{"pageNumber":"4542","pageRowStart":"113525","pageSize":"25","recordCount":165626,"records":[{"id":70013119,"text":"70013119 - 1985 - U. S. PHOSPHATE INDUSTRY: REVISED PROSPECTS AND POTENTIAL.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:38","indexId":"70013119","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2678,"text":"Marine Technology Society Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"U. S. PHOSPHATE INDUSTRY: REVISED PROSPECTS AND POTENTIAL.","docAbstract":"Although the United States is the world's largest producer and exporter of phosphates, serious doubts have arisen in recent years that U. S. deposits could sustain this important role. The development of borehole mining; i. e. , extracting the phosphate matrix as a slurry through a drill hole, however, is cause for optimism. Commercial borehole mining is still years away, but the potential advantages are numerous and important. Recent surveys also suggest that offshore deposits and deeply buried onshore deposits much exceed previous estimates. On the basis of the new technology and revised resource estimates, one can easily see the potential for increased production from U. S. deposits.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Marine Technology Society Journal","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00253324","usgsCitation":"McKelvey, V., 1985, U. S. PHOSPHATE INDUSTRY: REVISED PROSPECTS AND POTENTIAL.: Marine Technology Society Journal, v. 19, no. 4, p. 65-67.","startPage":"65","endPage":"67","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220125,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"19","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bba3ae4b08c986b32804f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McKelvey, Vincent E.","contributorId":106637,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McKelvey","given":"Vincent E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365338,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70013117,"text":"70013117 - 1985 - ANNIE - INTERACTIVE PROCESSING OF DATA BASES FOR HYDROLOGIC MODELS.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:38","indexId":"70013117","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"ANNIE - INTERACTIVE PROCESSING OF DATA BASES FOR HYDROLOGIC MODELS.","docAbstract":"ANNIE is a data storage and retrieval system that was developed to reduce the time and effort required to calibrate, verify, and apply watershed models that continuously simulate water quantity and quality. Watershed models have three categories of input: parameters to describe segments of a drainage area, linkage of the segments, and time-series data. Additional goals for ANNIE include the development of software that is easily implemented on minicomputers and some microcomputers and software that has no special requirements for interactive display terminals. Another goal is for the user interaction to be based on the experience of the user so that ANNIE is helpful to the inexperienced user and yet efficient and brief for the experienced user. Finally, the code should be designed so that additional hydrologic models can easily be added to ANNIE.","conferenceTitle":"International Conference on Interactive Information and Processing Systems for Meteorology, Oceanography, and Hydrology (Preprints of Papers).","conferenceLocation":"Los Angeles, CA, USA","language":"English","publisher":"American Meteorological Soc","publisherLocation":"Boston, MA, USA","usgsCitation":"Lumb, A.M., and Kittle, J.L., 1985, ANNIE - INTERACTIVE PROCESSING OF DATA BASES FOR HYDROLOGIC MODELS., International Conference on Interactive Information and Processing Systems for Meteorology, Oceanography, and Hydrology (Preprints of Papers)., Los Angeles, CA, USA, p. 91-93.","startPage":"91","endPage":"93","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220123,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e62ee4b0c8380cd47210","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lumb, Alan M.","contributorId":47792,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lumb","given":"Alan","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365334,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kittle, John L.","contributorId":90468,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kittle","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365335,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70013116,"text":"70013116 - 1985 - Type curve analysis of inertial effects in the response of a well to a slug test.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-12T18:03:12","indexId":"70013116","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Type curve analysis of inertial effects in the response of a well to a slug test.","docAbstract":"

The water level response to a slug or bailer test in a well completed in a confined aquifer has been evaluated taking into account well-bore storage and inertial effects of the water column in the well. The response range, from overdamped with negligible inertial effects to damped oscillation, was covered employing numerical inversions of the Laplace-transform solution. By scaling the time with respect to the undamped natural period of the well-aquifer system and by using the damping parameter for a second-order damped, inertial-elastic system, a set of type curves was constructed that enables water level response data from a slug or bailer test to be analyzed under conditions where the inertial parameter is large. Values of transmissivity and effective static water column length can be determined when an estimate of storage coefficient is available. The numerical solution and resulting type curves cover the transition range between the limiting cases of negligible inertial effects and of damped oscillation that have been treated by others. Two examples of slug test analysis show that precise results depend on accurate measurements of water level displacement (±1% of initial value).

