Populations of many long-lived plants exhibit spatially synchronized seed production that varies extensively over time, so that seed production in some years is much higher than on average, while in others, it is much lower or absent. This phenomenon termed masting or mast seeding has important consequences for plant reproductive success, ecosystem dynamics and plant–human interactions. Inspired by recent advances in the field, this special issue presents a series of articles that advance the current understanding of the ecology and evolution of masting. To provide a broad overview, we reflect on the state-of-the-art of masting research in terms of underlying proximate mechanisms, ontogeny, adaptations, phylogeny and applications to conservation. While the mechanistic drivers and fitness consequences of masting have received most attention, the evolutionary history, ontogenetic trajectory and applications to plant–human interactions are poorly understood. With increased availability of long-term datasets across broader geographical and taxonomic scales, as well as advances in molecular approaches, we expect that many mysteries of masting will be solved soon. The increased understanding of this global phenomenon will provide the foundation for predictive modelling of seed crops, which will improve our ability to manage forests and agricultural fruit and nut crops in the Anthropocene.
","language":"English","publisher":"The Royal Society","doi":"10.1098/rstb.2020.0369","usgsCitation":"Pesendorfer, M.B., Ascoli, D., Bogdziewicz, M., Hacket-Pain, A., Pearse, I., and Vacchiano, G., 2021, The ecology and evolution of synchronized reproduction in long-lived plants: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, v. 376, no. 1839, https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2020.0369.","ipdsId":"IP-130378","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":450424,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2020.0369","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":391738,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"376","issue":"1839","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2021-10-18","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pesendorfer, Mario B.","contributorId":201187,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pesendorfer","given":"Mario","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":826744,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ascoli, Davide","contributorId":224289,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ascoli","given":"Davide","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":40848,"text":"University of Torino","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":826745,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bogdziewicz, Michal","contributorId":256849,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bogdziewicz","given":"Michal","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":36493,"text":"USDA Forest Service","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":826746,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hacket-Pain, Andrew","contributorId":224290,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hacket-Pain","given":"Andrew","affiliations":[{"id":16977,"text":"University of Liverpool","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":826747,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Pearse, Ian S. 0000-0001-7098-0495","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7098-0495","contributorId":211154,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pearse","given":"Ian","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":826743,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Vacchiano, Giorgio","contributorId":224295,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Vacchiano","given":"Giorgio","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":40851,"text":"University of Milan","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":826748,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70225673,"text":"70225673 - 2021 - Machine learning predictions of nitrate in groundwater used for drinking supply in the conterminous United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-11-02T11:54:43.920548","indexId":"70225673","displayToPublicDate":"2021-10-18T06:51:54","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3352,"text":"Science of the Total Environment","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Machine learning predictions of nitrate in groundwater used for drinking supply in the conterminous United States","docAbstract":"Groundwater is an important source of drinking water supplies in the conterminous United State (CONUS), and presence of high nitrate concentrations may limit usability of groundwater in some areas because of the potential negative health effects. Prediction of locations of high nitrate groundwater is needed to focus mitigation and relief efforts. A three-dimensional extreme gradient boosting (XGB) machine learning model was developed to predict the distribution of nitrate. Nitrate was predicted at a 1 km resolution for two drinking water zones, each of variable depth, one for domestic supply and one for public supply. The model used measured nitrate concentrations from 12,082 wells and included predictor variables representing well characteristics, hydrologic conditions, soil type, geology, land use, climate, and nitrogen inputs. Predictor variables derived from empirical or numerical process-based models were also included to integrate information on controlling processes and conditions. The model provided accurate estimates at national and regional scales: the training (R2 of 0.83) and hold-out (R2 of 0.49) data fits compared favorably to previous studies. Predicted nitrate concentrations were less than 1 mg/L across most of the CONUS. Nationally, well depth, soil and climate characteristics, and the absence of developed land use were among the most influential explanatory factors. Only 1% of the area in either water supply zone had predicted nitrate concentrations greater than 10 mg/L; however, about 1.4 M people depend on groundwater for their drinking supplies in those areas. Predicted high concentrations of nitrate were most prevalent in the central CONUS. In areas of predicted high nitrate concentration, applied manure, farm fertilizer, and agricultural land use were influential predictor variables. This work represents the first application of XGB to a three-dimensional national-scale groundwater quality model and provides a significant milestone in the efforts to document nitrate in groundwater across the CONUS.
Variable eruptive style and explosivity is common in basaltic to basaltic andesite volcanoes but can have uncertain origins. Veniaminof volcano in the Alaska-Aleutian arc is a frequently active open-vent center, regularly producing Strombolian eruptions and small lava flows from an intracaldera cone within an intracaldera ice cap. The September–December 2018 eruption of Veniaminof evolved in explosivity over time. The eruption was documented with frequent satellite observations, syn- and post-eruption structure-from-motion photo surveys, and post-eruption sampling of lava flows and tephra preserved in the syn-eruption snowpack. Lava flows with a total volume of ~ 6 × 106 m3 flowed down the cone flanks into the ice cap, overthickening at ice marginal flow fronts. Smaller tephra deposits were estimated at ~ 1–2 × 106 m3 dense rock equivalent, with almost half of this volume deposited directly on the eruptive cone itself. Erupted products were basaltic andesite, and composition (54 ± 0.7 wt% bulk rock, 58 ± 0.7 wt% glass SiO2), sideromelane microlite crystallinity (20–30%), and microlite number density (plagioclase 6.4 ± 2.6 × 105 n/mm3) did not change significantly over the eruption suggesting a similar magma source and ascent rate. We defined tephra componentry with groundmass microcrystalline textures using backscatter electron images. The componentry of tephra groundmass showed significant increases in tachylite grains, defined here by the presence of dendritic interstitial nanolites, corresponding to increasing seismic tremor and periods of increased ash emissions. We suggest that these componentry changes reflect increasing undercooled zones on the conduit margins that increased brittle shearing, fragmentation, and ultimately ash emissions.
There is evidence that variable and synchronous reproduction in seed plants (masting) correlates to modes of climate variability, e.g. El Niño Southern Oscillation and North Atlantic Oscillation. In this perspective, we explore the breadth of knowledge on how climate modes control reproduction in major masting species throughout Earth's biomes. We posit that intrinsic properties of climate modes (periodicity, persistence and trends) drive interannual and decadal variability of plant reproduction, as well as the spatial extent of its synchrony, aligning multiple proximate causes of masting through space and time. Moreover, climate modes force lagged but in-phase ecological processes that interact synergistically with multiple stages of plant reproductive cycles. This sets up adaptive benefits by increasing offspring fitness through either economies of scale or environmental prediction. Community-wide links between climate modes and masting across plant taxa suggest an evolutionary role of climate variability. We argue that climate modes may ‘bridge’ proximate and ultimate causes of masting selecting for variable and synchronous reproduction. The future of such interaction is uncertain: processes that improve reproductive fitness may remain coupled with climate modes even under changing climates, but chances are that abrupt global warming will affect Earth's climate modes so rapidly as to alter ecological and evolutionary links.
