{"pageNumber":"4532","pageRowStart":"113275","pageSize":"25","recordCount":184743,"records":[{"id":45898,"text":"ofr89633 - 1989 - Oblique map of the north half of the Loma Prieta, California, earthquake rupture zone and environs","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:59","indexId":"ofr89633","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"89-633","title":"Oblique map of the north half of the Loma Prieta, California, earthquake rupture zone and environs","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr89633","usgsCitation":"Alpha, T.R., Lahr, J., and Page, R.A., 1989, Oblique map of the north half of the Loma Prieta, California, earthquake rupture zone and environs: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 89-633, 1 map :photocopy ;sheet 80 x 61 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr89633.","productDescription":"1 map :photocopy ;sheet 80 x 61 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":135698,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":82910,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1989/0633/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afce4b07f02db69657e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Alpha, Tau Rho","contributorId":63371,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alpha","given":"Tau","email":"","middleInitial":"Rho","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":232251,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lahr, J.C.","contributorId":34892,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lahr","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":232250,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Page, Robert A.","contributorId":17207,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Page","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":232249,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":4404,"text":"cir1027 - 1989 - Strong-Motion Program report, January-December 1985","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-22T19:37:55","indexId":"cir1027","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1027","title":"Strong-Motion Program report, January-December 1985","docAbstract":"<p>This Program Report contains preliminary information on the nature and availability of strong-motion data recorded by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). The Strong-Motion Program is operated by the USGS in cooperation with numerous Federal, State, and local agencies and private organizations. Major objective of this program are to record both strong ground motion and the response of various types of engineered structures during earthquakes, and to disseminate this information and data to the international earthquake-engineering research and design community.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>This volume contains a summary of the accelerograms recovered from the USGS National Strong-Motion Instrumentation Network during 1985, summaries of recent strong-motion publications, notes on the availability of digitized data, and general information related to the USGS and other strong-motion programs. The data summary in table 1 contains information on all USGS accelerograms recovered (though not necessarily recorded) during 1985; event data are taken from \"Preliminary Determination of Epicenters,\" published by the USGS.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/cir1027","usgsCitation":"1989, Strong-Motion Program report, January-December 1985: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1027, v, 18 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir1027.","productDescription":"v, 18 p.","numberOfPages":"28","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":283957,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/cir1027.jpg"},{"id":285319,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1027/report.pdf"}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -180.0,-90.0 ], [ -180.0,90.0 ], [ 180.0,90.0 ], [ 180.0,-90.0 ], [ -180.0,-90.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b15e4b07f02db6a4bdb","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Porcella, R. L.","contributorId":102869,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Porcella","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":749322,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":28446,"text":"wri894022 - 1989 - Inorganic and organic ground-water chemistry in the Canal Creek area of Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:52","indexId":"wri894022","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"89-4022","title":"Inorganic and organic ground-water chemistry in the Canal Creek area of Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland","docAbstract":"Groundwater chemical data were collected from November 1986 through April 1987 in the first phase of a 5-year study to assess the possibility of groundwater contamination in the Canal Creek area of Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland. Water samples were collected from 87 observation wells screened in Coastal Plain sediments; 59 samples were collected from the Canal Creek aquifer, 18 from the overlying surficial aquifer, and 10 from the lower confined aquifer. Dissolved solids, chloride, iron, manganese, fluoride, mercury, and chromium are present in concentrations that exceed the Federal maximum contaminant levels for drinking water. Elevated chloride and dissolved-solids concentrations appear to be related from contaminant plumes but also could result from brackish-water intrusion. Excessive concentrations of iron and manganese were the most extensive water quality problems found among the inorganic constituents and are derived from natural dissolution of minerals and oxide coatings in the aquifer sediments. Volatile organic compounds are present in the Canal Creek and surficial aquifers, but samples from the lower confined aquifer do not show any evidence of contamination by inorganic or organic chemicals. The volatile organic contaminants detected in the groundwater and their maximum concentrations (in micrograms/L) include 1,1,2,2- tetrachloroethane (9,000); carbon tetrachloride (480); chloroform (460); 1,1,2-trichloroethane (80); 1,2-dichloroethane (990); 1,1-dichloroethane (3.1); tetrachloroethylene (100); trichloroethylene (1,800); 1,2-trans- dichloroethylene (1,200); 1,1-dichloroethylene (4.4); vinyl chloride (140); benzene (70); and chlorobenzene (39). On the basis of information on past activities in the study area, some sources of the volatile organic compounds include: (1) decontaminants and degreasers; (2) clothing-impregnating operations; (3) the manufacture of impregnite material; (4) the manufacture of tear gas; and (5) fuels used in garages and at the air-field. The high density of most of the detected organic compounds in free-product form would have aided their movement into the aquifers by vertical sinking. The outcrop area of the upper confining unit and an area cut by a paleochannel are most susceptible to contamination because a near-surface impermeable layer is not present. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri894022","usgsCitation":"Lorah, M., and Vroblesky, D., 1989, Inorganic and organic ground-water chemistry in the Canal Creek area of Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 89-4022, vii, 97 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri894022.","productDescription":"vii, 97 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123661,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1989/4022/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57246,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1989/4022/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":57247,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1989/4022/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":57248,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1989/4022/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":57249,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1989/4022/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49efe4b07f02db5ede2d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lorah, M.M.","contributorId":29002,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lorah","given":"M.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199812,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Vroblesky, D.A.","contributorId":101691,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vroblesky","given":"D.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199813,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":31351,"text":"ofr89287 - 1989 - Uranium, potassium, and thorium contour maps derived from a helicopter gamma-ray spectrometer survey of the Getchell Trend, Humboldt County, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:01","indexId":"ofr89287","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"89-287","title":"Uranium, potassium, and thorium contour maps derived from a helicopter gamma-ray spectrometer survey of the Getchell Trend, Humboldt County, Nevada","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr89287","usgsCitation":"Prepared by TerraSense, I.W., and Hill, P.L., 1989, Uranium, potassium, and thorium contour maps derived from a helicopter gamma-ray spectrometer survey of the Getchell Trend, Humboldt County, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 89-287, 5 p.  ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr89287.","productDescription":"5 p.  ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":159996,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1989/0287/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":59755,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1989/0287/plate-01.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":59756,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1989/0287/plate-02.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":59757,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1989/0287/plate-03.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":59758,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1989/0287/plate-04.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":59759,"rank":404,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1989/0287/plate-05.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":59760,"rank":405,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1989/0287/plate-06.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":59761,"rank":406,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1989/0287/plate-07.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":59762,"rank":407,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1989/0287/plate-08.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":59763,"rank":408,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1989/0287/plate-09.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":59764,"rank":409,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1989/0287/plate-10.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":59765,"rank":410,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1989/0287/plate-11.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":59766,"rank":411,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1989/0287/plate-12.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":59767,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1989/0287/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a18e4b07f02db605379","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Prepared by TerraSense, Inc. with an introduction by Pitkin with an introduction by Pitkin, J. A.","contributorId":108154,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prepared by TerraSense","given":"Inc.","suffix":"with an introduction by Pitkin, J. A.","email":"","middleInitial":"with an introduction by Pitkin","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":205755,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hill, P. L.","contributorId":30201,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hill","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":205754,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":60722,"text":"mf2108 - 1989 - Maps showing characteristics of the Escollo de Arenas sand and gravel deposit, Vieques Island, Puerto Rico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:10:34","indexId":"mf2108","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":325,"text":"Miscellaneous Field Studies Map","code":"MF","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2108","title":"Maps showing characteristics of the Escollo de Arenas sand and gravel deposit, Vieques Island, Puerto Rico","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/mf2108","usgsCitation":"Rodriguez, R.W., and Trias, J.L., 1989, Maps showing characteristics of the Escollo de Arenas sand and gravel deposit, Vieques Island, Puerto Rico: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map 2108, 9 maps on 2 sheets ;60 x 60 cm. and smaller, sheets 101 x 128 cm. and 81 x 131 cm., folded in envelope 30 x 24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/mf2108.","productDescription":"9 maps on 2 sheets ;60 x 60 cm. and smaller, sheets 101 x 128 cm. and 81 x 131 cm., folded in envelope 30 x 24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":105241,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_5708.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"5708"},{"id":180403,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"0","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -65.61666666666666,18.133333333333333 ], [ -65.61666666666666,18.166666666666668 ], [ -65.58333333333333,18.166666666666668 ], [ -65.58333333333333,18.133333333333333 ], [ -65.61666666666666,18.133333333333333 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a17e4b07f02db6048a4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rodriguez, R. W.","contributorId":61054,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rodriguez","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":264293,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Trias, Juan L.","contributorId":25186,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trias","given":"Juan","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":264292,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":57462,"text":"wdrMT881 - 1989 - Water resources data for Montana, water year 1988","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-08-21T17:31:00.359094","indexId":"wdrMT881","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"MT-88-1","title":"Water resources data for Montana, water year 1988","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wdrMT881","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1989, Water resources data for Montana, water year 1988: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report MT-88-1, xi, 511 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrMT881.","productDescription":"xi, 511 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,{"id":26323,"text":"wri894094 - 1989 - Contrasts of vegetation, soils, microclimates, and geomorphic processes between north- and south-facing slopes on Green Mountain near Denver, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-08-20T12:25:19","indexId":"wri894094","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"89-4094","title":"Contrasts of vegetation, soils, microclimates, and geomorphic processes between north- and south-facing slopes on Green Mountain near Denver, Colorado","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri894094","usgsCitation":"Branson, F.A., and Shown, L.M., 1989, Contrasts of vegetation, soils, microclimates, and geomorphic processes between north- and south-facing slopes on Green Mountain near Denver, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 89-4094, v, 18 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/wri894094.","productDescription":"v, 18 p. ","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":157654,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1989/4094/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":366724,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1989/4094/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","city":"Denver","otherGeospatial":"Green Mountain","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -105.19203186035155,\n              39.678126804900295\n            ],\n            [\n              -105.14911651611328,\n              39.678126804900295\n            ],\n            [\n              -105.14911651611328,\n              39.71537404178252\n            ],\n            [\n              -105.19203186035155,\n              39.71537404178252\n            ],\n            [\n              -105.19203186035155,\n              39.678126804900295\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b01e4b07f02db69859c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Branson, Farrel Allen","contributorId":53823,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Branson","given":"Farrel","email":"","middleInitial":"Allen","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196180,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Shown, Lynn M.","contributorId":7326,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shown","given":"Lynn","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196179,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":25486,"text":"wri874194 - 1989 - Estimation of flood-frequency characteristics and the effects of urbanization for streams in the Philadelphia, Pennsylvania area","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-07-06T10:16:20","indexId":"wri874194","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"87-4194","title":"Estimation of flood-frequency characteristics and the effects of urbanization for streams in the Philadelphia, Pennsylvania area","docAbstract":"This report provides a method for estimating the magnitude and frequency of floods for small streams in the Philadelphia, Pennsylvania area. Data collected at 21 streamflow gaging stations were used in a multiple-regression analysis to develop equations for computation of peak-flow characteristics. The flood equations were determined by relating flood-frequency characteristics computed using observed flow data from 13 stations and synthetically derived flow data from 8 stations to measurable basin characteristics. Significant characteristics in the equations are drainage area and impervious cover. Standard errors of estimate for the regression equations ranged from 38 to 43 percent. The equations can be used to determine peak-flow characteristics and to estimate the effect of urbanization on small streams with drainage areas from 1.1 to 64 square miles. The analyses indicate that increasing impervious area can significaantly increase peak flows. Examples are given for computing flood frequency for a site on an ungaged stream for an ungaged site on a gaged stream.