The National Water-Quality Assessment pilot project for the Central Oklahoma aquifer examined the chemical and isotopic composition of ground water, the abundances and textures of minerals in core samples, and water levels and hydraulic properties in the flow system to identify geochemical reactions occurring in the aquifer and rates and directions of ground-water flow. The aquifer underlies 3,000 square miles of central Oklahoma and consists of Permian red beds, including parts of the Permian Garber Sandstone, Wellington Formation, and Chase, Council Grove, and Admire Groups, and Quaternary alluvium and terrace deposits.
In the part of the Garber Sandstone and Wellington Formation that is not confined by the Permian Hennessey Group, calcium, magnesium, and bicarbonate are the dominant ions in ground water; in the confined part of the Garber Sandstone and Wellington Formation and in the Chase, Council Grove, and Admire Groups, sodium and bicarbonate are the dominant ions in ground water. Nearly all of the Central Oklahoma aquifer has an oxic or post-oxic environment as indicated by the large dissolved concentrations of oxygen, nitrate, arsenic(V), chromium(VI), selenium(VI), vanadium, and uranium. Sulfidic and methanic environments are virtually absent.
Petrographic textures indicate dolomite, calcite, sodic plagioclase, potassium feldspars, chlorite, rock fragments, and micas are dissolving, and iron oxides, manganese oxides, kaolinite, and quartz are precipitating. Variations in the quantity of exchangeable sodium in clays indicate that cation exchange is occurring within the aquifer. Gypsum may dissolve locally within the aquifer, as indicated by ground water with large concentra-tions of sulfate, but gypsum was not observed in core samples. Rainwater is not a major source for most elements in ground water, but evapotranspiration could cause rainwater to be a significant source of potassium, sulfate, phosphate and nitrogen species. Brines derived from seawater are the most likely source of bromide and chloride in the aquifer.
The dominant reaction in recharge is the uptake of carbon dioxide gas from the unsaturated zone (about 2.0 to 4.0 millimoles per liter) and the dissolution of dolomite (about 0.3 to 1.0 millimoles per liter). This reaction generates calcium, magnesium, and bicarbonate water composition. If dolomite does not dissolve to equilibrium, pH values range from 6.0 to 7.3; if dolomite dissolves to equilibrium, pH values are about 7.5. By the time recharge enters the deeper flow system, all ground water is saturated or supersaturated with dolomite and calcite.
After carbonate-mineral equilibration has occurred, cation exchange of calcium and magnesium for sodium is the dominant geochemical reaction, which occurs to a substantial extent only in parts of the aquifer. Mass transfers of cation exchange greater than 2.0 millimoles per liter occur in the confined part of the Garber Sandstone and Wellington Formation and in parts of the Chase, Council Grove, and Admire Groups. Associated with cation exchange is dissolution of small quantities of dolomite, calcite, biotite, chlorite, plagioclase, or potassium feldspar, which produces pH values that range from 8.6 to 9.1.
Large tritium concentrations indicate ground-water ages of less than about 40 years for most samples of recharge. Carbon-14 ages for samples from the unconfined aquifer generally are less than 10,000 years. Carbon-14 ages of ground water in the confined part of the aquifer range from about 10,000 to 30,000 years or older. These ages produce a time trend in deuterium values that qualitatively is consistent with the timing of the transition from the last glacial maximum to the present interglacial period.
The most transmissive geologic units in the Central Oklahoma aquifer are the Garber Sandstone and Wellington Formation and the alluvium and terrace deposits; the Chase, Council Grove, and Admire Groups are less transmissive on the basis of available specific-capacity data. The transmissivities of the Permian geologic units depend largely on the percentage of sandstone; the percentage is greatest in the central part of the aquifer and decreases in all directions from this central part. Because of large mudstone and siltstone contents, the Hennessey Group and the Vanoss Formation are assumed to be confining units above and below the aquifer. The Cimarron and Canadian Rivers are defined to be the northern and southern extent of the aquifer because of decreases in transmissivity beyond the rivers and because there is no indication of ground-water underflow at these rivers. The eastern boundary of the aquifer is the limit of the outcrop of the Chase, Council Grove, and Admire Groups. The presence of brines in the western part of the study unit and below the aquifer indicate the extent of the freshwater flow system in these directions.
Regional ground-water flow is west to east; the Deep Fork is a major discharge area for the regional flow system. Local flow systems are present within the unconfined part of the study unit. Most streams are gaining streams, and very few losing streams are evident.
Median values of aquifer properties were estimated as follows: recharge to the saturated zone, 1.6 inches per year; evapotranspiration of water that never reaches the saturated zone, 25 to 30 inches per year; porosity, 0.22; storage coefficient, 0.0002; transmissivity, 260 to 450 feet squared per day; horizontal hydraulic conductivity, 4.5 feet per day; and the ratio of horizontal to vertical hydraulic conductivity, 10,000. Reported ground-water withdrawals peaked in 1985 at 13,900 million gallons but had decreased to 7,860 million gallons by 1989. Unreported domestic withdrawals were estimated to be 1,685 million gallons in 1980.
The flow system in the aquifer can be considered to have three major components: (1) A shallow, local flow system in the unconfined part of the aquifer, (2) a deep, regional flow system in the unconfined part of the aquifer, and (3) a deep, regional flow system in the confined part of the aquifer. In the shallow, local flow system, water flows relatively quickly along short flowlines from the point of recharge to the point of discharge at the nearest stream. Many water samples from shallow wells contain large concentrations of tritium, which indicate ground-water ages of less than 40 years. In the deep, regional flow system in the unconfined part of the aquifer, water takes more time to flow along longer flowlines than in the shallow, local flow system. Much of the water in this flow system is recharged along ridges that correspond to ground-water divides between drainage basins. Transit times for water recharging the aquifer along ridges is greater than 5,000 years, computed using a numerical flow model in conjunction with a particle-tracking model. The deep, regional flow system in the confined part of the Garber Sandstone and Wellington Formation is recharged from a small part of the outcrop area of the Garber Sandstone. From the recharge area, water flows west under the confining unit to discharge to streams as far away as the Cimarron River. Flowpaths are relatively long, as much as 50 miles. The transit times in this flow system range from thousands to tens of thousands of years.
