and tantalum, human and ecological health concerns are generally minimal under most natural conditions.
Demand for both niobium and tantalum is expected to increase as the world economy continues to recover from the downturn that began in 2008. Increased demand for niobium is linked to increased consumption of microalloyed steel, which is used in the manufacture of cars, buildings, ships, and refinery equipment. Demand for these steels will likely increase with continued economic development in such countries as Brazil, China, and India. In addition, increased global demand for cars, cell phones, computers, superconducting magnets, and other high-tech devices will likely spur increased demand for both niobium and tantalum. The estimated global reserves and resources of niobium and tantalum are large and appear more than sufficient to meet global demand for the foreseeable future, possibly the next 500 years. The sale of “conflict coltan” attributed to rebel forces waging a civil war in Congo (Kinshasa) has been of recent concern and has highlighted the need for a transparent and traceable global supply chain that can exclude illegal columbite-tantalite from the conventional market while discerning legitimate artisanal mine production in central Africa.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Critical mineral resources of the United States—Economic and environmental geology and prospects for future supply","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1802M","isbn":"978-1-4113-3991-0","usgsCitation":"Schulz, K.J., Piatak, N.M., and Papp, J.F., 2017, Niobium and tantalum, chap. M of Schulz, K.J., DeYoung, J.H., Jr., Seal, R.R., II, and Bradley, D.C., eds., Critical mineral resources of the United States—Economic and environmental geology and prospects for future supply: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1802, p. M1–M34, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1802M.","productDescription":"viii, 34 p.","numberOfPages":"46","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-045581","costCenters":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":334595,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1802/m/coverthb1.jpg"},{"id":334596,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1802/m/pp1802m.pdf","text":"Report","size":"15.2 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"PP 1802 M"}],"contact":"Mineral Resources Program Coordinator
U.S. Geological Survey
913 National Center
Reston, VA 20192
Email: minerals@usgs.gov
https://minerals.usgs.gov
The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with the Colorado Department of Transportation, determined the peak discharge, annual exceedance probability (flood frequency), and peak stage of two floods that took place on Big Cottonwood Creek at U.S. Highway 50 near Coaldale, Colorado (hereafter referred to as “Big Cottonwood Creek site”), on August 23, 2016, and on Fountain Creek below U.S. Highway 24 in Colorado Springs, Colorado (hereafter referred to as “Fountain Creek site”), on August 29, 2016. A one-dimensional hydraulic model was used to estimate the peak discharge. To define the flood frequency of each flood, peak-streamflow regional-regression equations or statistical analyses of USGS streamgage records were used to estimate annual exceedance probability of the peak discharge. A survey of the high-water mark profile was used to determine the peak stage, and the limitations and accuracy of each component also are presented in this report. Collection and computation of flood data, such as peak discharge, annual exceedance probability, and peak stage at structures critical to Colorado’s infrastructure are an important addition to the flood data collected annually by the USGS.
The peak discharge of the August 23, 2016, flood at the Big Cottonwood Creek site was 917 cubic feet per second (ft3/s) with a measurement quality of poor (uncertainty plus or minus 25 percent or greater). The peak discharge of the August 29, 2016, flood at the Fountain Creek site was 5,970 ft3/s with a measurement quality of poor (uncertainty plus or minus 25 percent or greater).
The August 23, 2016, flood at the Big Cottonwood Creek site had an annual exceedance probability of less than 0.01 (return period greater than the 100-year flood) and had an annual exceedance probability of greater than 0.005 (return period less than the 200-year flood). The August 23, 2016, flood event was caused by a precipitation event having an annual exceedance probability of 1.0 (return period of 1 year, or the 1-year storm), which is a statistically common (high probability) storm. The Big Cottonwood Creek site is downstream from the Hayden Pass Fire burn area, which dramatically altered the hydrology of the watershed and caused this statistically rare (low probability) flood from a statistically common (high probability) storm. The peak flood stage at the cross section closest to the U.S. Highway 50 culvert was 6,438.32 feet (ft) above the North American Datum of 1988 (NAVD 88).
The August 29, 2016, flood at the Fountain Creek site had an estimated annual exceedance probability of 0.5505 (return period equal to the 1.8-year flood). The August 29, 2016, flood event was caused by a precipitation event having an annual exceedance probability of 1.0 (return period of 1 year, or the 1-year storm). The peak stage during this flood at the cross section closest to the U.S. Highway 24 bridge was 5,832.89 ft (NAVD 88).
