Hydrologic and biologic data collected from October 1996 through September 1998 in the Eastern Iowa Basins study unit of the U.S. Geological Survey National Water-Quality Assessment Program are presented in this report. Monthly data collected from 12 sites on rivers and streams included measurements of physical properties and determinations of the concentrations of nutrients, major ions, organic carbon, trace elements, suspended sediment, and dissolved pesticides. Fish-tissue samples were collected at two sites in September 1997 and analyzed for organochlorine pesticides. In addition, water-quality assessments were made at 25 sites as part of a synoptic study in August 1997 and May 1998. A ground-water study was conducted to evaluate the effects of agricultural and urban land use on the water quality of shallow alluvial aquifers in the study unit. Samples were collected and analyzed from wells in 31 agricultural and 30 urban land-use areas during June-August 1997. Samples were collected and analyzed from 32 domestic wells during June-July 1998 to provide a broad assessment of the water quality of shallow alluvial aquifers throughout the study unit. Samples were collected during August 1998 from 27 shallow monitoring wells completed in the Iowa River alluvial aquifer to evaluate the effects of changing land use on shallow ground-water quality. Ground-water samples were analyzed for physical properties, nutrients, major ions, organic carbon, trace elements, dissolved pesticides, volatile organic compounds, radon-222, and tritium.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr0067","usgsCitation":"Akers, K., Montgomery, D.L., Christiansen, D.E., Savoca, M.E., Schnoebelen, D.J., Becher, K., and Sadorf, E.M., 2000, Water-quality assessment of the Eastern Iowa Basins: Hydrologic and biologic data, October 1996 through September 1998: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2000-67, viii, 359 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr0067.","productDescription":"viii, 359 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":316709,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":1350,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/ofr0067/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":405948,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_30106.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Iowa","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -93.828,\n 40.719\n ],\n [\n -90.367,\n 40.719\n ],\n [\n -90.367,\n 43.916\n ],\n [\n -93.828,\n 43.916\n ],\n [\n -93.828,\n 40.719\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","tableOfContents":"Abstract
Introduction
Purpose and Scope
Description of the Eastern Iowa Basins
Implementation of Water-Quality Studies
Surface-Water-Quality Data Collection
Sampling Sites
Surface-Water Sample Collection
Biologic Sample Collection
Analytical Procedures
Ground-Water-Quality Data
Site Selection
Well Installation
Ground-Water Sample Collection
Analytical Procedures
Water-Quality Analysis and Quality Control
Surface Water
Ground Water
Acknowledgments
Selected References
No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr00115","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Stanton, M.R., 2000, Trace metal and acid-volatile sulfide concentrations in sediments from the Forest Queen wetland near Silverton, Colorado: Implications for the removal of metals from acid drainage waters: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2000-115, i, 30 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr00115.","productDescription":"i, 30 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":391714,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_25864.htm"},{"id":53652,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0115/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":8119,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/ofr-00-0115/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":157681,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0115/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","city":"Silverton","otherGeospatial":"Forest Queen wetland","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -107.566,\n 37.859\n ],\n [\n -107.54,\n 37.859\n ],\n [\n -107.54,\n 37.875\n ],\n [\n -107.566,\n 37.875\n ],\n [\n -107.566,\n 37.859\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4de4b07f02db627509","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stanton, Mark R. mstanton@usgs.gov","contributorId":1834,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stanton","given":"Mark","email":"mstanton@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":192240,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":22712,"text":"ofr00276 - 2000 - Distribution of selected volatile organic compounds determined with water-to-vapor diffusion samplers at the interface between ground water and surface water, Centredale Manor site, North Providence, Rhode Island, September 1999","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:58","indexId":"ofr00276","displayToPublicDate":"2000-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-276","title":"Distribution of selected volatile organic compounds determined with water-to-vapor diffusion samplers at the interface between ground water and surface water, Centredale Manor site, North Providence, Rhode Island, September 1999","docAbstract":"Volatile organic compounds are present in soils and ground water at the Centredale Manor Superfund Site in North Providence, Rhode Island. In September 1999, water-to-vapor diffusion samplers were placed in the bottom sediments of waterways adjacent to the site to identify possible contaminated ground-water discharge areas. The approximate12-acre site is a narrow stretch of land between the eastern bank of the Woonasquatucket River, downstream from the U.S. Route 44 bridge and a former mill raceway. The samplers were placed along a 2,250-foot reach of the Woonasquatucket River, in the former mill raceway several hundred feet to the east and parallel to the river, and in a cross channel between the river and former mill raceway.\u000B\u000BVolatile organic compounds were detected in 84 of the 104 water-to-vapor diffusion samplers retrieved. Trichloroethylene and tetrachloro-ethylene were the principal volatile organic compounds detected. The highest vapor concentrations measured for these two chemicals were from diffusion samplers located along an approximate 100-foot reach of the Woonasquatucket River about 500 feet downstream of the bridge; here trichloroethylene and tetrachloroethylene vapor concentrations ranged from about 2,000 to 180,000 and 1,600 to 1,400,000 parts per billion by volume, respectively. Upstream and downstream from this reach and along the former mill raceway, trichloroethylene and tetrachloroethylene vapor concentrations from the diffusion samples were generally less than 100 parts per billion by volume. Along the lower reaches of the river and mill raceway, however, and in the cross channel, vapor concentrations of trichloroethylene exceeded 100 parts per billion by volume and tetrachloroethylene exceeded 1,000 parts per billion by volume in several diffusion samples. Although diffusion sample vapor concentrations are higher than water concentrations in surface waters and in ground water, and they should only be interpreted qualitatively as relative values, these values provide important information as to potential discharge areas of contaminants.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr00276","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Church, P.E., Lyford, F.P., and Clifford, S., 2000, Distribution of selected volatile organic compounds determined with water-to-vapor diffusion samplers at the interface between ground water and surface water, Centredale Manor site, North Providence, Rhode Island, September 1999: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2000-276, iv, 9 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr00276.","productDescription":"iv, 9 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":1455,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/ofr00276","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":155152,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a29e4b07f02db611e3c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Church, Peter E.","contributorId":99178,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Church","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188741,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lyford, Forest P.","contributorId":43334,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lyford","given":"Forest","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188739,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Clifford, Scott","contributorId":63042,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clifford","given":"Scott","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188740,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":22223,"text":"ofr0087 - 2000 - Trace elements and semi-volatile organic compounds in bed sediments from streams and impoundments at Fort Gordon, Georgia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-12-07T14:33:48","indexId":"ofr0087","displayToPublicDate":"2000-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-87","title":"Trace elements and semi-volatile organic compounds in bed sediments from streams and impoundments at Fort Gordon, Georgia","docAbstract":"In May 1998, the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Environmental and Natural Resources Management Office of the U.S. Army Signal Center and Fort Gordon, investigated the presence and disbursal of trace elements and semi-volatile organic compounds in bed sediments from selected streams and impoundments at the Fort Gordon military installation near Augusta, Georgia. Concentrations of 18 trace elements and total organic carbon, and 66 semi-volatile compounds were determined from analysis of the fine-grained fraction of bed-sediment samples from 29 surface-water deposition locations.