The geology and hydrology of the Basin and Range Province of the western conterminous United States are characterized in a series of data sets depicted in maps compiled for evaluation of prospective areas for further study of geohydrologic environments for isolation of high-level radioactive waste. The data sets include: (1) Average precipitation and evaporation; (2) surface distribution of selected rock types; (3) tectonic conditions; and (4) surface- and ground -water hydrology and Pleistocene lakes and marshes.
Rocks mapped for consideration as potential host media for the isolation of high-level radioactive waste are widespread and include argillaceous rocks, granitic rocks, tuffaceous rocks, mafic extrusive rocks, evaporites, and laharic breccias. The unsaturated zone, where probably as thick as 150 meters (500 feet), was mapped for consideration as an environment for isolation of high-level waste. Unsaturated rocks of various lithologic types are widespread in the Province.
Tectonic stability in the Quaternary Period is considered the key to assessing the probability of future tectonism with regard to high-level radioactive waste disposal. Tectonic conditions are characterized on the basis of the seismic record, heat-flow measurements, the occurrence of Quaternary faults, vertical crustal movement, and volcanic features. Tectonic activity, as indicated by seismicity, is greatest in areas bordering the western margin of the Province in Nevada and southern California, the eastern margin of the Province bordering the Wasatch Mountains in Utah and in parts of the Rio Grande valley. Late Cenozoic volcanic activity is widespread, being greatest bordering the Sierra Nevada in California and Oregon, and bordering the Wasatch Mountains in southern Utah and Idaho.
he arid to semiarid climate of the Province results in few perennial streams and lakes. A large part of the surface drainage is interior and the many closed basins commonly are occupied by playas or dry lake beds. The Province is divided into ground-water flow units defined on the basis of ground-water divides, ground-water flow lines, and surface streams that receive ground-water discharge.
Ground water contains less than 500 milligrams per liter of dissolved solids throughout most of the Province. Ground water is more mineralized in areas underlain by evaporitic rocks, overlain by playas, and near saline lakes. Ground water is of the calcium, magnesium, or sodium bicarbonate type in the areas where dissolved-solids concentrations are less than 500 milligrams per liter, and of the calcium, magnesium, or sodium sulfate or chloride type where dissolved-solids concentrations are greater than 500 milligrams per liter.
Geologic and hydrologic evidence is found for about 100 lakes and marshes that existed during the Pleistocene Epoch. The possibility of a recurrence of pluvial conditions, such as existed in the Pleistocene, is of concern in repository siting because of possible changes in hydrologic conditions. The Pleistocene lakes and marshes provide clues to the hydrology during pluvial climates.
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S.","contributorId":65452,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bedinger","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147019,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":4160,"text":"cir904C - 1985 - Geologic and hydrologic characterization and evaluation of the Basin and Range Province relative to the disposal of high-level radioactive waste: Part III, Geologic and hydrologic evaluation","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":18097,"text":"ofr83756 - 1983 - Geologic and hydrologic characterization and evaluation of the Basin and Range Province relative to the disposal of high-level radioactive waste: Part III, Geologic and hydrologic evaluation","indexId":"ofr83756","publicationYear":"1983","noYear":false,"title":"Geologic and hydrologic characterization and evaluation of the Basin and Range Province relative to the disposal of high-level radioactive waste: Part III, Geologic and hydrologic evaluation"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":4160,"text":"cir904C - 1985 - Geologic and hydrologic characterization and evaluation of the Basin and Range Province relative to the disposal of high-level radioactive waste: Part III, Geologic and hydrologic evaluation","indexId":"cir904C","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"chapter":"C","title":"Geologic and hydrologic characterization and evaluation of the Basin and Range Province relative to the disposal of high-level radioactive waste: Part III, Geologic and hydrologic evaluation"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-11-07T12:10:42","indexId":"cir904C","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"904","chapter":"C","title":"Geologic and hydrologic characterization and evaluation of the Basin and Range Province relative to the disposal of high-level radioactive waste: Part III, Geologic and hydrologic evaluation","docAbstract":"This report describes the first phase in evaluating the geology and hydrology of the Basin and Range Province for potential suitability of geohydrologic environments for isolation of high-level radioactive waste. The evaluation of the Province applies the guidelines, discussed in Part I (Bedinger, Sargent, and Reed, 1983) of this report to the geologic and hydrologic information compiled for the Province in Part II (Sargent and Bedinger, 1983).