The long-term hydrogeochemical process occurring in the Central Oklahoma aquifer is removal of unstable minerals, including dolomite, calcite, biotite, chlorite, and feldspars, and the replacement of exchangeable sodium on clays with calcium and magnesium. Over geologic time, the flux of water through the rapidly moving, local flow system has been sufficient to remove most of the dolomite, calcite, and exchangeable sodium. In places, chlorite and feldspars have been removed. In the deep, regional flow system of the unconfined part of the Garber Sandstone and Wellington Formation, the flux of water has been sufficient to remove most of the exchangeable sodium, but carbonate minerals remain sufficiently abundant to maintain dolomite and calcite equilibrium. In the confined part of the Garber Sandstone and Wellington Formation and in the less transmissive parts of the unconfined aquifer, including the Chase, Council Grove, and Admire Groups, ground-water flow is slowest, and the flux of water and extent of reaction have been insufficient to remove either the carbonate minerals or the exchangeable sodium on clays.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr92642","usgsCitation":"Parkhurst, D.L., Christenson, S.C., and Breit, G.N., 1993, Ground-water-quality assessment of the Central Oklahoma Aquifer, Oklahoma: Geochemical and geohydrologic investigations: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 92-642, viii, 113 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr92642.","productDescription":"viii, 113 p.","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":153649,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0642/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":359239,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0642/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Oklahoma","otherGeospatial":"Central Oklahoma Aquifer","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -97.75,\n 34.75\n ],\n [\n -96.75,\n 34.75\n ],\n [\n -96.75,\n 36\n ],\n [\n -97.75,\n 36\n ],\n [\n -97.75,\n 34.75\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a96e4b07f02db65a11a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Parkhurst, David L. 0000-0003-3348-1544 dlpark@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3348-1544","contributorId":1088,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parkhurst","given":"David","email":"dlpark@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":182572,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Christenson, Scott C. schris@usgs.gov","contributorId":980,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Christenson","given":"Scott","email":"schris@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":516,"text":"Oklahoma Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":182574,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Breit, George N. 0000-0003-2188-6798 gbreit@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2188-6798","contributorId":1480,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Breit","given":"George","email":"gbreit@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":182573,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":20558,"text":"ofr93462 - 1993 - Compilation of surface-water and water-quality data-collection sites on selected streams in Virginia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:35","indexId":"ofr93462","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-462","title":"Compilation of surface-water and water-quality data-collection sites on selected streams in Virginia","docAbstract":"This report presents a listing of about 8,900 selected surface-water and water-quality data sites in Virginia where hydrologic and water-quality measurements have been made for the past 100 yr. The listing includes the agency station/site identification number and name, drainage area, datum, source agency, type of data collected, period of record for data collection, latitude and longitude, county, and name of the 7.5-minute topographic quadrangle containing the site location","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nU.S.G.S. Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr93462","usgsCitation":"Prugh, B., and Humphrey, C., 1993, Compilation of surface-water and water-quality data-collection sites on selected streams in Virginia: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-462, iv, 645 p. :map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr93462.","productDescription":"iv, 645 p. :map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":152766,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0462/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":50076,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0462/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a885f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Prugh, Byron Jr.","contributorId":36797,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prugh","given":"Byron","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":182841,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Humphrey, C.G.","contributorId":30867,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Humphrey","given":"C.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":182840,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":30146,"text":"wri934149 - 1993 - Geohydrologic framework and hydrologic conditions in the Albuquerque Basin, central New Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:03","indexId":"wri934149","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-4149","title":"Geohydrologic framework and hydrologic conditions in the Albuquerque Basin, central New Mexico","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey, Water Resources Division ;\r\nCopies of this report can be purchased from: U.S. Geological Survey, Books and Open-File Reports, Federal Center,","doi":"10.3133/wri934149","usgsCitation":"Thorn, C.R., McAda, D.P., and Kernodle, J.M., 1993, Geohydrologic framework and hydrologic conditions in the Albuquerque Basin, central New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4149, viii, 106 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri934149.","productDescription":"viii, 106 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":119484,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4149/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58958,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4149/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":58959,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4149/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a8eb7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thorn, C. R.","contributorId":100879,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thorn","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202763,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McAda, D. P.","contributorId":93066,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McAda","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202762,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kernodle, J. M.","contributorId":81139,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kernodle","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202761,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":20947,"text":"ofr93140 - 1993 - U.S. Geological Survey ground-water studies in Missouri","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:47","indexId":"ofr93140","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-140","title":"U.S. Geological Survey ground-water studies in Missouri","docAbstract":"The activities of the USGS Water Resources Division in Missouri are conducted by scientists, technicians, and support staff in offices in Rolla, Olivette, and Independence. During 1992, the USGS had cooperative or cost-sharing agreements with about 30 Federal, State, and local agencies involving 20 hydrologic investigations in Missouri; 12 of these investigations included studies of groundwater quantity and quality. Several examples of groundwater studies by the USGS that address specific groundwater issues in Missouri include the occurrence of pesticides, groundwater flow and quality in the Missouri River alluvium near Kansas City, groundwater flow in claypan soils, radioactive- and nitroaromatic-compound contami- nation at Weldon Spring, and hydrologic monitoring of a wetland complex. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey, U.S. Dept. of the Interior,","doi":"10.3133/ofr93140","usgsCitation":"Smith, B.J., 1993, U.S. Geological Survey ground-water studies in Missouri: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-140, 2 p. . :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr93140.","productDescription":"2 p. . :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":153979,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0140/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":50533,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0140/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e3e4b07f02db5e552d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, B. J.","contributorId":101274,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":183557,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":25608,"text":"wri934033 - 1993 - Hydrology, vegetation, and soils of four north Florida River flood plains with an evaluation of state and federal wetland determinations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:24","indexId":"wri934033","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-4033","title":"Hydrology, vegetation, and soils of four north Florida River flood plains with an evaluation of state and federal wetland determinations","docAbstract":"A study of hydrologic conditions, vegetation, and soils was made in wetland forests of four north Florida streams from 1987 to 1990. The study was conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the Florida Department of Environmental Regulation to support State and Federal efforts to improve wetland delineation methodology in flood plains. \r\n\r\nPlant communities and soils were described and related to topographic position and long-term hydrologic conditions at 10 study plots located on 4 streams. Detailed appendixes give average duration, frequency, and depth of flooding; canopy, subcanopy, and ground-cover vegetation; and taxonomic classification, series, and profile descriptions of soils for each plot. Topographic relief, range in stage, and depth of flooding were greatest on the alluvial flood plain of the Ochlockonee River, the largest of the four streams. Soils were silty in the lower elevations of the flood plain, and tree communities were distinctly different in each topographic zone. The Aucilla River flood plain was dominated by levees and terraces with very few depressions or low backwater areas. Oaks dominated the