Slope-area indirect discharge measurements were carried out at the Big Cottonwood Creek and Fountain Creek sites to estimate peak discharge of the August 23, 2016, flood and August 29, 2016, flood, respectively. The USGS computer program Slope-Area Computation Graphical User Interface was used to compute the peak discharge by adding the surveyed cross sections with Manning roughness coefficient assignments to the high-water marks. The Manning roughness coefficients for each cross section were estimated in the field using the Cowan method.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20175107","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Colorado Department of Transportation","usgsCitation":"Kohn, M.S., Stevens, M.R., Mommandi, Amanullah, and Khan, A.R., 2017, Peak discharge, flood frequency, and peak stage of floods on Big Cottonwood Creek at U.S. Highway 50 near Coaldale, Colorado, and Fountain Creek below U.S. Highway 24 in Colorado Springs, Colorado, 2016: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2017–5107, 58 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20175107.","productDescription":"Report: vii, 58 p.; Appendixes","numberOfPages":"70","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-083372","costCenters":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":349894,"rank":3,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2017/5107/sir20175107_Appendix2_BigCottonwoodCr_LeftBank.zip","text":"Appendix 2, Big Cottonwood Creek, Left Bank—","size":"177 MB","linkFileType":{"id":6,"text":"zip"},"description":"Appendix 2 Left Bank","linkHelpText":"Photos of left bank high-water marks from Big Cottonwood Creek at U.S. Highway 50 near Coaldale, Colorado"},{"id":349892,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2017/5107/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":349923,"rank":6,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2017/5107/sir20175107_Appendix7_FountainCr_LeftBank.zip","text":"Appendix 7, Fountain Creek, Left Bank—","size":"303 MB","linkFileType":{"id":6,"text":"zip"},"description":"Appendix 7 Left Bank","linkHelpText":"Photos of left bank high-water marks from Fountain Creek below U.S. Highway 24 in Colorado Springs, Colorado"},{"id":349893,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2017/5107/sir20175107.pdf","text":"Report","size":"19.5 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2017–5107"},{"id":349921,"rank":5,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2017/5107/sir20175107_Appendix3_BigCottonwoodCr.zip","text":"Appendix 3, Big Cottonwood Creek—","size":"154 MB","linkFileType":{"id":6,"text":"zip"},"description":"Appendix 3","linkHelpText":"Photos of cross Sections from Big Cottonwood Creek at U.S. Highway 50 near Coaldale, Colorado"},{"id":349925,"rank":7,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2017/5107/sir20175107_Appendix7_FountainCr_RightBank.zip","text":"Appendix 7, Fountain Creek, Right Bank—","size":"305 MB","linkFileType":{"id":6,"text":"zip"},"description":"Appendix 7 Right Bank","linkHelpText":"Photos of right bank high-water marks from Fountain Creek below U.S. Highway 24 in Colorado Springs, Colorado"},{"id":349926,"rank":8,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2017/5107/sir20175107_Appendix8_FountainCr.zip","text":"Appendix 8, Fountain Creek—","size":"220 MB","linkFileType":{"id":6,"text":"zip"},"description":"Appendix 8","linkHelpText":"Photos of cross sections from Fountain Creek below U.S. Highway 24 in Colorado Springs, Colorado"},{"id":349920,"rank":4,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2017/5107/sir20175107_Appendix2_BigCottonwoodCr_RightBank.zip","text":"Appendix 2, Big Cottonwood Creek, Right Bank—","size":"142 MB","linkFileType":{"id":6,"text":"zip"},"description":"Appendix 2 Right Bank","linkHelpText":"Photos of right bank high-water marks from Big Cottonwood Creek at U.S. Highway 50 near Coaldale, Colorado"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","city":"Coaldale, Colorado Springs","otherGeospatial":"Big Cottonwood Creek, Fountain Creek","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -104.80493545532227,\n 38.79868097286392\n ],\n [\n -104.78673934936523,\n 38.79868097286392\n ],\n [\n -104.78673934936523,\n 38.80944982778107\n ],\n [\n -104.80493545532227,\n 38.80944982778107\n ],\n [\n -104.80493545532227,\n 38.79868097286392\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -105.76083183288574,\n 38.36297641178211\n ],\n [\n -105.7474637031555,\n 38.36297641178211\n ],\n [\n -105.7474637031555,\n 38.37083318856711\n ],\n [\n -105.76083183288574,\n 38.37083318856711\n ],\n [\n -105.76083183288574,\n 38.36297641178211\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Colorado Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
Box 25046, MS-415
Denver, CO 80225