","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/WR021i009p01397","usgsCitation":"Kipp, K.L., 1985, Type curve analysis of inertial effects in the response of a well to a slug test.: Water Resources Research, v. 21, no. 9, p. 1397-1408, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR021i009p01397.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"1397","endPage":"1408","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220073,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"21","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-01-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb9ace4b08c986b327d29","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kipp, Kenneth L. Jr.","contributorId":189754,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kipp","given":"Kenneth","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365333,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70013299,"text":"70013299 - 1985 - ELECTROCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF ROCKS AND MINERALS.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:38","indexId":"70013299","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"ELECTROCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF ROCKS AND MINERALS.","docAbstract":"Many phenomena and processes in the earth sciences are a result of the electrochemical properties of rocks and minerals. Examples include formation of mineral deposits and petroleum reservoirs control of drilling muds, and success or failure of toxic waste isolation barriers. Such phenomena can be observed at a distance using geophysical techniques to measure various electrical properties of the earth.","largerWorkTitle":"Electrochemical Society Extended Abstracts","conferenceTitle":"Extended Abstracts, Spring Meeting - Electrochemical Society.","conferenceLocation":"Toronto, Ont, Can","language":"English","publisher":"Electrochemical Soc","publisherLocation":"Pennington, NJ, USA","issn":"01604619","usgsCitation":"Olhoeft, G.R., 1985, ELECTROCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF ROCKS AND MINERALS., in Electrochemical Society Extended Abstracts, v. 85-1, Toronto, Ont, Can.","startPage":"451","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220246,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"85-1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a045de4b0c8380cd50935","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Olhoeft, Gary R.","contributorId":27879,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olhoeft","given":"Gary","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365758,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70012176,"text":"70012176 - 1985 - Uranium-series dating of fossil corals from marine sediments of southeastern United States Atlantic Coastal Plain","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-03T00:54:42.753462","indexId":"70012176","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Uranium-series dating of fossil corals from marine sediments of southeastern United States Atlantic Coastal Plain","docAbstract":"

Extensive low-lying marine deposits border the southeastern United States Atlantic Coastal Plain. Some units are fossiliferous and contain corals as isolated fragments in sediments of a detrital character. These corals are subject to alteration processes such that suites of related samples must be examined to determine the suitability of these coral samples for reliable uranium-series dating. With the exception of those from one location, most samples appear to have remained closed systems with respect to the isotopes of uranium and thorium throughout their geologic history. Extraneous 230Th has been detected in some of the corals due to incorporation of some detrital materials into their skeletons. For these samples, different methods are applied to correct for the initial 230Th contamination. Continued sampling and analyses have resulted in 55 individual uranium-thorium determinations.

The average 230Th ages of samples from the Norfolk Formation, and from later- and earlier-deposited sediments of the Wando Formation are ∼71,000, 87,000, and 129,000 yr, and they appear to correlate with oxygen isotope substages 5a, 5c, and 5e, respectively. The average 230Th age of samples from beds of the Rappahannock River, Ponzer, and Ten Mile Hill localities is ∼212,000 yr, and they correlate with oxygen isotope stage 7. The sediment of the Canepatch Formation is ∼460,000, yr old, and it is tentatively correlated with oxygen isotope stage 11.

There is general agreement between uranium-series and uranium-trend dates and between the quantitative trends of the amino acid data and uranium-series dates. The amino acid values, however, ure unacceptably high in at least two groups of samples, those from localities near Charleston, South Carolina, and from central Virginia.

","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1985)96<398:UDOFCF>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Szabo, B.J., 1985, Uranium-series dating of fossil corals from marine sediments of southeastern United States Atlantic Coastal Plain: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 96, no. 3, p. 398-406, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1985)96<398:UDOFCF>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"398","endPage":"406","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221931,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -81.12227594086953,\n 32.273966210577925\n ],\n [\n -75.1457134408695,\n 32.273966210577925\n ],\n [\n -75.1457134408695,\n 39.7290102701524\n ],\n [\n -81.12227594086953,\n 39.7290102701524\n ],\n [\n -81.12227594086953,\n 32.273966210577925\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"96","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbdf8e4b08c986b32932d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Szabo, Barney J.","contributorId":6848,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Szabo","given":"Barney","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362928,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70013049,"text":"70013049 - 1985 - A reconnaissance Rb-Sr, Sm-Nd, U-Pb, and K-Ar study of some host rocks and ore minerals in the West Shasta Cu- Zn district, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-08T23:24:33.450033","indexId":"70013049","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A reconnaissance Rb-Sr, Sm-Nd, U-Pb, and K-Ar study of some host rocks and ore minerals in the West Shasta Cu- Zn district, California","docAbstract":"

The Copley Greenstone, Balaklala Rhyolite, and Mule Mountain stock in the West Shasta Cu-Zn district, California, have Rb-Sr, Sm-Nd, U-Pb, and K-Ar systematics that indicate they are a cogenetic suite of ensimatic island-arc rocks about 400 m.y. Pervasive alteration and mineralization of these rocks, for the most part, was syngenetic and the major component of the mineralizing fluid was Devonian seawater. K-Ar ages of quartz-sericite concentrates from ore horizons and Rb-Sr systematics of a few rock and ore specimens record a later thermal and mineralizing event in the district of about 260 m.y. Contamination of some rocks with pelagic sediments is indicated by the Sm-Nd data.