canopy of both lower and upper terraces of the Aucilla flood plain. Telogia Creek is a blackwater stream that is a major tributary of the Ochlockonee River. Its low, wet flood plain was dominated by Wyssa ogeche (Ogeechee tupelo) trees, had soils with mucky horizons, and was inundated by frequent floods of very short duration. The St. Marks River, a spring-fed stream with high base flow, had the least topographic relief and lowest range in stage of the four streams. St. Marks soils had a higher clay content than the other streams, and limestone bedrock was relatively close to the surface. \r\n\r\nWetland determinations of the study plots based on State and Federal regulatory criteria were evaluated. Most State and Federal wetland determinations are based primarily on vegetation and soil characteristics because hydrologic records are usually not available. In this study, plots were located near long-term gaging stations, thus wetland determinations based on plant and soil characteristics could be evaluated at sites where long-term hydrologic conditions were known. Inconsistencies among hydrology, vegetation, and soil determinations were greatest on levee communities of the Ochlockonee and Aucilla River flood plains. Duration of average annual longest flood was almost 2 weeks for both plots. The wetland species list currently used (1991) by the State lacks many ground-cover species common to forested flood plains of north Florida rivers. There were 102 ground-cover species considered upland plants by the State that were present on the nine annually flooded plots of this study. Among them were 34 species that grew in areas continuously flooded for an average of 5 weeks or more each year. Common flood-plain species considered upland plants by the State were: Hypoxis leptocarpa (yellow star-grass), and two woody vines, Brunnichia ovata (ladies' eardrops) and Campsis radicans (trumpet-creeper), which were common in areas flooded continuously for 6 to 9 weeks a year; Sebastiania fruticosa (Sebastian-bush), Chasmanthium laxum (spikegrass), and Panicum dichotomum (panic grass), which typically grew in areas flooded an average of 2 to 3 weeks or more per year; Vitis rotundifolia (muscadine) and Toxicodendron radicans (poison-ivy), usually occurring in areas flooded an average of 1 to 2 weeks a year; and Quercus virginiana (live oak) present most often in areas flooded approximately 1 week a year. \r\n\r\nFederal wetland regulations (1989) limited wetland jurisdiction to only those areas that are inundated or saturated during the growing season. However, year-round hydrologic records were chosen in this report to describe the influence of hydrology on vegetation, because saturation, inundation, or flowing water can have a variety of both beneficial and adverse effects on flood-plain vegetation at any time of the ","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nU.S.G.S. Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri934033","usgsCitation":"Light, H., Darst, M.R., MacLaughlin, M., and Sprecher, S., 1993, Hydrology, vegetation, and soils of four north Florida River flood plains with an evaluation of state and federal wetland determinations: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4033, x, 94 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri934033.","productDescription":"x, 94 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":1933,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri934033","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":118762,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri_93_4033.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c954","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Light, H.M.","contributorId":43389,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Light","given":"H.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194391,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Darst, M. R.","contributorId":75187,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Darst","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194392,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"MacLaughlin, M.T.","contributorId":17651,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"MacLaughlin","given":"M.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194389,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sprecher, S.W.","contributorId":19911,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sprecher","given":"S.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194390,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":25584,"text":"wri934047 - 1993 - Hydrogeology, simulated ground-water flow, and ground-water quality, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:29","indexId":"wri934047","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-4047","title":"Hydrogeology, simulated ground-water flow, and ground-water quality, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio","docAbstract":"Ground water is the primary source of water in the Wright-Patterson Air Force Base area. The aquifer consists of glacial sands and gravels that fill a buried bedrock-valley system. Consolidated rocks in the area consist of poorly permeable Ordovician shale of the Richmondian stage, in the upland areas, the Brassfield Limestone of Silurian age. The valleys are filled with glacial sediments of Wisconsinan age consisting of clay-rich tills and coarse-grained outwash deposits. Estimates of hydraulic conductivity of the shales based on results of displacement/recovery tests range from 0.0016 to 12 feet per day; estimates for the glacial sediments range from less than 1 foot per day to more than 1,000 feet per day.\r\n\r\nGround water flow from the uplands towards the valleys and the major rivers in the region, the Great Miami and the Mad Rivers. Hydraulic-head data indicate that ground water flows between the bedrock and unconsolidated deposits. Data from a gain/loss study of the Mad River System and hydrographs from nearby wells reveal that the reach of the river next to Wright-Patterson Air Force Base is a ground-water discharge area.\r\n\r\nA steady-state, three-dimensional ground-water-flow model was developed to simulate ground-water flow in the region. The model contains three layers and encompasses about 100 square miles centered on Wright-Patterson Air Force Base. Ground water enters the modeled area primarily by river leakage and underflow at the model boundary. Ground water exits the modeled area primarily by flow through the valleys at the model boundaries and through production wells. A model sensitivity analysis involving systematic changes in values of hydrologic parameters in the model indicates that the model is most sensitive to decreases in riverbed conductance and vertical conductance between the upper two layers. The analysis also indicates that the contribution of water to the buried-valley aquifer from the bedrock that forms the valley walls is about 2 to 4 percent of the total ground-water flow in the study area.\r\n\r\nGround waters in the vicinity of Wright-Patterson Air Force Base can be classified into two compositional groups on the basis of their chemical composition: calcium magnesium bicarbonate-type and sodium chloride-type waters. Calcium magnesium bicarbonate-type waters are found in the glacial deposits and the Brassfield Limestone, whereas the sodium chloride waters are exclusively associated with the shales. Equilibrium speciation calculations indicate that ground water of the glacial drift aquifer is in equilibrium with calcite, dolomite, and chalcedony, but is undersaturated with respect to gypsum and fluorite. Waters from the shales are slightly supersaturated with respect to calcite, dolomite, and siderite but are undersaturated with respect to chalcedony. Simple-mass balance calculations treating boron as a conservative species indicate that little (< 5 percent) or no recharge from the shales to the glacial drift aquifer takes place.\r\n\r\nData on the stable isotopes of oxygen and hydrogen indicate a meteoric origin for all ground water beneath Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, but the data were inconclusive with respect to identification of distinct isotopic differences between water collected from the glacial drift and bedrock aquifers. Tritium concentrations used to distinguish waters having a pre-and post-1953 recharge component indicate that most water entered the glacial drift aquifer after 1953. This finding indicates that recharge from shallow to deep parts (greater than 150 feet) of the aquifer takes place over time intervals of a few years or decades. However, the fact that some deep parts of the glacial aquifer did not contain measurable tritium indicates that ground-water flow from recharge zones to these parts of the aquifer takes decades or longer.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri934047","usgsCitation":"Dumouchelle, D., Schalk, C.W., Rowe, G., and De Roche, J., 1993, Hydrogeology, simulated ground-water flow, and ground-water quality, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4047, viii, 152 p. :ill. (some col.) ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri934047.","productDescription":"viii, 152 p. :ill. (some col.) ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":124919,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4047/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54318,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4047/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a2de4b07f02db614a47","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dumouchelle, D.H.","contributorId":83144,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dumouchelle","given":"D.H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194293,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schalk, C. W.","contributorId":64286,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schalk","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194291,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rowe, G.L.","contributorId":23978,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rowe","given":"G.