\r\n\r\nAnalysis of the bed-sediment data indicates that commercial and industrial land-use areas generally are associated with the highest concentrations of trace elements and semi-volatile organic compounds, and the greatest occurrence and distribution of trace elements and semi-volatile organic compounds in bed sediments at Fort Gordon. Bed sediment collected at sites having drainage areas less than 1.0 square mile and greater than 45 percent commercial and industrial land uses, have the most occurrences and the highest concentrations of trace elements and semi-volatile organic compounds. Sampling sites having less than 2 percent commercial and industrial land uses had the lowest concentrations, regardless of drainage basin size. Relative rankings and evaluation of individual trace element and semi-volatile organic compound concentration data identified two sites that have substantially higher sediment-quality scores than the other sites. This suggests that these sites have the greatest potential risk for adverse effects on aquatic life. The effects of these elevated trace element and semi-volatile organic compound concentrations on aquatic life in these basins may merit further investigation. \r\n","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr0087","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"McConnell, J.B., Stamey, T.C., Persinger, H., and McFadden, K., 2000, Trace elements and semi-volatile organic compounds in bed sediments from streams and impoundments at Fort Gordon, Georgia: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2000-87, vi, 39 p., 1 over-size sheet, :col. maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr0087.","productDescription":"vi, 39 p., 1 over-size sheet, :col. maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":155541,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0087/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":51653,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0087/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":94150,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0087/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":7636,"rank":200,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/ofr00-87/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Georgia","city":"Fort Gordon","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -83.71307373046874,\n 35.67068501330236\n ],\n [\n -83.71307373046874,\n 35.67068501330236\n ],\n [\n -83.7103271484375,\n 35.67068501330236\n ],\n [\n -83.7103271484375,\n 35.67068501330236\n ],\n [\n -83.71307373046874,\n 35.67068501330236\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -82.64465332031249,\n 33.15709799197017\n ],\n [\n -82.64465332031249,\n 33.684353657331016\n ],\n [\n -81.837158203125,\n 33.684353657331016\n ],\n [\n -81.837158203125,\n 33.15709799197017\n ],\n [\n -82.64465332031249,\n 33.15709799197017\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db699915","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McConnell, James B.","contributorId":28224,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McConnell","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":187684,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stamey, T. C.","contributorId":95496,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stamey","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":187686,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Persinger, H.H. Jr.","contributorId":82973,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Persinger","given":"H.H.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":187685,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"McFadden, K.W.","contributorId":22766,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McFadden","given":"K.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":187683,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":21921,"text":"ofr009 - 2000 - Low temperature volatilization of selenium from rock samples of the Phosphoria Formation in southeastern Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:57","indexId":"ofr009","displayToPublicDate":"2000-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-9","title":"Low temperature volatilization of selenium from rock samples of the Phosphoria Formation in southeastern Idaho","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr009","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Desborough, G.A., Grauch, R., Crock, J., Meeker, G., Herring, J., and Tysdal, R.G., 2000, Low temperature volatilization of selenium from rock samples of the Phosphoria Formation in southeastern Idaho: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2000-9, 9 p., :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr009.","productDescription":"9 p., :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":155309,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0009/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":51401,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0009/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a74e4b07f02db644954","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Desborough, George A.","contributorId":101661,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Desborough","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186255,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Grauch, R. I. 0000-0002-1763-0813","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1763-0813","contributorId":107698,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grauch","given":"R. I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186256,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Crock, J.G.","contributorId":58236,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crock","given":"J.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186254,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Meeker, G.P.","contributorId":34539,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meeker","given":"G.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186252,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Herring, J. R.","contributorId":43348,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herring","given":"J. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186253,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Tysdal, R. G.","contributorId":8823,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tysdal","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186251,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70201130,"text":"70201130 - 2000 - Lunar Transient Phenomena: What do the Clementine Images Reveal?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-29T16:16:49","indexId":"70201130","displayToPublicDate":"2000-07-01T16:16:24","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1963,"text":"Icarus","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Lunar Transient Phenomena: What do the Clementine Images Reveal?","docAbstract":"Lunar Transient Phenomena (LTP) have been reported for at least 450 years. The events range from bright flashes, to reddish or bluish glows, to obscurations. Gaseous spectra and photometric measurements of the events have been obtained. Several theories have been offered as explanations for LTP, including residual volcanic activity or outgassing, bombardment by energetic particles, and piezoelectric effects. As the first set of digital multispectral images of the entire Moon, the Clementine data offer a unique opportunity to couple inferences of compositional relationships with lunar geomorphology in the regions of LTP. We have selected 11 regions from which numerous reliable historical reports of LTP exist. Our analysis of the Clementine multispectral images shows that many events occur in regions of bright, spectrally reddish deposits, which may be characteristic of volcanic ejecta. The events may be associated with outgassing of volatiles collected in or beneath mare basalt flows. We find that LTP tend to occur near the edges of maria, in agreement with a suggestion originally made by Cameron (1972. Icarus16, 339–387), and in other regions of crustal weakness. We also find that some of the reported events tend to be in craters with rims of distinctly different (bluer) composition. This compositional difference may result from recent slumping of the rim, accompanied by the appearance of fresher underlying material. In some cases, slumping may be triggered by the release of pockets of volatiles; in turn the slumping events may cause additional pockets of trapped material to be released.