","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.80.8.2128","issn":"03610128","usgsCitation":"Kistler, R.W., McKee, E., Futa, K., Peterman, Z.E., and Zartman, R., 1985, A reconnaissance Rb-Sr, Sm-Nd, U-Pb, and K-Ar study of some host rocks and ore minerals in the West Shasta Cu- Zn district, California: Economic Geology, v. 80, no. 8, p. 2128-2135, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.80.8.2128.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"2128","endPage":"2135","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220172,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"80","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1985-12-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e531e4b0c8380cd46bd3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kistler, R. W.","contributorId":36112,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kistler","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365170,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McKee, E.H.","contributorId":20736,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McKee","given":"E.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365168,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Futa, K.","contributorId":26435,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Futa","given":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365169,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Peterman, Z. E.","contributorId":63781,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterman","given":"Z.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365171,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Zartman, R. E.","contributorId":15632,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zartman","given":"R. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365167,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70013039,"text":"70013039 - 1985 - Digital to Analog Conversion and Visual Evaluation of Thematic Mapper Data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-14T19:07:37","indexId":"70013039","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2348,"text":"Journal of Imaging Technology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Digital to Analog Conversion and Visual Evaluation of Thematic Mapper Data","docAbstract":"As a part of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Landsat D Image Data Quality Analysis Program, the Earth Resources Observation Systems Data Center (EDC) developed procedures to optimize the visual information content of Thematic Mapper data and evaluate the resulting photographic products by visual interpretation. A digital-to-analog transfer function was developed which would properly place the digital values on the most useable portion of a film response curve. Individual black-and-white transparencies generated using the resulting look-up tables were utilized in the production of color-composite images with varying band combinations. Four experienced photointerpreters ranked 2-cm-diameter (0. 75 inch) chips of selected image features of each band combination for ease of interpretability. A nonparametric rank-order test determined the significance of interpreter preference for the band combinations.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Imaging Technology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"07473583","usgsCitation":"McCord, J.R., Binnie, D.R., and Seevers, P.M., 1985, Digital to Analog Conversion and Visual Evaluation of Thematic Mapper Data: Journal of Imaging Technology, v. 11, no. 3, p. 125-130.","startPage":"125","endPage":"130","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220012,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"11","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fd48e4b0c8380cd4e741","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McCord, James R.","contributorId":17998,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCord","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365146,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Binnie, Douglas R. binnie@usgs.gov","contributorId":3269,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Binnie","given":"Douglas","email":"binnie@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":365145,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Seevers, Paul M.","contributorId":66415,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seevers","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365147,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70013037,"text":"70013037 - 1985 - Persisting effects of armored military maneuvers on some soils of the Mojave Desert","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:36","indexId":"70013037","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1540,"text":"Environmental Geology and Water Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Persisting effects of armored military maneuvers on some soils of the Mojave Desert","docAbstract":"Soil compaction and substrate modification produced during large-scale armored military maneuvers in the early 1940s were examined in 1981 at seven sites in California's eastern Mojave Desert Recording penetrometer measurements show that tracks left by a single pass of an M3 \"medium\" tank have average soil resistance values that are 50% greater than those of the surrounding untracked soil in the upper 20 cm At one site, measurements made along short segments of track that have been visually eliminated by erosion and deposition processes show a 73% increase in penetrometer resistance over adjacent, undisturbed soils Dirt roadways at three former base camp locations could not be penetrated below 5-10 cm because of extreme compaction Soil bulk density was not as sensitive an indicator of soil compaction as was penetrometer resistance Density values in the upper 10 cm of soil are not significantly different between tank tracks and undisturbed soils at most sites, and roadways at two base camps show an average increase in bulk density of only 12% over adjacent soils. Trench excavations across tank tracks show that physical modifications of the substrate can extend vertically beneath a track to a depth of 25 cm and outward from a track's edge to 50 cm These soil disturbances are probably major factors that encourage accelerated soil erosion throughout the manuever area and also retard or prevent the return of vegetation to pre-disturbance conditions ?? 1985 Springer-Verlag New York Inc.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Geology and Water Sciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF02528800","issn":"00990094","usgsCitation":"Prose, D., 1985, Persisting effects of armored military maneuvers on some soils of the Mojave Desert: Environmental Geology and Water Sciences, v. 7, no. 3, p. 163-170, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02528800.","startPage":"163","endPage":"170","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":204997,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02528800"},{"id":220010,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"7","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a76ffe4b0c8380cd783dc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Prose, D.V.","contributorId":92682,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prose","given":"D.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365136,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70012764,"text":"70012764 - 1985 - Mineralization of breccia pipes in northern Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-08T23:38:46.572288","indexId":"70012764","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mineralization of breccia pipes in northern Arizona","docAbstract":"