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194290,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"De Roche, J.T.","contributorId":66691,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"De Roche","given":"J.T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194292,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":18360,"text":"ofr92155 - 1993 - Hydrologic data for Block Island, Rhode Island","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:29","indexId":"ofr92155","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"92-155","title":"Hydrologic data for Block Island, Rhode Island","docAbstract":"This report was compiled as part of a study to assess the hydrogeology and the quality and quantity of fresh ground water on Block Island, Rhode Island. Hydrologic data were collected on Block Island during 1988-91. The data are pre- sented in illustrations and tables. Data collec- ted include precipitation, surfae-water, ground- water, lithologic, and well-construction and dis- charge information. Precipitation data include total monthly precipitation values from 11 rain gages and water-quality analyses of 14 precipi- tation samples from one station. Surface-water data include water-level measurements at 12 ponds, water-quality data for five ponds, and field specific-conductance measurements at 56 surface- water sites (streams, ponds, and springs). Ground- water data include water-level measurements at 159 wells, water-quality data at 150 wells, and field specific-conductance data at 52 wells. Lithologic logs for 375 wells and test borings, and construc- tion and location data for 570 wells, springs, and test borings are included. In addition, the data set contains data on water quality of water samples, collected by the Rhode Island Department of Health during 1976-91, from Fresh and Sands Ponds and from wells at the Block Island Water Company well field north of Sands Pond.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nUSGS Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr92155","usgsCitation":"Burns, E., 1993, Hydrologic data for Block Island, Rhode Island: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 92-155, v, 141 p. :ill., col. map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr92155.","productDescription":"v, 141 p. :ill., col. map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":151739,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0155/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":47708,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0155/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":47709,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0155/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a26e4b07f02db60f74c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Burns, Emily","contributorId":32555,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burns","given":"Emily","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":178982,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":27688,"text":"wri934085 - 1993 - Streamflow, dissolved solids, suspended sediment, and trace elements, San Joaquin River, California, June 1985-September 1988","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-16T19:17:52.050808","indexId":"wri934085","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-4085","title":"Streamflow, dissolved solids, suspended sediment, and trace elements, San Joaquin River, California, June 1985-September 1988","docAbstract":"The 1985-88 study period included hydrologic extremes throughout most of central California. Except for an 11-month period during and after the 1986 flood, San Joaquin River streamflows during 1985-88 were generally less than median for 1975-88. The Merced Tuolumne, and Stanislaus Rivers together comprised 56 to 69 percent of the annual San Joaquin River flow, Salt and Mud Sloughs together comprised 6 to 19 percent, the upper San Joaquin River comprised 2 to 25 percent, and unmeasured sources from agricultural discharges and ground water accounted for 13 to 20 percent. Salt and Mud Sloughs and the unmeasured sources contribute most of the dissolved-solids load. The Merced, Tuolumne, and Stanislaus Rivers greatly dilute dissolved-solids concentrations. Suspended-sediment concentration peaked sharply at more than 600 milligrams per liter during the flood of February 1986. Concentrations and loads varied seasonally during low-flow conditions, with concentrations highest during the early summer irrigation season. Trace elements present primarily in dissolved phases are arsenic, boron, lithium, molybdenum, and selenium. Boron concentrations exceeded the irrigation water-quality criterion of 750 micrograms per liter more than 75 percent of the time in Salt and Mud Sloughs and more than 50 percent of the time at three sites on the San Joaquin River. Selenium concentrations exceeded the aquatic-life criterion of 5 micrograms per liter more than 75 percent of the time in Salt Slough and more than 50 percent of the time in Mud Slough and in the San Joaquin River from Salt Slough to the Merced River confluence. Concentrations of dissolved solids, boron, and selenium usually are highest during late winter to early spring, lower in early summer, higher again in mid-to-late summer, and the lowest in autumn, and generally correspond to seasonal inflows of subsurface tile-drain water to Salt and Mud Sloughs. Trace elements present primarily in particulate phases are aluminum, chromium, copper, iron, manganese, nickel, and zinc, none of which cause significant water-quality problems in the river.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri934085","usgsCitation":"Hill, B.R., and Gilliom, R.J., 1993, Streamflow, dissolved solids, suspended sediment, and trace elements, San Joaquin River, California, June 1985-September 1988: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4085, iv, 21 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri934085.","productDescription":"iv, 21 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":410638,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_47803.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":56540,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4085/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":158827,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4085/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Joaquin River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -121.25408167229847,\n 37.7742724317164\n ],\n [\n -121.25408167229847,\n 37.05661752587558\n ],\n [\n -120.52163844023164,\n 37.05661752587558\n ],\n [\n -120.52163844023164,\n 37.7742724317164\n ],\n [\n -121.25408167229847,\n 37.7742724317164\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b15e4b07f02db6a4cdd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hill, B. R.","contributorId":72833,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hill","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198541,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gilliom, R. J.","contributorId":60650,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gilliom","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198540,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":27960,"text":"wri934147 - 1993 - Brine contamination of ground water and streams in the Baxterville oil field area, Lamar and Marion Counties, Mississippi","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-09T20:32:54.598216","indexId":"wri934147","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-4147","title":"Brine contamination of ground water and streams in the Baxterville oil field area, Lamar and Marion Counties, Mississippi","docAbstract":"A hydrologic investigation to define the extent of brine contamination in \r\nground water and streams in the Baxterville oil field area was conducted from \r\nOctober 1984 through November 1985. The 260-square-mile study area \r\nincludes the Baxterville oil field (approximately 12.5 square miles) in \r\nsouthwestern Lamar and southeastern Marion Counties, Mississippi. Since \r\n1944, disposal of more than 1 billion barrels of brine pumped from the oil- \r\nproducing zones has contaminated (increased chloride to greater than \r\nbackground concentrations) parts of the Citronelle and shallow Miocene \r\naquifers and some streams that drain the oil field. Many domestic wells have \r\nbeen abandoned because of the presence of substantial quantities of brine in \r\nthe ground water. Brine has moved laterally through the shallowest aquifers \r\nand discharged into Clear Creek and its tributaries. Although the presence of \r\nbrine in surface water was greatest during periods of low flow when \r\nstreamflow originated primarily from ground-water inflow, brine was also \r\ndetected during high-flow periods when streamflow consisted largely of \r\nprecipitation runoff.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri934147","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Mississippi Department of Environmental Quality Office of Pollution Control","usgsCitation":"Kalkhoff, S.J., 1993, Brine contamination of ground water and streams in the Baxterville oil field area, Lamar and Marion Counties, Mississippi: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4147, v, 37 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri934147.","productDescription":"v, 37 p.","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":424234,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_47849.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":56776,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4147/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":120148,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4147/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Mississippi","county":"Lamar County, Marion County","otherGeospatial":"Baxterville oil field area","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -89.75,\n 30.9944\n ],\n [\n -89.5425,\n 30.9944\n ],\n [\n -89.5425,\n 31.25\n ],\n [\n -89.75,\n 31.25\n ],\n [\n -89.75,\n 30.9944\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ae4b07f02db5fb384","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kalkhoff, Stephen J. 0000-0003-4110-1716 sjkalkho@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4110-1716","contributorId":1731,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kalkhoff","given":"Stephen","email":"sjkalkho@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":36532,"text":"Central Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":35680,"text":"Illinois-Iowa-Missouri Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":198970,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":54506,"text":"wdrFL922B - 1993 - Water Resources Data, Florida, Water Year 1992. Volume 2B. South Florida Ground Water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-11-19T16:28:31.893082","indexId":"wdrFL922B","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"FL-92-2B","title":"Water Resources Data, Florida, Water Year 1992. Volume 2B. South Florida Ground Water","docAbstract":"This volume of the annual hydrologic data report of Florida is one of a series of annual reports that document hydrologic data gathered from the U.S. Geological Survey's surface- and ground-water data-collection networks in each State, Puerto Rico, and the Trust Territories. These records of streamflow, ground-water levels, and quality of water provide the hydrologic information needed by State, local, and Federal agencies, and the private sector for developing and managing our Nation's land and water resources. Hydrologic data for Florida are contained in four volumes.
