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A ground-water resources investigation in west-central Iowa indicates that water is available from alluvial, buried channel, basal Pleistocene, and Dakota aquifers. The west-central Iowa area includes Audubon, Carrol1, Crawford, Greene, Guthrie, Harrison, Monona, and Shelby Counties.

\n

Nine alluvial aquifers consisting of sand and gravel are in the valleys of the Little Sioux, Maple, Soldier, Boyer, West Nishnabotna, East Nishnabotna, South Raccoon, Middle Raccoon, and North Raccoon Rivers. These aquifers contain about 870,000 acre-feet of water that is potentially available to wells. Potential well yields generally are less than 50 gallons per minute. The water generally is very hard (greater than 180 milligrams per liter hardness as calcium carbonate), is a calcium bicarbonate type, and has an average dissolved-solids concentration of less than 600 milligrams per liter.

\n

Seven buried channel aquifers Anthon, Denison, Fremont, Hardin Creek, Adaza, Beaver, and Bagley consisting of sand and gravel, underlie about 594 square miles in west-central Iowa and contain about 65,000 acre-feet of water potentially available to wells. Potential well yields of as much as 1,000 gallons per minute are possible in a few of the deeper and thicker parts of some of the buried channel aquifers, but well yields of 10 to 100 gallons per minute are more common. Water generally is very hard, is a calcium bicarbonate type, and has an average dissolved-solids concentration of 400 to 800 milligrams per liter in the shallow buried channel aquifers in Carrol1, Greene, and Guthrie Counties. In the deep buried channel aquifer in Audubon, Crawford, Harrison, Monona, and Shelby counties, the water generally is very hard, is a sodium sulfate or calcium sulfate type, and has an average dissolved-solids concentrations of 3,000 milligrams per liter.

\n

The basal Pleistocene aquifer is at the base of the Pleistocene deposits on many bedrock ridges and consists of sand and gravel. Estimated well yields of as much as 500 gallons per minute can be obtained from the aquifer; however, 5 to 50 gallons per minute are more common. Water from the basal Pleistocene aquifer generally is very hard, is a calcium bicarbonate or calcium sulfate type, and has an average dissolved-solids concentration of 1,000 milligrams per liter.