The geologic and hydrologic factors considered in the Province evaluation include distribution of potential host rocks, tectonic conditions and data on ground-water hydrology. Potential host media considered include argillaceous rocks, tuff, basaltic rocks, granitic rocks, evaporites, and the unsaturated zone. The tectonic factors considered are Quaternary faults, late Cenozoic volcanics, seismic activity, heat flow, and late Cenozoic rates of vertical uplift. Hydrologic conditions considered include length of flow path from potential host rocks to discharge areas, interbasin and geothermal flow systems and thick unsaturated sections as potential host media.
The Basin and Range Province was divided into 12 subprovinces; each subprovince is evaluated separately and prospective areas for further study are identified. About onehalf of the Province appears to have combinations of potential host rocks, tectonic conditions, and ground-water hydrology that merit consideration for further study.
The prospective areas for further study in each subprovince are summarized in a brief list of the potentially favorable factors and the issues of concern. Data compiled for the entire Province do not permit a complete evaluation of the favorability for high-level waste isolation. The evaluations here are intended to identify broad regions that contain potential geohydrologic environments containing multiple natural barriers to radionuclide migration.
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Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"893","title":"Water Resources Division in the 1980's : a summary of activities and programs of the U.S. Geological Survey's Water Resources Division","docAbstract":"The Water Resources Division of the U.S. Geological Survey has the principal responsibility within the Federal government for providing hydrologic information and appraising the Nation's water resounds. The Geological Survey is unique among government organizations because it has neither regulatory nor developmental authority--its sole product is information that is made available equally to all interested parties. \r\n\r\nThis report describes the Water Resources Division's mission, organization, source of funds, and major programs. Three types of programs are described: long-term programs, which include the Federal-State cooperative program, coordination of Federal water-data acquisition, assistance to other Federal agencies, the national research program, the national water-data exchange, the water resources scientific information center, the national water-use information program, hydrologic-data collection, and international hydrology activities; topical programs, which include hazardous waste hydrology, coal and oil-shale hydrology, regional aquifer system analyses, acid rain, volcano hazards, and national water-resources conditions; and technical-assistance programs. Emphasis is on programs that will contribute to identifying, mitigating, or solving nationwide water-resources problems in the 1980's. A discussion of how the data and information axe disseminated and a selected list of references complete the report.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/cir893","usgsCitation":"Chase, E.B., Moore, J.E., and Rickert, D.A., 1985, Water Resources Division in the 1980's : a summary of activities and programs of the U.S. Geological Survey's Water Resources Division (Revised edition 1985): U.S. Geological Survey Circular 893, iii, 78 p. :ill. (1 col.) ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir893.","productDescription":"iii, 78 p. :ill. (1 col.) ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":124477,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1985/0893/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":31179,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1985/0893/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"edition":"Revised edition 1985","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4987e4b07f02db5af288","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chase, Edith B.","contributorId":11192,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chase","given":"Edith","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":148146,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moore, John E.","contributorId":33688,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":148147,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rickert, David A.","contributorId":80247,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rickert","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":148148,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":3191,"text":"wsp2185F - 1985 - Water quality of North Carolina streams – Water-quality characteristics for selected sites on the Cape Fear River, North Carolina, 1955-80 – Variability, loads, and trends of selected constituents","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-11-22T22:43:58.480554","indexId":"wsp2185F","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2185","chapter":"F","title":"Water quality of North Carolina streams – Water-quality characteristics for selected sites on the Cape Fear River, North Carolina, 1955-80 – Variability, loads, and trends of selected constituents","docAbstract":"Historical water-quality data collected by the U.S. Geological Survey from the Cape Fear River at Lock 1, near Kelly, North Carolina, show increasing concentrations of total-dissolved solids, specific conductance, sulfate, chloride, nitrite plus nitrate nitrogen, magnesium, sodium, and potassium during the past 25 years. Silica and pH show decreasing trends during the same 1957-80 period. These long-term changes in water quality are statistically related to increasing population in the basin and especially to manufacturing employment. Comparisons of water-quality data for present conditions with estimated natural conditions indicate that over 50 percent of the loads of most major dissolved substances in the river at Lock 1 are the result of development impacts in the basin. Over 80 percent of the nutrients plus nitrate nitrogen, ammonia nitrogen, and total phosphorus presently in the streams originate from development. At four sampling stations on the Cape Fear River and its tributaries, recent water-quality data show that most constituents are always within North Carolina water-quality standards and Environmental Protection Agency water-quality criteria. However, iron, manganese and mercury concentrations usually exceed standards.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Water quality of North Carolina streams","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wsp2185F","usgsCitation":"Crawford, J.K., 1985, Water quality of North Carolina streams – Water-quality characteristics for selected sites on the Cape Fear River, North Carolina, 1955-80 – Variability, loads, and trends of selected constituents: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2185, vii, 44 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2185F.","productDescription":"vii, 44 p.