","language":"English","publisher":"The Royal Society","doi":"10.1098/rstb.2020.0380","usgsCitation":"Ascoli, D., Hacket-Pain, A., Pearse, I.S., Vacchiano, G., Corti, S., and Davini, P., 2021, Modes of climate variability bridge proximate and evolutionary mechanisms of masting: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, v. 376, no. 1839, https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2020.0380.","ipdsId":"IP-127671","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":450429,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/pdf/10.1098/rstb.2020.0380","text":"External Repository"},{"id":391736,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"376","issue":"1839","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2021-10-18","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ascoli, Davide","contributorId":224289,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ascoli","given":"Davide","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":40848,"text":"University of Torino","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":826814,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hacket-Pain, Andrew","contributorId":224290,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hacket-Pain","given":"Andrew","affiliations":[{"id":16977,"text":"University of Liverpool","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":826815,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pearse, Ian S. 0000-0001-7098-0495","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7098-0495","contributorId":216680,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pearse","given":"Ian","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":826816,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Vacchiano, Giorgio","contributorId":224295,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Vacchiano","given":"Giorgio","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":40851,"text":"University of Milan","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":826817,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Corti, Susanna","contributorId":268854,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Corti","given":"Susanna","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":55694,"text":"Istituto di Scienze dell'Atmosfera e del Clima, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":826818,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Davini, Paolo","contributorId":268855,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Davini","given":"Paolo","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":55694,"text":"Istituto di Scienze dell'Atmosfera e del Clima, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":826819,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70259595,"text":"70259595 - 2021 - Active virus-host interactions at sub-freezing temperatures in Arctic peat soil","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-10-16T11:52:44.042031","indexId":"70259595","displayToPublicDate":"2021-10-18T06:48:24","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5838,"text":"Microbiome","onlineIssn":"2049-2618","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Active virus-host interactions at sub-freezing temperatures in Arctic peat soil","docAbstract":"Winter carbon loss in northern ecosystems is estimated to be greater than the average growing season carbon uptake and is primarily driven by microbial decomposers. Viruses modulate microbial carbon cycling via induced mortality and metabolic controls, but it is unknown whether viruses are active under winter conditions (anoxic and sub-freezing temperatures).
We used stable isotope probing (SIP) targeted metagenomics to reveal the genomic potential of active soil microbial populations under simulated winter conditions, with an emphasis on viruses and virus-host dynamics. Arctic peat soils from the Bonanza Creek Long-Term Ecological Research site in Alaska were incubated under sub-freezing anoxic conditions with H218O or natural abundance water for 184 and 370 days. We sequenced 23 SIP-metagenomes and measured carbon dioxide (CO2) efflux throughout the experiment. We identified 46 bacterial populations (spanning 9 phyla) and 243 viral populations that actively took up 18O in soil and respired CO2 throughout the incubation. Active bacterial populations represented only a small portion of the detected microbial community and were capable of fermentation and organic matter degradation. In contrast, active viral populations represented a large portion of the detected viral community and one third were linked to active bacterial populations. We identified 86 auxiliary metabolic genes and other environmentally relevant genes. The majority of these genes were carried by active viral populations and had diverse functions such as carbon utilization and scavenging that could provide their host with a fitness advantage for utilizing much-needed carbon sources or acquiring essential nutrients.
Overall, there was a stark difference in the identity and function of the active bacterial and viral community compared to the unlabeled community that would have been overlooked with a non-targeted standard metagenomic analysis. Our results illustrate that substantial active virus-host interactions occur in sub-freezing anoxic conditions and highlight viruses as a major community-structuring agent that likely modulates carbon loss in peat soils during winter, which may be pivotal for understanding the future fate of arctic soils' vast carbon stocks.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1186/s40168-021-01154-2","usgsCitation":"Trubl, G., Kimbrel, J.A., Liquet-Gonzalez, J., Nuccio, E.E., Weber, P.K., Pett-Ridge, J., Jansson, J.K., Waldrop, M., and Blazewicz, S., 2021, Active virus-host interactions at sub-freezing temperatures in Arctic peat soil: Microbiome, v. 9, 208, 15 p., https://doi.org/10.1186/s40168-021-01154-2.","productDescription":"208, 15 p.","ipdsId":"IP-128011","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":467223,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40168-021-01154-2","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":462901,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2021-10-18","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Trubl, Gareth","contributorId":345156,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Trubl","given":"Gareth","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":82502,"text":"Lawrence Livermore National Labs","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":915862,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kimbrel, Jeffrey A","contributorId":345157,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kimbrel","given":"Jeffrey","email":"","middleInitial":"A","affiliations":[{"id":82502,"text":"Lawrence Livermore National Labs","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":915863,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Liquet-Gonzalez, Jose","contributorId":345158,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Liquet-Gonzalez","given":"Jose","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":82502,"text":"Lawrence Livermore National Labs","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":915864,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Nuccio, Erin E.","contributorId":345159,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Nuccio","given":"Erin","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":915865,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Weber, Peter K.","contributorId":345160,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Weber","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":915866,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Pett-Ridge, Jennifer","contributorId":254974,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pett-Ridge","given":"Jennifer","affiliations":[{"id":51376,"text":"Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore CA 94551","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":915867,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Jansson, Janet K.","contributorId":345161,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jansson","given":"Janet","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":82503,"text":"Pacific Northwest National Labs","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":915868,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Waldrop, Mark 0000-0003-1829-7140","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1829-7140","contributorId":216758,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waldrop","given":"Mark","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":915869,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Blazewicz, Steve 0000-0001-7517-1750","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7517-1750","contributorId":272100,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Blazewicz","given":"Steve","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":13621,"text":"Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":915870,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":70226188,"text":"70226188 - 2021 - Understanding mast seeding for conservation and land management","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-11-16T12:49:09.966096","indexId":"70226188","displayToPublicDate":"2021-10-18T06:47:53","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3048,"text":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Understanding mast seeding for conservation and land management","docAbstract":"Masting, the intermittent and synchronous production of large seed crops, can have profound consequences for plant populations and the food webs that are built on their seeds. For centuries, people have recorded mast crops because of their importance in managing wildlife populations. In the past 30 years, we have begun to recognize the importance of masting in conserving and managing many other aspects of the environment: promoting the regeneration of forests following fire or other disturbance, conserving rare plants, conscientiously developing the use of edible seeds as non-timber forest products, coping with the consequences of extinctions on seed dispersal, reducing the impacts of plant invasions with biological control, suppressing zoonotic diseases and preventing depredation of endemic fauna. We summarize current instances and future possibilities of a broad set of applications of masting. By exploring in detail several case studies, we develop new perspectives on how solutions to pressing conservation and land management problems may benefit by better understanding the dynamics of seed production. A lesson common to these examples is that masting can be used to time management, and often, to do this effectively, we need models that explicitly forecast masting and the dynamics of seed-eating animals into the near-term future.
","language":"English","publisher":"The Royal Society","doi":"10.1098/rstb.2020.0383","usgsCitation":"Pearse, I.S., Wion, A., Gonzalez, A., and Pesendorfer, M.B., 2021, Understanding mast seeding for conservation and land management: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, v. 376, no. 1839, https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2020.0383.","ipdsId":"IP-126922","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":450431,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8520776","text":"External Repository"},{"id":391735,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"376","issue":"1839","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2021-10-18","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pearse, Ian S. 0000-0001-7098-0495","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7098-0495","contributorId":216680,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pearse","given":"Ian","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":826820,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wion, Andreas","contributorId":225092,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wion","given":"Andreas","affiliations":[{"id":6621,"text":"Colorado State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":826821,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gonzalez, Angela","contributorId":268856,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gonzalez","given":"Angela","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6621,"text":"Colorado State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":826822,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Pesendorfer, Mario B.","contributorId":201187,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pesendorfer","given":"Mario","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":826823,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70226823,"text":"70226823 - 2021 - Effects of hydrologic variability and remedial actions on first flush and metal loading from streams draining the Silverton caldera, 1992–2014","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-14T12:52:04.069102","indexId":"70226823","displayToPublicDate":"2021-10-18T06:45:24","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1924,"text":"Hydrological Processes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of hydrologic variability and remedial actions on first flush and metal loading from streams draining the Silverton caldera, 1992–2014","docAbstract":"This study examined water quality in the upper Animas River watershed, a mined watershed that gained notoriety following the 2015 Gold King mine release of acid mine drainage to downstream communities. Water-quality data were used to evaluate trends in metal concentrations and loads over a two-decade period. Selected sites included three sites on tributary streams and one main-stem site on the Animas River downstream from the tributary confluences. During the study period, metal concentrations and loads varied seasonally and annually because of hydrologic variability and remedial actions designed to ameliorate the effects of acid mine drainage. Water-quality data were divided into two periods based on the timing of remedial activities in the watershed. The first period includes active water treatment, surface reclamation and installation of bulkheads in adits; the second period includes the decade following these activities. Water-quality data were used to estimate annual and monthly zinc loads using the Adjusted Maximum Likelihood Method (using LOADEST software) and U.S. Geological Survey streamflow data. This study presents one of the first applications of LOADEST focused on metal loads. Monthly flow-weighted concentrations were analysed using a Mann-Kendall trend test to determine the direction, magnitude, and significance of temporal trends in zinc loading in any given month and using t-test comparisons between the two periods. Zinc loads estimated for the Animas River below the tributaries indicate decreased zinc loading during the rising limb of the hydrograph in the second period, perhaps reflecting a reduction of snowmelt-derived zinc load following surface reclamation activities. In contrast, base-flow zinc loading increased at the main-stem site, perhaps because of the cessation of water treatment in tributary streams. Flow weighting of monthly load estimates yielded increased statistical significance and enabled more nuanced differentiation between the effects of hydrologic variability and remedial activities on zinc loading.