The Paleozoic sedimentary rocks on the Colorado Plateau of northern Arizona are host to hundreds ofbreccia pipes. The uranium and copper deposits in these breccia pipes transgress formation boundaries from the Mississippian Redwall Limestone to the Triassic Chinle Formation. They are not classic breccia pipes in that there is no volcanic rock associated with them in time or space. They are the result of solution-collapse within the Redwall Limestone and stoping of the overlying strata. The karst development in the Redwall Limestone began in the Mississippian and apparently either continued to the Triassic or was at least once again active during that time. The mineralization apparently occurred shortly thereafter, sometime during the Mesozoic. Mining activity in breccia pipes of the Grand Canyon region began during the nineteenth century and continues today with the operation of the Hack I, II, and III mines, although the exploited commodity has changed from Cu to U. Although small in size, these pipes contain samples with up to 55 percent U 3 O 8 and can yield ore averaging between 0.30 and 0.60 percent U 3 O 8 .Mineralization at the surface commonly occurs within nodules and concretions associated with pyrite and goethite and along fractures, while the primary ore of the unoxidized zones is commonly within a comminuted sandstone matrix surrounding breccia fragments of overlying formations. The ore mineral is uraninite, although associated with it are sphalerite, galena, chalcopyrite, tennantite, millerite, siegenite, and/molybdenite. Some of the surface nodules are encrusted with malachite and are exceptionally enriched in Ag. Pyrite is abundant, and the organic carbon content of some rocks is high enough to suggest that it, along with the pyrite, may be a reductant for uranium. In contrast, it is possible, if uranium were transported as a bicarbonate or carbonate complex, that only a conduit of brecciated rock was necessary to release CO 2 , thus disrupting the equilibrium and allowing uraninite to precipitate. An extensive suite of elements is significantly enriched in the mineralized rock: Ag, As, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cs, Cu, Hg, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, Sr, U, V, Zn, and the rare earth elements. Of these, Cu, Pb, Zn, Ag, and particularly As appear to be the best geochemical indicators of mineralized pipes. At present the origin of the mineralizing fluids is not known. The lack of extensive silification within the breccia, along with the 80 degrees to 173 degrees C fluid inclusion-filling temperatures on sphalerite, dolomite, quartz, and calcite, suggests relatively low-temperature mineralizing fluids, although heated in excess of what would be expected from the normal geothermal gradient on the Colorado Plateau. With the exception of the U-mineralized rock, the mineral assemblage and geochemistry is similar to Mississippi Valley-type deposits.

","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.80.6.1722","issn":"03610128","usgsCitation":"Wenrich, K.J., 1985, Mineralization of breccia pipes in northern Arizona: Economic Geology, v. 80, no. 6, p. 1722-1735, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.80.6.1722.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"1722","endPage":"1735","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221844,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"80","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1985-10-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5a83e4b0c8380cd6ef15","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wenrich, Karen J.","contributorId":19177,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wenrich","given":"Karen","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364462,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70012392,"text":"70012392 - 1985 - The McKinley Sequence of granitic rocks: A key element in the accretionary history of southern Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-06-27T15:44:19.906636","indexId":"70012392","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":6453,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The McKinley Sequence of granitic rocks: A key element in the accretionary history of southern Alaska","docAbstract":"