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri874194","usgsCitation":"Bailey, J., Thomas, W., Wetzel, K.L., and Ross, T., 1989, Estimation of flood-frequency characteristics and the effects of urbanization for streams in the Philadelphia, Pennsylvania area: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 87-4194, v, 71 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri874194.","productDescription":"v, 71 p.","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":121108,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4194/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54208,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4194/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ae4b07f02db5fb4d2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bailey, J.F.","contributorId":57889,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bailey","given":"J.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193890,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thomas, W.O. Jr.","contributorId":32133,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomas","given":"W.O.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193889,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wetzel, K. L.","contributorId":14418,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wetzel","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193888,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ross, T.J.","contributorId":82736,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ross","given":"T.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193891,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":27552,"text":"wri894096 - 1989 - Assessment of hydrologic and hydrogeologic data at Camp Lejeune Marine Corps Base, North Carolina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-25T10:15:01","indexId":"wri894096","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"89-4096","title":"Assessment of hydrologic and hydrogeologic data at Camp Lejeune Marine Corps Base, North Carolina","docAbstract":"        The Camp Lejeune Marine Corps Base occupies 164 square miles in the Coastal Plain of North Carolina, including 30 square miles of the New River estuary that bisects the Base.  As much as 1,500 feet of unconsolidated or partly consolidated sand, limestone, silt, and clay beds that contain seven aquifers separated by six confining units underlie the Base.  Freshwater is present in aquifers to a depth of about 300 feet in the area and is the principal water-supply source for the Base.\r\n\tGround-water withdrawn for the military and civilian population of about 68,000 at the Base increased from about 4 million gallons per day in 1941 to more than 7 million gallons per day in 1986.  In the last decade, water demand has not increased substantially; however, certain wells have been discontinued, and new wells have been drilled in different locations.\r\n        Well-acceptance tests indicate an average specific capacity of 6.3 gallons per minute per foot of drawdown for 33 wells finished in the Castle Hayne aquifer.  Estimates of transmissivity based on estimated specific capacities that were adjusted to represent full aquifer penetration, ranged from 4,300 to 24,500 feet squared per day and had an average of 10,200 feet squared per day; the average estimated hydraulic conductivity is 35 feet per day.\r\n\tRecords for more than 160 wells indicate that the average water-supply well at the Base has a depth of 162 feet, a casing diameter of 8 inches, about 37 feet of well screen, and a yield of 174 gallons per minute.  Ground-water level naturally fluctuates as much as 4 feet seasonally, but effects of pumping on water-level fluctuations are much greater, depending on the rate of pumping and proximity to production wells.  Natural ground-water discharge from the Castle Hayne aquifer is to the New River and the Atlantic Ocean.\r\n\tThe hydraulic gradient in the Castle Hayne aquifer is 5 to 15 feet per mile in areas unaffected by pumping and is as much as 200 feet per mile within major pumping centers.  Estimated velocities of ground-water movement range from 0.06 to 16 feet per day.\r\n\tThe specific conductance of water in wells ranged from 251 to 1,213 microsiemens per centimeter.  Wells that contained water with specific conductance values greater than 800 microsiemens per centimeter are suspected of being affected by saltwater.\r\n\tFreshwater bearing deposits consist of two aquifers: the surficial aquifer and Castle Hayne aquifer.  Clay beds within the Castle Hayne aquifer are less than 30 feet thick, are discontinuous, and comprise between 15 and 24 percent of the aquifer.\r\n\tAdditional test holes are needed to fully describe the hydrogeologic framework in the central and southwestern parts of the study area.  Observation wells are needed in the beach areas of the Base and near the Air Station.\r\n","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri894096","usgsCitation":"Harned, D., Lloyd, O.B., and Treece, M., 1989, Assessment of hydrologic and hydrogeologic data at Camp Lejeune Marine Corps Base, North Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 89-4096, v, 64 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri894096.","productDescription":"v, 64 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":56407,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1989/4096/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":119856,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1989/4096/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56408,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1989/4096/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":56409,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1989/4096/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":56410,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1989/4096/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"North Carolina","otherGeospatial":"Camp Lejeune Marine Corps Base, Coastal Plain","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -77.82440185546875,\n              34.439760996804985\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.82440185546875,\n              34.858890491257796\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.97708129882811,\n              34.858890491257796\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.97708129882811,\n              34.439760996804985\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.82440185546875,\n              34.439760996804985\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abae4b07f02db671f5e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harned, Douglas","contributorId":11195,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harned","given":"Douglas","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198308,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lloyd, O. B. Jr.","contributorId":97932,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lloyd","given":"O.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198310,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Treece, M.W. Jr.","contributorId":60255,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Treece","given":"M.W.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198309,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":25494,"text":"wri894146 - 1989 - Evaluation of field sampling and preservation methods for strontium-90 in ground water at the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:14","indexId":"wri894146","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"89-4146","title":"Evaluation of field sampling and preservation methods for strontium-90 in ground water at the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, Idaho","docAbstract":"Water from four wells completed in the Snake River Plain aquifer was sampled as part of the U.S. Geological Survey 's quality assurance program to evaluate the effect of filtration and preservation methods on strontium-90 concentrations in groundwater at the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory. Water from each well was filtered through either a 0.45-micrometer membrane or a 0.1-micrometer membrane filter; unfiltered samples also were collected. Two sets of filtered and two sets of unfiltered samples was preserved in the field with reagent-grade hydrochloric acid and the other set of samples was not acidified. For water from wells with strontium-90 concentrations at or above the reporting level, 94% or more of the strontium-90 is in true solution or in colloidal particles smaller than 0.1 micrometer. These results suggest that within-laboratory reproducibility for strontium-90 in groundwater at the INEL is not significantly affected by changes in filtration and preservation methods used for sample collections. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri894146","usgsCitation":"Cecil, L., Knobel, L., Wegner, S., and Moore, L., 1989, Evaluation of field sampling and preservation methods for strontium-90 in ground water at the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, Idaho: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 89-4146, iv, 24 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri894146.","productDescription":"iv, 24 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":118888,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1989/4146/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54216,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1989/4146/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a09e4b07f02db5faddd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cecil, L.D.","contributorId":62616,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cecil","given":"L.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193923,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Knobel, L.L.","contributorId":83115,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knobel","given":"L.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193924,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wegner, S.J.","contributorId":36950,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wegner","given":"S.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193922,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Moore, L.L.","contributorId":108145,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"L.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193925,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":16073,"text":"ofr89159 - 1989 - Southeast Friends of the Pleistocene, 2nd annual field conference; Cenozoic geology and geomorphology of southern New Jersey coastal plain, November 11 - 13, 1988","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:13","indexId":"ofr89159","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"89-159","title":"Southeast Friends of the Pleistocene, 2nd annual field conference; Cenozoic geology and geomorphology of southern New Jersey coastal plain, November 11 - 13, 1988","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr89159","usgsCitation":"Newell, W., Wyckoff, J., Owens, J.P., and Farnsworth, J., 1989, Southeast Friends of the Pleistocene, 2nd annual field conference; Cenozoic geology and geomorphology of southern New Jersey coastal plain, November 11 - 13, 1988: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 89-159, iii, 51 p. ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr89159.","productDescription":"iii, 51 p. ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":149131,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1989/0159/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":45001,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1989/0159/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e6e4b07f02db5e73ed","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Newell, Wayne L.","contributorId":48538,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Newell","given":"Wayne L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":172192,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wyckoff, J.S.","contributorId":66542,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wyckoff","given":"J.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":172194,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Owens, J. P.","contributorId":50946,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Owens","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":172193,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Farnsworth, John","contributorId":30092,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Farnsworth","given":"John","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":172191,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":25607,"text":"wri884235 - 1989 - Hydrology of the Goat Lake watershed, Snohomish County, Washington, 1982-87","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:24","indexId":"wri884235","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"88-4235","title":"Hydrology of the Goat Lake watershed, Snohomish County, Washington, 1982-87","docAbstract":"The Goat Lake watershed in Snohomish County, Washington, functions as an '  experimental watershed ' for long-term studies to determine the effects of acidic precipitation on water resources. Data have been collected there by the U.S. Geological Survey since 1982. The watershed is in a wilderness area of the Cascade Range and is downwind of an industrial and urban area that produces chemical compounds found in acidic precipitation.  The lake is considered sensitive to acidic inputs from atmospheric deposition and streamflow. The mean annual discharge of the Goat Lake outflow is 35 cu ft/sec; precipitation on the watershed is calculated to be about 170 in/yr. The inflow to Goat Lake is sufficient to replace the entire contents of the lake basin on an average every 21.5 days, or 17 times/year. Water in Goat Lake, and that of the inlet and outlet, is of low ionic strength and of calcium-bicarbonate type. The lake, although considered oligotrophic, is sufficiently deep to stratify thermally, and summer dissolved-oxygen concentrations in the hypolimnion are depressed. Even though alkalinity and specific conductance at Goat Lake are in the range considered sensitive to acidic inputs , the pH of water in the lake has consistently ranged from 6.1 to 7.2, indicating that the lake is not acidified at this time. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri884235","usgsCitation":"Dion, N.P., Ebbert, J., Poole, J., and Peck, B., 1989, Hydrology of the Goat Lake watershed, Snohomish County, Washington, 1982-87: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 88-4235, iv, 44 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri884235.","productDescription":"iv, 44 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":122974,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4235/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54351,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4235/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acbe4b07f02db67e3a4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dion, N. P.","contributorId":33302,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dion","given":"N.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194385,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ebbert, J.C.","contributorId":57451,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ebbert","given":"J.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194387,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Poole, J.E.","contributorId":70764,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poole","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194388,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Peck, B.S.","contributorId":46128,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peck","given":"B.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194386,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":25624,"text":"wri884072 - 1989 - Low-flow characteristics of streams in West Virginia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-20T20:56:58.219486","indexId":"wri884072","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"88-4072","title":"Low-flow characteristics of streams in West Virginia","docAbstract":"<p>Low-flow characteristics of selected streams in West Virginia were determined at continuous-record and partial-record sites. Daily discharges at 100 continuous-record gaging stations on unregulated streams were used to compute selected low-flow frequency values. Estimates of low-flow frequency values at 296 partial-record sites (ones having only discharge measurements) were made using the relation defined by concurrent flows with a continuous-record station. Low-flow characteristics at continuous-record stations were related to drainage area and a variability index to produce equations which can be used to estimate low-flow characteristics at ungaged sites in West Virginia. The State was divided into two hydrologic regions. Drainage area and a streamflow-variability index were determined to be the most significant. The streamflow variability index was computed from duration curves and was used to account for the integrated effects of geology and other hydrologic characteristics. The standard error of estimate for the 7-day low flow with a 2-year recurrence interval is 43% for Region 1 and 57% for Region 2. The standard error of estimate for the 7-day low flow with a 10-year recurrence interval is 82% for Region 1 and 83% for Region 2.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri884072","usgsCitation":"Friel, E., Embree, W., Jack, A.R., and Atkins, J.T., 1989, Low-flow characteristics of streams in West Virginia: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 88-4072, Report: iv, 34 p.; 2 Plates: 18.32 × 16.40 inches and 18.38 × 16.57 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri884072.