\n

The Dakota aquifer consists of the saturated sandstone and gravel units in the Dakota Formation. Isolated erosional remnants of the Dakota Formation form the caps of many bedrock ridges. The Dakota Formation is thickest where the bedrock surface is relatively high and flat, forming an ancient, buried, surface-water divide between southwest and southeast trending buried drainages in Audubon, Carroll, and Guthrie Counties. Sandstone thickness of as much as 150 feet exists in Guthrie County, but an average thickness of 30 feet is more common. Water from wells less than 200 feet deep generally is a calcium bicarbonate type and has an average dissolved-solids concentration of 650 milligrams per liter. Water from wells more than 200 feet deep generally is a calcium sulfate or sodium bicarbonate type and has an average dissolved-solids concentrations of 2,200 milligrams per liter.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri854239","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Geological Survey Bureau, Iowa Department of Natural Resources, and University of Iowa Hygienic Laboratory","usgsCitation":"Runkle, D., 1985, Hydrology of the alluvial, buried channel, basal Pleistocene and Dakota aquifers in west-central Iowa: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 85-4239, ix, 111 p.: ill., maps; 28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri854239.","productDescription":"ix, 111 p.: ill., maps; 28 cm.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":58311,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4239/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":58312,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4239/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":58313,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4239/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":58314,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4239/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":58315,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4239/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":123488,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4239/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Iowa","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-94.7014,41.5032],[-94.8192,41.5034],[-94.9289,41.5036],[-95.0418,41.5037],[-95.1558,41.5041],[-95.2711,41.5048],[-95.3858,41.5045],[-95.4968,41.5051],[-95.4987,41.5051],[-95.614,41.5051],[-95.7281,41.5054],[-95.8416,41.5056],[-95.9569,41.5058],[-95.9845,41.5057],[-95.9931,41.5056],[-95.9908,41.5071],[-95.9888,41.5107],[-95.9873,41.5152],[-95.9888,41.5207],[-95.9907,41.5255],[-95.9938,41.5313],[-95.9966,41.5372],[-96.0005,41.5415],[-96.0067,41.5457],[-96.0117,41.5469],[-96.0197,41.5463],[-96.0257,41.5435],[-96.0277,41.5396],[-96.0297,41.5348],[-96.0301,41.5302],[-96.0306,41.5275],[-96.0335,41.5233],[-96.0367,41.5204],[-96.0401,41.5182],[-96.0487,41.5175],[-96.0529,41.5172],[-96.0571,41.5178],[-96.0628,41.5194],[-96.0635,41.5196],[-96.0662,41.5204],[-96.0717,41.5205],[-96.0764,41.522],[-96.0815,41.5251],[-96.0853,41.5287],[-96.0911,41.5358],[-96.0934,41.5398],[-96.0955,41.5449],[-96.0953,41.5485],[-96.0941,41.553],[-96.0931,41.5567],[-96.091,41.5602],[-96.0878,41.5627],[-96.0842,41.5664],[-96.0813,41.5681],[-96.0776,41.5697],[-96.0758,41.5711],[-96.074,41.5734],[-96.0748,41.5756],[-96.077,41.5802],[-96.0806,41.5837],[-96.0899,41.5876],[-96.1003,41.5923],[-96.1049,41.5946],[-96.1103,41.5989],[-96.1132,41.6026],[-96.1148,41.6063],[-96.1153,41.61],[-96.1124,41.6144],[-96.1092,41.6193],[-96.1042,41.6245],[-96.1006,41.6273],[-96.0981,41.6313],[-96.096,41.6357],[-96.0937,41.6402],[-96.093,41.6461],[-96.0939,41.6511],[-96.0961,41.6556],[-96.1001,41.6609],[-96.1057,41.6649],[-96.1107,41.6698],[-96.1152,41.6738],[-96.1184,41.6778],[-96.1193,41.6819],[-96.1199,41.6837],[-96.1189,41.6906],[-96.1178,41.6933],[-96.1173,41.6954],[-96.1137,41.6979],[-96.1093,41.6999],[-96.1059,41.7006],[-96.101,41.7],[-96.0959,41.6996],[-96.0898,41.7002],[-96.0844,41.6999],[-96.0788,41.7006],[-96.075,41.7014],[-96.0726,41.7033],[-96.0715,41.706],[-96.0717,41.7101],[-96.0731,41.7146],[-96.0769,41.7177],[-96.0802,41.7202],[-96.085,41.7221],[-96.0923,41.7242],[-96.0956,41.7255],[-96.1001,41.7281],[-96.103,41.7314],[-96.1033,41.7359],[-96.1029,41.7404],[-96.1012,41.7445],[-96.0977,41.7494],[-96.093,41.7547],[-96.0877,41.7611],[-96.0806,41.7699],[-96.0713,41.7804],[-96.0679,41.7857],[-96.0664,41.7911],[-96.0661,41.7966],[-96.0676,41.8006],[-96.0724,41.805],[-96.0752,41.8068],[-96.079,41.8079],[-96.0833,41.8084],[-96.0876,41.8097],[-96.0912,41.8105],[-96.0939,41.8119],[-96.0983,41.8148],[-96.1027,41.8176],[-96.1053,41.8203],[-96.1072,41.823],[-96.1094,41.8261],[-96.11,41.8302],[-96.1089,41.8356],[-96.1079,41.8402],[-96.1078,41.8438],[-96.1094,41.8484],[-96.1111,41.8516],[-96.1133,41.8537],[-96.1183,41.8563],[-96.1236,41.8588],[-96.1296,41.8616],[-96.135,41.8646],[-96.1365,41.8657],[-96.1397,41.8682],[-96.143,41.8736],[-96.1451,41.8781],[-96.1452,41.8821],[-96.1462,41.8863],[-96.148,41.8898],[-96.1531,41.8951],[-96.1563,41.8987],[-96.1595,41.9023],[-96.1597,41.9055],[-96.1598,41.908],[-96.1579,41.9098],[-96.1556,41.911],[-96.1516,41.9119],[-96.1476,41.913],[-96.144,41.9153],[-96.1408,41.9175],[-96.1381,41.9206],[-96.1367,41.9246],[-96.1364,41.9287],[-96.1381,41.9319],[-96.1398,41.9359],[-96.1413,41.9408],[-96.1426,41.9444],[-96.1421,41.9476],[-96.1414,41.9511],[-96.1399,41.9547],[-96.137,41.9582],[-96.1346,41.9614],[-96.133,41.9664],[-96.1335,41.97],[-96.1382,41.9745],[-96.143,41.9771],[-96.1476,41.9775],[-96.1528,41.9787],[-96.1578,41.9789],[-96.1627,41.9786],[-96.1671,41.9778],[-96.1714,41.9779],[-96.1748,41.9783],[-96.1781,41.9804],[-96.1811,41.9823],[-96.1831,41.9854],[-96.185,41.9897],[-96.1848,41.9929],[-96.1847,41.9963],[-96.185,42.0001],[-96.1851,42.0044],[-96.1857,42.0055],[-96.1877,42.0063],[-96.192,42.0087],[-96.2057,42.0094],[-96.215,42.0069],[-96.2246,41.9945],[-96.2367,41.9961],[-96.2413,42.0009],[-96.2416,42.0037],[-96.238,42.0128],[-96.2283,42.0174],[-96.2225,42.0233],[-96.2217,42.025],[-96.2212,42.0282],[-96.2232,42.0309],[-96.224,42.034],[-96.2312,42.0378],[-96.2332,42.0384],[-96.2383,42.0411],[-96.2578,42.0384],[-96.2698,42.0429],[-96.272,42.0461],[-96.2728,42.0474],[-96.2742,42.0502],[-96.2777,42.0586],[-96.279,42.0685],[-96.2771,42.0804],[-96.2693,42.092],[-96.2661,42.1031],[-96.2686,42.1149],[-96.2753,42.1199],[-96.2766,42.1221],[-96.2863,42.126],[-96.3055,42.1298],[-96.3126,42.1362],[-96.3152,42.1411],[-96.3179,42.1472],[-96.3259,42.1532],[-96.3403,42.1595],[-96.3474,42.1669],[-96.3482,42.1702],[-96.3488,42.1709],[-96.3502,42.174],[-96.3513,42.1777],[-96.3511,42.1799],[-96.3512,42.184],[-96.3506,42.1863],[-96.3507,42.189],[-96.3508,42.1908],[-96.3505,42.1931],[-96.3509,42.1958],[-96.3538,42.2021],[-96.3564,42.2062],[-96.3578,42.2093],[-96.3585,42.212],[-96.358,42.2147],[-96.3128,42.2148],[-96.2539,42.2147],[-96.138,42.214],[-96.0214,42.2122],[-95.9849,42.212],[-95.9055,42.2108],[-95.7872,42.2102],[-95.6701,42.2099],[-95.5554,42.2095],[-95.4396,42.2095],[-95.323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D. L.","contributorId":57081,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Runkle","given":"D. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201571,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":28590,"text":"wri844340 - 1985 - Development and calibration of a two-dimensional digital model for the analysis of the ground-water flow system in the San Antonio Creek Valley, Santa Barbara County, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:47","indexId":"wri844340","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"84-4340","title":"Development and calibration of a two-dimensional digital model for the analysis of the ground-water flow system in the San Antonio Creek Valley, Santa Barbara County, California","docAbstract":"A two-dimensional finite-difference model was used to simulate ground-water flow conditions in San Antonio Creek valley. The model was calibrated to simulate steady-state conditions as approximated by ground-water conditions in 1943 and transient conditions during the period 1944-77. The transmissivity of the aquifer and the vertical hydraulic conductivity of the confining bed underlying Barka Slough at the western edge of the basin were calibrated during the steady-stage simulation. Calibrated transmissivity values ranged from more than 20,000 feet squared per day along the axis of the valley to less than 100 feet squared per day along the perimeter. Net flux values (the difference between recharge and net discharge) along the San Antonio Creek channel were determined during the transient-state simulation by a least-squares calibration technique. Results of the calibration indicated that the net flux out of the system along the stream channel increased by about 4,030 acre-feet per year from 1943 to 1977. The model simulated that about 70 percent of the increase in net flux was derived from the reduction in ground-water discharge to Barka Slough and about 30 percent from water coming out of storage. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri844340","usgsCitation":"Martin, P., 1985, Development and calibration of a two-dimensional digital model for the analysis of the ground-water flow system in the San Antonio Creek Valley, Santa Barbara County, California: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 84-4340, v, 68 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri844340.","productDescription":"v, 68 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123641,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4340/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57419,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4340/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa7e4b07f02db667269","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Martin, Peter pmmartin@usgs.gov","contributorId":799,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martin","given":"Peter","email":"pmmartin@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":200076,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":29386,"text":"wri854097 - 1985 - Hydrology of the Reelfoot Lake basin, Obion and Lake counties, northwestern Tennessee","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:55","indexId":"wri854097","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"85-4097","title":"Hydrology of the Reelfoot Lake basin, Obion and Lake counties, northwestern Tennessee","docAbstract":"Nine maps describe the following water resources aspects of the Reelfoot Lake watershed: Map 1-Surface water gaging stations, lake level, and locations of observation wells, rainfall stations and National Weather Service rainfall stations; Maps 2 and 3-water level contours, river stage, groundwater movement; Maps 4 and 5-grid blocks simulating constant head on the Mississippi River, Reelfoot Lake, Running Reelfoot Bayou, Reelfoot Creek, and Running Slough; Maps 6 and 7-difference between model calculated and observed water levels; and Maps 8 and 9-line of equal groundwater level increase and approximate lake area at pool elevation. (Lantz-PTT)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri854097","usgsCitation":"Robbins, C.H., 1985, Hydrology of the Reelfoot Lake basin, Obion and Lake counties, northwestern Tennessee: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 85-4097, iv, 29 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri854097.","productDescription":"iv, 29 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":2426,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri85-4097","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":159763,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":58231,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4097/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":58232,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4097/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":58233,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4097/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":58234,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4097/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":58235,"rank":404,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4097/plate-5.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":58236,"rank":405,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4097/plate-6.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":58237,"rank":406,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4097/plate-7.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":58238,"rank":407,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4097/plate-8.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":58239,"rank":408,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4097/plate-9.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ee4b07f02db5fdbc7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Robbins, C. H.","contributorId":54210,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robbins","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201447,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":29486,"text":"wri844206 - 1985 - Ground-water hydrology of Volusia County, Florida, with emphasis on occurrence and movement of brackish water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:57","indexId":"wri844206","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"84-4206","title":"Ground-water hydrology of Volusia County, Florida, with emphasis on occurrence and movement of brackish water","docAbstract":"Brackish water is present in the eastern and western fringes of Volusia County, Florida in the surficial aquifer and in the Floridan aquifer system. Average pumpage in 1980 in Volusia County was 66 million gallons per day. Water levels in the Floridan aquifer system declined more than 10 feet over an area of 70 square miles from 1955 to 1982. The annual water budget of the budget of the Floridan aquifer system consists of 5 inches downward leakage inflow, 1 inch upward leakage outflow, 1 inch horizontal inflow, 1.5 inches horizontal outflow, 2.5 inches discharge from springs and flowing wells, and 1 inch pumpage. Saltwater intrusion is occurring in the surficial aquifer on the barrier island. There is little evidence that intrusion is occurring uniformly over large areas in the Floridan aquifer system. Vertical intrusion is occurring at sites of public-supply pumping. Many of these wells in the fringes of the county have been abandoned and replaced by wells closer to the central part of the county. Minimizing well depth is probably the single most effective step against intrusion. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri844206","usgsCitation":"Rutledge, A.T., 1985, Ground-water hydrology of Volusia County, Florida, with emphasis on occurrence and movement of brackish water: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 84-4206, vii, 84 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri844206.","productDescription":"vii, 84 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123109,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4206/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58329,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4206/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aaae4b07f02db668d05","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rutledge, A. T.","contributorId":38532,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rutledge","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201597,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":30485,"text":"wri854234 - 1985 - Effects of land use and surficial geology on flow and water quality of streams in the coal-mining region of southwestern Indiana, October 1979 through September 1980","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-06-01T16:29:43","indexId":"wri854234","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"85-4234","title":"Effects of land use and surficial geology on flow and water quality of streams in the coal-mining region of southwestern Indiana, October 1979 through September 1980","docAbstract":"