The McKinley sequence of granitic rocks consists of several discrete plutons in the central Alaska Range. Most of these plutons crop out south of the Denali fault system (DFS) in the Talkeetna quadrangle. Plutons of the McKinley sequence largely intrude deformed upper Meszoic flysch between the DFS and the northern edges of Wrangellia and the Peninsular terrane, which jointly make up the Talkeetna superterrane. The average K-Ar age of biotite from nine granites of the McKinley sequence is 57.3 Ma; Rb-Sr data for whole rock samples indicate that the McKinley sequence cannot be older than 60 Ma. A selected suite of 20 samples of granite and granodiorite range in SiO2 from 65.9 to 77.6%. All 20 samples are corundum normative, and 18 are moderately peraluminous. Initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios range from 0.7054 to 0.7085. The σ18O values range from +11.2 to +14.6‰. These high and variable Sr isotopic ratios, peraluminous nature, rare earth element patterns, and high σ18O values suggest that granitic rocks of the McKinley sequence crystallized from hybrid magmas produced by assimilation of sedimentary rocks by a mantle-derived melt. Mesozoic flysch is the likely source of the crustal component of the hybrid magmas. Geologic evidence suggests that the Talkeetna superterrane collided with stable Alaska after Early Cretaceous time. The flysch basin, lying south of stable Alaska, was closed by northward movement of the Talkeetna superterrane; maximum age for basin closure and terrane accretion is middle Cretaceous (Cenomanian). Paleomagnetic evidence indicates that all terranes north of the DFS have been part of stable Alaska since the Paleocene and that northward movement of Wrangellia was completed by 50 Ma. Granitic rocks of the McKinley sequence may be products of terrane accretion; the granitic rocks crystallized from hybrid magmas produced during terrane collision and deformation of the flysch basin. Isotopic ages of the McKinley sequence establish the time of final accretion of the Talkeetna superterrane as Paleocene.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB090iB13p11413","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Lanphere, M.A., and Reed, B., 1985, The McKinley Sequence of granitic rocks: A key element in the accretionary history of southern Alaska: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 90, no. B13, p. 11413-11430, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB090iB13p11413.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"11413","endPage":"11430","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222475,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"90","issue":"B13","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba7dde4b08c986b321855","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lanphere, M. A.","contributorId":35298,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lanphere","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363435,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reed, B.L.","contributorId":29434,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reed","given":"B.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363434,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70012769,"text":"70012769 - 1985 - Benthic fluxes in San Francisco Bay","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-07-27T10:55:28","indexId":"70012769","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1919,"text":"Hydrobiologia","onlineIssn":"1573-5117","printIssn":"0018-8158","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Benthic fluxes in San Francisco Bay","docAbstract":"

Measurements of benthic fluxes have been made on four occasions between February 1980 and February 1981 at a channel station and a shoal station in South San Francisco Bay, using in situ flux chambers. On each occasion replicate measurements of easily measured substances such as radon, oxygen, ammonia, and silica showed a variability (??1??) of 30% or more over distances of a few meters to tens of meters, presumably due to spatial heterogeneity in the benthic community. Fluxes of radon were greater at the shoal station than at the channel station because of greater macrofaunal irrigation at the former, but showed little seasonal variability at either station. At both stations fluxes of oxygen, carbon dioxide, ammonia, and silica were largest following the spring bloom. Fluxes measured during different seasons ranged over factors of 2-3, 3, 4-5, and 3-10 (respectively), due to variations in phytoplankton productivity and temperature. Fluxes of oxygen and carbon dioxide were greater at the shoal station than at the channel station because the net phytoplankton productivity is greater there and the organic matter produced must be rapidly incorporated in the sediment column. Fluxes of silica were greater at the shoal station, probably because of the greater irrigation rates there. N + N (nitrate + nitrite) fluxes were variable in magnitude and in sign. Phosphate fluxes were too small to measure accurately. Alkalinity fluxes were similar at the two stations and are attributed primarily to carbonate dissolution at the shoal station and to sulfate reduction at the channel station. The estimated average fluxes into South Bay, based on results from these two stations over the course of a year, are (in mmol m-2 d-1): O2 = -27 ?? 6; TCO2 = 23 ?? 6; Alkalinity = 9 ?? 2; N + N = -0.3 ?? 0.5; NH3 = 1.4 ?? 0.2; PO4 = 0.1 ?? 0.4; Si = 5.6 ?? 1.1. These fluxes are comparable in magnitude to those in other temperate estuaries with similar productivity, although the seasonal variability is smaller, probably because the annual temperature range in San Francisco Bay is smaller. Budgets constructed for South San Francisco Bay show that large fractions of the net annual productivity of carbon (about 90%) and silica (about 65%) are recycled by the benthos. Substantial rates of simultaneous nitrification and denitrification must occur in shoal areas, apparently resulting in conversion to N2 of 55% of the particulate nitrogen reaching the sediments. In shoal areas, benthic fluxes can replace the water column standing stocks of ammonia in 2-6 days and silica in 17-34 days, indicating the importance of benthic fluxes in the maintenance of productivity. Pore water profiles of nutrients and Rn-222 show that macrofaunal irrigation is extremely important in transport of silica, ammonia, and alkalinity. Calculations of benthic fluxes from these profiles are less accurate, but yield results consistent with chamber measurements and indicate that most of the NH3, SiO2, and alkalinity fluxes are sustained by reactions occurring throughout the upper 20-40 cm of the sediment column. In contrast, O2, CO2, and N + N fluxes must be dominated by reactions occurring within the upper one cm of the sediment-water interface. While most data support the statements made above, a few flux measurements are contradictory and demonstrate the complexity of benthic exchange. ?? 1985 Dr W. Junk Publishers.