For several decades, white plagues (WPDs: WPD-I, II and III) and more recently, stony coral tissue loss disease (SCTLD) have significantly impacted Caribbean corals. These diseases are often difficult to separate in the field as they produce similar gross signs. Here we aimed to compare what we know about WPD and SCTLD in terms of: (1) pathology, (2) etiology, and (3) epizootiology. We reviewed over 114 peer-reviewed publications from 1973 to 2021. Overall, WPD and SCTLD resemble each other macroscopically, mainly due to the rapid tissue loss they produce in their hosts, however, SCTLD has a more concise case definition. Multiple-coalescent lesions are often observed in colonies with SCTLD and rarely in WPD. A unique diagnostic sign of SCTLD is the presence of bleached circular areas when SCTLD lesions are first appearing in the colony. The paucity of histopathologic archives for WPDs for multiple species across geographies makes it impossible to tell if WPD is the same as SCTLD. Both diseases alter the coral microbiome. WPD is controversially regarded as a bacterial infection and more recently a viral infection, whereas for SCTLD the etiology has not been identified, but the putative pathogen, likely to be a virus, has not been confirmed yet. Most striking differences between WPD and SCTLD have been related to duration and phases of epizootic events and mortality rates. While both diseases may become highly prevalent on reefs, SCTLD seems to be more persistent even throughout years. Both transmit directly (contact) and horizontally (waterborne), but organism-mediated transmission is only proven for WPD-II. Given the differences and similarities between these diseases, more detailed information is needed for a better comparison. Specifically, it is important to focus on: (1) tagging colonies to look at disease progression and tissue mortality rates, (2) tracking the fate of the epizootic event by looking at initial coral species affected, the features of lesions and how they spread over colonies and to a wider range of hosts, (3) persistence across years, and (4) repetitive sampling to look at changes in the microbiome as the disease progresses. Our review shows that WPDs and SCTLD are the major causes of coral tissue loss recorded in the Caribbean.
There are serious concerns for native freshwater mussel survival (Bivalvia: Unionidae) in the Laurentian Great Lakes region after populations were seemingly pushed to the brink of extirpation following the introduction of dreissenid mussels (Dreissena polymorpha and D. rostriformis bugensis) in the mid-1980s. The Detroit River was the first major river system in North America to be invaded by dreissenids, and unionids were considered extirpated from the river by 1998. Since then several unionid refuges (areas with relatively low dreissenid impact and surviving unionids) have been found in coastal areas of lakes St. Clair and Erie, but no documentation exists in the Detroit River. To assess dreissenid presence and potential unionid persistence, a mixture of stratified random, historical, and potential refuge sites were surveyed during summer 2019 in the Detroit River. Unionid and dreissenid habitat use was further investigated with analysis of variance and classification tree analyses. Of the 56 sites surveyed, only five sites had live unionids totaling 220 animals of 11 species. More than 2000 unionid shells of 31 species were collected from 39 sites, confirming the large and diverse unionid populations that existed prior to the dreissenid invasion. Ninety-eight percent of live unionids found showed evidence of past or present dreissenid attachment. Estimated dreissenid densities were highly variable with river location and ranged from 0 to 5673 live individuals per m2, with the largest densities concentrated in the upstream half of the Detroit River. Despite their previously assumed extirpation from the Detroit River, live unionids were found during this comprehensive survey. Although only 40% of the historical species within the unionid assemblage remains, our results suggest, in the right conditions, some coexistence is possible among some species of unionids and dreissenids in this large river system.
We present a new SIngle-scintillator Neutron and Gamma Ray spectrometer (SINGR) instrument for use with both passive and active measurement techniques. Here we discuss the application of SINGR for planetary exploration missions, however, hydrology, nuclear non-proliferation, and resource prospecting are all potential areas where the instrument could be applied. SINGR uses an elpasolite scintillator, Cs2YLiCl6:Ce (CLYC), that has been shown to have high neutron efficiency even at small volumes, with a gamma-ray energy resolution of approximately 4% full-width-at-half-maximum at 662 keV. Active gamma-ray and neutron (GRNS) measurements were performed with SINGR at the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) Goddard Geophysical and Astronomical Observatory (GGAO) outdoor test site using a pulsed neutron generator (PNG) to interrogate geologically relevant materials (basalt and granite monuments). These experimental results, combined with simulations, demonstrate that SINGR is capable of generating neutron die-away curves that can be used to reconstruct the bulk hydrogen abundance and the depth distribution of hydrogen within the monuments. We compare our experimental results with Monte Carlo N-Particle (MCNP) 6.1 transport simulations to constrain the uncertainties in depth and hydrogen abundance from the neutron die-away data generated by SINGR. For future planetary exploration missions, SINGR provides a single detector system for interrogating the shallow subsurface to characterize the presence and abundance of hydrated phases and to provide bulk elemental analysis.
We quantified permafrost peat plateau and post-thaw carbon (C) stocks across a chronosequence in Interior Alaska to evaluate the amount of C lost with thaw. Macrofossil reconstructions revealed three stratigraphic layers of peat: (1) a base layer of fen/marsh peat, (2) peat from a forested peat plateau (with permafrost) and, (3) collapse-scar bog peat (at sites where permafrost thaw has occurred). Radiocarbon dating revealed that peat initiated within the last 2,500 years and that permafrost aggraded during the Little Ice Age (ca. 250 – 575 years ago) and degraded within the last several decades. The timing of permafrost thaw within each feature was not related to thaw bog size. Their rate of expansion may be more influenced by local factors, such as ground ice content and subsurface water inputs. We found C losses due to thaw over the past century were up to 46% of the C available, but the absolute amount of C lost (kg m-2) was over 50% lower than losses previously described in other Alaskan peatland chronosequences. We hypothesize that this difference stems from the process by which permafrost aggraded, with sites that formed permafrost epigenetically (significantly later than most peat accumulation) experiencing less absolute C loss with thaw than sites that formed syngenetically (simultaneously with peat accumulation). Epigenetic peat from our site had lower C:N ratios as compared to Alaskan sites that have syngenetic peat. This difference could help predict the magnitude of C loss with thaw across a range or permafrost types and histories.