In previous tests of the effectiveness of four common fish screen materials for excluding lamprey ammocoetes, we determined that woven wire (WW) allowed substantially more entrainment than perforated plate (PP), profile bar (PB), or Intralox (IL) material. These tests were simplistic because they used small vertically-oriented screens positioned perpendicular to the flow without a bypass or a sweeping velocity (SV). In the subsequent test discussed in this report, we exposed ammocoetes to much larger (2.5-m-wide) screen panels with flows up to 10 ft3 /s, a SV component, and a simulated bypass channel. The addition of a SV modestly improved protection of lamprey ammocoetes for all materials tested. A SV of 35 cm/s with an approach velocity (AV) of 12 cm/s, was able to provide protection for fish about 5–15 mm smaller than the protection provided by an AV of 12 cm/s without a SV component. The best-performing screen panels (PP, IL, and PB) provided nearly complete protection from entrainment for fish greater than 50-mm toal length, but the larger openings in the WW material only protected fish greater than 100-mm total length. Decreasing the AV and SV by 50 percent expanded the size range of protected lampreys by about 10–15 mm for those exposed to IL and WW screens, and it decreased the protective ability of PP screens by about 10 mm. Much of the improvement for IL and WW screens under the reduced flow conditions resulted from an increase in the number of lampreys swimming away from the screen. Fish of all sizes became impinged (that is, stuck on the screen surface for more than 1 s) on the screens, with the rate of impingement highest on PP (39– 72 percent) and lowest on WW (7–22 percent). Although impingements were common, injuries were rare, and 24-h post-test survival was greater than 99 percent. Our results refined the level of protection provided by these screen materials when both an AV and SV are present and confirmed our earlier recommendation that WW screens be replaced with more effective materials. Future work should focus on determining the risks associated with other screen types (for example, rotary drum screens, horizontal flat plate screens) and exploring the effectiveness of higher SV:AV ratios, because it may help expand the range of sizes protected by the best performing materials.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20171163","usgsCitation":"Mesa, M.G., Liedtke, T.L., Weiland, L.K., and Christiansen, H.E., 2017, Effectiveness of common fish screen materials for protecting lamprey ammocoetes—Influence of sweeping velocities and decreasing flows: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2017-1163, 19 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20171163.","productDescription":"iv, 19 p.","numberOfPages":"28","ipdsId":"IP-092482","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":350014,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2017/1163/ofr20171163.pdf","text":"Report","size":"836 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2017-1163"},{"id":350013,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2017/1163/coverthb.jpg"}],"contact":"Director, Western Fisheries Research Center
U.S. Geological Survey
6505 NE 65th Street
Seattle, Washington 98115
Sharp‐shinned Hawks (Accipiter striatus) are forest raptors that are widely distributed in the Americas. A subspecies endemic to Puerto Rico (A. s. venator) is listed as endangered and restricted to mature and old secondary montane forests and shade coffee plantations. However, recent information about the population status and distribution of Puerto Rican Sharp‐shinned Hawks is lacking. We developed a spatial geographic distribution model for Sharp‐shinned Hawks in Puerto Rico from 33 locations collected during four breeding seasons (2013–2016) using biologically relevant landscape variables (aspect, canopy closure, elevation, rainfall, slope, and terrain roughness). Elevation accounted for 89.8% of the model fit and predicted that the greatest probability of occurrence of Sharp‐shinned Hawks in Puerto Rico (> 60%) was at elevations above 900 m. Based on our model, an estimated 56.1 km2 of habitat exists in Puerto Rico with a high probability of occurrence. This total represents ~0.6% of the island's area. Public lands included 43.8% of habitat with high probability of occurrence (24.6 km2), 96% of which was located within four protected areas. Our results suggest that Sharp‐shinned Hawks are rare in Puerto Rico and restricted to the higher elevations of the Cordillera Central. Additional research is needed to identify and address ecological limiting factors, and recovery actions are needed to avoid the extinction of this endemic island raptor.
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Although many practitioners in applied fields employ translational tactics, the body of literature addressing such approaches is limited. We present several case studies illustrating the principles of TE and the diversity of its applications. We anticipate that these examples will help others develop scientific products that decision makers can use “off the shelf” when solving critical ecological and social challenges. Our collective experience suggests that research of such immediate utility is rare. Long‐term commitment to working directly with partners to develop and reach shared goals is central to successful translation. The examples discussed here highlight the benefits of translational processes, including actionable scientific results, more informed policy making, increased investment in science‐driven solutions, and inspiration for partnerships. We aim to facilitate future TE‐based projects and build momentum for growing this community of practice.