There are four instances in which Clementine multispectral images were acquired both before and after an event that was reported by a terrestrial team of amateur astronomers mobilized to observe the Moon during the mapping phase of Clementine. None of these four sets of images shows clear changes that could be attributed to the reported LTP.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1006/icar.2000.6373","usgsCitation":"Buratti, B.J., McConnochie, T.H., Calkins, S.B., Hillier, J.K., and Herkenhoff, K.E., 2000, Lunar Transient Phenomena: What do the Clementine Images Reveal?: Icarus, v. 146, no. 1, p. 98-117, https://doi.org/10.1006/icar.2000.6373.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"98","endPage":"117","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":359813,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Mars","volume":"146","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c0108dae4b0815414cc2e15","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Buratti, Bonnie J.","contributorId":152192,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Buratti","given":"Bonnie","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":18876,"text":"California Institute of Technology, Jet Propulsion Laboratory","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":752836,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McConnochie, Timothy H.","contributorId":210958,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McConnochie","given":"Timothy","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":7023,"text":"Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":752837,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Calkins, Sascha B.","contributorId":210959,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Calkins","given":"Sascha","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":7023,"text":"Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":752838,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hillier, John K.","contributorId":210960,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hillier","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":7023,"text":"Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":752839,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Herkenhoff, Kenneth E. 0000-0002-3153-6663 kherkenhoff@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3153-6663","contributorId":2275,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herkenhoff","given":"Kenneth","email":"kherkenhoff@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":752840,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":6672,"text":"fs01000 - 2000 - Determining the occurrence of pesticides and volatile organic compounds in public water-supply source waters in Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-24T11:28:37","indexId":"fs01000","displayToPublicDate":"2000-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"010-00","title":"Determining the occurrence of pesticides and volatile organic compounds in public water-supply source waters in Texas","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/fs01000","usgsCitation":"Mahler, B., 2000, Determining the occurrence of pesticides and volatile organic compounds in public water-supply source waters in Texas: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 010-00, [2] p. : col. ill., col. map ; 28 cm. col. ill., col. map ;, https://doi.org/10.3133/fs01000.","productDescription":"[2] p. : col. ill., col. map ; 28 cm. col. ill., col. map ;","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":117424,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_010_00.bmp"},{"id":727,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/FS/FS-010-00/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa8e4b07f02db6673d6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mahler, B.J.","contributorId":36888,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mahler","given":"B.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":153136,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70168343,"text":"70168343 - 2000 - Summary of the major water-quality findings from the Eastern Iowa Basins study unit of the National Water-Quality Assessment Program","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-06-20T10:23:18","indexId":"70168343","displayToPublicDate":"2000-04-20T13:30:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5059,"text":"Iowa Groundwater Quarterly","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Summary of the major water-quality findings from the Eastern Iowa Basins study unit of the National Water-Quality Assessment Program","docAbstract":"An integrated assessment of the water quality in streams and aquifers in the Wapsipinicon, Iowa, Cedar, and Skunk River basins was conducted in 1996 through 1998 as part of the Eastern Iowa Basins (EIWA) study unit of the U.S. Geological Survey's National Water-Quality Assessment Program (NAWQA). The EIWA study unit is one of 59 study units across the Nation designed to assess the status and trends in the quality of the Nation's ground- and surface-water resources and to link the status and trends with an understanding of the natural and human factors that affect the quality of water. Over 90 percent of the land in the EIWA study unit is used for agricultural purposes, while forested areas account for only 4 percent and urban areas about 2 percent of the land.
\nSurface-water samples were collected monthly and during selected storm events from six sites in medium-sized basins (125 to about 400 mi2) and five sites in large river basins (2,300 to 12,500 mi2). The medium-sized basins were selected to be representative of various physical features, hydrogeology, and agricultural landuse (row crops and concentrated animal feeding operations) that may affect water quality. The large river sites were selected to determine the integrated effects of combinations of landuse and hydrogeology on river-water quality.
\nGround-water samples were collected primarily from the alluvial aquifers because of the aquifers' direct hydraulic connection with rivers and streams and because alluvial aquifers are one of the most important sources for domestic, municipal, and industrial water supplies in the study area. Monitoring wells were installed in agricultural and urban areas of the alluvial aquifers to assess the quality of the most recently recharged water in relation to land use. Existing domestic wells screened in alluvial aquifers and the Silurian/Devonian aquifer were sampled to assess deeper and older ground water.
\nSurface- and ground-water samples were analyzed for a wide variety of chemical constituents (major ions, nutrients, and pesticides) commonly associated with agricultural and urban activities. Because they were not expected to occur in rivers and streams, volatile organic compounds (VOC's), commonly comprising fuels, solvents, and other industrial compounds were only analyzed in ground-water samples. The age of the ground water, important information needed to relate ground-water quality to land use, was determined using both tritium and chlorofluorocarbons (Freon?) age-dating methods.
\nResults from the EIWA NAWQA study build on previous and ongoing research and water-quality monitoring programs in Iowa and provide new insights into the relation between the quality of the State's water resources and human activities. The major findings from the study are listed below.
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\"}}]}","volume":"11","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56bc6d48e4b08d617f66629a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kalkhoff, Stephen J. 0000-0003-4110-1716 sjkalkho@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4110-1716","contributorId":1731,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kalkhoff","given":"Stephen","email":"sjkalkho@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":36532,"text":"Central Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":35680,"text":"Illinois-Iowa-Missouri Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":619765,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70093914,"text":"70093914 - 2000 - Transport, behavior, and fate of volatile organic compounds in streams","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-02-14T09:34:57","indexId":"70093914","displayToPublicDate":"2000-02-01T09:20:33","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1345,"text":"Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Transport, behavior, and fate of volatile organic compounds in streams","docAbstract":"Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are compounds with chemical and physical properties that allow the compounds to move freely between the water and air phases of the environment. VOCs are widespread in the environment because of this mobility. Many VOCs have properties that make them suspected or known hazards to the health of humans and aquatic organisms. Consequently, understanding the processes affecting the concentration and distribution of VOCs in the environment is necessary. The transport, behavior, and fate of VOCs in streams are determined by combinations of chemical, physical, and biological processes. These processes are volatilization, absorption, wet and dry deposition, microbial degradation, sorption, hydrolysis, aquatic photolysis, oxidation, chemical reaction, biocon-centration, advection, and dispersion. The relative importance of each of these processes depends on the characteristics of the VOC and the stream. The U.S. Geological Survey National Water-Quality Assessment Program selected 55 VOCs for study. This article reviews the characteristics of the various processes that could affect the transport, behavior, and fate of these VOCs in streams.