The idea for this book, including its organization and contents, has its origin in the latest environmental and climate policy requirements in the United States, as well as science advances. In 2007, the U.S. Congress passed the Energy Independence and Security Act (EISA), from which Section 712 required U.S. Federal agencies to provide a better understanding of carbon and greenhouse gas fluxes across the United States. As a result, largescale and coordinated efforts were launched to assess carbon storage, carbon fluxes, and greenhouse gas fluxes including CO2, CH4, and N2O from all major terrestrial and freshwater aquatic ecosystems, including forest, grassland/shrub, agricultural lands, wetlands, and rivers, streams, lakes, and impoundments. The EISA assessment produced major results (Selmants et al., 2017; Zhu, 2011; Zhu & McGuire, 2016; Zhu & Reed, 2012, 2014), but recognized that wetlands remained a significant source of uncertainty, especially for those wetlands that were being actively managed. The more recent Second State of the Carbon Cycle Report by the U.S. Global Change Research Program (USGCRP), which devoted two separate chapters to inland and coastal wetlands, respectively, noted that large knowledge gaps still remain, ranging from inadequate analysis of restored and managed wetlands, and consequences of management decisions, to future wetland responses to climate change (USGCRP, 2018). In recent literature, wetland management is suggested as a potential natural solution to mitigate climate change (Fargione et al., 2018, Kroeger et al., 2017) and help offset direct losses of wetlands from sea level rise, subsidence, and coastal erosion (Wang et al., 2017). The recognition that a synthesis of wetland carbon management was urgently needed was the genesis of Wetland Carbon and Environmental Management; discerning the relationships between wetland management and carbon flux (loss or gain) is an international goal.
","largerWorkTitle":"Wetland carbon and environmental management","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1002/9781119639305.fmatter","usgsCitation":"Krauss, K., Zhu, Z., and Stagg, C., 2021, Preface to book: Wetland carbon and environmental management, chap. of Wetland carbon and environmental management: Geophysical Monograph Series, p. xix-xx, https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119639305.fmatter.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"xix","endPage":"xx","ipdsId":"IP-117872","costCenters":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":407469,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2021-10-15","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Krauss, Ken W. 0000-0003-2195-0729 kraussk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2195-0729","contributorId":2017,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krauss","given":"Ken","email":"kraussk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":853920,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zhu, Zhiliang 0000-0002-6860-6936 zzhu@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6860-6936","contributorId":150078,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhu","given":"Zhiliang","email":"zzhu@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":411,"text":"National Climate Change and Wildlife Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5055,"text":"Land Change Science","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":505,"text":"Office of the AD Climate and Land-Use Change","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":853921,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stagg, Camille L. 0000-0002-1125-7253 staggc@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1125-7253","contributorId":4111,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stagg","given":"Camille","email":"staggc@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":853922,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Krauss, Ken 0000-0003-2195-0729","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2195-0729","contributorId":223022,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krauss","given":"Ken","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":853093,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zhu, Zhiliang 0000-0002-6860-6936 zzhu@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6860-6936","contributorId":150078,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhu","given":"Zhiliang","email":"zzhu@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":5055,"text":"Land Change Science","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":411,"text":"National Climate Change and Wildlife Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":505,"text":"Office of the AD Climate and Land-Use Change","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":853094,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stagg, Camille 0000-0002-1125-7253","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1125-7253","contributorId":222386,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stagg","given":"Camille","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":853095,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70237016,"text":"70237016 - 2021 - Potential for carbon and nitrogen sequestration by restoring tidal connectivity and enhancing soil surface elevations in denuded and degraded south Florida mangrove ecosystems","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-10-06T15:35:42.308079","indexId":"70237016","displayToPublicDate":"2021-10-15T13:28:05","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"seriesTitle":{"id":12608,"text":"Geophysical Monograph Series","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":24}},"title":"Potential for carbon and nitrogen sequestration by restoring tidal connectivity and enhancing soil surface elevations in denuded and degraded south Florida mangrove ecosystems","docAbstract":"Mangroves are tidally dependent wetlands that are influenced often by alterations in hydrology associated with coastal developments that impact their distribution, health, and function. Alteration in frequency, depth, duration, and seasonality of tidal inundation can lead to changes in forest condition, although these stress-adapted ecosystems may persist for many years before succumbing to mortality. However, arresting this decline through hydrological restoration can significantly improve ecosystem condition and the provision of ecosystem services. Much of the mangrove resource on Marco Island, Florida, USA, is unhealthy if not already dead or dying due to soil structural shifts, permanent flooding, and peat compression resulting from road construction, tidal restriction, and delays in restoration actions. In order to determine the impact of restricted hydrology on these mangrove forests, we examined soil surface elevation change and soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) content along a degradation gradient and within a small-scale, community-driven restoration area. Using a space-for-time substitution approach, we found that the restoration of regular tidal inundation to Marco Island mangroves has the potential to increase C sequestration in surface soils alone from 0 to 360 g C/m 2 /yr (3.60 Mg C/ha/yr) and increase N sequestration from 0 to 24 g N/m2/yr (0.24 Mg N/ha/yr). Additional sequestration benefits would be realized with aboveground forest recovery. Successful mangrove restoration trials and small community-based projects such as those on Marco Island could serve as a model for larger efforts and empower stakeholders and policy makers to restore other wetlands and better manage coastal carbon.
","largerWorkTitle":"Wetland carbon and environmental management","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1002/9781119639305.ch7","usgsCitation":"Cormier, N., Krauss, K., Demopoulos, A., Jessen, B.J., McClain Counts, J., From, A., and Flynn, L.L., 2021, Potential for carbon and nitrogen sequestration by restoring tidal connectivity and enhancing soil surface elevations in denuded and degraded south Florida mangrove ecosystems, chap. of Wetland carbon and environmental management: Geophysical Monograph Series, p. 143-158, https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119639305.ch7.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"143","endPage":"158","ipdsId":"IP-117700","costCenters":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":436156,"rank":0,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P929MIXP","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Soil surface elevation change and vertical accretion data to support the Fruit Farm Creek Mangrove Restoration Project (Rookery Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve, Marco Island, Florida)"},{"id":407465,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Fruit Farm Creek, Marco Island, Rookery Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -81.69708251953125,\n 25.90972531442551\n ],\n [\n -81.66463851928711,\n 25.90972531442551\n ],\n [\n -81.66463851928711,\n 25.935971514362496\n ],\n [\n -81.69708251953125,\n 25.935971514362496\n ],\n [\n -81.69708251953125,\n 25.90972531442551\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2021-10-15","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Krauss, Ken W. 0000-0003-2195-0729 kraussk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2195-0729","contributorId":2017,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krauss","given":"Ken","email":"kraussk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":854079,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zhu, Zhiliang 0000-0002-6860-6936 zzhu@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6860-6936","contributorId":150078,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhu","given":"Zhiliang","email":"zzhu@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":411,"text":"National Climate Change and Wildlife Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":505,"text":"Office of the AD Climate and Land-Use Change","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) 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University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":853086,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Krauss, Ken 0000-0003-2195-0729","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2195-0729","contributorId":219804,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krauss","given":"Ken","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":853087,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Demopoulos, Amanda 0000-0003-2096-4694","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2096-4694","contributorId":222183,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Demopoulos","given":"Amanda","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":853088,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Jessen, Brita J.","contributorId":223476,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jessen","given":"Brita","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":40719,"text":"Rookery Bay National Research Reserve","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":853089,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"McClain Counts, Jennifer 0000-0002-3383-5472","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3383-5472","contributorId":219233,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McClain Counts","given":"Jennifer","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":853090,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"From, Andrew 0000-0002-6543-2627","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6543-2627","contributorId":223021,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"From","given":"Andrew","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":853091,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Flynn, Laura L.","contributorId":297015,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Flynn","given":"Laura","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":64277,"text":"Coastal Resources Group, Venice, Florida","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":853092,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70224272,"text":"70224272 - 2021 - Carbon fluxes and potential soil accumulation within Greater Everglades cypress and pine forested