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":138336,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2185f/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":30173,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2185f/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":392027,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_25469.htm"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Carolina","otherGeospatial":"Cape Fear River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -77.87109375,\n 34.243594729697406\n ],\n [\n -76.8438720703125,\n 34.786739162702524\n ],\n [\n -78.9532470703125,\n 36.54494944148322\n ],\n [\n -80.6451416015625,\n 36.558187766360675\n ],\n [\n -77.860107421875,\n 34.22088697429016\n ],\n [\n -77.87109375,\n 34.243594729697406\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a07e4b07f02db5f99ab","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Crawford, J. Kent","contributorId":54176,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crawford","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"Kent","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":146405,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":3548,"text":"cir963 - 1985 - APSAS; an Automated Particle Size Analysis System","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:33","indexId":"cir963","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"963","title":"APSAS; an Automated Particle Size Analysis System","docAbstract":"The Automated Particle Size Analysis System integrates a settling tube and an electroresistance multichannel particle-size analyzer (Coulter Counter) with a Pro-Comp/gg microcomputer and a Hewlett Packard 2100 MX(HP 2100 MX) minicomputer. This system and its associated software digitize the raw sediment grain-size data, combine the coarse- and fine-fraction data into complete grain-size distributions, perform method of moments and inclusive graphics statistics, verbally classify the sediment, generate histogram and cumulative frequency plots, and transfer the results into a data-retrieval system. This system saves time and labor and affords greater reliability, resolution, and reproducibility than conventional methods do.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/cir963","usgsCitation":"Poppe, L., Eliason, A., and Fredericks, J., 1985, APSAS; an Automated Particle Size Analysis System: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 963, iii, 77 p. :ill. ;26 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir963.","productDescription":"iii, 77 p. :ill. ;26 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123012,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1985/0963/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":30568,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1985/0963/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b15e4b07f02db6a48cc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Poppe, Lawrence J. lpoppe@usgs.gov","contributorId":2149,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poppe","given":"Lawrence J.","email":"lpoppe@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":147138,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Eliason, A.H.","contributorId":40972,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eliason","given":"A.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147139,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fredericks, J.J.","contributorId":77517,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fredericks","given":"J.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147140,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":4700,"text":"twri03A17 - 1985 - Acoustic velocity meter systems","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:31","indexId":"twri03A17","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":336,"text":"Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations","code":"TWRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"03-A17","title":"Acoustic velocity meter systems","docAbstract":"Acoustic velocity meter (AVM) systems operate on the principles that the point-to-point upstream traveltime of an acoustic pulse is longer than the downstream traveltime and that this difference in traveltime can be accurately measured by electronic devices. An AVM system is capable of recording water velocity (and discharge) under a wide range of conditions, but some constraints apply:\r\n1. Accuracy is reduced and performance is degraded if the acoustic path is not a continuous straight line. The path can be bent by reflection if it is too close to a stream boundary or by refraction if it passes through density gradients resulting from variations in either water temperature or salinity. For paths of less than 100 m, a temperature gradient of 0.1' per meter causes signal bending less than 0.6 meter at midchannel, and satisfactory velocity results can be obtained. Reflection from stream boundaries can cause signal cancellation if boundaries are too close to signal path.\r\n2. Signal strength is attenuated by particles or bubbles that absorb, spread, or scatter sound. The concentration of particles or bubbles that can be tolerated is a function of the path length and frequency of the acoustic signal.\r\n3. Changes in streamline orientation can affect system accuracy if the variability is random.\r\n4. Errors relating to signal resolution are much larger for a single threshold detection scheme than for multiple threshold schemes.\r\nThis report provides methods for computing the effect of various conditions on the accuracy of a record obtained from an AVM. The equipment must be adapted to the site. Field reconnaissance and preinstallation analysis to detect possible problems are critical for proper installation and operation of an AVM system.