","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.1002/fee.1736","usgsCitation":"Lawson, D., Hall, K.R., Yung, L., and Enquist, C.A., 2017, Building translational ecology communities of practice: insights from the field: Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, v. 15, no. 10, p. 569-577, https://doi.org/10.1002/fee.1736.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"569","endPage":"577","ipdsId":"IP-080523","costCenters":[{"id":569,"text":"Southwest Climate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":469267,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fee.1736","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":355228,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"15","issue":"10","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5b46e624e4b060350a15d259","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lawson, Dawn M.","contributorId":205826,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lawson","given":"Dawn M.","affiliations":[{"id":36522,"text":"U.S. Navy","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":738577,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hall, Kimberly R.","contributorId":197221,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hall","given":"Kimberly","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":738578,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Yung, Laurie","contributorId":205827,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Yung","given":"Laurie","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":36523,"text":"University of Montana","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":738579,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Enquist, Carolyn A. F.","contributorId":205825,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Enquist","given":"Carolyn","email":"","middleInitial":"A. F.","affiliations":[{"id":569,"text":"Southwest Climate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":738576,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70197420,"text":"70197420 - 2017 - A wideband magnetoresistive sensor for monitoring dynamic fault slip in laboratory fault friction experiments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-06-04T10:33:36","indexId":"70197420","displayToPublicDate":"2017-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2017","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3380,"text":"Sensors","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A wideband magnetoresistive sensor for monitoring dynamic fault slip in laboratory fault friction experiments","docAbstract":"A non-contact, wideband method of sensing dynamic fault slip in laboratory geophysical experiments employs an inexpensive magnetoresistive sensor, a small neodymium rare earth magnet, and user built application-specific wideband signal conditioning. The magnetoresistive sensor generates a voltage proportional to the changing angles of magnetic flux lines, generated by differential motion or rotation of the near-by magnet, through the sensor. The performance of an array of these sensors compares favorably to other conventional position sensing methods employed at multiple locations along a 2 m long × 0.4 m deep laboratory strike-slip fault. For these magnetoresistive sensors, the lack of resonance signals commonly encountered with cantilever-type position sensor mounting, the wide band response (DC to ≈ 100 kHz) that exceeds the capabilities of many traditional position sensors, and the small space required on the sample, make them attractive options for capturing high speed fault slip measurements in these laboratory experiments. An unanticipated observation of this study is the apparent sensitivity of this sensor to high frequency electomagnetic signals associated with fault rupture and (or) rupture propagation, which may offer new insights into the physics of earthquake faulting.
","language":"English","publisher":"MDPI","doi":"10.3390/s17122790","usgsCitation":"Kilgore, B.D., 2017, A wideband magnetoresistive sensor for monitoring dynamic fault slip in laboratory fault friction experiments: Sensors, v. 17, no. 12, p. 1-29, https://doi.org/10.3390/s17122790.","productDescription":"Article 2790; 29 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"29","ipdsId":"IP-086979","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":469279,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s17122790","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":354685,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"17","issue":"12","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-12-02","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5b155e00e4b092d9651e1b9c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kilgore, Brian D. 0000-0003-0530-7979 bkilgore@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0530-7979","contributorId":3887,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kilgore","given":"Brian","email":"bkilgore@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":234,"text":"Earthquake Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":737099,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70196101,"text":"70196101 - 2017 - Birds choose long-term partners years before breeding","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-20T09:06:01","indexId":"70196101","displayToPublicDate":"2017-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2017","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":770,"text":"Animal Behaviour","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Birds choose long-term partners years before breeding","docAbstract":"Pair bonds can provide social benefits to long-term monogamous species alongside their benefits for reproduction. However, little is known about when these bonds form, in particular how long they are present before breeding. Previous studies of pair formation in long-term monogamous birds have been rather data-limited, but for many migratory birds they report pair formation on the wintering grounds. We provide the first systematic investigation of prebreeding association patterns of long-term monogamous pairs by examining entire life histories based on tracking data of migratory whooping cranes, Grus americana. We found that a substantial portion (62%) of breeding pairs started associating at least 12 months before first breeding, with 16 of 58 breeding pairs beginning to associate over 2 years before first breeding. For most pairs, these associations with future breeding partners also became unique and distinguishable from association patterns with nonpartner individuals 12 months before first breeding. In addition, 60% of pair associations began before at least one partner had reached nominal sexual maturity. Most pairs began associating in the late spring upon arrival at the summer grounds, while associations beginning at other times of the year were rare. Patterns in the associations of pairs prior to breeding can point to the potential benefits of prebreeding relationships, for instance providing support in competitive interactions or increasing partner familiarity.