wetlands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-14T17:37:42.02639","indexId":"70224272","displayToPublicDate":"2021-10-15T11:36:26","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"chapter":"20","title":"Carbon fluxes and potential soil accumulation within Greater Everglades cypress and pine forested wetlands","docAbstract":"In forested wetlands, accumulation of organic matter in soil is partly governed by carbon fluxes where photosynthesis, respiration, lateral advection of waterborne carbon, fire-derived carbon emissions, and methanogenesis are balanced by changes in stored carbon. Stored carbon can eventually accumulate as soil over time if net primary productivity exceeds biomass decomposition. For this study, potential soil accumulation was estimated based on four years of continuous daily carbon cycling data and a one-dimensional mass-balance model of landscape-atmospheric exchange for cypress and pine forested wetlands in the Greater Everglades of south Florida. The mass-balance model was driven by eddy-covariance estimates of vertical net ecosystem exchange of carbon dioxide and methane. Key findings include confirmation of a basic premise of the historic Everglades restoration project; specifically, more water either from rainfall or water management encourages soil carbon accumulation and thus conservation of soils that support biologic activity and ecosystem services. For example, an anomalous wet season for south Florida that flooded the forested wetlands through the traditional dry season was followed by the most productive year for photosynthetic carbon uptake and potential soil accumulation. On the other hand, methane emissions were enhanced by the anomalous wet season and extended flooding – which confirmed a complex tradeoff to consider if wetlands are managed for both soil conservation and reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. Potential soil accumulation rates were about 1.7, 2.8, and 18 millimeters per year at the Dwarf Cypress, Cypress Swamp, and Pine Upland ecosystems, assuming soil C density values of 0.07, 0.09, and 0.02 grams of carbon per cubic centimeter, respectively. For these values of soil C density, the accumulation rates are considered a “best-case” upper limit because the lateral export of carbon in the canals and creeks that drain the study area were assumed negligible.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Wetland carbon and environmental management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1002/9781119639305.ch20","usgsCitation":"Shoemaker, W.B., Anderson, F.E., Sirianni, M., and Daniels, A., 2021, Carbon fluxes and potential soil accumulation within Greater Everglades cypress and pine forested wetlands, chap. 20 of Wetland carbon and environmental management, p. 371-384, https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119639305.ch20.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"371","endPage":"384","ipdsId":"IP-111043","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":27821,"text":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":436158,"rank":0,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9GFKJCY","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Potential Accumulation of Soil Organic Matter from Carbon Cycling within Greater Everglades Cypress and Pine Forested Wetlands data"},{"id":394397,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Greater Everglades","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -81.1,\n 25.5\n ],\n [\n -80.5,\n 25.5\n ],\n [\n -80.5,\n 26\n ],\n [\n -81.1,\n 26\n ],\n [\n -81.1,\n 25.5\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2021-10-15","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Zhu, Zhiliang 0000-0002-6860-6936 zzhu@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6860-6936","contributorId":150078,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhu","given":"Zhiliang","email":"zzhu@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":5055,"text":"Land Change Science","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":505,"text":"Office of the AD Climate and Land-Use Change","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":411,"text":"National Climate Change and Wildlife Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":823426,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Krauss, Ken W. 0000-0003-2195-0729 kraussk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2195-0729","contributorId":2017,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krauss","given":"Ken","email":"kraussk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":823425,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Stagg, Camille L. 0000-0002-1125-7253 staggc@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1125-7253","contributorId":4111,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stagg","given":"Camille","email":"staggc@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":830889,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4}],"authors":[{"text":"Shoemaker, W. Barclay 0000-0002-7680-377X bshoemak@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7680-377X","contributorId":215239,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shoemaker","given":"W.","email":"bshoemak@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Barclay","affiliations":[{"id":27821,"text":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":823423,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Anderson, Frank E. 0000-0002-1418-4678 fanders@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1418-4678","contributorId":2605,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"Frank","email":"fanders@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":830887,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Daniels, Andre 0000-0003-4172-2344 andre_daniels@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4172-2344","contributorId":4031,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Daniels","given":"Andre","email":"andre_daniels@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":830888,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Sirianni, Matt 0000-0002-6296-0002","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6296-0002","contributorId":265804,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sirianni","given":"Matt","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":17770,"text":"FAU","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":823424,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70220231,"text":"70220231 - 2021 - Modeling the impacts of hydrology and management on carbon balance at the Great Dismal Swamp, Virginia and North Carolina, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-03-07T17:39:52.92648","indexId":"70220231","displayToPublicDate":"2021-10-15T11:34:26","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"chapter":"21","title":"Modeling the impacts of hydrology and management on carbon balance at the Great Dismal Swamp, Virginia and North Carolina, USA","docAbstract":"The impact of drainage on the stability of peatland carbon sinks is well known; however, much less is understood regarding the way active management of the water-table affects carbon balance. In this study, we determined the carbon balance in the Great Dismal Swamp, a large, forested peatland in the southeastern USA, which has been drained for over two hundred years and is now being restored through hydrologic management. We modeled future net ecosystem carbon balance over 100 years (2012 to 2112) using in situ field observations paired with simulations of water-table depth. The three scenarios used in the model were baseline conditions, flooded/wet conditions, and drained/dry conditions, which represent a range of potential management actions and climate conditions at the Great Dismal Swamp. In the Baseline scenario, results show a carbon sink of 0.7 Tg, or an average annual rate of 0.23 Mg C/ha/yr. The Flooded/Wet scenario produced a net ecosystem carbon balance of 4.6 Tg C or an average annual rate of 1.06 Mg C/ha/yr. For the Drained/Dry scenario, under which no management was conducted, and typically dry conditions were assumed, the Great Dismal Swamp becomes a net carbon source at –2.07 Tg C or an average annual rate of –0.38 Mg C/ha/yr.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Wetland carbon and environmental management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1002/9781119639305.ch21","usgsCitation":"Sleeter, R., 2021, Modeling the impacts of hydrology and management on carbon balance at the Great Dismal Swamp, Virginia and North Carolina, USA, chap. 21 of Wetland carbon and environmental management, p. 385-402, https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119639305.ch21.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"385","endPage":"402","ipdsId":"IP-119032","costCenters":[{"id":37786,"text":"WMA - Observing Systems Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":436160,"rank":0,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P970W305","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Model parameters and output of net ecosystem carbon balance for the Great Dismal Swamp, Virginia and North Carolina, USA"},{"id":396799,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Carolina, Virginia","otherGeospatial":"Great Dismal Swamp","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -76.57058715820312,\n 36.42017738514984\n ],\n [\n -76.35223388671875,\n 36.42017738514984\n ],\n [\n -76.35223388671875,\n 36.79389010047562\n ],\n [\n -76.57058715820312,\n 36.79389010047562\n ],\n [\n -76.57058715820312,\n 36.42017738514984\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2021-10-15","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Krauss, Ken W. 0000-0003-2195-0729 kraussk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2195-0729","contributorId":2017,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krauss","given":"Ken","email":"kraussk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":837369,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zhu, Zhiliang 0000-0002-6860-6936 zzhu@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6860-6936","contributorId":150078,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhu","given":"Zhiliang","email":"zzhu@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":5055,"text":"Land Change Science","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":411,"text":"National Climate Change and Wildlife Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":505,"text":"Office of the AD Climate and Land-Use Change","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":837370,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stagg, Camille L. 0000-0002-1125-7253 staggc@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1125-7253","contributorId":4111,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stagg","given":"Camille","email":"staggc@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":837371,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Sleeter, Rachel 0000-0003-3477-0436 rsleeter@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3477-0436","contributorId":666,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sleeter","given":"Rachel","email":"rsleeter@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":242,"text":"Eastern Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":814868,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70224318,"text":"70224318 - 2021 - Summary of wetland carbon and environmental management: Path forward","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-14T17:47:03.948432","indexId":"70224318","displayToPublicDate":"2021-10-15T11:13:35","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"chapter":"25","title":"Summary of wetland carbon and environmental management: Path forward","docAbstract":"Wetlands around the world are under pressure from both anthropogenic sources such as land-use change and accelerating climate change (Erwin, 2009; Moomaw et al., 2018). Storage of carbon resources is a key ecosystem service of wetlands and offer natural solutions to climate change mitigation; policies and management actions could determine the fate of these resources and their contributions to climate mitigation and society needs. Inland and tidal wetlands store and sequester more carbon in soil and biomass than any other ecosystems on a per unit area basis, but also are responsible for the majority of ecosystem methane emissions (NASEM, 2019; Knox et al., 2019). Most of wetland carbon is stored deep in soils, thus providing long-term preservation of the resource (Nahlik and Fennessy, 2016). In addition to productive carbon sequestration in situ, wetlands also play a major role in lateral fluxes of carbon and other greenhouse gases along the continuum of different landscape features, including lakes, rivers, and coastal waters (Aufdenkampe et al., 2011; Ciais et al., 2008; Troxler et al., 2013). The ability of wetlands to regulate key processes of the carbon cycle is related to characteristics of the ecosystem, particularly hydrologic functions (Zhou et al., 2018). Disturbances to wetland hydrology, from land use change to natural disturbances such as wildfire, could lead to major disruptions to the wetland carbon cycle (Moomaw et al., 2018).