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O.,","doi":"10.3133/twri03A17","issn":"0565-596X","usgsCitation":"Laenen, A., 1985, Acoustic velocity meter systems: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations 03-A17, viii, 38 p. :ill. ;26 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/twri03A17.","productDescription":"viii, 38 p. :ill. ;26 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":139114,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":292,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/twri/twri3-a17/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b0fe4b07f02db6a03bb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Laenen, Antonius","contributorId":107673,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Laenen","given":"Antonius","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":149642,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":4429,"text":"cir962 - 1985 - Undiscovered phosphate resources in the Caribbean region and their potential value for agricultural development","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:52","indexId":"cir962","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"962","title":"Undiscovered phosphate resources in the Caribbean region and their potential value for agricultural development","docAbstract":"The countries of the world's humid tropical regions lack the soil fertility necessary for high agricultural productivity. A recently developed agricultural technology that increases soil fertility can make tropical agriculture highly productive, but the technique requires large inputs into the soil of phosphorus and other fertilizers and soil amendments. \r\n\r\nUse of fertilizers derived from phosphate rock is increasing greatly throughout the world, and fertilizer raw materials are being produced more and more frequently from phosphate rock deposits close to the areas of use. An increased understanding of the origin of phosphate rock in ancient oceans has enabled exploration geologists to target areas of potential mineral resource value and to search directly for deposits. However, because of the difficulty of prospecting for mineral deposits in forested tropical regions, phosphate rock deposits are not being explored for in the countries of the humid tropics, including most countries of the Caribbean region. As a result, the countries of the Caribbean must import phosphate rock or phosphorus fertilizer products. In the present trade market, imports of phosphate are too low for the initiation of new agricultural technology in the Caribbean and Central American region. \r\n\r\nA newly proposed program of discovery and development of undiscovered phosphate rock deposits revolves around reconnaissance studies, prospecting by core drilling, and analysis of bulk samples. The program should increase the chance of discovering economic phosphate rock deposits. The search for and evaluation of phosphate rock resources in the countries of the Caribbean region would take about 5 years and cost an average of $15 million per country. The program is designed to begin with high risk-low cost steps and end with low risk-high cost steps. \r\n\r\nA successful program could improve the foreign exchange positions of countries in the Caribbean region by adding earnings from agricultural product exports and by substituting domestically produced phosphate rock and fertilizer products for imported phosphate fertilizers. A successful program also could provide enough domestically produced phosphorus fertilizer products to allow initiation of new agricultural technology in the region and thus increase domestic food production. Finally, a new phosphorus fertilizer industry would create new jobs in the mining, chemical, and transportation industries of the Caribbean region.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/cir962","usgsCitation":"Sheldon, R.P., Davidson, D., Riggs, S., and Burnett, W.C., 1985, Undiscovered phosphate resources in the Caribbean region and their potential value for agricultural development: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 962, iv 26 p. :ill., maps ;26 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir962.","productDescription":"iv 26 p. :ill., maps ;26 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":124534,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1985/0962/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":31532,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1985/0962/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49dde4b07f02db5e2293","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sheldon, Richard Porter","contributorId":59018,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sheldon","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"Porter","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":149124,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Davidson, D.F.","contributorId":68293,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davidson","given":"D.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":149125,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Riggs, S.R.","contributorId":29807,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Riggs","given":"S.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":149122,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Burnett, W. C.","contributorId":39779,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Burnett","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":149123,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":3510,"text":"cir964 - 1985 - Design of the National Trends Network for monitoring the chemistry of atmospheric precipitation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:25","indexId":"cir964","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"964","title":"Design of the National Trends Network for monitoring the chemistry of atmospheric precipitation","docAbstract":"Long-term monitoring (10 years minimum) of the chemistry of wet deposition will be conducted at National Trends Network (NTN) sites across the United States. Precipitation samples will be collected at sites that represent broad regional characteristics. Design of the NTN considered four basic elements during construction of a model to distribute 50, 75, 100, 125 or 150 sites. The modeling oriented design was supplemented with guidance developed during the course of the site selection process. Ultimately, a network of 151 sites was proposed. \r\n\r\nThe basic elements of the design are: \r\n\r\n(1) Assurance that all areas of the country are represented in the network on the basis of regional ecological properties (96 sites); \r\n\r\n(2) Placement of additional sites east of the Rocky Mountains to better define high deposition gradients (27 sites); \r\n\r\n(3) Placement of sites to assure that potentially sensitive regions are represented (15 sites); \r\n\r\n(4) Placement of sites to allow for other considerations, such as urban area effects (5 sites), intercomparison with Canada (3 sites), and apparent disparities in regional coverage (5 sites). \r\n\r\nSite selection stressed areas away from urban centers, large point sources, or ocean influences. Local factors, such as stable land ownership, nearby small emission sources (about 10 km), and close-by roads and fireplaces (about 0.5 km) were also considered. All proposed sites will be visited as part of the second phase of the study.