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"CRC Press","publisherLocation":"Boca Raton, FL","doi":"10.1080/10643380091184183","usgsCitation":"Rathbun, R.E., 2000, Transport, behavior, and fate of volatile organic compounds in streams: Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, v. 30, no. 2, p. 129-295, https://doi.org/10.1080/10643380091184183.","productDescription":"167 p.","startPage":"129","endPage":"295","numberOfPages":"167","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":282377,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":282375,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10643380091184183"}],"volume":"30","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd798be4b0b2908510ce66","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rathbun, R. E.","contributorId":61796,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rathbun","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":490283,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70207885,"text":"70207885 - 2000 - Formation of submarine flat-topped volcanic cones in Hawai'i","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-16T16:04:43","indexId":"70207885","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-16T15:58:23","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1109,"text":"Bulletin of Volcanology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Formation of submarine flat-topped volcanic cones in Hawai'i","docAbstract":"High-resolution bathymetric mapping has shown that submarine flat-topped volcanic cones, morphologically similar to ones on the deep sea floor and near mid-ocean ridges, are common on or near submarine rift zones of Kilauea, Kohala (or Mauna Kea), Mahukona, and Haleakala volcanoes. Four flat-topped cones on Kohala were explored and sampled with the Pisces V submersible in October 1998. Samples show that flat-topped cones on rift zones are constructed of tholeiitic basalt erupted during the shield stage. Similarly shaped flat-topped cones on the northwest submarine flank of Ni'ihau are apparently formed of alkalic basalt erupted during the rejuvenated stage. Submarine postshield-stage eruptions on Hilo Ridge, Mahukona, Hana Ridge, and offshore Ni'ihau form pointed cones of alkalic basalt and hawaiite. The shield stage flat-topped cones have steep (∼25°) sides, remarkably flat horizontal tops, basal diameters of 1–3 km, and heights <300 m. The flat tops commonly have either a low mound or a deep crater in the center. The rejuvenated-stage flat-topped cones have the same shape with steep sides and flat horizontal tops, but are much larger with basal diameters up to 5.5 km and heights commonly greater than 200 m. The flat tops have a central low mound, shallow crater, or levees that surrounded lava ponds as large as 1 km across. Most of the rejuvenated-stage flat-topped cones formed on slopes <10° and formed adjacent semicircular steps down the flank of Ni'ihau, rather than circular structures. All the flat-topped cones appear to be monogenetic and formed during steady effusive eruptions lasting years to decades. These, and other submarine volcanic cones of similar size and shape, apparently form as continuously overflowing submarine lava ponds. A lava pond surrounded by a levee forms above a sea-floor vent. As lava continues to flow into the pond, the lava flow surface rises and overflows the lowest point on the levee, forming elongate pillow lava flows that simultaneously build the rim outward and upward, but also dam and fill in the low point on the rim. The process repeats at the new lowest point, forming a circular structure with a flat horizontal top and steep pillowed margins. There is a delicate balance between lava (heat) supply to the pond and cooling and thickening of the floating crust. Factors that facilitate construction of such landforms include effusive eruption of lava with low volatile contents, moderate to high confining pressure at moderate to great ocean depth, long-lived steady eruption (years to decades), moderate effusion rates (probably ca. 0.1 km3/year), and low, but not necessarily flat, slopes. With higher effusion rates, sheet flows flood the slope. With lower effusion rates, pillow mounds form. Hawaiian shield-stage eruptions begin as fissure eruptions. If the eruption is too brief, it will not consolidate activity at a point, and fissure-fed flows will form a pond with irregular levees. The pond will solidify between eruptive pulses if the eruption is not steady. Lava that is too volatile rich or that is erupted in too shallow water will produce fragmental and highly vesicular lava that will accumulate to form steep pointed cones, as occurs during the post-shield stage. The steady effusion of lava on land constructs lava shields, which are probably the subaerial analogs to submarine flat-topped cones but formed under different cooling conditions.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer Nature Switzerland ","doi":"10.1007/s004450000088","usgsCitation":"Clague, D., Moore, J.G., and Reynolds, J., 2000, Formation of submarine flat-topped volcanic cones in Hawai'i: Bulletin of Volcanology, v. 62, p. 214-233, https://doi.org/10.1007/s004450000088.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"214","endPage":"233","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":371326,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Hawaii","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -161.6748046875,\n 17.8742034396575\n ],\n [\n -154.27001953125,\n 17.8742034396575\n ],\n [\n -154.27001953125,\n 23.160563309048314\n ],\n [\n -161.6748046875,\n 23.160563309048314\n ],\n [\n -161.6748046875,\n 17.8742034396575\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"62","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clague, D.","contributorId":9398,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clague","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779635,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moore, James G. 0000-0002-7543-2401 jmoore@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7543-2401","contributorId":2892,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"James","email":"jmoore@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779636,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Reynolds, J.R.","contributorId":72942,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reynolds","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779637,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70200559,"text":"70200559 - 2000 - Volcanism and ice interactions on Earth and Mars","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-24T08:48:35","indexId":"70200559","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T08:48:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Volcanism and ice interactions on Earth and Mars","docAbstract":"Volcano/ice interactions produce meltwater. Meltwater can enter the groundwater cycle and under the influence of hydrothermal systems, it can be later discharged to form channels and valleys or cycled upward to melt permafrost. Water or ice-saturated ground can erupt into phreatic craters when covered by lava. Violent mixing of meltwater and volcanic material and rapid release can generate lahars or jokulhlaups, that have the ability to freight coarse material, great distances downslope from the vent. Eruption into meltwater generate unique appearing edifices, that are definitive indicators of volcano/ice interaction. These features are hyaloclastic ridges or mounds and if capped by lava, tuyas. On Earth, volcano/ice interactions are limited to alpine regions and ice-capped polar and temperate regions. On Mars, where precipitation may be an ancient phenomenon, these interactions may be limited to areas of ground ice accumulation or the northern lowlands where water may have ponded fairly late in martian history. The recognition of features caused by volcano/ice interactions could provide strong constraints for the history of volatiles on Mars.