\n\nThis book is organized to first introduce fundamentals of wetland biogeochemistry (Neubauer and Megonigal, 2020) and carbon stock distribution and management in broad geographic and temporal domains, then provide a more in-depth treatment of case studies of different wetland types across the world (Fig. 1). A range of wetland management actions are described in the context of carbon sequestration and greenhouse gas emissions, including hydrology, sediment, avoided loss, restoration, wildfire, and co-habitation of multiple uses. Different wetland types or land uses considered in this book include freshwater herbaceous wetlands, peatlands of temperate as well as tropical climate, coastal tidal marshes and mangroves, drained croplands, and rice paddies.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Wetland carbon and environmental management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1002/9781119639305.ch25","usgsCitation":"Zhu, Z., Krauss, K., Stagg, C., Ward, E., and Woltz, V., 2021, Summary of wetland carbon and environmental management: Path forward, chap. 25 of Wetland carbon and environmental management, p. 437-446, https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119639305.ch25.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"437","endPage":"446","ipdsId":"IP-120337","costCenters":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":36940,"text":"National Climate Adaptation Science 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kraussk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2195-0729","contributorId":2017,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krauss","given":"Ken","email":"kraussk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":830894,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stagg, Camille L. 0000-0002-1125-7253 staggc@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1125-7253","contributorId":4111,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stagg","given":"Camille","email":"staggc@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":830895,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Zhu, Zhiliang 0000-0002-6860-6936 zzhu@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6860-6936","contributorId":150078,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhu","given":"Zhiliang","email":"zzhu@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":411,"text":"National Climate Change and Wildlife Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":505,"text":"Office of the AD Climate and Land-Use Change","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5055,"text":"Land Change Science","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":823736,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Krauss, Ken 0000-0003-2195-0729","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2195-0729","contributorId":223022,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krauss","given":"Ken","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":823737,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stagg, Camille 0000-0002-1125-7253","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1125-7253","contributorId":222386,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stagg","given":"Camille","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":823738,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ward, Eric 0000-0002-5047-5464","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5047-5464","contributorId":217389,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ward","given":"Eric","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":823739,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Woltz, Victoria 0000-0001-7843-6486","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7843-6486","contributorId":223011,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woltz","given":"Victoria","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":411,"text":"National Climate Change and Wildlife Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":823740,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70274793,"text":"70274793 - 2021 - Winter flooding to conserve agricultural peat soils in a temperate climate: Effect on greenhouse gas emissions and global warming potential","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-04-09T15:55:22.481234","indexId":"70274793","displayToPublicDate":"2021-10-15T10:49:43","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Winter flooding to conserve agricultural peat soils in a temperate climate: Effect on greenhouse gas emissions and global warming potential","docAbstract":"This study investigated the CO 2 and CH 4 emission rates from agricultural operations on peat soils in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, comparing two common soil management treatments: leaving the field fallow in the winter and flooding the field in winter. Winter flooding is intended to reduce the oxidative loss of soil organic matter to CO 2 , as well as other putative benefits. The goal of the study was to assess if winter flooding lowers overall net carbon loss from the field and if it increases the net CH 4 emissions to a degree that results in a net increase in Global Warming Potential (GWP).
The two treatments had similar annual carbon emissions (1.7–1.8 g C/m 2 /d) with the measured annual CO 2 flux rates for both among the highest previously reported, indicating that the flooding treatment did not effectively mitigate subsidence and loss of soil carbon. The flooded treatment had among the highest annual CH 4 emissions previously reported (64.1 mg C/m 2 /d), an order of magnitude greater than that measured on the fallow treatment (5.9 mg C/m 2 /d). Despite the much larger flux of CH 4 from the flooded treatment, when the net carbon export associated with grain harvest and hydrologic transport is included, the differences in the carbon balance and GWP (equivalent to CO 2 emissions of ~775 g C/m 2 /yr) between treatments is insignificant. Total greenhouse gas emissions and GWP of both sites are among the largest previously documented from cultivated peat systems, putting their climatic effect on par with freshwater wetlands, but without the concomitant soil conservation and carbon sequestration benefits of continuous flooding.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Wetland carbon and environmental management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1002/9781119639305.ch17","usgsCitation":"Bergamaschi, B.A., Anderson, F., Goodrich-Stuart, E.J., and Pellerin, B.A., 2021, Winter flooding to conserve agricultural peat soils in a temperate climate: Effect on greenhouse gas emissions and global warming potential, chap. of Wetland carbon and environmental management, p. 321-337, https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119639305.ch17.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"321","endPage":"337","ipdsId":"IP-060568","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":502362,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2021-10-15","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Krauss, Ken W. 0000-0003-2195-0729 kraussk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2195-0729","contributorId":2017,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krauss","given":"Ken","email":"kraussk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":959171,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zhu, Zhiliang 0000-0002-6860-6936 zzhu@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6860-6936","contributorId":150078,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhu","given":"Zhiliang","email":"zzhu@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":5055,"text":"Land Change Science","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":411,"text":"National Climate Change and Wildlife Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":505,"text":"Office of the AD Climate and Land-Use Change","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":959172,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stagg, Camille 0000-0002-1125-7253","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1125-7253","contributorId":206064,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stagg","given":"Camille","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":959173,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Bergamaschi, Brian A. 0000-0002-9610-5581 bbergama@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9610-5581","contributorId":140776,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bergamaschi","given":"Brian","email":"bbergama@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":959151,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Anderson, Frank 0000-0002-1418-4678 fanders@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1418-4678","contributorId":167488,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"Frank","email":"fanders@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":959152,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Goodrich-Stuart, Ellen J 0000-0001-9901-7643","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9901-7643","contributorId":272612,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goodrich-Stuart","given":"Ellen","email":"","middleInitial":"J","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":959153,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Pellerin, Brian A. 0000-0003-3712-7884 bpeller@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3712-7884","contributorId":147077,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pellerin","given":"Brian","email":"bpeller@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":503,"text":"Office of Water Quality","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":959154,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70237912,"text":"70237912 - 2021 - The importance of wetland carbon dynamics to society: Insight from the Second State of the Carbon Cycle Science Report","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-11-01T15:32:05.331848","indexId":"70237912","displayToPublicDate":"2021-10-15T10:24:40","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"seriesTitle":{"id":12608,"text":"Geophysical Monograph Series","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":24}},"chapter":"24","title":"The importance of wetland carbon dynamics to society: Insight from the Second State of the Carbon Cycle Science Report","docAbstract":"The Second State of the Carbon Cycle Report (SOCCR2) culminated in 19 chapters that spanned all North American sectors – from Energy Systems to Agriculture and Land Use – known to be important for understanding carbon (C) cycling and accounting. Wetlands, both inland and coastal, were found to be significant components of C fluxes along the terrestrial to aquatic hydrologic continuum. In this chapter, we synthesize the role of wetlands in the overall C footprint of North America (from Canada to Mexico) as one metric of the societal values placed on these terrestrial-aquatic interfaces. We also summarize the effects of management activities and climate change on the wetland C cycle and give some perspectives on the current and future importance of wetlands to society.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Wetland carbon and environmental management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1002/9781119639305.ch24","usgsCitation":"Kolka, R., Trettin, C., and Windham-Myers, L., 2021, The importance of wetland carbon dynamics to society: Insight from the Second State of the Carbon Cycle Science Report, chap. 24 of Wetland carbon and environmental management: Geophysical Monograph Series, p. 421-436, https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119639305.ch24.