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O.,","doi":"10.3133/cir964","usgsCitation":"Robertson, J., and Wilson, J., 1985, Design of the National Trends Network for monitoring the chemistry of atmospheric precipitation: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 964, viii, 46 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir964.","productDescription":"viii, 46 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123008,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1985/0964/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":30524,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1985/0964/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa8e4b07f02db667dbc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Robertson, J.K.","contributorId":43737,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robertson","given":"J.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147062,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wilson, J.W.","contributorId":24331,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"J.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147061,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":4336,"text":"cir930D - 1985 - International Strategic Minerals Inventory summary report; nickel","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:25","indexId":"cir930D","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"930","chapter":"D","title":"International Strategic Minerals Inventory summary report; nickel","docAbstract":"Major world resources of nickel, a strategic mineral commodity, are described in this summary report of information in the International Strategic Minerals Inventory {ISMI}. ISMI is a cooperative data-collection effort of earth-science and mineral-resource agencies in Australia, Canada, the Federal Republic of Germany, the Republic of South Africa, and the United States of America. This report, designed to be of benefit to policy analysts, contains two parts. Part I presents an overview of the resources and potential supply of nickel on the basis of inventory information. Part II contains tables of some of the geologic information and mineral-resource and production data that were collected by ISMI participants.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O.,","doi":"10.3133/cir930D","usgsCitation":"DeYoung, Sutphin, D.M., Werner, A., and Foose, M.P., 1985, International Strategic Minerals Inventory summary report; nickel: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 930, vi, 62 p. :ill., maps ;26 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir930D.","productDescription":"vi, 62 p. :ill., maps ;26 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":122509,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1985/0930d/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":31446,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1985/0930d/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49dbe4b07f02db5e084a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"DeYoung, Jr. 0000-0003-1169-6026 jdeyoung@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1169-6026","contributorId":523,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeYoung","suffix":"Jr.","email":"jdeyoung@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":432,"text":"National Minerals Information Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":148862,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sutphin, D. M.","contributorId":27424,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sutphin","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":148863,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Werner, A.B.T.","contributorId":79863,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Werner","given":"A.B.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":148864,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Foose, M. P.","contributorId":97075,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foose","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":148865,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":3375,"text":"cir926 - 1985 - Bibliography of borehole geophysics as applied to ground-water hydrology","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:30","indexId":"cir926","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"926","title":"Bibliography of borehole geophysics as applied to ground-water hydrology","docAbstract":"Most of the references on borehole geophysics that are relevant to ground-water hydrology are contained in this bibliography, but it does not include every reference that is available under each subject heading; the literature is much too extensive to compile a complete listing. \r\n\r\nSome of the references may appear under more than one subject heading because the references commonly relate to more than one main topic. Many articles have been cross-referenced in order to assist the reader in locating an article. For example, the article entitled, 'Application of the acoustic televiewer to the characterization of hydraulic fractures in geothermal wells' is listed under both 'Acoustic televiewer,' and 'Geothermal'. \r\n\r\nThe bibliography is intended to lead the reader to other articles on borehole-geophysical logging and related subjects, because each article cited also will have a list of references, which may be more specialized, covering many subjects with related applications, such as physics, mathematics, chemistry, geology, electronics, acoustics, hydrology, and surface geophysics. However, not all of these related subject headings could be included in this bibliography.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/cir926","usgsCitation":"Taylor, T.A., and Dey, J.A., 1985, Bibliography of borehole geophysics as applied to ground-water hydrology: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 926, iii, 62 p. ;26 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir926.","productDescription":"iii, 62 p. ;26 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123179,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1985/0926/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":30385,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1985/0926/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a50e4b07f02db6296dd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Taylor, Ticie A.","contributorId":74736,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"Ticie","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":146744,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dey, Joyce A.","contributorId":88335,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dey","given":"Joyce","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":146745,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":3027,"text":"wsp2256B - 1985 - Effects of low-level dams on the distribution of sediment, trace metals, and organic substances in the lower Schuylkill River basin, Pennsylvania","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-06T14:02:12","indexId":"wsp2256B","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2256","chapter":"B","title":"Effects of low-level dams on the distribution of sediment, trace metals, and organic substances in the lower Schuylkill River basin, Pennsylvania","docAbstract":"Heavy use of the Schuylkill