","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Hydrobiologia","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Kluwer Academic Publishers","publisherLocation":"Berlin, Germany","doi":"10.1007/BF00048688","issn":"00188158","usgsCitation":"Hammond, D.E., Fuller, C., Harmon, D., Hartman, B., Korosec, M., Miller, L., Rea, R., Warren, S., Berelson, W., and Hager, S., 1985, Benthic fluxes in San Francisco Bay: Hydrobiologia, v. 129, no. 1, p. 69-90, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00048688.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"69","endPage":"90","numberOfPages":"22","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":221911,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":205162,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00048688"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"San Francisco","city":"San Francisco","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay area","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -123.01940917968751,\n 37.23470197166817\n ],\n [\n -123.01940917968751,\n 38.22307753495298\n ],\n [\n -121.5472412109375,\n 38.22307753495298\n ],\n [\n -121.5472412109375,\n 37.23470197166817\n ],\n [\n -123.01940917968751,\n 37.23470197166817\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"129","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f0b6e4b0c8380cd4a889","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hammond, Douglas E.","contributorId":67878,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hammond","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364480,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fuller, C.","contributorId":106640,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fuller","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364483,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Harmon, D.","contributorId":40732,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harmon","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364476,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hartman, Blayne","contributorId":77664,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hartman","given":"Blayne","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364481,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Korosec, M.","contributorId":81251,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Korosec","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364482,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Miller, L.G.","contributorId":32522,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"L.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364475,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Rea, R.","contributorId":65602,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rea","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364479,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Warren, S.","contributorId":20075,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warren","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364474,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Berelson, W.","contributorId":48312,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berelson","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364477,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Hager, S.W.","contributorId":51746,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hager","given":"S.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364478,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}} ,{"id":70012775,"text":"70012775 - 1985 - Crustal structure of the southern Calaveras fault zone, central California, from seismic refraction investigations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-29T15:25:28.928103","indexId":"70012775","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Crustal structure of the southern Calaveras fault zone, central California, from seismic refraction investigations","docAbstract":"

A magnitude 5.7 earthquake on 6 August 1979, within the Calaveras fault zone, near Coyote Lake of west-central California, motivated a seismic-refraction investigation in this area. A northwest-southeast profile along the fault, as well as two fan profiles across the fault were recorded to examine the velocity structure of this region.

The analysis of the data reveals a complicated upper crustal velocity structure with strong lateral variations in all directions. The near-surface layers consist of recent sediments with seismic P-wave velocities of 2.6 to 3.2 km/sec. These are underlain by rocks of the Great Valley Sequence which have an average velocity of 4.5 km/sec. The Great Valley Sequence is present along the whole profile; depths range from 4.3 to 4.8 km in the northwest near Anderson Lake and in the southeast of the profile line near Hollister. In the middle of the profile near Coyote Lake, however, this layer thins and we find a laterally limited higher velocity layer (5.1 km/sec) between depths of 2.8 to 4.8 km. The high-velocity zone, which coincides with a gravity high, also correlates spatially with the hypocentral area of the 6 August earthquake and its aftershocks and may therefore represent an asperity on the fault.

Velocities within the fault zone were determined from the fan profiles. Near Anderson Lake, a pronounced delay of first arrivals on the fan records indicates a vertical 1- to 2-km-wide near-surface, low-velocity zone along the fault. Near Coyote Lake, the delays observed in the fan records correlate with two subsurface en-echelon fault planes which have been previously identified from lineations in the seismicity pattern.

The structure of the lower crust is similar to the neighboring Diablo Range: a 8- to 9-km-thick upper crustal layer with a seismic velocity of 5.7 to 6.3 km/sec is underlain by a 3-km-thick layer with velocity 6.8 km/sec. In accordance with previous studies of the Diablo Range, there are indications of a pronounced lower crustal low-velocity zone between a depth of 17 and 23 km. The presence of this low-velocity zone suggests that higher velocity (igneous?) rocks of the middle crust have been thrust over sedimentary rocks.