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"421","endPage":"436","ipdsId":"IP-120524","costCenters":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes 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America\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2021-10-15","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Krauss, Ken W. 0000-0003-2195-0729 kraussk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2195-0729","contributorId":2017,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krauss","given":"Ken","email":"kraussk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":856381,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zhu, Zhiliang 0000-0002-6860-6936 zzhu@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6860-6936","contributorId":150078,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhu","given":"Zhiliang","email":"zzhu@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":5055,"text":"Land Change Science","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":505,"text":"Office of the AD Climate and Land-Use Change","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":411,"text":"National Climate Change and Wildlife Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":856382,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stagg, Camille L. 0000-0002-1125-7253 staggc@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1125-7253","contributorId":4111,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stagg","given":"Camille","email":"staggc@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":856383,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Kolka, Randall","contributorId":115924,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kolka","given":"Randall","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":856183,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Trettin, Carl","contributorId":210815,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Trettin","given":"Carl","affiliations":[{"id":38151,"text":"USDA-Forest Service","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":856184,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Windham-Myers, Lisamarie 0000-0003-0281-9581 lwindham-myers@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0281-9581","contributorId":2449,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Windham-Myers","given":"Lisamarie","email":"lwindham-myers@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":856185,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70248819,"text":"70248819 - 2021 - Ecosystem service co-benefits provided through wetland carbon management","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-09-22T14:59:46.733808","indexId":"70248819","displayToPublicDate":"2021-10-15T09:59:09","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"chapter":"22","title":"Ecosystem service co-benefits provided through wetland carbon management","docAbstract":"What is the role of wetland carbon management in providing ecosystem services? Ecosystem services are the benefits that nature provides to people, and they are often categorized as: provisioning (e.g., food and water), regulating (e.g., climate mitigation and flood protection), cultural (e.g., cultural and recreational), and supporting (e.g., nutrient cycling) services ( www.millenniumassessment.org/ ). Ecosystem services are a function of the quantity and quality of the ecosystem. External factors such as land development, pollution, fragmentation, resource overuse, and climate change can negatively influence an ecosystem's capacity to provide ecosystem services; conversely, management actions to conserve and restore systems can increase ecosystem services (Pindilli, 2019). Wetland carbon management is a set of preservation, conservation, or restoration actions used to preserve ecosystem function that protects or enhances stored carbon or biologic carbon sequestration, with the intent to regulate climate (see Moomaw et al., 2018). By managing for wetland carbon resources, there is often a co-benefit of the preservation or enhancement of other ecosystem services; it may also increase ecosystem disservices (such as mosquito production). This chapter provides an overview of the types of ecosystem service co-benefits provided by wetland carbon management, with specific examples from the literature.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Wetland carbon and environmental management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1002/9781119639305.ch22","usgsCitation":"Pindilli, E., 2021, Ecosystem service co-benefits provided through wetland carbon management, chap. 22 of Wetland carbon and environmental management, p. 401-409, https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119639305.ch22.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"401","endPage":"409","ipdsId":"IP-122236","costCenters":[{"id":411,"text":"National Climate Change and Wildlife Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":554,"text":"Science and Decisions Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":421079,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2021-10-15","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Krauss, Ken W. 0000-0003-2195-0729 kraussk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2195-0729","contributorId":2017,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krauss","given":"Ken","email":"kraussk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":883899,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zhu, Zhiliang 0000-0002-6860-6936 zzhu@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6860-6936","contributorId":150078,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhu","given":"Zhiliang","email":"zzhu@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":411,"text":"National Climate Change and Wildlife Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5055,"text":"Land Change Science","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":505,"text":"Office of the AD Climate and Land-Use Change","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":883900,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stagg, Camille L. 0000-0002-1125-7253 staggc@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1125-7253","contributorId":4111,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stagg","given":"Camille","email":"staggc@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":883901,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Pindilli, Emily 0000-0002-5101-1266 epindilli@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5101-1266","contributorId":140262,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pindilli","given":"Emily","email":"epindilli@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":554,"text":"Science and Decisions Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":883776,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70229463,"text":"70229463 - 2021 - Habitat diversity influences puma (Puma concolor) diet in the Chihuahuan Desert","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-03-09T15:30:29.068033","indexId":"70229463","displayToPublicDate":"2021-10-15T09:12:38","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3766,"text":"Wildlife Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Habitat diversity influences puma (Puma concolor) diet in the Chihuahuan Desert","title":"Habitat diversity influences puma (Puma concolor) diet in the Chihuahuan Desert","docAbstract":"Habitat heterogeneity and corresponding diversity in potential prey species should increase the diet breadth of generalist predators. Many previous studies describing puma Puma concolor diets in the arid regions of the southwestern United States were focused within largely xeric locations, overlooking the influence of heterogeneity created by riparian forests. Such habitat heterogeneity and corresponding prey diversity could influence prey availability and puma diet composition. We examined seasonal prey composition of pumas occupying areas with different habitat conditions representing riparian areas adjacent to the Rio Grande and xeric Chihuahuan Desert uplands in southern New Mexico. We collected prey composition data from 686 kill sites made by 17 (9 males and 8 females) GPS-collared pumas from 2014 to 2018. Diet composition included 32 different avian, aquatic, small mammal, and ungulate prey species. Prey composition varied, with more ungulate prey consumed by pumas inhabiting the upland desert areas and more aquatic prey consumed in the riparian bosque. Prey composition differed between seasons, with ungulate prey decreasing and aquatic prey increasing during the hot–dry season. Prey composition also varied between puma sex and habitat with females in the desert uplands consuming more small mammals than either males or females in riparian areas. The diverse diets of the pumas inhabiting the heterogeneous landscapes in southern New Mexico provide additional evidence that pumas have broad diets that are strongly influenced by the habitat and prey community that their home range encompasses.
","language":"English","publisher":"Nordic Board for Wildlife Research","doi":"10.2981/wlb.00875","usgsCitation":"Prude, C.H., and Cain, J.W., 2021, Habitat diversity influences puma (Puma concolor) diet in the Chihuahuan Desert: Wildlife Biology, v. 2021, no. 4, p. 1-12, https://doi.org/10.2981/wlb.00875.","productDescription":"00875, 13 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"12","ipdsId":"IP-125430","costCenters":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":450448,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.2981/wlb.00875","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":396916,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Mexico","otherGeospatial":"Armendaris Ranch, Sevilleta National Wildlife Refuge","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": 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III 0000-0003-4743-516X jwcain@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4743-516X","contributorId":4063,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cain","given":"James","suffix":"III","email":"jwcain@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":837550,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70225761,"text":"70225761 - 2021 - Land management strategies influence soil organic carbon stocks of prairie potholes of North America","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-11-10T13:44:12.062972","indexId":"70225761","displayToPublicDate":"2021-10-15T07:40:51","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"chapter":"14","title":"Land management strategies influence soil organic carbon stocks of prairie potholes of North America","docAbstract":"Soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks of Prairie Pothole Region (PPR) wetlands in the central plains of Canada and the United States are highly variable due to natural variation in biota, soils, climate, hydrology, and topography. Land-use history (cropland, grassland) and land-management practices (drainage, restoration) also affect SOC stocks. We conducted a region-wide assessment of wetland SOC stocks using data from the Canadian and US portions of the PPR under various management types. Natural wetlands with no disturbance history in the wetland basin or surrounding catchment had considerably greater average SOC stocks in the upper (0–15 cm) soil profile than wetlands surrounded by cropland. Hydrologically restored wetlands did not show significantly greater SOC stocks than drained wetlands, but wetlands surrounded by restored grasslands did have greater SOC stocks in the upper soil profile than those surrounded by croplands. Similarities among cropped and restored wetlands likely were due to insufficient time since restoration, as well as high variability attributable to several environmental factors within the region. We conclude that avoided loss of natural wetlands from drainage and avoided loss of native grasslands from cropping have the most benefit for preserving wetland SOC stocks. Robust PPR SOC models that incorporate multiple abiotic, biotic, and land-use factors are required to determine where and when restoration is most effective for SOC sequestration.