River for municipal water supplies and a history of accidental spills and discharges of trace metals and organic substances have been a concern of State and local officials for many years. The U.S. Geological Survey, as part of their River Quality Assessment Program, developed a study to assess the occurrence and distribution of trace substances that pose a threat to human health and aquatic life. This report presents the results of the part of the study that evaluates the effects of low-level dams in the lower basin on the distribution and transport of sediment and trace substances. \r\n\r\nA combination of historical and current data were used in the assessment. Suspended-sediment data collected at several mainstem and tributary sites from 1954 to 1979 and sedimentation surveys of the six pools in the lower basin were used to define the sediment-transport characteristics of the river. These data provided a base for assessing the transport of trace substances, which are associated closely with riverbed sediments and suspended particles. Water and riverbed samples were collected for analyses of trace substances at numerous sites in the lower basin from 1978 to 1980. \r\n\r\nThe six dams on the river between Pottstown and Philadelphia have had a significant effect on the transport of sediment and trace substances. Between 1954 and 1970, more than 4.7 million cubic yards of sediment accumulated in the pools formed by the dams. The quantity of sediment deposited in the pools ranged from 150,000 cubic yards in Plymouth Pool to 1.6 million cubic yards in Fairmount Pool. The rate of accumulation in the pools was a function of pool size and geometry and the frequency of storms. About 35 percent of the total sediment discharged by the river was stored in the six pools from 1954 to 1970. Since 1970, the net change in sediment accumulation has been minimal. More than 24 percent of the sediment in Fairmount Pool in 1970 was scoured from the pool during Hurricane Agnes in 1972; however, total sediment accumulation returned to the 1970 level within 2 years. \r\n\r\nAnalyses of water samples showed that some trace substances are associated closely with particulate material transported by the river. The concentration of suspended and total cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, nickel, and zinc correlated well with the concentration of suspended sediment and suspended organic carbon. The average annual discharge of metals in suspension as a percentage of total average annual discharge ranged from 46 percent for nickel to 94 percent for lead for the Schuylkill River at Manayunk. The average annual discharge of each metal remained about the same or decreased between Pottstown and Philadelphia. Synoptic sampling of the inflow and outflow of several pools during storm runoff showed that the pools limit the transport of trace metals. More than 50 percent of the suspended copper transported by the river at Pottstown was deposited in Vincent Pool during the storm of May 12-15, 1980. Similar reductions were observed between Port Kennedy and Manayunk as the storm runoff passed through Norristown, Plymouth, and Flat Rock Pools. \r\n\r\nAnalyses of riverbed sediments showed that concentrations of trace substances were higher in sediments that included all particles finer than 0.062 millimeter than in sediments that included only particles finer than 0.016 millimeter. This suggests that medium and coarse silt particles or conglomerates of finer particles sorb as much or more trace constituents as the individual fine silts and clay particles. Concentrations of trace metals were as much as 90 percent higher in the sediments that included coarse silt. Concentrations of trace organic substances were several times higher in the sediments that included coarse silt than in sediments consisting of only fine silt or clay. \r\n\r\nSurficial and core samples of riverbed sediments were used to define the present and historical distribution of trace substances in ","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","doi":"10.3133/wsp2256B","usgsCitation":"Yorke, T.H., Stamer, J.K., and Pederson, G.L., 1985, Effects of low-level dams on the distribution of sediment, trace metals, and organic substances in the lower Schuylkill River basin, Pennsylvania: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2256, vii, 53 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2256B.","productDescription":"vii, 53 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":29858,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2256b/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":139513,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2256b/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Pennsylvania","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acce4b07f02db67ecc5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Yorke, Thomas H.","contributorId":83109,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yorke","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":146169,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stamer, John K.","contributorId":104481,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stamer","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":146170,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pederson, Gary L.","contributorId":81084,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pederson","given":"Gary","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":146168,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":4841,"text":"pp427D - 1985 - Influences of strip mining on the hydrologic environment of parts of Beaver Creek basin, Kentucky, 1973-74","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-01T19:52:58","indexId":"pp427D","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"427","chapter":"D","title":"Influences of strip mining on the hydrologic environment of parts of Beaver Creek basin, Kentucky, 1973-74","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O.,","doi":"10.3133/pp427D","usgsCitation":"1985, Influences of strip mining on the hydrologic environment of parts of Beaver Creek basin, Kentucky, 1973-74: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 427, p. D1-D63, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp427D.","productDescription":"p. D1-D63","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":31778,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0427d/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":117268,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0427d/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f1e4b07f02db5ee56f","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Krieger, Robert A.","contributorId":63796,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krieger","given":"Robert A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":747067,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}