","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/BSSA0750010193","issn":"00371106","usgsCitation":"Blumling, P., Mooney, W.D., and Lee, W.H., 1985, Crustal structure of the southern Calaveras fault zone, central California, from seismic refraction investigations: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 75, no. 1, p. 193-209, https://doi.org/10.1785/BSSA0750010193.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"193","endPage":"209","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":373369,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/ssa/bssa/article/75/1/193/118666/Crustal-structure-of-the-southern-Calaveras-fault"},{"id":222035,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Calaveras fault zone","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.03613281249999,\n 41.0130657870063\n ],\n [\n -123.134765625,\n 39.90973623453719\n ],\n [\n -120.32226562500001,\n 35.88905007936091\n ],\n [\n -118.38867187500001,\n 34.95799531086792\n ],\n [\n -119.0478515625,\n 37.37015718405753\n ],\n [\n -122.03613281249999,\n 41.0130657870063\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"75","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f2e6e4b0c8380cd4b48a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Blumling, Peter","contributorId":46219,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blumling","given":"Peter","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364498,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mooney, Walter D. 0000-0002-5310-3631 mooney@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5310-3631","contributorId":3194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mooney","given":"Walter","email":"mooney@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":364496,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lee, William H. K. whklee@usgs.gov","contributorId":623,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"William","email":"whklee@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H. K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":364497,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70135817,"text":"70135817 - 1985 - Foraminiferal, lithic, and isotopic changes across four major unconformities at Deep Sea Drilling Project Site 548, Goban Spur","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-02T17:13:03.026777","indexId":"70135817","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"chapter":"14","title":"Foraminiferal, lithic, and isotopic changes across four major unconformities at Deep Sea Drilling Project Site 548, Goban Spur","docAbstract":"

Sediment samples taken at close intervals across four major unconformities (middle Miocene/upper Miocene, lower Oligocene/upper Oligocene, lower Eocene/upper Eocene, lower Paleocene/upper Paleocene) at DSDP-IPOD Site 548, Goban Spur, reveal that coeval biostratigraphic gaps, sediment discontinuities, and seismic unconformities coincide with postulated low stands of sea level. Foraminiferal, lithic, and isotopic analyses demonstrate that environments began to shift prior to periods of marine erosion, and that sedimentation resumed in the form of turbidites derived from nearby upper-slope sources. The unconformities appear to have developed where a water-mass boundary intersected the continental slope, rhythmically crossing the drill site in concert with sea-level rise and fall.

","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Initial reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Ocean Drilling Program","doi":"10.2973/dsdp.proc.80.114.1985","usgsCitation":"Poag, C.W., Reynolds, L.A., Mazzullo, J.M., and Keigwin, L.D., 1985, Foraminiferal, lithic, and isotopic changes across four major unconformities at Deep Sea Drilling Project Site 548, Goban Spur, chap. 14 of Initial reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, v. 80, p. 539-555, https://doi.org/10.2973/dsdp.proc.80.114.1985.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"539","endPage":"555","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":489221,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"http://doi.org/10.2973/dsdp.proc.80.114.1985","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":296770,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Ireland","otherGeospatial":"Atlantic Ocean, Goban Spur","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -11.77734375,\n 43.229195113965005\n ],\n [\n 1.7578125,\n 43.229195113965005\n ],\n [\n 1.7578125,\n 52.64306343665892\n ],\n [\n -11.77734375,\n 52.64306343665892\n ],\n [\n -11.77734375,\n 43.229195113965005\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"80","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5492b73fe4b00eda8915ad13","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Poag, C. Wylie 0000-0002-6240-4065 wpoag@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6240-4065","contributorId":2565,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poag","given":"C.","email":"wpoag@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Wylie","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":536907,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reynolds, Leslie A.","contributorId":70538,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reynolds","given":"Leslie","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":536908,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mazzullo, James M.","contributorId":131010,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mazzullo","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":6747,"text":"Texas A&M University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":536909,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Keigwin, Loyd D.","contributorId":46790,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Keigwin","given":"Loyd","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":6706,"text":"Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution,","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":536910,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70012778,"text":"70012778 - 1985 - Compositional and mineralogic constraints on the genesis of ophiolite hosted nickel mineralization in the Pevkos area, Limassol Forest, Cyprus","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:10","indexId":"70012778","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2746,"text":"Mineralium Deposita","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Compositional and mineralogic constraints on the genesis of ophiolite hosted nickel mineralization in the Pevkos area, Limassol Forest, Cyprus","docAbstract":"Mineralization composed dominantly of primary troilite, maucherite, pentlandite, and chalcopyrite, and secondary valleriite occurs in serpentinized transition zone rocks of the Limasol Forest segment of the Troodos ophiolite complex, Cyprus. Whole-rock and electron microprobe analyses of this mineralization gives ranges of Cu/(Cu+Ni)=0.16 to 0.47, Pt/(Pt+Pd)=0.66 to 0.51, Ni/Co=6.33 to 13.4, and chondrite normalized plots with low concentrations of Rh, Pt, and Pd, but relatively high Au. Estimated distribution coefficients of nickel and iron between olivine and ore range from 0.5 to 7.4. Most of these data are unlike values from magmatic sulfide deposits and indicate either a complete alteration of a preexisting magmatic sulfide concentration or, more likely, a nonmagmatic origin for this mineralization. ?? 1985 Springer-Verlag.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Mineralium Deposita","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF00204279","issn":"00264598","usgsCitation":"Foose, M.P., Economou, M., and Panayiotou, A., 1985, Compositional and mineralogic constraints on the genesis of ophiolite hosted nickel mineralization in the Pevkos area, Limassol Forest, Cyprus: Mineralium Deposita, v. 20, no. 4, p. 234-240, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00204279.","startPage":"234","endPage":"240","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205201,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00204279"},{"id":222098,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"20","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f935e4b0c8380cd4d4ca","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Foose, M. P.","contributorId":97075,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foose","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364503,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Economou, M.","contributorId":72533,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Economou","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364502,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Panayiotou, A.","contributorId":49109,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Panayiotou","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364501,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70012779,"text":"70012779 - 1985 - Experimental chemical weathering of various bedrock types at different pH-values. 1. Sandstone and granite","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-03T07:37:06","indexId":"70012779","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1213,"text":"Chemical Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Experimental chemical weathering of various bedrock types at different pH-values. 1. Sandstone and granite","docAbstract":"