Despite contributing to healthy diets for billions of people, aquatic foods are often undervalued as a nutritional solution because their diversity is often reduced to the protein and energy value of a single food type (‘seafood’ or ‘fish’)1,2,3,4. Here we create a cohesive model that unites terrestrial foods with nearly 3,000 taxa of aquatic foods to understand the future impact of aquatic foods on human nutrition. We project two plausible futures to 2030: a baseline scenario with moderate growth in aquatic animal-source food (AASF) production, and a high-production scenario with a 15-million-tonne increased supply of AASFs over the business-as-usual scenario in 2030, driven largely by investment and innovation in aquaculture production. By comparing changes in AASF consumption between the scenarios, we elucidate geographic and demographic vulnerabilities and estimate health impacts from diet-related causes. Globally, we find that a high-production scenario will decrease AASF prices by 26% and increase their consumption, thereby reducing the consumption of red and processed meats that can lead to diet-related non-communicable diseases5,6 while also preventing approximately 166 million cases of inadequate micronutrient intake. This finding provides a broad evidentiary basis for policy makers and development stakeholders to capitalize on the potential of aquatic foods to reduce food and nutrition insecurity and tackle malnutrition in all its forms.
Mercury (Hg), a potent neurotoxic element, can biomagnify through food webs once converted into methylmercury (MeHg). Some studies have found that selenium (Se) exposure may reduce MeHg bioaccumulation and toxicity, though this pattern is not universal. Se itself can also be toxic at elevated levels. We experimentally manipulated the relative concentrations of dietary MeHg and Se (as selenomethionine [SeMet]) for an aquatic grazer (the mayfly, Neocloeon triangulifer) and its food source (diatoms). Under low MeHg treatment (0.2 ng/L), diatoms exhibited a quadratic pattern, with decreasing diatom MeHg concentration up to 2.0 μg Se/L and increasing MeHg accumulation at higher SeMet concentrations. Under high MeHg treatment (2 ng/L), SeMet concentrations had no effect on diatom MeHg concentrations. Mayfly MeHg concentrations and biomagnification factors (concentration of MeHg in mayflies: concentration of MeHg in diatoms) declined with SeMet addition only in the high MeHg treatment. Mayfly MeHg biomagnification factors decreased from 5.3 to 3.3 in the high MeHg treatment, while the biomagnification factor was constant with an average of 4.9 in the low MeHg treatment. The benefit of reduced MeHg biomagnification was offset by non-lethal effects and high mortality associated with ‘protective’ levels of SeMet exposure. Mayfly larvae escape behavior (i.e., startle response) was greatly reduced at early exposure days. Larvae took nearly twice as long to metamorphose to adults at high Se concentrations. The minimum number of days to mayfly emergence did not differ by SeMet exposure, with an average of 13 days. We measured an LC50SeMet for mayflies of 3.9 μg Se/L, with complete mortality at concentrations ≥6.0 μg Se/L. High reproductive mortality occurred at elevated SeMet exposures, with only 0–18% emergence at ≥4.12 μg Se/L. Collectively, our results suggest that while there is some evidence that Se can reduce MeHg accumulation at the base of the food web at specific exposure levels of SeMet and MeHg, Se is also toxic to mayflies and could lead to negative effects that extend across ecosystem boundaries.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117293","usgsCitation":"Gerson, J.R., Consbrock, R.A., Eagles-Smith, C., Bernhardt, E., and Walters, D., 2021, Lethal impacts of selenium counterbalance the potential reduction in mercury bioaccumulation for freshwater organisms☆: Environmental Pollution, v. 287, 117293, 11 p., https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117293.","productDescription":"117293, 11 p.","ipdsId":"IP-122663","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":450454,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117293","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":436161,"rank":0,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9WFOU5L","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Survival, growth, behavior and mercury concentrations of mayflies exposed to elevated dietary methylmercury and aqueous selenium"},{"id":408878,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"287","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gerson, Jacqueline R.","contributorId":198378,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gerson","given":"Jacqueline","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":5082,"text":"Syracuse University","active":true,"usgs":false},{"id":27331,"text":"Duke University, Durham, NC","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":856131,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Consbrock, Rebecca A. 0000-0002-5748-7046 rconsbrock@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5748-7046","contributorId":3095,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Consbrock","given":"Rebecca","email":"rconsbrock@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":856132,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Eagles-Smith, Collin A. 0000-0003-1329-5285","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1329-5285","contributorId":221745,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eagles-Smith","given":"Collin A.","affiliations":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":856133,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bernhardt, Emily S.","contributorId":92143,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bernhardt","given":"Emily S.","affiliations":[{"id":27331,"text":"Duke University, Durham, NC","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":856134,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Walters, David 0000-0002-4237-2158","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4237-2158","contributorId":205921,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walters","given":"David","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":856135,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70226152,"text":"70226152 - 2021 - Fitting jet noise similarity spectra to volcano infrasound data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-11-15T12:22:12.969498","indexId":"70226152","displayToPublicDate":"2021-10-15T06:20:28","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5026,"text":"Earth and Space Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fitting jet noise similarity spectra to volcano infrasound data","docAbstract":"Infrasound (low-frequency acoustic waves) has proven useful to detect and characterize subaerial volcanic activity, but understanding the infrasonic source during sustained eruptions is still an area of active research. Preliminary comparison between acoustic eruption spectra and the jet noise similarity spectra suggests that volcanoes can produce an infrasonic form of jet noise from turbulence. The jet noise similarity spectra, empirically derived from audible laboratory jets, consist of two noise sources: large-scale turbulence (LST) and fine-scale turbulence (FST). We fit the similarity spectra quantitatively to eruptions of Mount St. Helens in 2005, Tungurahua in 2006, and Kīlauea in 2018 using nonlinear least squares fitting. By fitting over a wide infrasonic frequency band (0.05–10 Hz) and restricting the peak frequency above 0.15 Hz, we observe a better fit during times of eruption versus non-eruptive background noise. Fitting smaller overlapping frequency bands highlights changes in the fit of LST and FST spectra, which aligns with observed changes in eruption dynamics. Our results indicate that future quantitative spectral fitting of eruption data will help identify changes in eruption source parameters such as velocity, jet diameter, and ash content which are critical for effective hazard monitoring and response.
Scavengers likely play an important role in ecosystem energy flow as well as disease transmission, but whether they facilitate or reduce disease transmission is often unknown. In the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem, scavengers are likely to reduce the transmission and subsequent spread of brucellosis within and between livestock and elk by consuming infectious abortion materials, thereby removing the infectious agent from the landscape. We used remote cameras to monitor the time to removal of simulated abortion materials by scavengers at 264 sites from February to June in 2017 and 2018 and assessed the effects of habitat and land management on time to removal in southwest Montana. Time to removal of fetal materials decreased in grassland habitats (