An assessment of streams in the coal-mining region of southwestern Indiana was done from October 1979 through September 1980 during stable stream flows to provide baseline hydrologic and water-quality information and to document the effect of several natural and human-induced factors on water quality in the region.

\n

Streams in southwestern Indiana are generally well buffered against acidification from acid-mine drainage because they flow upon calcareous unconsolidated surficial deposits and bedrock. The pH of streams draining forested, agricultural, and reclaimed mined watersheds ranged from 6.3 to 8.8, which is generally within the range of natural waters. The pH of streams draining unreclaimed mined watersheds ranged from 3.8 to 7.9, which was much more variable than for streams draining lands used for other activities.

\n

Concentrations of major dissolved constituents in streams affected by coal mining were significantly higher than in streams unaffected by mining. The principal cause of the elevated concentrations of dissolved constituents was the oxidation of pyrite and marcasite and subsequent dissolution of calcite and dolomite. The principal water type of streams draining forested and agricultural watersheds was calcium bicarbonate, whereas the principal water types of streams draining mined watersheds were magnesium sulfate and magnesiumcalcium sulfate.

\n

Concentrations of boron, iron, manganese, nickel, and zinc were generally higher in streams draining mined areas than in streams draining forested and agricultural watersheds. Median concentrations of iron and manganese were lower in streams draining reclaimed mined watersheds than in streams draining unreclaimed mined watersheds; this suggests that post-1967 surface-mine reclamation techniques have been effective at reducing concentrations of these metals in streams. Concentrations of aluminum, iron, manganese, nickel, and zinc increased significantly as pH decreased below 6.0 in streams draining unreclaimed mined watersheds. The elevated concentrations of metals in waters and the low pH result from the oxidation of the sulfide in pyrite to sulfate, which releases dissolved ferrous iron, other metals, and acidity into the water.

\n

Median suspended-sediment concentrations of samples from streams draining agricultural and mined watersheds were 1.5 and 5.4 times those of streams draining forested watersheds. Suspended sediment in streams was composed primarily of silt and clay-sized particles.