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.anbehav.2017.10.015","usgsCitation":"Teitelbaum, C., Converse, S.J., and Mueller, T., 2017, Birds choose long-term partners years before breeding: Animal Behaviour, v. 134, p. 147-154, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2017.10.015.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"147","endPage":"154","ipdsId":"IP-085772","costCenters":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":352649,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"134","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":12,"text":"Tacoma PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5afee7aae4b0da30c1bfc331","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Teitelbaum, Claire S.","contributorId":174360,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Teitelbaum","given":"Claire S.","affiliations":[{"id":27439,"text":"Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":731382,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Converse, Sarah J. 0000-0002-3719-5441 sconverse@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3719-5441","contributorId":173772,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Converse","given":"Sarah","email":"sconverse@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":731349,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mueller, Thomas","contributorId":91393,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mueller","given":"Thomas","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":731383,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70197046,"text":"70197046 - 2017 - An intertebrate ecosystem engineer likely covered under the umbrella of sage-grouse conservation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-15T16:24:59","indexId":"70197046","displayToPublicDate":"2017-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2017","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3746,"text":"Western North American Naturalist","onlineIssn":"1944-8341","printIssn":"1527-0904","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An intertebrate ecosystem engineer likely covered under the umbrella of sage-grouse conservation","docAbstract":"Conservation practitioners often rely on areas designed to protect species of greatest conservation priority to also conserve co-occurring species (i.e., the umbrella species concept). The extent to which vertebrate species may serve as suitable umbrellas for invertebrate species, however, has rarely been explored. Sage-grouse (Centrocercus spp.) have high conservation priority throughout much of the rangelands of western North America and are considered an umbrella species through which the conservation of entire rangeland ecosystems can be accomplished. Harvester ants are ecosystem engineers and play important roles in the maintenance and function of rangeland ecosystems. We compared indices of the abundance of western harvester ants (Pogonomyrmex occidentalis) and Greater Sage-Grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) at 72 sites in central Wyoming, USA, in 2012. The abundance of harvester ant mounds was best predicted by a regression model that included a combination of local habitat characteristics and the abundance of sage-grouse. When controlling for habitat-related factors, areas with higher abundances of sage-grouse pellets (an index of sage-grouse abundance and/or habitat use) had higher abundances of ant mounds than areas with lower abundances of sage-grouse pellets. The causal mechanism underlying this positive relationship between sage-grouse and ant mound abundance at the fine scale could be indirect (e.g., both species prefer similar environmental conditions) or direct (e.g., sage-grouse prefer areas with a high abundance of ant mounds because ants are an important prey item during certain life stages). We observed no relationship between a broad-scale index of breeding sage-grouse density and the abundance of ant mounds. We suspect that consideration of the nonbreeding habitat of sage-grouse and finer-scale measures of sagegrouse abundance are critical to the utility of sage-grouse as an umbrella species for the conservation of harvester ants and their important role in rangeland ecosystems.
","language":"English","publisher":"Monte L. Bean Life Science Museum, Brigham Young University","doi":"10.3398/064.077.0406","usgsCitation":"Carlisle, J.D., Stewart, D., and Chalfoun, A.D., 2017, An intertebrate ecosystem engineer likely covered under the umbrella of sage-grouse conservation: Western North American Naturalist, v. 77, no. 4, p. 450-463, https://doi.org/10.3398/064.077.0406.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"450","endPage":"463","ipdsId":"IP-078783","costCenters":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":469269,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/wnan/vol77/iss4/5","text":"External Repository"},{"id":354196,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"77","issue":"4","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":12,"text":"Tacoma PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5afee79ce4b0da30c1bfc2f6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carlisle, Jason D.","contributorId":204646,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Carlisle","given":"Jason","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":735449,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stewart, David R.","contributorId":141323,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stewart","given":"David R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":735450,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Chalfoun, Anna D. 0000-0002-0219-6006 achalfoun@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0219-6006","contributorId":197589,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chalfoun","given":"Anna","email":"achalfoun@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":735363,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ]}