","largerWorkType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental effects on volcanic eruptions: From deep oceans to deep space","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Chapman, M.G., Allen, C.C., Gudmundsson, M.T., Gulick, V.C., Jakobsson, S.P., Lucchitta, B.K., Skilling, I.P., and Waitt, R.B., 2000, Volcanism and ice interactions on Earth and Mars, chap. of Environmental effects on volcanic eruptions: From deep oceans to deep space, 22 p.","productDescription":"22 p.","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":358717,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":358716,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20000096520"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c10fbf5e4b034bf6a8091c1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chapman, Mary G.","contributorId":69055,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chapman","given":"Mary","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":749587,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Allen, Carlton C.","contributorId":75451,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Allen","given":"Carlton","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":749588,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gudmundsson, Magnus T.","contributorId":93820,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gudmundsson","given":"Magnus","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":749589,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gulick, Virginia C.","contributorId":52443,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gulick","given":"Virginia","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":749590,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Jakobsson, Sveinn P.","contributorId":40121,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jakobsson","given":"Sveinn","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":749591,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Lucchitta, Baerbel K. blucchitta@usgs.gov","contributorId":3649,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lucchitta","given":"Baerbel","email":"blucchitta@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":749592,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Skilling, Ian P.","contributorId":68648,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Skilling","given":"Ian","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":749593,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Waitt, Richard B. 0000-0002-6392-5604 waitt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6392-5604","contributorId":2343,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waitt","given":"Richard","email":"waitt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":749594,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70022203,"text":"70022203 - 2000 - Carbon dioxide from coal combustion: Variation with rank of US coal","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:47","indexId":"70022203","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1709,"text":"Fuel","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Carbon dioxide from coal combustion: Variation with rank of US coal","docAbstract":"Carbon dioxide from combustion of US coal systematically varies with ASTM rank indices, allowing the amount of CO2 produced per net unit of energy to be predicted for individual coals. No single predictive equation is applicable to all coals. Accordingly, we provide one equation for coals above high volatile bituminous rank and another for lower rank coals. When applied to public data for commercial coals from western US mines these equations show a 15% variation of kg CO2 (net GJ)-1. This range of variation suggests reduction of US CO2 emissions is possible by prudent selection of coal for combustion. Maceral and mineral content are shown to slightly affect CO2 emissions from US coal. We also suggest that CO2 emissions increased between 6 and 8% in instances where Midwestern US power plants stopped burning local, high-sulfur bituminous coal and started burning low-sulfur, subbituminous C rank coal from the western US.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Fuel","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier Science Ltd","publisherLocation":"Exeter, United Kingdom","doi":"10.1016/S0016-2361(99)00197-0","issn":"00162361","usgsCitation":"Quick, J., and Glick, D., 2000, Carbon dioxide from coal combustion: Variation with rank of US coal: Fuel, v. 79, no. 7, p. 803-812, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-2361(99)00197-0.","startPage":"803","endPage":"812","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206643,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0016-2361(99)00197-0"},{"id":230447,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"79","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f360e4b0c8380cd4b76b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Quick, J.C.","contributorId":80848,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Quick","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392696,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Glick, D.C.","contributorId":78906,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Glick","given":"D.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392695,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1015328,"text":"1015328 - 2000 - Ecosystem responses to nitrogen deposition in the Colorado Front Range","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-21T17:27:32","indexId":"1015328","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1478,"text":"Ecosystems","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ecosystem responses to nitrogen deposition in the Colorado Front Range","docAbstract":"We asked whether 3–5 kg N y−1 atmospheric N deposition was sufficient to have influenced natural, otherwise undisturbed, terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems of the Colorado Front Range by comparing ecosystem processes and properties east and west of the Continental Divide. The eastern side receives elevated N deposition from urban, agricultural, and industrial sources, compared with 1–2 kg N y−1 on the western side. Foliage of east side old-growth Englemann spruce forests have significantly lower C:N and lignin:N ratios and greater N:Mg and N:P ratios. Soil % N is higher, and C:N ratios lower in the east side stands, and potential net N mineralization rates are greater. Lake NO3 concentrations are significantly higher in eastern lakes than western lakes. Two east side lakes studied paleolimnologically revealed rapid changes in diatom community composition and increased biovolumes and cell concentrations. The diatom flora is now representative of increased disturbance or eutrophication. Sediment nitrogen isotopic ratios have become progressively lighter over the past 50 years, coincident with the change in algal flora, possibly from an influx of isotopically light N volatilized from agricultural fields and feedlots. Seventy-five percent of the increased east side soil N pool can be accounted for by increased N deposition commensurate with human settlement. Nitrogen emissions from fixed, mobile, and agricultural sources have increased dramatically since approximately 1950 to the east of the Colorado Front Range, as they have in many parts of the world. Our findings indicate even slight increases in atmospheric deposition lead to measurable changes in ecosystem properties.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s100210000032","usgsCitation":"Baron, J., Rueth, H., Wolfe, A., Nydick, K., Allstott, E., Minear, J., and Moraska, B., 2000, Ecosystem responses to nitrogen deposition in the Colorado Front Range: Ecosystems, v. 3, no. 4, p. 352-368, https://doi.org/10.1007/s100210000032.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"352","endPage":"368","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133170,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Colorado Front Range","volume":"3","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4be4b07f02db6259b4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Baron, Jill 0000-0002-5902-6251 jill_baron@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5902-6251","contributorId":194124,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baron","given":"Jill","email":"jill_baron@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":322898,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rueth, H.M.","contributorId":103611,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rueth","given":"H.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322902,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wolfe, A.M.","contributorId":106452,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolfe","given":"A.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322903,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Nydick, K. R.","contributorId":9991,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Nydick","given":"K. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322897,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Allstott, E.J.","contributorId":25102,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Allstott","given":"E.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322899,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Minear, J.T.","contributorId":38519,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Minear","given":"J.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322900,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Moraska, B.","contributorId":84713,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moraska","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322901,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":1002991,"text":"1002991 - 2000 - Whole-lake burdens and spatial distribution of cadmium in sediments of Wisconsin seepage lakes, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-28T18:47:31.740537","indexId":"1002991","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1571,"text":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Whole-lake burdens and spatial distribution of cadmium in sediments of Wisconsin seepage lakes, USA","docAbstract":"Cadmium was quantified in the surface sediments of six seepage lakes ranging from 8 to 70 ha in surface area, 6 to 20 m in maximum depth, 5.2 to 7.0 in mean epilimnetic pH, and 1.7 to 6.8 mg·L−1 in dissolved organic carbon. Within each lake, dry-weight concentrations of cadmium (range, 0.02–7.17 μg·g−1) were positively correlated with volatile matter content of the sediments, which increased with water depth. Volumetric concentrations (i.e., mass per volume of wet sediment) were correlated with water depth in only one lake, and they more accurately represented the spatial distribution of sedimentary cadmium within the lakes. Analysis of sediment cores from two of the lakes indicated that surface sediments were enriched with cadmium. The source of cadmium and the within-lake processes controlling deposition to the sediments were presumably similar among the lakes, as demonstrated by the strong correlation between lake area and whole-lake burdens of cadmium in the surface sediments (range, 625–5785 g/lake). Hence, cadmium in these lakes appears to be derived largely from atmospheric deposition. When normalized for lake area, cadmium burdens in the surface sediments ranged from 62 to 92 g·ha−1 and were strongly correlated with dissolved organic carbon, but not with lake pH, which suggests a link between the transport of cadmium and organic matter to the sediments.