\n

The effect of surficial geology on stream quality was evident for several dissolved constituents in forested and agricultural watersheds. In general, pH and concentrations of alkalinity and calcium were significantly higher in streams draining the Wisconsin glacial province than in streams draining the Illinoian glacial province and unglaciated regions. The higher pH and concentrations of these constituents suggests that there is greater dissolution of carbonate minerals in the Wisconsin glacial province than the other regions. Median concentrations of arsenic, lead, and manganese for streams draining the Wisconsin glacial province were significantly lower than for those constituents in streams draining the Illinoian province and unglaciated region. The median cadmium concentration for streams draining the Wisconsin glacial province was lower than for streams draining the unglaciated region. These differences may have been due to lower solubilities of metal and trace elements at higher pH values in the Wisconsin glacial province than in the Illinoian glacial province and the unglaciated region.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Indianapolis, IN","doi":"10.3133/wri854234","usgsCitation":"Wilber, W.G., Renn, D.E., and Crawford, C.G., 1985, Effects of land use and surficial geology on flow and water quality of streams in the coal-mining region of southwestern Indiana, October 1979 through September 1980: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 85-4234, vi, 49 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri854234.","productDescription":"vi, 49 p.","numberOfPages":"54","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":59269,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4234/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":123974,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4234/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Indiana","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -88.05541992187499,\n 37.83148014503288\n ],\n [\n -88.05541992187499,\n 40.551374198715166\n ],\n [\n -86.4129638671875,\n 40.551374198715166\n ],\n [\n -86.4129638671875,\n 37.83148014503288\n ],\n [\n -88.05541992187499,\n 37.83148014503288\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a29e4b07f02db611d54","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wilber, William G. wgwilber@usgs.gov","contributorId":297,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilber","given":"William","email":"wgwilber@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":203333,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Renn, Danny E.","contributorId":14808,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Renn","given":"Danny","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203332,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Crawford, Charles G. 0000-0003-1653-7841 cgcrawfo@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1653-7841","contributorId":1064,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crawford","given":"Charles","email":"cgcrawfo@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":203331,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":30484,"text":"wri854324 - 1985 - Physical characteristics and chemical quality of selected springs in parts of Juab, Millard, Tooele, and Utah counties, Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-23T12:10:51.838964","indexId":"wri854324","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"85-4324","title":"Physical characteristics and chemical quality of selected springs in parts of Juab, Millard, Tooele, and Utah counties, Utah","docAbstract":"Hydrologic, geologic, and partial water quality data were collected at 90 selected springs in west-central Utah, and chemical analyses performed on water samples from 62 of the springs. Descriptions of the physiographic and geologic conditions, climate, and vegetation patterns for the study area are included. Allowable limits of certain chemical constituents in water for human and livestock consumption are included with the water quality data. Three classifications of springs were established based on physical characteristics of the springs, and chemical composition of the springflow: (1) mountain springs; (2) non-thermal valley springs, and (3) thermal valley springs. Mountain springs are in and near recharge areas, have seasonal variations of discharge and temperature, typically discharge from extrusive and metamorphic geohydrologic units, and generally discharge freshwater. Non-thermal valley springs are peripheral to recharge areas, have seasonal variations of discharge and temperature, typically discharge from a variety of geohydrologic units, and have variable water composition. Thermal valley springs are near topographic low areas of valleys , and have little seasonal variation of discharge or temperature. They typically discharge from unconsolidated deposits (but the discharge probably has flowed through buried carbonate geohydrologic units). They also have a considerable range of water composition that reflects the relative complexity of the groundwater system. (Author 's abstract)","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri854324","usgsCitation":"Wilberg, D., and Stolp, B., 1985, Physical characteristics and chemical quality of selected springs in parts of Juab, Millard, Tooele, and Utah counties, Utah: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 85-4324, vi, 39 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri854324.","productDescription":"vi, 39 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123684,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4324/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":59266,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4324/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":59267,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4324/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":59268,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4324/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","county":"Juab County, Millard County, Tooele County, Utah County","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adbe4b07f02db685b13","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wilberg, Dale E.","contributorId":60215,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilberg","given":"Dale E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203329,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stolp, Bernard J. 0000-0003-3803-1497","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3803-1497","contributorId":71942,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stolp","given":"Bernard J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203330,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":29800,"text":"wri854076 - 1985 - Water resources of Wildcat Creek and Deer Creek basins, Howard and parts of adjacent counties, Indiana, 1979-82","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:07","indexId":"wri854076","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"85-4076","title":"Water resources of Wildcat Creek and Deer Creek basins, Howard and parts of adjacent counties, Indiana, 1979-82","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri854076","usgsCitation":"Smith, B., Hardy, M.A., and Crompton, E., 1985, Water resources of Wildcat Creek and Deer Creek basins, Howard and parts of adjacent counties, Indiana, 1979-82: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 85-4076, vi, 92 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri854076.","productDescription":"vi, 92 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":121583,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4076/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58601,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4076/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f4e4b07f02db5f06ee","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, B.S.","contributorId":7730,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"B.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202145,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hardy, M. A.","contributorId":54223,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hardy","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202146,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Crompton, E. J.","contributorId":70412,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crompton","given":"E. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202147,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":28724,"text":"wri844237 - 1985 - Occurrence of natural radium-226 radioactivity in ground water of Sarasota County, Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:53","indexId":"wri844237","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"84-4237","title":"Occurrence of natural radium-226 radioactivity in ground water of Sarasota County, Florida","docAbstract":"Water that contains radium-226 radioactivity in excess of the 5.0-picocurie-per-liter limit set in the National Interim Primary Drinking Water Regulations was found in the majority of wells sampled throughout Sarasota County. Highest levels were found areally near the coast or near rivers and vertically in the Tamiami-upper Hawthorn aquifer where semiconsolidated phosphate pebbles occur. Analysis of data suggests that part of the radium-226 in ground water of Sarasota County is dissolved by alpha particle recoil. In slightly mineralized water, radium-226 concentrations are decreased by ion exchange or sorption. In more mineralized water, other ions compete with radium-226 for ion exchange or sorption sites. Dissolution of minerals containing radium-226 by mineralized water probably contributes a significant fraction of the dissolved radium-226. Two types of mineralized water were present in Sarasota County. One type is a marine-like water, presumably associated with saltwater encroachment in coastal areas; the other is a calcium magnesium strontium surfate bicarbonate type. In general, water that contains high radium-226 radioactivities also contains too much water hardness or dissolved solids to be used for public supply without treatment that would also reduce radium-226 radioactivities. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri844237","usgsCitation":"Miller, R.L., and Sutcliffe, H., 1985, Occurrence of natural radium-226 radioactivity in ground water of Sarasota County, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 84-4237, vi, 34 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri844237.","productDescription":"vi, 34 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":118905,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4237/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57553,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4237/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f7e4b07f02db5f1e5d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miller, R. L.","contributorId":54178,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200294,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sutcliffe, Horace","contributorId":28598,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sutcliffe","given":"Horace","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200293,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":29862,"text":"wri854124 - 1985 - Effects of wastewater effluent on the South Platte River from Littleton to Denver","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:59","indexId":"wri854124","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"85-4124","title":"Effects of wastewater effluent on the South Platte River from Littleton to Denver","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey 's one-dimensional steady-state water quality model was used to investigate the effects of the effluent from the Bi-City WWTP (Wastewater Treatment Plant) on the South Platte River. The Bi-City WWTP is operated by the Cities of Littleton and Englewood. The model was calibrated from a 14.5 mile reach for 5-day carbonaceous biochemical oxygen demand, organic, ammonia, nitrite and nitrate using data collected during September 1983. Model verification was completed using data collected during October 1982 and January 1984 for all constituents except nitrite nitrogen. Nitrite nitrogen could not be verified for the cold temperature conditions of January of 1984. Measured benthic sediment oxygen demand used in model ranged from 1.01 to 2.77 grams per square meter per day. Model simulations were made for an estimated 7-day, 10-year discharge of 18 cubic feet per second, upstream from the outfall of the WWTP. Two groups of simulations were made for both warm and cold temperature conditions. In the first group of simulation variations were made in effluent 5-day carbonaceous biochemical oxygen demand concentrations and flow rates. The second group of simulations varied the amount of nitrogen discharged as ammonia and nitrate. The extent of the mixing zone downstream of the WWTP outfall was determined by injecting Rhodamine WT dye into the effluent. The mixing zone was found to extend 0.8 miles during low-flow conditions. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri854124","usgsCitation":"Spahr, N., and Blakely, S.R., 1985, Effects of wastewater effluent on the South Platte River from Littleton to Denver: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 85-4124, vi, 97 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri854124.","productDescription":"vi, 97 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":119392,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4124/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58673,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4124/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a26e4b07f02db60fc43","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Spahr, N.E.","contributorId":79476,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spahr","given":"N.