","language":"English","doi":"10.3133/wdrFL922B","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the State of Florida and with other agencies","usgsCitation":"Haire, W., and Lietz, A., 1993, Water Resources Data, Florida, Water Year 1992. Volume 2B. 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\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ae4b07f02db5fbbed","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Haire, W.J.","contributorId":47341,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haire","given":"W.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":250563,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lietz, A.C.","contributorId":40957,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lietz","given":"A.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":250562,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":17872,"text":"ofr93151 - 1993 - Water-resources activities of the U.S. Geological Survey in Montana, October 1991 through September 1993","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:20","indexId":"ofr93151","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-151","title":"Water-resources activities of the U.S. Geological Survey in Montana, October 1991 through September 1993","docAbstract":"Water-resources programs and activities of the U.S. Geological Survey in Montana consist principally of hydrologic-data collection and investigative studies that address water-resource issues. The work is supported by direct Federal funding, by transfer of funds from other Federal agencies, and by joint funding agreements with State or local agencies. The Montana District of the Geological Survey's Water Resources Division conducts its hydrologic work through a District Office in Helena, and Field Headquarters in Helena, Billings, Fort Peck, and Kalispell. Twenty-seven projects are being con- ducted. As outlined in this report, these projects are operated under the general categories of data- collection programs and investigative studies. This report describes the projects funded for fiscal years 1992 and 1993. hi addition, it describes the operations of the Montana District, hydrologic conditions during water year 1992, activities in addition to regular programs, and sources of publications and information. It also lists reports published or released during the preceding 5 years.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nU.S. Geological Survey, Books and Open-File Reports Section,","doi":"10.3133/ofr93151","usgsCitation":"Midtlyng, K.S., and Harksen, C., 1993, Water-resources activities of the U.S. Geological Survey in Montana, October 1991 through September 1993: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-151, iv, 80 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr93151.","productDescription":"iv, 80 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":150061,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0151/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":47110,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0151/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e2e4b07f02db5e4f95","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Midtlyng, K. S. (compiler)","contributorId":82719,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Midtlyng","given":"K.","suffix":"(compiler)","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":178100,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Harksen, C.J.","contributorId":77167,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harksen","given":"C.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":178099,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":27963,"text":"wri934099 - 1993 - Water quality of Corydon Reservoir before implementation of agricultural best-management practices in the basin, Wayne County, Iowa, September 1990 to September 1991","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-10T11:37:32","indexId":"wri934099","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-4099","title":"Water quality of Corydon Reservoir before implementation of agricultural best-management practices in the basin, Wayne County, Iowa, September 1990 to September 1991","docAbstract":"A hydrologic investigation to define the water quality of Corydon Reservoir before implementation of agricultural best-management practices in the basin was conducted from September 1990 to September 1991. Runoff from the 1,680-acre basin is the primary source of water to the 58-acre reservoir. Current water quality of the reservoir is affected substantially by runoff from the agricultural basin. Total-solids, total-nitrogen, and total-phosphorus concentrations were largest during April through July 1991, the months of greatest rainfall. Herbicide concentrations increased substantially in June after application. The concentration of the sum of all triazines was greater than 50 micrograms per liter in one sample, with the predominant herbicides being atrazine and cyanazine. Atrazine concentrations, estimated from immunoassay, were greater than 8.0 micrograms per liter from June through September 1991 as a result of reservoir storage. Atrazine concentrations commonly were less at the surface than at depth. Algal populations remained constant even though nutrient concen- trations increased during the summer months. This may be due to the presence of suspended sediment that reduces light penetration and herbicides that inhibit photosynthesis.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Iowa City, IA","doi":"10.3133/wri934099","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Iowa Department of Natural Resources (Geological Survey Bureau), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, U.S. Department of Agriculture","usgsCitation":"Kalkhoff, S., 1993, Water quality of Corydon Reservoir before implementation of agricultural best-management practices in the basin, Wayne County, Iowa, September 1990 to September 1991: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4099, vi, 36 p.: ill., maps; 28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri934099.","productDescription":"vi, 36 p.: ill., maps; 28 cm.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":158592,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4099/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56779,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4099/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Iowa","county":"Wayne County","otherGeospatial":"Corydon Reservoir basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -93.39855194091797,\n 40.72813686316017\n ],\n [\n -93.39855194091797,\n 40.77846164090355\n ],\n [\n -93.30327987670898,\n 40.77846164090355\n ],\n [\n -93.30327987670898,\n 40.72813686316017\n ],\n [\n -93.39855194091797,\n 40.72813686316017\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad5e4b07f02db683563","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kalkhoff, S. J.","contributorId":28967,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kalkhoff","given":"S. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198973,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":18643,"text":"ofr9342 - 1993 - Effects of focused recharge on the transport of agricultural chemicals at the Princeton, Minnesota Management Systems Evaluation Area, 1991-92","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-08T14:30:55","indexId":"ofr9342","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-42","title":"Effects of focused recharge on the transport of agricultural chemicals at the Princeton, Minnesota Management Systems Evaluation Area, 1991-92","docAbstract":"Rates of water movement through the unsaturated zone greatly affect the amount and concentrations of agricultural chemicals that may reach the water table. For example, recharge can flush chemicals to the water table which have accumulated in the unsaturated zone during dry periods. A better understanding of how topography influences recharge and the movement of agricultural chemicals is needed. In 1991, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), with funding from the USGS Toxic Substances Hydrology Program, began studying the movement of water and agricultural chemicals to the water table at the Management Systems Evaluation Area (MSEA) near Princeton, Minnesota.