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","publisherLocation":"Auburn, MI","doi":"10.1002/etc.5620190608","issn":"07307268","usgsCitation":"Powell, D., Rada, R., Wiener, J., and Atchison, G., 2000, Whole-lake burdens and spatial distribution of cadmium in sediments of Wisconsin seepage lakes, USA: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, v. 19, no. 6, p. 1523-1531, https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620190608.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"1523","endPage":"1531","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":199214,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","county":"Vilas County","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-88.9879,46.0971],[-88.9329,46.0746],[-88.9332,45.9822],[-89.0478,45.9822],[-89.0477,45.8953],[-89.1091,45.8973],[-89.1752,45.8993],[-89.1754,45.859],[-89.3008,45.8606],[-89.3007,45.9014],[-89.3628,45.8987],[-89.4256,45.8987],[-89.5498,45.8988],[-89.6741,45.8987],[-89.7571,45.8985],[-89.797,45.898],[-89.8199,45.8984],[-89.9212,45.8981],[-89.9846,45.8974],[-90.0428,45.8972],[-90.0442,45.9823],[-90.0134,45.9824],[-89.9853,45.9821],[-89.9289,45.9818],[-89.9282,46.0693],[-89.9288,46.1558],[-89.9287,46.2428],[-89.929,46.3],[-89.7599,46.268],[-89.7368,46.2636],[-89.5829,46.2347],[-89.5331,46.2252],[-89.5133,46.2215],[-89.4272,46.2048],[-89.3759,46.1949],[-89.2666,46.1737],[-89.2302,46.1662],[-89.0854,46.1365],[-88.9879,46.0971]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Vilas\",\"state\":\"WI\"}}]}","volume":"19","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2000-06-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49c8e4b07f02db5d63d9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Powell, D.E.","contributorId":72093,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Powell","given":"D.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312527,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rada, R.G.","contributorId":7651,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rada","given":"R.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312524,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wiener, J.G.","contributorId":44107,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wiener","given":"J.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312525,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Atchison, G.J.","contributorId":59406,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Atchison","given":"G.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312526,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70022929,"text":"70022929 - 2000 - The state and future of Mars polar science and exploration","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-29T16:21:34","indexId":"70022929","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1963,"text":"Icarus","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The state and future of Mars polar science and exploration","docAbstract":"As the planet's principal cold traps, the martian polar regions have accumulated extensive mantles of ice and dust that cover individual areas of ∼106 km2 and total as much as 3–4 km thick. From the scarcity of superposed craters on their surface, these layered deposits are thought to be comparatively young—preserving a record of the seasonal and climatic cycling of atmospheric CO2, H2O, and dust over the past ∼105–108 years. For this reason, the martian polar deposits may serve as a Rosetta Stone for understanding the geologic and climatic history of the planet—documenting variations in insolation (due to quasiperiodic oscillations in the planet's obliquity and orbital elements), volatile mass balance, atmospheric composition, dust storm activity, volcanic eruptions, large impacts, catastrophic floods, solar luminosity, supernovae, and perhaps even a record of microbial life. Beyond their scientific value, the polar regions may soon prove important for another reason—providing a valuable and accessible reservoir of water to support the long-term human exploration of Mars. In this paper we assess the current state of Mars polar research, identify the key questions that motivate the exploration of the polar regions, discuss the extent to which current missions will address these questions, and speculate about what additional capabilities and investigations may be required to address the issues that remain outstanding.
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L.","contributorId":31394,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Tanaka","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395459,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":47},{"text":"Mosley-Thompson, E.","contributorId":93650,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mosley-Thompson","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395493,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":48},{"text":"Thorsteinsson, T.","contributorId":81285,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thorsteinsson","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395487,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":49},{"text":"Wood, S.E.","contributorId":57242,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wood","given":"S.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395473,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":50},{"text":"Zent, A.","contributorId":17016,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zent","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395454,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":51},{"text":"Zuber, M.T.","contributorId":13359,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zuber","given":"M.T.","affiliations":[{"id":36717,"text":"Johns Hopkins University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":395452,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":52},{"text":"Zwally, H.J.","contributorId":33847,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zwally","given":"H.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395461,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":53}]}} ,{"id":70022091,"text":"70022091 - 2000 - Volatile organic compounds in storm water from a parking lot","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-12T13:24:56","indexId":"70022091","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2255,"text":"Journal of Environmental Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Volatile organic compounds in storm water from a parking lot","docAbstract":"A mass balance approach was used to determine the most important nonpoint source of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in storm water from an asphalt parking lot without obvious point sources (e.g., gasoline stations). The parking lot surface and atmosphere are important nonpoint sources of VOCs, with each being important for different VOCs. The atmosphere is an important source of soluble, oxygenated VOCs (e.g., acetone), and the parking lot surface is an important source for the more hydrophobic VOCs (e.g., benzene). VOCs on the parking lot surface appear to be concentrated in oil and grease and organic material in urban particles (e.g., vehicle soot). Except in the case of spills, asphalt does not appear to be an important source of VOCs. The uptake isotherm of gaseous methyl tert-butyl ether on urban particles indicates a mechanism for dry deposition of VOCs from the atmosphere. This study demonstrated that a mass balance approach is a useful means of understanding non-point-source pollution, even for compounds such as VOCs, which are difficult to sample.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Environmental Engineering","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"ASCE","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA, United States","doi":"10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(2000)126:12(1137)","issn":"07339372","usgsCitation":"Lopes, T.J., Fallon, J.D., Rutherford, D., and Hiatt, M., 2000, Volatile organic compounds in storm water from a parking lot: Journal of Environmental Engineering, v. 126, no. 12, p. 1137-1143, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(2000)126:12(1137).","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"1137","endPage":"1143","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":206733,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(2000)126:12(1137)"},{"id":230661,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"126","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc2c5e4b08c986b32ad57","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lopes, T. J.","contributorId":9631,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lopes","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392326,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fallon, J. D.","contributorId":57478,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fallon","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392328,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rutherford, D.W.","contributorId":21244,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rutherford","given":"D.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392327,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hiatt, M.H.","contributorId":80449,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hiatt","given":"M.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392329,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70022092,"text":"70022092 - 2000 - Enhancements of nonpoint source monitoring of volatile organic compounds in ground water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-30T09:09:07","indexId":"70022092","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2529,"text":"Journal of the American Water Resources Association","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Enhancements of nonpoint source monitoring of volatile organic compounds in ground water","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) has compiled a national retrospective data set of analyses of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in ground water of the United States. The data are from Federal, State, and local nonpoint-source monitoring programs, collected between 1985–95. This data set is being used to augment data collected by the USGS National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program to ascertain the occurrence of VOCs in ground water nationwide. Eleven attributes of the retrospective data set were evaluated to determine the suitability of the data to augment NAWQA data in answering occurrence questions of varying complexity. These 11 attributes are the VOC analyte list and the associated reporting levels for each VOC, well type, well-casing material, type of openings in the interval (screened interval or open hole), well depth, depth to the top and bottom of the open interval(s), depth to water level in the well, aquifer type (confined or unconfined), and aquifer lithology. VOCs frequently analyzed included solvents, industrial reagents, and refrigerants, but other VOCs of current interest were not frequently analyzed.