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202258,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Blakely, S. R.","contributorId":34514,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blakely","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202257,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":29863,"text":"wri854244 - 1985 - Estimation of evaporation from Ned Wilson Lake, Flat Tops Wilderness Area, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:59","indexId":"wri854244","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"85-4244","title":"Estimation of evaporation from Ned Wilson Lake, Flat Tops Wilderness Area, Colorado","docAbstract":"As part of an effort to define the hydrology and water quality of Ned Wilson Lake, evaporation rates were estimated for the summer periods of 1983 and 1984. Mass-transfer and energy-budget techniques and the Morton model were used to estimate evaporation using data collected at the lake and data collected at a meteorological station 0.1 mile from the lake. The estimate of evaporation for July 29 through September 27, 1983, using the mass-transfer technique, was 9.50 inches; the estimate using the energy-budget technique was 8.10 inches; the estimate using the Morton model was 9.90 inches. The evaporation estimate for July 18 through September 25, 1984, using the mass-transfer technique was 8.71 inches; the estimate using the energy-budget technique was 7.88 inches; the estimate using the Moron model was 10.49 inches. These estimates will provide values to be used in future analyses of the interaction of lake and groundwater; however, refinement of data collection will be necessary to determine specifically the rate of evaporation. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri854244","usgsCitation":"Spahr, N., and Turk, J., 1985, Estimation of evaporation from Ned Wilson Lake, Flat Tops Wilderness Area, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 85-4244, iv, 13 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri854244.","productDescription":"iv, 13 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":126593,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4244/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58674,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4244/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ae4b07f02db5fba16","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Spahr, N.E.","contributorId":79476,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spahr","given":"N.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202259,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Turk, J.T.","contributorId":94259,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Turk","given":"J.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202260,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":29877,"text":"wri844291 - 1985 - Effects of high-rate wastewater spray disposal on the water-table aquifer, Hilton Head Island, South Carolina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:59","indexId":"wri844291","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"84-4291","title":"Effects of high-rate wastewater spray disposal on the water-table aquifer, Hilton Head Island, South Carolina","docAbstract":"A study by the U.S. Geological Survey from April 1982 through December 1983 evaluated the effects of high-rate disposal of treated wastewater on the water table aquifer, Hilton Head Island, South Carolina. Flooding of topographically low areas resulted from the application of 10.8 inches of wastewater in 10 days in January 1983. The water table remained 2-1/2 to 5-1/2 feet below land surface when wastewater was applied at rates of 5 inches per week in August and December 1983. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri844291","usgsCitation":"Speiran, G., 1985, Effects of high-rate wastewater spray disposal on the water-table aquifer, Hilton Head Island, South Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 84-4291, vi, 31 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri844291.","productDescription":"vi, 31 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":120177,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4291/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58689,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4291/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a29e4b07f02db611f29","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Speiran, G. K.","contributorId":83534,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Speiran","given":"G. K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202286,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":28854,"text":"wri854192 - 1985 - The flood of December 1982 and the 100- and 500-year flood on the Buffalo River, Arkansas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:44","indexId":"wri854192","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"85-4192","title":"The flood of December 1982 and the 100- and 500-year flood on the Buffalo River, Arkansas","docAbstract":"Flood profiles, peak discharges, and stages were determined for the December 1982, the 100-year, and the 500-year floods at 17 sites along the Buffalo River, Arkansas. Typical synthetic stage hydrographs for the 100- and 500-year floods were determined for each site. Flow duration data for gaging stations at St. Joe and Rush are shown. The average velocity of the water for the 100- and 500-year floods is shown for each site. Approximate flood boundaries delineating the 100- and 500-year floods are shown for Ponca, Steel Creek, Pruitt, St. Joe, and Buffalo Point. (Author 's abstract)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri854192","usgsCitation":"Neely, B., 1985, The flood of December 1982 and the 100- and 500-year flood on the Buffalo River, Arkansas: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 85-4192, v, 37 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri854192.","productDescription":"v, 37 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":158960,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4192/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57726,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4192/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9be4b07f02db65db7b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Neely, B.L.","contributorId":90344,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Neely","given":"B.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200510,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":29606,"text":"wri854067 - 1985 - Preparation of polyethylene sacks for collection of precipitation samples for chemical analysis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:56","indexId":"wri854067","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"85-4067","title":"Preparation of polyethylene sacks for collection of precipitation samples for chemical analysis","docAbstract":"Polyethylene sacks are used to collect precipitation samples. Washing polyethylene with acetone, hexane, methanol, or nitric acid can change the adsorptive characteristics of the polyethylene. In this study, simulated precipitation at pH 4.5 was in contact with the polyethylene sacks for 21 days; subsamples were removed for chemical analysis at 7, 14, and 21 days after intitial contact. Sacks washed with acetone adsorbed iron and lithium; sacks washed with hexane adsorbed barium, iron , and lithium; sacks washed with methanol adsorbed calcium and iron; and sacks washed with 0.30 N nitric acid adsorbed iron. Leaching the plastic sacks with 0.15 N nitric acid did not result in 100-percent recovery of any of the adsorbed metals. Washing polyethylene sacks with dilute nitric acid caused the pH of the simulated precipitation to be decreased by 0.2 pH unit after 1 week of contact with the polyethylene. The specific conductance increased by 10 microsiemens per centimeter. Contamination of precipitation samples by lead was determined to be about 0.1 microgram per liter from contact with precleaned polyethylene sacks. No measurable contamination of precipitation samples by zinc occurred. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri854067","usgsCitation":"Schroder, L., and Bricker, A., 1985, Preparation of polyethylene sacks for collection of precipitation samples for chemical analysis: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 85-4067, iii, 12 p. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri854067.","productDescription":"iii, 12 p. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":159766,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4067/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58430,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4067/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aaae4b07f02db6691c2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schroder, L.J.","contributorId":31767,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schroder","given":"L.J.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":201799,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bricker, A.W.","contributorId":93948,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bricker","given":"A.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201800,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":29605,"text":"wri844325 - 1985 - Precision of the measurement of pH and specific conductance at National Atmospheric Deposition Program monitoring sites, October 1981-November 1983","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:56","indexId":"wri844325","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"84-4325","title":"Precision of the measurement of pH and specific conductance at National Atmospheric Deposition Program monitoring sites, October 1981-November 1983","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri844325","usgsCitation":"Schroder, L., and Brennan, J., 1985, Precision of the measurement of pH and specific conductance at National Atmospheric Deposition Program monitoring sites, October 1981-November 1983: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 84-4325, iii, 9 p. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri844325.","productDescription":"iii, 9 p. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":159765,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4325/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58429,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4325/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acfe4b07f02db6805cb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schroder, L.J.","contributorId":31767,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schroder","given":"L.J.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":201798,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brennan, J.O.","contributorId":12897,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brennan","given":"J.O.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201797,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":29604,"text":"wri854275 - 1985 - Precision and bias of selected analytes reported by the National Atmospheric Deposition Program and National Trends Network, 1983; and January 1980 through September 1984","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:56","indexId":"wri854275","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"85-4275","title":"Precision and bias of selected analytes reported by the National Atmospheric Deposition Program and National Trends Network, 1983; and January 1980 through September 1984","docAbstract":"Blind-audit samples with known analyte concentrations have been prepared by the U.S. Geological Survey and distributed to the National Atmospheric Deposition Program 's Central Analytical Laboratory. The difference between the National Atmospheric Deposition Program and National Trends Network reported analyte concentrations and known analyte concentrations have been calculated, and the bias has been determined. Calcium, magnesium , sodium, and chloride were biased at the 99-percent confidence limit; potassium and sulfate were unbiased at the 99-percent confidence limit, for 1983 results. Relative-percent differences between the measured and known analyte concentration for calcium , magnesium, sodium, potassium, chloride, and sulfate have been calculated for 1983. The median relative percent difference for calcium was 17.0; magnesium was 6.4; sodium was 10.8; potassium was 6.4; chloride was 17.2; and sulfate was -5.3. These relative percent differences should be used to correct the 1983 data before user-analysis of the data. Variances have been calculated for calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, chloride, and sulfate determinations. These variances should be applicable to natural-sample analyte concentrations reported by the National Atmospheric Deposition Program and National Trends Network for calendar year 1983. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri854275","usgsCitation":"Schroder, L., Bricker, A., and Willoughby, T.C., 1985, Precision and bias of selected analytes reported by the National Atmospheric Deposition Program and National Trends Network, 1983; and January 1980 through September 1984: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 85-4275, 15 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri854275.","productDescription":"15 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":159764,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4275/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58428,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4275/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad0e4b07f02db6809ef","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schroder, L.J.","contributorId":31767,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schroder","given":"L.J.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":201794,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bricker, A.W.","contributorId":93948,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bricker","given":"A.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201796,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Willoughby, T. C.","contributorId":31791,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Willoughby","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201795,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":30251,"text":"wri854064 - 1985 - Ground-water contamination in East Bay Township, Michigan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-06T10:15:47","indexId":"wri854064","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"85-4064","title":"Ground-water contamination in East Bay Township, Michigan","docAbstract":"