\nThe primary objective of this four-year research study is to evaluate the effects of transient recharge, topography, and subsurface heterogeneities on the flux of water and agricultural chemicals to ground water. To achieve this objective the approach was to (1) install instruments to sample and measure the movement of water through the unsaturated zone beneath topographically high and low areas of a corn field; (2) conduct recharge and tracer tests in the field to evaluate the movement of water and agricultural chemicals at both topographic settings; and (3) simulate the field recharge and tracer tests in the laboratory. The primary research hypothesis was that the vertical flux of water and agricultural chemicals is greater in topographically low areas than in topographically high areas.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Mounds View, MN","doi":"10.3133/ofr9342","usgsCitation":"Delin, G., and Landon, M., 1993, Effects of focused recharge on the transport of agricultural chemicals at the Princeton, Minnesota Management Systems Evaluation Area, 1991-92: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-42, 8 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9342.","productDescription":"8 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":151958,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0042/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":47982,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0042/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -93.69415283203125,\n 45.50923415869288\n ],\n [\n -93.69415283203125,\n 45.630365250117606\n ],\n [\n -93.47785949707031,\n 45.630365250117606\n ],\n [\n -93.47785949707031,\n 45.50923415869288\n ],\n [\n -93.69415283203125,\n 45.50923415869288\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad5e4b07f02db6835b5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Delin, G. N.","contributorId":12834,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Delin","given":"G. N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":179480,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Landon, M.K. 0000-0002-5766-0494","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5766-0494","contributorId":69572,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Landon","given":"M.K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":179481,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":17784,"text":"ofr93500 - 1993 - Trace metals in clams (Macoma balthica) and sediments at the Palo Alto mudflat in south San Francisco Bay: June, 1993-May, 1993","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-04-30T18:10:59.524549","indexId":"ofr93500","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-500","displayTitle":"Trace metals in clams (Macoma balthica) and sediments at the Palo Alto mudflat in south San Francisco Bay: June, 1993-May, 1993","title":"Trace metals in clams (Macoma balthica) and sediments at the Palo Alto mudflat in south San Francisco Bay: June, 1993-May, 1993","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr93500","usgsCitation":"Luoma, S., Cain, D., Brown, C.L., and Hornberger, M.I., 1993, Trace metals in clams (Macoma balthica) and sediments at the Palo Alto mudflat in south San Francisco Bay: June, 1993-May, 1993: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-500, 52 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr93500.","productDescription":"52 p. ","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":47024,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0500/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":149166,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0500/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"South San Francisco Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.47283935546874,\n 37.39634613318923\n ],\n [\n -121.91253662109376,\n 37.39634613318923\n ],\n [\n -121.91253662109376,\n 37.79893346559687\n ],\n [\n -122.47283935546874,\n 37.79893346559687\n ],\n [\n -122.47283935546874,\n 37.39634613318923\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4de4b07f02db6273b4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Luoma, S. N.","contributorId":86353,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luoma","given":"S. N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":177836,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cain, D.J.","contributorId":68329,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cain","given":"D.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":177835,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brown, C. L.","contributorId":35678,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":177834,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hornberger, Michelle I. 0000-0002-7787-3446","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7787-3446","contributorId":23574,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hornberger","given":"Michelle","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":177833,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":28362,"text":"wri914136 - 1993 - Hydrology and water quality of the Forest County Potawatomi Indian Reservation, Wisconsin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-26T13:58:58","indexId":"wri914136","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"91-4136","title":"Hydrology and water quality of the Forest County Potawatomi Indian Reservation, Wisconsin","docAbstract":"This report presents data from a study by the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Forest County Potawatomi Community of Wisconsin, to document the hydrology and water quality of the Potawatomi Indian Reservation in southern Forest County. Data were collected from October 1981 through September 1987.
\nGlacial sand and gravel forms the primary aquifer on the reservation. This aquifer is unconfined, and its saturated thickness ranges from approximately 200 feet to zero feet in areas where the bedrock crops out. Horizontal hydraulic conductivity of the glacial deposits is estimated to range from 0.4 to 48 feet per day.
\nThree watersheds encompass the Reservation: The Wolf, the North Branch Oconto, and the Peshtigo. Estimates of base-flow discharge that will occur on the average once every 2 years for a 7- day period for Reservation streams range from 7.5 ft3/s (cubic feet per second) for North Branch Oconto at Wabeno to 32 ft3/s for the Rat River near Wabeno.
\nGround water in the study area is a calcium magnesium bicarbonate type and is suitable for most uses. The ground water sampled during the study was slightly alkaline and moderately hard to very hard; median hardness was 135 mg/L (milligrams per liter) as calcium carbonate. Alkalinity of ground water ranged from 79 to 318 mg/L; median alkalinity was 123 mg/L as calcium carbonate.
\nWith the exception of nitrate in water from one well sampled, constituent concentrations were less than the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCL's) for drinking water. Nitrate plus nitrite concentration was 15 mg/L as N, or 50 percent greater than the MCL, in one well located one-half mile northeast of Lake Lucerne.
\nSecondary Maximum Contaminant Levels (SMCL's) for iron were exceeded in water from two wells. In one of these two well waters, the manganese concentration equaled the SMCL.
\nStreams on the Reservation also contain a calcium magnesium bicarbonate type water. The stream waters are slightly alkaline and are considered soft to moderately hard; median hardness in stream samples was 56 mg/L as calcium carbonate. The alkalinity in stream samples ranged from 46 to 59 mg/L as calcium carbonate; the median value was 51 mg/L. Stream water is intermediate between hard, alkaline ground water and soft, acidic precipitation and surface runoff. Low but detectable concentrations of chromium, copper, iron, magnesium, mercury, and zinc were detected in most bottom-material samples.
\nWater quality of three lakes on the Reservation is variable and depends on the degree of connection with the ground-water system. In general, Bug Lake and Devils Lake are in poor hydraulic connection with the ground-water system, and their waters contain low concentrations of dissolved solids and alkalinity and low pH. King Lake is in good hydraulic connection with the ground-water system, and its waters contain higher concentrations of dissolved solids and alkalinity and higher pH than Bug and Devils Lakes.