\nAbout 70 percent of the sampled wells have the type of well documented in the data set, and about 74 percent have well depth documented. However, the data set generally lacks documentation of other characteristics, such as well-casing material, information about the screened or open interval(s), depth to water level in the well, and aquifer type and lithology. For example, only about 20 percent of the wells include information on depth to water level in the well and only about 14 percent of the wells include information about aquifer type.
\nThe three most important enhancements to VOC data collected in nonpoint-source monitoring programs for use in a national assessment of VOC occurrence in ground water would be an expanded VOC analyte list, recording the reporting level for each analyte for every analysis, and recording key ancillary information about each well. These enhancements would greatly increase the usefulness of VOC data in addressing complex occurrence questions, such as those that seek to explain the reasons for VOC occurrence and nonoccurrence in ground water of the United States.
\n100 ft (>30 m)] determined from 32 different coal beds. Strippable coal resources at a depth < 100 ft (<30 m) total 2.8 billion tons (2.6 billion MT), and this total is determined from 17 coals. Coal beds present in the Cherokee Group (Middle Pennsylvanian) represent most of these coal resource totals. Deep coal beds with the largest resource totals include the Bevier, Mineral, \\"Aw\\" (unnamed coal bed), Riverton, and Weir-Pittsburg coals, all within the Cherokee Group. Based on chemical analyses, coals in the southeastern part of the state are generally high volatile A bituminous, whereas coals in the east-central and northeastern part of the state are high-volatile B bituminous coals. The primary concern of coal beds in Kansas for deep mining or development of coalbed methane is the thin nature [<2 ft (0.6 m)] of most coal beds. Present production of coalbed methane is centered mainly in the southern Wilson/northern Montgomery County area of southeastern Kansas where methane is produced from the Mulky, Weir-Pittsburg, and Riverton coals."}\" data-sheets-userformat=\"{"2":8403202,"4":[null,2,16777215],"11":4,"14":[null,2,0],"15":"Inconsolata, monospace, arial, sans, sans-serif","16":11,"26":400}\" data-sheets-formula=\"=VLOOKUP(R[0]C[-5],Fixed!R2C[-6]:C[-4],3,false)\">Kansas has large amounts of bituminous coal both at the surface and in the subsurface of eastern Kansas. Preliminary studies indicate at least 53 billion tons (48 billion MT) of deep coal [>100 ft (>30 m)] determined from 32 different coal beds. Strippable coal resources at a depth < 100 ft (<30 m) total 2.8 billion tons (2.6 billion MT), and this total is determined from 17 coals. Coal beds present in the Cherokee Group (Middle Pennsylvanian) represent most of these coal resource totals. Deep coal beds with the largest resource totals include the Bevier, Mineral, \"Aw\" (unnamed coal bed), Riverton, and Weir-Pittsburg coals, all within the Cherokee Group. Based on chemical analyses, coals in the southeastern part of the state are generally high volatile A bituminous, whereas coals in the east-central and northeastern part of the state are high-volatile B bituminous coals. The primary concern of coal beds in Kansas for deep mining or development of coalbed methane is the thin nature [<2 ft (0.6 m)] of most coal beds. Present production of coalbed methane is centered mainly in the southern Wilson/northern Montgomery County area of southeastern Kansas where methane is produced from the Mulky, Weir-Pittsburg, and Riverton coals.
","language":"English","publisher":"The Society of Sigma Gamma Epsilon","issn":"0894-802X","usgsCitation":"Brady, L.L., 2000, Kansas coal distribution, resources, and potential for coalbed methane: The Compass: Earth Science Journal of Sigma Gamma Epsilon, v. 75, no. 2-3, p. 122-133.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"122","endPage":"133","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230532,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Kansas","volume":"75","issue":"2-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4056e4b0c8380cd64c9d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brady, L. L.","contributorId":33711,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brady","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393161,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70022363,"text":"70022363 - 2000 - Influence of acid volatile sulfides and metal concentrations on metal partitioning in contaminated sediments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-09-02T19:28:14.15264","indexId":"70022363","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Influence of acid volatile sulfides and metal concentrations on metal partitioning in contaminated sediments","docAbstract":"The influence of acid volatile sulfide (AVS) on the partitioning of Cd, Ni, and Zn in porewater (PW) and sediment as reactive metals (SEM, simultaneously extracted metals) was investigated in laboratory microcosms. Two spiking procedures were compared, and the effects of vertical geochemical gradients and infaunal activity were evaluated. Sediments were spiked with a Cd−Ni−Zn mixture (0.06, 3, 7.5 μmol/g, respectively) containing four levels of AVS (0.5, 7.5, 15, 35 μmol/g). The results were compared to sediments spiked with four levels of Cd−Ni−Zn mixtures at one AVS concentration (7.5 μmol/g). A vertical redox gradient was generated in each treatment by an 18-d incubation with an oxidized water column. [AVS] in the surface sediments decreased by 65−95% due to oxidation during incubation; initial [AVS] was maintained at 0.5−7.5 cm depth. PW metal concentrations were correlated with [SEM − AVS] among all data. But PW metal concentrations were variable, causing the distribution coefficient, Kdpw (the ratio of [SEM] to PW metal concentrations) to vary by 2−3 orders of magnitude at a given [SEM − AVS]. One reason for the variability was that vertical profiles in PW metal concentrations appeared to be influenced by diffusion as well as [SEM − AVS]. The presence of animals appeared to enhance the diffusion of at least Zn. The generalization that PW metal concentrations are controlled by [SEM − AVS] is subject to some important qualifications if vertical gradients are complicated, metal concentrations vary, or equilibration times differ.