Glacial deposits, as much as 360 feet thick, underlie the study area. The upper 29 to 118 feet, a sand and gravel unit, is the aquifer tapped for water by all wells in the area. This unit is underlain by impermeable clay that is at least 100 feet thick.

Ground-water flow is northeastward at an estimated rate of 3 to 6 feet per day. Hydraulic conductivities in the aquifer range from 85 to 150 feet per day; 120 feet per day provided the best match of field data in a ground-water flow model. The depth to water ranged from 1 to 20 feet.

Chemical anlayses indicate that ground water is contaminated with organic chemicals from near the Hangar/Administration building at the U.S. Coast Guard Air Station to East Bay, about 4,300 feet northeast. The plume, which follows ground-water flow lines, ranges from 180 to 400 feet wide. In the upper reach of the plume, hydrocarbons less dense than water occur at the surface of the water table; they move downward in the aquifer as they move toward East Bay. Maximum concentrations of the major organic compounds include: benzene, 3,390 micrograms per liter; toluene, 55,500 micrograms per liter; xylene, 3,900 micrograms per liter; tetrachloroethylene, 3,410 micrograms per liter; and bis (2-ethyl hexyl) phthalate, 2,100 micrograms per liter. Soils are generally free of these hydrocarbons; however, in the vicinity of past drum storage, aircraft maintenance operations, and fuel storage and dispensing, as much as 1,100 micrograms per kilogram of tetrachloroethylene and 1,500 micrograms per kilogram of bis (2-ethyl hexyl) phthalate were detected. At a few locations higher molecular weight hydrocarbons, characteristic of petroleum distillates, were found.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Lansing, MI","doi":"10.3133/wri854064","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Coast Guard","usgsCitation":"Twenter, F.R., Cummings, T., and Grannemann, N., 1985, Ground-water contamination in East Bay Township, Michigan: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 85-4064, Document: ix, 63 p.; 5 Plates: 23.24 x 35.59 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri854064.","productDescription":"Document: ix, 63 p.; 5 Plates: 23.24 x 35.59 inches or smaller","costCenters":[{"id":382,"text":"Michigan Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":59038,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4064/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":59039,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4064/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":123443,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4064/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":59040,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4064/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":59041,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4064/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":59042,"rank":404,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4064/plate-5.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":59043,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4064/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Michigan","otherGeospatial":"East Bay Township","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -85.57439804077148,\n 44.74164292754147\n ],\n [\n -85.56602954864502,\n 44.75276788055599\n ],\n [\n -85.5673599243164,\n 44.7531640722716\n ],\n [\n -85.56911945343018,\n 44.753986923310066\n ],\n [\n -85.57062149047852,\n 44.75490118850054\n ],\n [\n -85.57225227355957,\n 44.75599828763615\n ],\n [\n -85.57353973388672,\n 44.75706489182693\n ],\n [\n -85.57529926300047,\n 44.7584971579133\n ],\n [\n -85.57585716247559,\n 44.7592894600709\n ],\n [\n -85.57611465454102,\n 44.760234113828844\n ],\n [\n -85.58675765991211,\n 44.746885637908065\n ],\n [\n -85.57439804077148,\n 44.74164292754147\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db699997","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Twenter, F. R.","contributorId":81080,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Twenter","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202934,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cummings, T. R.","contributorId":104082,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cummings","given":"T. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202935,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Grannemann, N.G.","contributorId":11221,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grannemann","given":"N.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202933,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":29106,"text":"wri854116 - 1985 - Geohydrologic units of the Gulf Coastal Plain in Arkansas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:45","indexId":"wri854116","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"85-4116","title":"Geohydrologic units of the Gulf Coastal Plain in Arkansas","docAbstract":"This report describes geohydrologic units of the Jurassic, Cretaceous, Tertiary and Quaternary Systems and of the Paleozoic Era in the Gulf Coastal Plain in Arkansas. Structure contour maps on top of the Paleozoic rocks, Trinity Group, Tokio Formation, Nacatoch Sand, Midway Group, Wilcox Group, Carrizo Sand, Cane River Formation. Sparta Sand, and the Memphis Sand are included. Thickness maps of the Wilcox Group, Carrizo Sand, Cane River Formation, Sparta Sand, and the Memphis Sand and maps showing lines of equal dissolved-solids concentrations of the Nacatoch Sand, Wilcox Group, Carrizo Sand, Cane River Formation, and Sparta Sand are also included. The dissolved-solids maps are at about a 1:2 million scale. All other maps are at a 1:1 million scale. Brief descriptions of the geohydrologic units mentioned above and of the Cook Mountain and Cockfield Formations and the Jackson Group are also included. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri854116","usgsCitation":"Petersen, J.C., Broom, M., and Bush, W.V., 1985, Geohydrologic units of the Gulf Coastal Plain in Arkansas: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 85-4116, iv, 20 p. :maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri854116.","productDescription":"iv, 20 p. :maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":121717,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4116/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57967,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4116/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":57968,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4116/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":57969,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4116/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":57970,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4116/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":57971,"rank":404,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4116/plate-5.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":57972,"rank":405,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4116/plate-6.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":57973,"rank":406,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4116/plate-7.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":57974,"rank":407,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4116/plate-8.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":57975,"rank":408,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4116/plate-9.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":57976,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4116/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a8dae","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Petersen, J. C.","contributorId":8106,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Petersen","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200956,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Broom, M.E.","contributorId":91147,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Broom","given":"M.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200958,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bush, W. V.","contributorId":40233,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bush","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200957,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":29490,"text":"wri844309 - 1985 - Use of double-mass curves to determine drawdown in a long-term aquifer test in north-central Volusia County, Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:57","indexId":"wri844309","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"84-4309","title":"Use of double-mass curves to determine drawdown in a long-term aquifer test in north-central Volusia County, Florida","docAbstract":"A test well withdrew water from the upper Floridan aquifer system at an average of 530 gallons per minute from June 1978 to July 1979. Ground-water levels were monitored in wells open to the upper Floridan (artesian) aquifer system and in wells open to the surficial (water-table) aquifer. Double-mass curves were used to separate drawdown from natural water-level fluctuations. Drawdowns in the Floridan were 4.3 feet at a site 350 feet away from the pumped well, 4.1 feet at a site 1,000 feet away, 1.0 foot at a site 1.0 mile away, and 0.4 foot at a site 5.8 miles away. After an initial drawdown of 0.2 foot at a surficial aquifer well 1,000 feet from the pumped well, there was some recovery, and long-term drawdown averaged less than 0.2 foot. In a five-day aquifer test during a period of no rainfall in 1976, the ratio of surficial aquifer drawdown to Floridan aquifer system drawdown reached equilibrum at 0.05. The results of the long-term test indicate that this ratio is the upper limit of long-term drawdown because of capture of evapotranspiration and runoff during the long-term test. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri844309","usgsCitation":"Rutledge, A.T., 1985, Use of double-mass curves to determine drawdown in a long-term aquifer test in north-central Volusia County, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 84-4309, iv, 29 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri844309.","productDescription":"iv, 29 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":159711,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4309/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58331,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4309/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a17e4b07f02db604aed","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rutledge, A. T.","contributorId":38532,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rutledge","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201602,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":30600,"text":"wri854061 - 1985 - Effects of fracturing on well yields in the coalfield areas of Wise and Dickenson counties, southwestern Virginia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-05T22:49:52.757567","indexId":"wri854061","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"85-4061","title":"Effects of fracturing on well yields in the coalfield areas of Wise and Dickenson counties, southwestern Virginia","docAbstract":"

Fracturing associated with lineaments are the primary influence on yields from wells in the coalfields of southwestern Virgnia. Graphical comparison of yield from wells shows that wells located in valleys with lineaments produce larger quantities of water than wells in valleys without lineaments. Pumping tests at wells located in valleys with lineaments indicate transmissivities as high as 598 ft2/d, caused principally by secondary permeability. Analysis of data collected from packer-injection tests in a test hole located on a ridge indicate relatively large hydraulic conductivities ranging from 2x10(sup -2) to 1x10(sup -1) feet per day in upper parts of the test hole, compared to values typical of unfractured rocks in the study area. Fracturing due to stress relief contribute to these large values. Yields from wells located on lineaments are consistently higher than well yields from wells in unfractured rock in the study area, but well yields from wells placed randomly in areas suspected of having stress relief fractures cannot be predicted. 