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 34 p.; 2 Plates: 18.32 × 16.40 inches and 18.38 × 16.57 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":54369,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4072/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":394616,"rank":5,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index 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R.","contributorId":48597,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jack","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194456,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Atkins, J. T. Jr.","contributorId":29474,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Atkins","given":"J.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194455,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":25130,"text":"cir930H - 1989 - International strategic minerals inventory summary report; natural graphite","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:16","indexId":"cir930H","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"930","chapter":"H","title":"International strategic minerals inventory summary report; natural graphite","docAbstract":"Natural graphite is a crystalline mineral of pure carbon which normally occurs in the form of platelet-shaped crystals. It has important properties, such as chemical inertness, low thermal expansion, and lubricity, that make it almost irreplaceable for certain uses such as refractories and steelmaking. Graphite ore types are crystalline (flake and lump} or 'amorphous' (cryptocrystalline}. Refractory applications use the largest total amount of natural graphite, while the most important use of crystalline graphite is in crucibles for handling molten metals. All graphite deposits being mined today are found in the following metamorphic environments: (1) contact metamorphosed coal generally is a source of amorphous graphite; (2)disseminated crystalline flake graphite comes from syngenetic metasediments; and (3) crystalline lump graphite is found in epigenetic veins in high-grade metamorphic regions. Graphite may also occur as a trace mineral in ultrabasic rocks and pegmatites, but these are economically insignificant. The world's identified economically exploitable resources of crystalline graphite in major deposits are estimated to be about 9.7 million metric tons of concentrate. In-place resources of amorphous graphite are about 11.5 million metric tons. Of these, less than 2 percent of the crystalline ore and less than 1 percent of the amorphous ore are in western industrial countries. World mining production of natural graphite rose from 347,000 metric tons in 1973 to 659,000 metric tons in 1986, while the proportion produced by central economy countries increased from about 50 percent for the period from 1973 to 1978 to more than 64 percent in 1979 to 1986. It is estimated that crystalline flake graphite accounts for at least 180,000 metric tons of total annual world mining production of natural graphite, and amorphous graphite makes up the rest.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/cir930H","usgsCitation":"Krauss, U., Schmidt, H., Taylor, H., and Sutphin, D.M., 1989, International strategic minerals inventory summary report; natural graphite: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 930, v. :ill. ;26 cm.; 29 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir930H.","productDescription":"v. :ill. ;26 cm.; 29 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":124484,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1989/0930h/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54110,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1989/0930h/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48cde4b07f02db544d63","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Krauss, U.H.","contributorId":47404,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krauss","given":"U.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193269,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schmidt, H.W.","contributorId":103710,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmidt","given":"H.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193271,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Taylor, H.A. Jr.","contributorId":100024,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"H.A.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193270,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sutphin, D. M.","contributorId":27424,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sutphin","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193268,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":26231,"text":"wri884211 - 1989 - Relation of ground-water quality to land use in the Philadelphia, Pennsylvania-Camden, New Jersey area","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-29T18:40:14.749232","indexId":"wri884211","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"88-4211","title":"Relation of ground-water quality to land use in the Philadelphia, Pennsylvania-Camden, New Jersey area","docAbstract":"The distributions of common dissolved constituents, trace metals, and volatile organic compounds in ground water near Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and Camden, New Jersey, are influenced by local geology and land use. Many common dissolved constituents are more concentrated in ground water beneath urban and industrial areas than in water beneath suburban and undeveloped and agricultural areas. Industrial and urban land uses commonly are situated in the outcrop of the aquifer where vulnerability of ground water to contamination is increased by the lack of overlying confining strata. Ground water beneath undeveloped and agricultural lands is least affected by trace metal or volatile organic contamination, but differences in water quality as related to other land-use categories are less clear and vary according to the chemical constituent considered.\r\n\r\n      Only about 20 percent of all water samples contained detectable concentrations of trace metals or volatile organic compounds; as a result, determinations of relations between water quality and land use are difficult. Variations in detection limits further complicated data interpretation. The proportion of water samples in which concentrations of constituents were below detection compared to water samples in which concentrations were present in detectable amounts is the most useful statistic in determining relations based on trace-metal or volatile organic-compound data. Iron and Manganese concentrations are elevated in water throughout the Coastal Plain aquifer in Pennsylvania, but the elevated concentrations cannot be adequately explained on the basis of land use alone.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri884211","usgsCitation":"Blickwedel, R.S., and Wood, C.R., 1989, Relation of ground-water quality to land use in the Philadelphia, Pennsylvania-Camden, New Jersey area: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 88-4211, vi, 58 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri884211.","productDescription":"vi, 58 p.","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":405825,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_47110.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":55030,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4211/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":158087,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4211/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Jersey, Pennsylvania","city":"Camden, Philadelphia","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -75.42938232421875,\n              39.70296052957233\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.84161376953125,\n              39.70296052957233\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.84161376953125,\n              40.143189742924406\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.42938232421875,\n              40.143189742924406\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.42938232421875,\n              39.70296052957233\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a1ae4b07f02db606740","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Blickwedel, Ray S.","contributorId":23984,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blickwedel","given":"Ray","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196024,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wood, C. R.","contributorId":100386,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wood","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196025,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":27063,"text":"wri894024 - 1989 - Chemical characteristics, including stable-isotope ratios, of surface water and ground water from selected sources in and near East Fork Armells Creek basin, southeastern Montana, 1985","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:41","indexId":"wri894024","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"89-4024","title":"Chemical characteristics, including stable-isotope ratios, of surface water and ground water from selected sources in and near East Fork Armells Creek basin, southeastern Montana, 1985","docAbstract":"Water samples were collected from 29 sites to provide synoptic chemical data, including stable-isotope ratios, for an area of active surface coal mining and to explore the effectiveness of using the data to chemically distinguish water from different aquifers. Surface-water samples were collected from one spring, four sites on East Armells Creek, one site on Stocker Creek, and two fly-ash ponds. Streamflows in East Fork Armells Creek ranged from no flow in several upstream reaches to 2.11 cu ft/sec downstream from Colstrip, Montana. Only one tributary, Stocker Creek, was observed to contribute surface flow in the study area. Groundwater samples were collected from wells completed in Quaternary alluvium or mine spoils, Rosebud overburden, Rosebud coal bed, McKay coal bed, and sub-McKay deposits of the Tongue River Member, Paleocene Fort Union Formation. Dissolved-solids concentrations, in mg/L, were 840 at the spring, 3,100 to 5,000 in the streams, 13,000 to 22,000 in the ash ponds, and 690 to 4 ,100 in the aquifers. With few exceptions, water from the sampled spring, streams, and wells had similar concentrations of major constituents and trace elements and similar stable-isotope ratios. Water from the fly-ash ponds had larger concentrations of dissolved solids, boron, and manganese and were isotopically more enriched in deuterium and oxygen-18 than water from other sources. Water from individual aquifers could not be distinguished by either ion-composition diagrams or statistical cluster analyses. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri894024","usgsCitation":"Ferreira, R.F., Lambing, J., and Davis, R.E., 1989, Chemical characteristics, including stable-isotope ratios, of surface water and ground water from selected sources in and near East Fork Armells Creek basin, southeastern Montana, 1985: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 89-4024, iv, 32 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri894024.","productDescription":"iv, 32 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123672,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1989/4024/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":55936,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1989/4024/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e0e4b07f02db5e462b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ferreira, R. F.","contributorId":80690,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ferreira","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197493,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lambing, J. H.","contributorId":100860,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lambing","given":"J. H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197494,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Davis, R. E.","contributorId":77153,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197492,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":60923,"text":"mf2071A - 1989 - Geochemical maps showing the distribution and abundance of selected elements in stream-sediment samples, Solomon and Bendeleben 1° x 3° quadrangles, Seward Peninsula, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-11-08T19:16:33.493326","indexId":"mf2071A","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":325,"text":"Miscellaneous Field Studies Map","code":"MF","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2071","chapter":"A","title":"Geochemical maps showing the distribution and abundance of selected elements in stream-sediment samples, Solomon and Bendeleben 1° x 3° quadrangles, Seward Peninsula, Alaska","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/mf2071A","usgsCitation":"Smith, S., King, H.D., and O’Leary, R.M., 1989, Geochemical maps showing the distribution and abundance of selected elements in stream-sediment samples, Solomon and Bendeleben 1° x 3° quadrangles, Seward Peninsula, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map 2071, 14 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/mf2071A.","productDescription":"14 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":179782,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/1989/2071a/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":105223,"rank":700,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_5671.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"5671"},{"id":88901,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/1989/2071a/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"250000","country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Seward PeninsulaSolomon and Bendeleben 1° x 3° quadrangles","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -165,64.25 ], [ -165,66 ], [ -162,66 ], [ -162,64.25 ], [ -165,64.25 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6adf1f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, S.C.","contributorId":16833,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"S.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":264623,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"King, H. D.","contributorId":89113,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"King","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":264625,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"O’Leary, R. M.","contributorId":44894,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Leary","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":264624,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":25742,"text":"wri884089 - 1989 - Reconnaissance study of water and bottom material quality in the lower Calcasieu River, southwestern Louisiana, May 29-30, 1985","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:14","indexId":"wri884089","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"88-4089","title":"Reconnaissance study of water and bottom material quality in the lower Calcasieu River, southwestern Louisiana, May 29-30, 1985","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri884089","usgsCitation":"Demas, C.R., 1989, Reconnaissance study of water and bottom material quality in the lower Calcasieu River, southwestern Louisiana, May 29-30, 1985: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 88-4089, viii, 51 p. :ill. ;27 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri884089.","productDescription":"viii, 51 p. :ill. ;27 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":156716,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4089/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54503,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4089/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a62e4b07f02db6366aa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Demas, C. R.","contributorId":77178,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Demas","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194885,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":25803,"text":"wri894141 - 1989 - Transport and fate of acetone in an outdoor model stream, Stennis Space Center near Bay St Louis, Mississippi","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:34","indexId":"wri894141","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"89-4141","title":"Transport and fate of acetone in an outdoor model stream, Stennis Space Center near Bay St Louis, Mississippi","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey :\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri894141","usgsCitation":"Rathbun, R.E., Shultz, D., Stephens, D.W., and Tai, D.Y., 1989, Transport and fate of acetone in an outdoor model stream, Stennis Space Center near Bay St Louis, Mississippi: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 89-4141, xii, 101 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri894141.","productDescription":"xii, 101 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":158341,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1989/4141/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54546,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1989/4141/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ce4b07f02db626c21","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rathbun, R. E.","contributorId":61796,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rathbun","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195141,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Shultz, D.J.","contributorId":60246,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shultz","given":"D.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195140,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stephens, D. W.","contributorId":68335,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stephens","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195142,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Tai, D. Y.","contributorId":59778,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tai","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"Y.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195139,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":60966,"text":"mf2070 - 1989 - Geologic map of the Palen Pass Quadrangle, Riverside County, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:10:50","indexId":"mf2070","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":325,"text":"Miscellaneous Field Studies Map","code":"MF","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2070","title":"Geologic map of the Palen Pass Quadrangle, Riverside County, California","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/mf2070","usgsCitation":"Stone, P., and Kelly, M.M., 1989, Geologic map of the Palen Pass Quadrangle, Riverside County, California: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map 2070, 1 map ;58 x 48 cm., on sheet 84 x 97 cm., folded in envelope 30 x 24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/mf2070.","productDescription":"1 map ;58 x 48 cm., on sheet 84 x 97 cm., folded in envelope 30 x 24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":102066,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_486.