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A better understanding of how topography influences recharge and the movement of agricultural chemicals is needed. In 1991, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), with funding from the USGS Toxic Substances Hydrology Program, began studying the movement of water and agricultural chemicals to the water table at the Management Systems Evaluation Area (MSEA) near Princeton, Minnesota. Instruments were installed to measure the movement of moisture through the soil beneath a corn field. Samples of the recharge water were analyzed for concentrations of agricultural chemicals and tracers. Field recharge and tracer tests were simulated In the laboratory.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Mounds View, MN","doi":"10.3133/ofr9379","usgsCitation":"Delin, G., and Landon, M., 1993, Effects of recharge on the transport of agricultural chemicals at the Princeton, Minn. 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The potential impacts of mining on the hydrology of the area are of concern because Zion National Park is less than 3 miles from the westernmost part of the lease tract. Much of the water that passes through the Park either originates in the lease tract or traverses it. Runoff from melting snowpacks and summer thundershowers contributes most of the flow to perennial streams in the area. Base flow is sustained by spring discharge and diffuse seepage. Regional groundwater movement is southward. Most of the geologic formations in the study area contain aquifers. The water table of the regional aquifer is about 870 ft deep in the Navajo Sandstone. Groundwater issuing from the Navajo Sandstone on the east side of Zion Canyon has specific conductance values several times larger than groundwater from the west side, indicating recharge to the Navajo from the overlying strata, which contain water of larger specific conductance. Potential effects of mining in the area include: (1) increased dissolved-solids concen- trations and decreased pH values in both surface and groundwater; (2) dewatering of aquifers, causing a decrease or cessation of flow to some springs; and (3) land subsidence and associated subsidence fractures.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri914111","usgsCitation":"Cordy, G., Seiler, R.L., and Stolp, B., 1993, Hydrology of the L.C. 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\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a07e4b07f02db5f9a76","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Erdman, J. A.","contributorId":59786,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Erdman","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":179829,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, K. S. 0000-0001-8547-9804","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8547-9804","contributorId":47779,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"K. S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":179828,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":28617,"text":"wri934043 - 1993 - Hydrogeologic setting and hydrologic data of the Smoke Creek Desert basin, Washoe County, Nevada, and Lassen County, California, water years 1988-90","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:47","indexId":"wri934043","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-4043","title":"Hydrogeologic setting and hydrologic data of the Smoke Creek Desert basin, Washoe County, Nevada, and Lassen County, California, water years 1988-90","docAbstract":"Smoke Creek Desert is a potential source of water for urban development in Washoe County, Nevada. Hydrogeologic data were collected from 1988 to 1990 to learn more about surface- and ground-water flow in the basin. Impermeable rocks form a boundary to ground-water flow on the east side of the basin and at unknown depths at the base of the flow system. Permeable volcanic rocks on the west and north sides of the basin represent a previously unrecognized aquifer and provide potential avenues for interbasin flow. Geophysical data indicate that basin-fill sediments are about 2,000 feet thick near the center of the basin. The geometry of the aquifers, however, remains largely unknown. Measurements of water levels, pressure head, flow rate, water temperature, and specific conductance at 19 wells show little change from 1988 to 1990. Chemically, ground water begins as a dilute sodium and calcium bicarbonate water in the mountain blocks, changes to a slightly saline sodium bicarbonate solution beneath the alluvial fans, and becomes a briny sodium chloride water near the playa. Concentrations of several inorganic constituents in the briny water near the playa commonly exceed Nevada drinking-water standards. Ground water in the Honey Lake basin and Smoke Creek Desert basin has similar stable-isotope composition, except near Sand Pass. If interbasin flow takes place, it likely occurs at depths greater than 400-600 feet beneath Sand Pass or through volcanic rocks to the north of Sand Pass. Measure- ments of streamflow indicate that about 2,800 acre-feet/year discharged from volcanic rocks to streamflow and a minimum of 7.300 acre-feet/year infiltrated and recharged unconsolidated sediments near Smoke, Buffalo, and Squaw Creeks during the period of study. Also about 1,500 acre-feet per year was lost to evapotranspiration along the channel of Smoke Creek, and about 1,680 acre-feet per year of runoff from Smoke, Buffalo, and Squaw Creeks was probably lost to evaporation from the playa.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri934043","usgsCitation":"Maurer, D.K., 1993, Hydrogeologic setting and hydrologic data of the Smoke Creek Desert basin, Washoe County, Nevada, and Lassen County, California, water years 1988-90: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4043, v, 45 p. :ill., maps (1 col.) ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri934043.","productDescription":"v, 45 p. :ill., maps (1 col.) ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123516,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4043/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57444,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4043/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":57445,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4043/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":57446,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4043/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ee4b07f02db6278ed","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Maurer, D. K.","contributorId":37757,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maurer","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200122,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":39622,"text":"pp1414E - 1993 - Hydrology of the Great Plains aquifer system in Nebraska, Colorado, Kansas, and adjacent areas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-09-20T17:00:47","indexId":"pp1414E","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1414","chapter":"E","title":"Hydrology of the Great Plains aquifer system in Nebraska, Colorado, Kansas, and adjacent areas","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/pp1414E","usgsCitation":"Helgesen, J.O., Leonard, R.B., and Wolf, R.J., 1993, Hydrology of the Great Plains aquifer system in Nebraska, Colorado, Kansas, and adjacent areas: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1414, p. E1-E80; 10 plates in separate case, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1414E.","productDescription":"p. E1-E80; 10 plates in separate case","costCenters":[{"id":5050,"text":"WY-MT Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":67246,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1414e/plate-01.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":67247,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1414e/plate-02.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":67248,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1414e/plate-03.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":67249,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1414e/plate-04.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":67250,"rank":404,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1414e/plate-05.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":67251,"rank":405,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1414e/plate-06.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":67252,"rank":406,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1414e/plate-07.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":67253,"rank":407,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1414e/plate-08.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":67254,"rank":408,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1414e/plate-09.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":67255,"rank":409,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1414e/plate-10.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":67256,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1414e/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":104645,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_4874.