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri854061","usgsCitation":"Wright, W.G., 1985, Effects of fracturing on well yields in the coalfield areas of Wise and Dickenson counties, southwestern Virginia: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 85-4061, v, 21 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri854061.","productDescription":"v, 21 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":411460,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_36241.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":59358,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4061/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":119266,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4061/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Virginia","county":"Dickenson County, Wise County","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -82.162,\n 37.283\n ],\n [\n -82.162,\n 36.85\n ],\n [\n -82.863,\n 36.85\n ],\n [\n -82.863,\n 37.283\n ],\n [\n -82.162,\n 37.283\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a2ee4b07f02db6153a3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wright, W. G.","contributorId":19582,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wright","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203518,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":29840,"text":"wri844352 - 1985 - Water-quality conditions and an evaluation of ground- and surface-water sampling programs in the Livermore-Amador Valley, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-13T21:31:34.004849","indexId":"wri844352","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"84-4352","title":"Water-quality conditions and an evaluation of ground- and surface-water sampling programs in the Livermore-Amador Valley, California","docAbstract":"A program to monitor the ground- and surface water quality in the Livermore-Amador Valley has been operated since 1976. As of 1982, this monitoring network consisted of approximately 130 wells, about 100 of which were constructed specifically for this program, and 9 surface water stations. Increased demand on the groundwater for municipal and industrial water supply in the past has caused a decline in water levels and a gradual buildup of salts from natural surface-water recharge and land disposal of treated wastewater from waste treatment plants. Results of this study identify the salt buildup to be the major problem with the groundwater quality. Established water quality objectives for dissolved solids are exceeded in 52 of 130 wells. Concentrations of dissolved nitrate are also in excess of basin objectives and health standards. Water quality in both surface and groundwater is highly variable areally. Magnesium to calcium magnesium bicarbonate groundwater are found in the areas where most of the high volume municipal wells are located. Large areas of sodium bicarbonate water occur in the northern part of the valley. Except for two stations on Arroyo Las Positas which has sodium chloride water, surface water is mixed-cation bicarbonate water. (USGS)","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri844352","usgsCitation":"Sorenson, S.K., Cascos, P.V., and Glass, R.L., 1985, Water-quality conditions and an evaluation of ground- and surface-water sampling programs in the Livermore-Amador Valley, California: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 84-4352, Report: v, 34 p.; 9 Plates: 29.00 × 17.86 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri844352.","productDescription":"Report: v, 34 p.; 9 Plates: 29.00 × 17.86 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":58646,"rank":408,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4352/plate-9.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":58645,"rank":407,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4352/plate-8.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":58644,"rank":406,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4352/plate-7.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":392830,"rank":12,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_36185.htm"},{"id":58641,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4352/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":58640,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4352/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":58639,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4352/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":58638,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4352/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":58647,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4352/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":58643,"rank":405,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4352/plate-6.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":58642,"rank":404,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4352/plate-5.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":119464,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4352/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Livermore - Amador Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122,\n 37.611\n ],\n [\n -121.625,\n 37.611\n ],\n [\n -121.625,\n 37.75\n ],\n [\n -122,\n 37.75\n ],\n [\n -122,\n 37.611\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e5e4b07f02db5e68cb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sorenson, S. K.","contributorId":28268,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sorenson","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202221,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cascos, P. V.","contributorId":58312,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cascos","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202222,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Glass, R. L.","contributorId":80279,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Glass","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202223,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":28879,"text":"wri854197 - 1985 - Evaluation of the effects of coal-mine reclamation on water quality in Big Four Hollow near Lake Hope, southeastern Ohio","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:53","indexId":"wri854197","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"85-4197","title":"Evaluation of the effects of coal-mine reclamation on water quality in Big Four Hollow near Lake Hope, southeastern Ohio","docAbstract":"A subsurface clay dike and mine-entrance hydraulic seals were constructed from July 1979 through May 1980 by the Ohio Department if Natural Resources, Division of Reclamation to reduce acidic mine drainage from abandoned drift-mine complex 88 into Big Four Hollow Creek. Big Four Hollow Creek flows into Sandy Run--the major tributary to Lake Hope. A data-collection program was established in 1979 by the U.S. Geological Survey to evaluate effects of drift-mine sealing on surface-water systems of the Big Four Hollow Creek and Sandy Run area just below the mine.\r\n\r\nData collected by private consultants from 1970 through 1971 near the mouth of Big Four Hollow Creek (U.S. Geological Survey station 03201700) show that pH ranged from 2.7 to 4.8, with a median of 3.1. The calculated iron load was 50 pounds per day.\r\n\r\nData collecetd near the mouth of Big Four Hollow Creek (station 03201700) from 1971 through 1979 (before dike construction) show the daily pH ranged from 2.1 to 6.7; the median was 3.6. The daily specific conduction ranged from 72 to 3,500 microsiements per centimeter at 25? Celsius and averaged 770. The estimated loads of chemical constituents were: Sulfate, 1,100 pounds per day: iron, 54 pounds per day: and manganese, 12 pounds per day.\r\n\r\nAll postconstruction data collected at station 03201700 through the end of the project, May 1980 through June 30, 1983, show that the daily pH ranged from 2.4 to 7.7, with a median of 3.7. Daily specific conductance ranged from 87 to 3,200 microsiemens per centimeter and averaged 1,200. The estimated loads of chemical constituents for this period were: Sulfate, 1,000 pounds per day: iron, 44 pounds per day: and manganese, 16 pounds per day.\r\n\r\nStandard nonparametric statistical tests were performed on the data collected before and after reclamation. Differences at the 95-percent confidence level were found in the before- and after-reclamation data sets for specific conductance, aluminum, and manganese at station 03201700. Data collected during the first 6 months after reclamation indicated moderate improvement in water quality only because no highly mineralized water was leaking from the closed mine. Later, perhaps in Sepember 1980 increased hydraulic head behind the clay dike caused the mine water to seep out and degrade the stream-water quality.\r\n\r\nIn order to investigate leakages, dye was injected into two wells that penetrated the closed mine complex 88. One injection revealed that the dye moved to a discharge point at a nearby mine entrance known to be connected to complex 88. No discharge of dye was detected as a result of dye injection into the other well during the project.\r\n\r\nAcidic mine water continues to seep from the closed mine complex 88. A definitive evaluation of the effects of reclamation on the area's water quality cannot be made until the hydrologic system stabilizes.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri854197","usgsCitation":"Nichols, V., 1985, Evaluation of the effects of coal-mine reclamation on water quality in Big Four Hollow near Lake Hope, southeastern Ohio: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 85-4197, vi, 215 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri854197.","productDescription":"vi, 215 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123882,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4197/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57754,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4197/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a08e4b07f02db5fa447","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nichols, V.E.","contributorId":97930,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"V.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200551,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":28869,"text":"wri844293 - 1985 - Water-surface elevations for the high tide of December 15, 1977, in the Puget Sound region, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:52","indexId":"wri844293","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"84-4293","title":"Water-surface elevations for the high tide of December 15, 1977, in the Puget Sound region, Washington","docAbstract":"An unusually high oceanic tide on December 15, 1977, caused flooding of lowlying, nearshore parts of western Washington, including several areas in the Puget Sound region. At Seattle, the December 15 high tide of 14.8 feet above MLLW (mean lower low water datum; 8.55 feet above the National Geodetic Vertical Daltum of 1929, or NGVD) was 0.1 foot higher than the 100-year high tide. At Neah Bay, near the western end of the Straits of Juan de Fuca, however, the high tide of 8.77 feet MLLW (4.55 feet NGVD) on that date was 3.2 feet lower than the 100-year high tide. This study has identified the observed December 15 high-tide elevations at many locations in the Puget Sound region. The observed high tide then was much higher than predicted in most of the Puget Sound region, primarily as the result of a very low barametric pressure. Little damage from wind waves was reported. Elevation profiles for the predicted and observed high tides on December 15 and for several other selected tide levels indicate an increase in the maximum height in the inland direction, except near Port Angeles, and show abrupt changes in tidal elevations at three constrictions - Admiralty Inlet, Tacoma Narrows, and Deception Pass. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri844293","usgsCitation":"Nelson, L.M., 1985, Water-surface elevations for the high tide of December 15, 1977, in the Puget Sound region, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 84-4293, iii, 15 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri844293.","productDescription":"iii, 15 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123887,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4293/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57747,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4293/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a07e4b07f02db5f9a00","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nelson, L. M.","contributorId":39773,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200530,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":29123,"text":"wri854022 - 1985 - Availability and quality of water from the bedrock aquifers in the Rapid City area, South Dakota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:53","indexId":"wri854022","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"85-4022","title":"Availability and quality of water from the bedrock aquifers in the Rapid City area, South Dakota","docAbstract":"An evaluation made in cooperation with the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation of the availability and quality of water from the bedrock aquifers in the Rapid City area, South Dakota, concluded that Madison aquifer has the greatest potential for additional development of the three major aquifers investigated (the Inyan Kara, the Minnelusa, and the Madison). Ground-water availability and quality were evaluated on the basis of unit thickness and depth, potentiometric-surface altitudes and gradients, estimated recharge and discharge rates, estimated aquifer transmissivities and storage coefficients, reported yields of existing wells, and concentrations of ions in the water that may affect its use as a community supply. The Inyan Kara aquifer has the least potential for additional development because of reported small well yields , the proximity of the outcrop, and concentration of radium-226 exceeding 5 picocuries per liter. The Minnelusa aquifer is unsuitable for development in the eastern two-thirds of the study area because the concentrations of dissolved solids and sulfate commonly exceed the recommended maximum level for community water supplies. The Madison aquifer has the greatest potential for additional development because it has the greatest recharge rate, has areas with significant fracture permeability, yields as much as 500 gallons per minute to wells, and has satisifactory water quality, though it is hard (hardness 120 to 180 milligrams per liter) to very hard (hardness greater than 180 milligrams per liter). (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri854022","usgsCitation":"Peter, K.D., 1985, Availability and quality of water from the bedrock aquifers in the Rapid City area, South Dakota: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 85-4022, iv, 34 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri854022.","productDescription":"iv, 34 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123432,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4022/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57993,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4022/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a92e4b07f02db657456","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Peter, K. D.","contributorId":94319,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peter","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200983,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":30008,"text":"wri854198 - 1985 - Geohydrology of the High Plains Aquifer, western Kansas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:03","indexId":"wri854198","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"85-4198","title":"Geohydrology of the High Plains Aquifer, western Kansas","docAbstract":"The High Plains aquifer underlies 174,050 sq mi of eight states (Colorado, Kansas, Nebraska, New Mexico, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Texas, and Wyoming) and contains approximately 3.3 billion acre-ft of water in storage. Saturated thicknesses within the aquifer are as great as 600 ft near the southern border of southwest Kansas. The aquifer is replenished primarily by infiltration from precipitation. Average precipitation at the Garden City Experiment Station is 18.93 in/yr. Groundwater flow is generally from west to east under unconfined conditions. Hydraulic connection with subcropping consolidated aquifers allows ground water to flow vertically in minor quantities. The aquifer is depleted primarily by irrigation. Hydraulic conductivity estimates from 1,612 lithologic logs had an average value of 75 ft/day, with a standard deviation of 35 ft/day. Specific yields estimated from the same lithologic logs had a mean of 0.17 and a standard deviation of 0.047. Water from the High Plains aquifer in Kansas generally is suitable for human and animal consumption and irrigation of crops. Typically, it is a calcium bicarbonate type water, with concentrations of total dissolved solids ranging from 250 to 500 mg/L. The quality of water in the aquifer deteriorates toward the east due to mixing with recharge water containing dissolved minerals leached from the overlying soil and unsaturated zones and mineralized water from adjacent bedrock units. The simulated water budget for the steady state model of predevelopment (pre-1950) conditions in the High Plains aquifer in northwest Kansas showed that annual recharge to the aquifer from infiltration of precipitation was 87,000 acre-ft/yr and from boundary inflow, 21,000 acre-ft/yr. Annual discharge from the aquifer was 108,000 acre-ft/yr, including 81,000 acre-ft/yr from leakage to streams, 23,000 acre-ft from outflow at the boundaries of the aquifer, and 4,000 acre-ft from municipal and industrial pumpage. (Lantz-PTT)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey, Water Resources Division,","doi":"10.3133/wri854198","usgsCitation":"Stullken, L., Watts, K.R., and Lindgren, R.J., 1985, Geohydrology of the High Plains Aquifer, western Kansas: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 85-4198, vi, 86 p. :ill., maps (1 col.) ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri854198.","productDescription":"vi, 86 p. :ill., maps (1 col.) ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123983,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4198/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58812,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4198/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":58813,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4198/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a895c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stullken, L.E.","contributorId":59049,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stullken","given":"L.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202521,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Watts, Kenneth R.","contributorId":43783,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Watts","given":"Kenneth","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202520,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lindgren, R. J.","contributorId":70808,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lindgren","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202522,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":29310,"text":"wri854335 - 1985 - A computer program for analyzing channel geometry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:51","indexId":"wri854335","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"85-4335","title":"A computer program for analyzing channel geometry","docAbstract":"The Channel Geometry Analysis Program (CGAP) provides the capability to process, analyze, and format cross-sectional data for input to flow/transport simulation models or other computational programs. CGAP allows for a variety of cross-sectional data input formats through use of variable format specification. The program accepts data from various computer media and provides for modification of machine-stored parameter values. CGAP has been devised to provide a rapid and efficient means of computing and analyzing the physical properties of an open-channel reach defined by a sequence of cross sections. CGAP 's 16 options provide a wide range of methods by which to analyze and depict a channel reach and its individual cross-sectional properties. The primary function of the program is to compute the area, width, wetted perimeter, and hydraulic radius of cross sections at successive increments of water surface elevation (stage) from data that consist of coordinate pairs of cross-channel distances and land surface or channel bottom elevations. Longitudinal rates-of-change of cross-sectional properties are also computed, as are the mean properties of a channel reach. Output products include tabular lists of cross-sectional area, channel width, wetted perimeter, hydraulic radius, average depth, and cross-sectional symmetry computed as functions of stage; plots of cross sections; plots of cross-sectional area and (or) channel width as functions of stage; tabular lists of cross-sectional area and channel width computed as functions of stage for subdivisions of a cross section; plots of cross sections in isometric projection; and plots of cross-sectional area at a fixed stage as a function of longitudinal distance along an open-channel reach. A Command Procedure Language program and Job Control Language procedure exist to facilitate program execution on the U.S. Geological Survey Prime and Amdahl computer systems respectively. (Lantz-PTT)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nOpen-File Services Section, Western Distribution Branch,","doi":"10.3133/wri854335","usgsCitation":"Regan, R., and Schaffranek, R., 1985, A computer program for analyzing channel geometry: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 85-4335, v, 49 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri854335.","productDescription":"v, 49 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123699,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4335/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58155,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4335/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b27e4b07f02db6b0a30","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Regan, R.S.","contributorId":51794,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Regan","given":"R.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201323,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schaffranek, R.W.","contributorId":61468,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schaffranek","given":"R.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201324,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}