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"486"},{"id":186858,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"0","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -115.11749999999999,33.8675 ], [ -115.11749999999999,34 ], [ -115,34 ], [ -115,33.8675 ], [ -115.11749999999999,33.8675 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4af6e4b07f02db6929bd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stone, Paul 0000-0002-1439-0156 pastone@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1439-0156","contributorId":273,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stone","given":"Paul","email":"pastone@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":264707,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kelly, M. M.","contributorId":86775,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kelly","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":264708,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":2333,"text":"wsp2338 - 1989 - Estimation of the recharge area contributing water to a pumped well in a glacial-drift, river-valley aquifer","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":15073,"text":"ofr86543 - 1987 - Estimation of the recharge area contributing water to a pumped well in a glacial-drift, river-valley aquifer","indexId":"ofr86543","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"title":"Estimation of the recharge area contributing water to a pumped well in a glacial-drift, river-valley aquifer"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":2333,"text":"wsp2338 - 1989 - Estimation of the recharge area contributing water to a pumped well in a glacial-drift, river-valley aquifer","indexId":"wsp2338","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"title":"Estimation of the recharge area contributing water to a pumped well in a glacial-drift, river-valley aquifer"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:22","indexId":"wsp2338","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2338","title":"Estimation of the recharge area contributing water to a pumped well in a glacial-drift, river-valley aquifer","docAbstract":"The highly permeable, unconfined, glacial-drift aquifers that occupy most New England river valleys constitute the principal source of drinking water for many of the communities that obtain part or all of their public water supply from ground water. Recent events have shown that these aquifers are highly susceptible to contamination that results from a number of sources, such as seepage from wastewater lagoons, leaking \r\npetroleum-product storage tanks, and road salting. \r\n\r\nTo protect the quality of water pumped from supply wells in these aquifers, it is necessary to ensure that potentially harmful contaminants do not enter the ground in the area that contributes water to the well. A high degree of protection can be achieved through the application of appropriate land-use controls within the contributing area. However, the contributing areas for most supply wells are not known. \r\n\r\nThis report describes the factors that affect the size and shape of contributing areas to public supply wells and evaluates several methods that may be used to delineate contributing areas of wells in glacial-drift, river-valley aquifers. Analytical, two-dimensional numerical, and three-dimensional numerical models were used to delineate contributing areas. These methods of analysis were compared by applying them to a hypothetical aquifer having the dimensions and geometry of a typical glacial-drift, river-valley aquifer. In the model analyses, factors that control the size and shape of a contributing area were varied over ranges of values common to glacial-drift aquifers in New England. The controlling factors include the rate of well discharge, rate of recharge to the aquifer from precipitation and from adjacent till and bedrock uplands, distance of a pumping well from a stream or other potential source of induced recharge, degree of hydraulic connection of the aquifer with a stream, horizontal hydraulic conductivity of the aquifer, ratio of horizontal to vertical hydraulic conductivity, and degree of well penetration. \r\n\r\nAnalytical methods proved easiest to apply but gave results that are considered to be less accurate than those obtainable by means of numerical-model analysis. Numerical models have the capability to more closely reflect the variable geohydrologic conditions typical of glacial-drift valley aquifers. For average conditions in the hypothetical aquifer, the analytical method predicts a contributing area limited to the well side of the river because a constant-head boundary simulated by image wells is used in the analytical model. For typical glacial-drift, river-valley aquifers, this simulation is unrealistic because drawdowns, caused by a pumping well, and the contributing area of the well can extend beneath and beyond a river or stream. \r\n\r\nA wide range of hydrologic conditions was simulated by using the two-dimensional numerical model. The resulting contributing area for a well pumped at 1.0 million gallons per day--a common pumping rate--ranged from about 0.9 to 1.8 square miles. Model analyses also show that the contributing area of pumped wells may be expected to extend to the opposite side of the river and to include significant areas of till uplands adjacent to the aquifer on both sides of the valley. \r\n\r\nSimulations done with the three-dimensional model allow a full three-dimensional delineation of the zone of contribution for a pumped well. For the relatively thin (100 feet or less) unconfined aquifers considered in this analysis, the three-dimensional model showed that the zone of contribution extended throughout the entire saturated thickness of aquifer; therefore, the two-dimensional simulations were considered adequate for delineating contributing areas in this particular hydrologic setting. For thicker aquifers, especially those having partially penetrating wells, three-dimensional models are preferable. \r\n\r\nValues for several of the factors that affect the size and shape of contributing recharge areas cannot be det","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O. ;\r\nFor sale by the Books and Open-File Reports Section, U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wsp2338","usgsCitation":"Morrissey, D.J., 1989, Estimation of the recharge area contributing water to a pumped well in a glacial-drift, river-valley aquifer: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2338, v, 41 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2338.","productDescription":"v, 41 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":138464,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2338/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":28194,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2338/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ae4b07f02db5fb1f0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Morrissey, Daniel J.","contributorId":89875,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morrissey","given":"Daniel","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145027,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":26053,"text":"wri884033 - 1989 - Hydrologic effects of pumpage from the Denver basin bedrock aquifers of northern El Paso County, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:31","indexId":"wri884033","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"88-4033","title":"Hydrologic effects of pumpage from the Denver basin bedrock aquifers of northern El Paso County, Colorado","docAbstract":"The Denver groundwater basin underlies a 6,700 sq-mi area in eastern Colorado. To assess current conditions of the four bedrock aquifers in the basin, water levels, streamflow gain and loss, and other data were collected. Current aquifer conditions in the southern part of the basin and likely response to various 100-year pumping scenarios were analyzed using a digital finite-difference model. Simulated predevelopment flow through the bedrock aquifers was about 59 cu ft/sec. Water level changes between 1978 and 1985, likely caused by variations in precipitation and in pumping and by lowering of the water table in the overlying Black Squirrel Creek alluvial aquifer, ranged from rises of more than 40 ft to declines of as much as 80 ft. In 1985, pumping from the bedrock aquifers was about 56 cu ft/sec. Simulations indicate that 43% of the pumpage came from a decrease in volume of groundwater in storage; 37% came from induced recharge and captured discharge. The remaining 20% came from a transient high rate of recharge from precipitation. A baseline 100-yr simulation, beginning in 1985, indicated minimal drawdowns for constant pumping at 1985 rates in the southern part of the basin. Other simulations indicated that the pumpage required to supply the needs of the projected population would be accompanied by drawdowns of as much as 1,300 ft and by large decreases in amount of groundwater in storage. Pumpage from a hypothetical well field, located where the aquifers are thickest , and from the aquifers underlying Colorado Springs also was simulated. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri884033","usgsCitation":"Banta, E.R., 1989, Hydrologic effects of pumpage from the Denver basin bedrock aquifers of northern El Paso County, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 88-4033, vi, 84 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri884033.","productDescription":"vi, 84 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":124245,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4033/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54829,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4033/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":54830,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4033/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":54831,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4033/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":54832,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4033/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":54833,"rank":404,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4033/plate-5.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":54834,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4033/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a1be4b07f02db606e8d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Banta, E. R.","contributorId":63038,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Banta","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195720,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":26371,"text":"wri894152 - 1989 - Geology and ground-water resources of the San Carlos Indian Reservation, Gila, Graham, and Pinal counties, Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:32","indexId":"wri894152","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"89-4152","title":"Geology and ground-water resources of the San Carlos Indian Reservation, Gila, Graham, and Pinal counties, Arizona","docAbstract":"The San Carlos Indian Reservation includes about 2,900 sq mi in east- central Arizona. Relatively impermeable pre-Tertiary rocks are exposed in about 23% of the reservation and underlie water-bearing Tertiary and quaternary basin fill and Quaternary stream alluvium in much of the southern part of the reservation. About 9,000 members of the San Carlos Apache Tribe live on the reservation and rely on groundwater to meet public supply, irrigation, and other needs. Basin fill is widespread in the valley of the San Carlos and Gila Rivers and consists of fine sand, silt, limestone, clay, and pyroclastic volcanics that may attain a total maximum thickness of more than 3,200 ft in the reservation. Quaternary stream alluvium overlies the basin fill along many streams and washes. Stream alluvium consists of poorly sorted, unconsolidated, gravelly, muddy, sand; and sandy gravel and reaches a maximum thickness of 100 ft along the San Carlos and Gila Rivers. The volume of recoverable water stored in the basin fill to a depth of 1,200 ft is estimated to be about 20 million acre-ft. The volume of recoverable water stored in the stream alluvium on the reservation is estimated to be more than 100,000 acre-ft. The stream alluvium along the San Carlos River supplies most of the water used for drinking. Water throughout much of the reservation is suitable for most uses except for that in the alluvium along the Gila River, which contains large concentrations of dissolved solids. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri894152","usgsCitation":"Brown, J.G., 1989, Geology and ground-water resources of the San Carlos Indian Reservation, Gila, Graham, and Pinal counties, Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 89-4152, v, 39 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri894152.","productDescription":"v, 39 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":110254,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_47240.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"47240"},{"id":122881,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1989/4152/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":55163,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1989/4152/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":55164,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1989/4152/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":55165,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1989/4152/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad5e4b07f02db6835de","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brown, J. G.","contributorId":28263,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196273,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":25588,"text":"wri894033 - 1989 - Hydrologic and geochemical monitoring in Long Valley caldera, Mono County, California, 1986","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:29","indexId":"wri894033","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"89-4033","title":"Hydrologic and geochemical monitoring in Long Valley caldera, Mono County, California, 1986","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey continued to monitor hydrologic and geochemical conditions in the Long Valley caldera during 1986. The monitoring is directed toward detecting changes in the hydrologic system caused by tectonic or magmatic processes. Data collected during 1986 include chemical and isotopic composition of water from selected streams sites, springs, and wells; pumpage from four geothermal wells; flow rates of selected springs and stream sites; mean daily water or gas temperatures at selected sites; mean daily atmospheric pressures and water level at selected wells, and precipitation records for two sites. Seismicity within the caldera persisted at a relatively low level compared with the more active periods of 1978-84. The most significant events of seismicity that affected hydrologic monitoring sites in Long Valley during 1986 occurred during July , in response to the Chalfant Valley earthquakes, centered about 20 miles southeast of the caldera. Water level records for three wells show distinct responses to the Chalfant Valley earthquakes. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri894033","usgsCitation":"Farrar, C.D., Sorey, M., Rojstaczer, S., Steinemann, A., and Clark, M.D., 1989, Hydrologic and geochemical monitoring in Long Valley caldera, Mono County, California, 1986: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 89-4033, vi, 69 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri894033.","productDescription":"vi, 69 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":118877,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1989/4033/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54330,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1989/4033/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a29e4b07f02db611851","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Farrar, C. D.","contributorId":71978,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Farrar","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194314,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sorey, M.L.","contributorId":73185,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sorey","given":"M.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194315,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rojstaczer, S.A.","contributorId":54620,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rojstaczer","given":"S.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194312,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Steinemann, A.C.","contributorId":71214,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steinemann","given":"A.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194313,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Clark, M. D.","contributorId":25202,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194311,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":50837,"text":"ofr89603B - 1989 - Earthquake data report, March 1989","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-25T14:29:46","indexId":"ofr89603B","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"89-603","chapter":"B","title":"Earthquake data report, March 1989","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr89603B","collaboration":"The USGS does not support this software or technical questions for the software associated with the publication.","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1989, Earthquake data report, March 1989: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 89-603, Three 5 1/4 inch diskettes, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr89603B.","productDescription":"Three 5 1/4 inch diskettes","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":178524,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":268249,"type":{"id":4,"text":"Application Site"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ofr/1989/0603b/application.zip"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a52e4b07f02db62a87d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":532079,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
]}