An 18-day microcosm study was conducted to evaluate the influence of acid volatile sulfides (AVS) and metal additions on bioaccumulation from sediments of Cd, Ni, and Zn in two clams (Macoma balthica and Potamocorbula amurensis) and three marine polychaetes (Neanthes arenaceodentata, Heteromastus filiformis, and Spiophanes missionensis). Manipulation of AVS by oxidation of naturally anoxic sediments allowed use of metal concentrations typical of nature and evaluation of processes important to chronic metal exposure. A vertical sediment column similar to that often found in nature was used to facilitate realistic biological behavior. Results showed that AVS or porewater (PW) metals controlled bioaccumulation in only 2 of 15 metal-animal combinations. Bioaccumulation of all three metals by the bivalves was related significantly to metal concentrations extracted from sediments (SEM) but not to [SEM − AVS] or PW metals. SEM predominantly influenced bioaccumulation of Ni and Zn in N. arenaceodentata, but Cd bioaccumulation followed PW Cd concentrations. SEM controlled tissue concentrations of all three metals in H. filiformis and S. missionensis, with minor influences from metal-sulfide chemistry. Significant bioaccumulation occurred when SEM was only a small fraction of AVS in several treatments. Three factors appeared to contribute to the differences between these bioaccumulation results and the results from toxicity tests reported previously: differences in experimental design, dietary uptake, and biological attributes of the species, including mode and depth of feeding.
We present the first detailed study of a population of texturally distinct chondrules previously described by Kurat (1969), Christophe Michel-Lévy (1976), and Skinner et al. (1989) that are sharply depleted in alkalis and Al in their outer portions. These “bleached” chondrules, which are exclusively radial pyroxene and cryptocrystalline in texture, have porous outer zones where mesostasis has been lost. Bleached chondrules are present in all type 3 ordinary chondrites and are present in lower abundances in types 4–6. They are most abundant in the L and LL groups, apparently less common in H chondrites, and absent in enstatite chondrites. We used x-ray mapping and traditional electron microprobe techniques to characterize bleached chondrules in a cross section of ordinary chondrites. We studied bleached chondrules from Semarkona by ion microprobe for trace elements and H isotopes, and by transmission electron microscopy. Chondrule bleaching was the result of low-temperature alteration by aqueous fluids flowing through finegrained chondrite matrix prior to thermal metamorphism. During aqueous alteration, interstitial glass dissolved and was partially replaced by phyllosilicates, troilite was altered to pentlandite, but pyroxene was completely unaffected. Calcium-rich zones formed at the inner margins of the bleached zones, either as the result of the early stages of metamorphism or because of fluid-chondrule reaction. The mineralogy of bleached chondrules is extremely sensitive to thermal metamorphism in type 3 ordinary chondrites, and bleached zones provide a favorable location for the growth of metamorphic minerals in higher petrologic types. The ubiquitous presence of bleached chondrules in ordinary chondrites implies that they all experienced aqueous alteration early in their asteroidal histories, but there is no relationship between the degree of alteration and metamorphic grade. A correlation between the oxidation state of chondrite groups and their degree of aqueous alteration is consistent with the source of water being either accreted ices or water released during oxidation of organic matter. Ordinary chondrites were probably open systems after accretion, and aqueous fluids may have carried volatile elements with them during dehydration. Individual radial pyroxene and cryptocrystalline chondrules were certainly open systems in all chondrites that experienced aqueous alteration leading to bleaching.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1945-5100.2000.tb01429.x","issn":"10869379","usgsCitation":"Grossman, J.N., Alexander, C.M., Wang, J., and Brearley, A., 2000, Bleached chondrules: Evidence for widespread aqueous processes on the parent asteroids of ordinary chondrites: Meteoritics and Planetary Science, v. 35, no. 3, p. 467-486, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1945-5100.2000.tb01429.x.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"467","endPage":"486","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479303,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1945-5100.2000.tb01429.x","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":230435,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"35","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-02-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f1e1e4b0c8380cd4ae99","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Grossman, J. N.","contributorId":41840,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grossman","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394278,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Alexander, C. M. O’D.","contributorId":105418,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Alexander","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"M. O’D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394280,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wang, Jingyuan","contributorId":10771,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wang","given":"Jingyuan","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394277,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Brearley, A.J.","contributorId":73773,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brearley","given":"A.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394279,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70023137,"text":"70023137 - 2000 - Intra- and inter-unit variation in fly ash petrography and mercury adsorption: Examples from a western Kentucky power station","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:38","indexId":"70023137","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1513,"text":"Energy and Fuels","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Intra- and inter-unit variation in fly ash petrography and mercury adsorption: Examples from a western Kentucky power station","docAbstract":"Fly ash was collected from eight mechanical and 10 baghouse hoppers at each of the twin 150-MW wall-fired units in a western Kentucky power station. The fuel burned at that time was a blend of many low-sulfur, high-volatile bituminous Central Appalachian coals. The baghouse ash showed less variation between units than the mechanical hoppers. The mechanical fly ash, coarser than the baghouse ash, showed significant differences in the amount of total carbon and in the ratio of isotropic coke to both total carbon and total coke - the latter excluding inertinite and other unburned, uncoked coal. There was no significant variation in proportions of inorganic fly ash constituents. The inter-unit differences in the amount and forms of mechanical fly ash carbon appear to be related to differences in pulverizer efficiency, leading to greater amounts of coarse coal, therefore unburned carbon, in one of the units. Mercury capture is a function of both the total carbon content and the gas temperature at the point of fly ash separation, mercury content increasing with an increase in carbon for a specific collection system. Mercury adsorption on fly ash carbon increases at lower flue-gas temperatures. Baghouse fly ash, collected at a lower temperature than the higher-carbon mechanically separated fly ash, contains a significantly greater amount of Hg.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Energy and Fuels","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"ACS","publisherLocation":"Washington, DC, United States","doi":"10.1021/ef9901488","issn":"08870624","usgsCitation":"Hower, J., Finkelman, R.B., Rathbone, R., and Goodman, J., 2000, Intra- and inter-unit variation in fly ash petrography and mercury adsorption: Examples from a western Kentucky power station: Energy and Fuels, v. 14, no. 1, p. 212-216, https://doi.org/10.1021/ef9901488.","startPage":"212","endPage":"216","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208124,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ef9901488"},{"id":233590,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"14","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1999-12-07","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3db9e4b0c8380cd637b4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hower, J.C.","contributorId":100541,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hower","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396444,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Finkelman, R. B.","contributorId":20341,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finkelman","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396441,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rathbone, R.F.","contributorId":51924,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rathbone","given":"R.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396443,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Goodman, J.","contributorId":21417,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goodman","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396442,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ]}