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"4874"},{"id":120406,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1414e/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a13e4b07f02db601d72","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Helgesen, J. O.","contributorId":62600,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Helgesen","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":221825,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Leonard, R. B.","contributorId":32917,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leonard","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":221824,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wolf, R. J.","contributorId":21518,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolf","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":221823,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":28896,"text":"wri934052 - 1993 - Hydrology and water chemistry of shallow aquifers along the upper Clark Fork, western Montana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:49","indexId":"wri934052","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-4052","title":"Hydrology and water chemistry of shallow aquifers along the upper Clark Fork, western Montana","docAbstract":"Shallow ground-water resources in western Montana have been developed primarily in Quaternary alluvium and Tertiary deposits, although bedrock supplies water to wells locally. Well-yield and trans- missivity values were largest (medians of 40 gallons per minute and 970 feet squared per day, respec- tively) in alluvium and smallest (medians of 15 gallons per minute and 130 feet squared per day, respectively) in bedrock. Chemical composition of ground water was dominated by calcium, magnesium, and bicarbonate derived from dissolution of carbonate minerals. Other water types may be the result of ion exchange (increased sodium) and mixing of geothermal water or leachate from mine wastes (increased sulfate). Although concen- trations of arsenic were relatively small (maximum of 20 micrograms per liter), they were somewhat larger in alluvium within 300 feet of the Clark Fork. Elevated concentrations of cadmium (maximum of 6 micrograms per liter) were measured in water from one well downgradient from tailings ponds. Although mining and smelting activities have resulted in widespread distribution of contami- nants in the Clark Fork valley, this study indicates that ground water contains elevated concentrations of trace elements only locally. Streamflow data indicate significant ground-water inflow to the Clark Fork in two reaches. Between Racetrack and Garrison, irrigation-return flow probably augments naturally occurring ground-water discharge. Between Jens and Cramer Creek, geo- thermal water from bedrock flows through alluvium to the river. In the Clark Fork, the maximum arsenic concentration was 8.1 micrograms per liter; copper and manganese concentrations were largest at Warm Springs (maximums of 14 and 350 micrograms per liter, respectively) and decreased downstream.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri934052","usgsCitation":"Nimick, D., 1993, Hydrology and water chemistry of shallow aquifers along the upper Clark Fork, western Montana: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4052, v, 63 p. :ill., maps (some col.) ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri934052.","productDescription":"v, 63 p. :ill., maps (some col.) ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":124242,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4052/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57771,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4052/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":57772,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4052/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acce4b07f02db67e83c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nimick, D. A.","contributorId":70399,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nimick","given":"D. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200579,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":19326,"text":"ofr93485 - 1993 - A wireline-powered inflatable packer for borehole applications","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-08T14:20:11","indexId":"ofr93485","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-485","title":"A wireline-powered inflatable packer for borehole applications","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr93485","usgsCitation":"Hess, A., 1993, A wireline-powered inflatable packer for borehole applications: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-485, iv, 19 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr93485.","productDescription":"iv, 19 p. ","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":151852,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0485/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":48797,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0485/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b15e4b07f02db6a4d62","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hess, A.E.","contributorId":71979,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hess","given":"A.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":180691,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":19484,"text":"ofr89245 - 1993 - Hydrologic and water-quality data for the East River Basin in northeastern Wisconsin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-08T13:05:53","indexId":"ofr89245","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"89-245","title":"Hydrologic and water-quality data for the East River Basin in northeastern Wisconsin","docAbstract":"Hydrologic and precipitation data and water-quality samples were collected by the U.S. Geological Survey from rivers in the East River basin in northeastern Wisconsin during 1985-86. The Fox Valley Water Quality Planning Agency suspected that agricultural and urban nonpoint-source discharges were contributing significantly to the degradation of water quality in the basin.
\nTwo continuous record streamflow and waterquality gaging stations were established: one on the East River at Monroe Street in Green Bay and the other on Bower Creek at Sunnyview Road near De Pere. Streamflow for the 1986 water year was greater than twice the long-term (1967-86) average and precipitation was 33 percent greater than the long-term (1951-80) average. Average daily streamflow at the East River during the 1986 water year was 185 cubic feet per second. Average daily streamflow at Bower Creek was 6 cubic feet per second.
\nSuspended-sediment yields were greatest in Bower Creek 264 tons per square mile per year; yields were 125 tons per square mile per year at the East River site. Total-phosphorus yields at the Bower Creek gage were 2,680 pounds per square mile per year yields were 1,130 pounds per square mile per year at the East River site. The measured yields of suspended sediment and total phosphorus from the East River site, during the 1986 water year, were significantly larger than the estimated average yields for the Fox River at Wrightstown. During a year of normal streamflow, the East River would probably contribute a maximum of 10 percent of the total suspended sediment and 9 percent of the total-phosphorus load transported to the mouth of the Fox River.
\nDissolved-oxygen concentrations tended to decrease upstream from the mouth of the East River. The daily mean dissolved-oxygen concentration was often less than 5 milligrams per liter at all three of the East River monitoring locations. Minimum dissolved-oxygen concentrations of 1 to 2 milligrams per liter were recorded at all sites.
\nThe acceptable fecal coliform level for recreational water quality of 200 counts per 100 milliliters was exceeded at the three East River sites and Bower Creek in more than half of the samples. More samples collected at the downstream sites on the East River at Monroe Street in Green Bay and at the Allouez Avenue bridge at Allouez contained fecal-coliform/fecal-streptococcus ratios that exceeded 4.0, indicating that the bacteria was of human origin rather than of animal.
\nMean concentrations for 5-day biochemical oxygen demand, total-phosphorus concentration, fecal-coliform counts, and fecal-streptococcus counts were higher at Bower Creek than any of the other sites monitored during 1985-86. Mean chlorophyll a concentrations were highest at the East River sites at Monroe Street in Green Bay and at Allouez Avenue bridge at Allouez.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr89245","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Fox Valley Water Quality Planning Agency","usgsCitation":"Hughes, P., 1993, Hydrologic and water-quality data for the East River Basin in northeastern Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 89-245, vi, 91 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr89245.","productDescription":"vi, 91 p.","numberOfPages":"97","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":151880,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1989/0245/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":48954,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1989/0245/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","county":"Brown County","otherGeospatial":"East River, Fox River, Green Bay,","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -88.20991516113281,\n 44.327286564583844\n ],\n [\n -88.13369750976561,\n 44.415145243110786\n ],\n [\n -88.04649353027344,\n 44.5063000997406\n ],\n [\n -88.01078796386719,\n 44.53420616251736\n ],\n [\n -87.91740417480469,\n 44.54448397425687\n ],\n [\n -87.8741455078125,\n 44.54693080488455\n ],\n [\n -87.84049987792969,\n 44.53910058484966\n ],\n [\n -87.80410766601562,\n 44.482789890501586\n ],\n [\n -87.79449462890625,\n 44.464170919586834\n ],\n [\n -87.85491943359375,\n 44.44652641501047\n ],\n [\n -87.89131164550781,\n 44.4092593975669\n ],\n [\n -88.00804138183594,\n 44.342511749598444\n ],\n [\n -88.00666809082031,\n 44.3292513267062\n ],\n [\n -88.01353454589844,\n 44.32335684289977\n ],\n [\n -88.04718017578125,\n 44.28257044667387\n ],\n [\n -88.05816650390625,\n 44.260445494302466\n ],\n [\n -88.05198669433594,\n 44.22896454897114\n ],\n [\n -88.07395935058594,\n 44.201897151875094\n ],\n [\n -88.11927795410156,\n 44.199928128583025\n ],\n [\n -88.23463439941405,\n 44.218139083121855\n ],\n [\n -88.28681945800781,\n 44.24175571484553\n ],\n [\n -88.28475952148438,\n 44.269788156801084\n ],\n [\n -88.20991516113281,\n 44.327286564583844\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a29e4b07f02db611732","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hughes, P.E.","contributorId":104083,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hughes","given":"P.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":180990,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}