Experimental chemical weathering of the so-called Old Rag Granite and Massanutten Sandstone, Virginia, U.S.A., has produced a comparison with the natural environment, and prediction of the effect of acid precipitation. The experimental results of the release of elements, dissolution of minerals, total rock weathered and the degree of weathering as function of volume of leachate were plotted. These data were compared with the natural environment. The use of the plots to predict the effect of high levels of rain acidity on weathering of these rocks is demonstrated.

A nonexpandable 14-Å clay was developed from the alteration of biotite during the experimental chemical weathering of the granite at pH 4. This interstratified Al(OH)—mica clay resembles those of the soil developed on the granite and sandstone. Hydroxy-Al may be precipitating between the mica interlayers and producing a 14-Å spacing. Development of this clay by chemical alteration of biotite may change the current hypotheses about its origin in the soils of northeastern U.S.A.

While Al-hydroxide seems to regulate Al concentrations in stream waters at the present level of rain acidity, it was found that at lower pH and in the presence of high sulfate concentrations, Al solubility may be controlled by Al-sulfate phase(s).

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0009-2541(85)90149-4","issn":"00092541","usgsCitation":"Afifi, A., Bricker, O., and Chemerys, J., 1985, Experimental chemical weathering of various bedrock types at different pH-values. 1. Sandstone and granite: Chemical Geology, v. 49, no. 1-3, p. 87-113, https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(85)90149-4.","productDescription":"27 p. ","startPage":"87","endPage":"113","numberOfPages":"27","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222099,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":266105,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(85)90149-4"}],"country":"United States","state":"Virginia 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\"}}]}","volume":"49","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0dc4e4b0c8380cd531a6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Afifi, A.A.","contributorId":98768,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Afifi","given":"A.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364506,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bricker, O.P.","contributorId":33717,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bricker","given":"O.P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364504,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Chemerys, J.C.","contributorId":94293,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chemerys","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364505,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70012780,"text":"70012780 - 1985 - Engineering-geology site appraisal of the Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-08-30T16:39:22.775372","indexId":"70012780","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1128,"text":"Bulletin of the International Association of Engineering Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Engineering-geology site appraisal of the Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria","docAbstract":"

The 7,700-km2-area Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria, is underlain by crystalline igneous and metamorphic rocks of Precambrian age. Sandstone and claystone of Cretaceous age overlie Precambrian rocks in the southwestern part of the Territory. Laterite caps many hills of Cretaceous rock, some hills of Precambrian rock, and crops out near stream banks in the east and northeast. The most conspicuous structural features are a broad “J”-shaped fold traversing the eastern and central part of the Territory and a north-trending shear zone along the eastern boundary. The soils of the Territory are lateritic and belong to the SW-SP-SM (Unified Soil Classification System) groups covering Precambrian migmatites gneisses and granites and the SC group covering Cretaceous sediments and Precambrian mica-rich schists. The average penetrometer shear strength of the soil is 3.11 bars. The engineering characteristics of the rocks are (1) medium- to high-strength massive and gneissic rock, (2) low-to medium-strength bedded rock, and (3) low-strength foliated and sheared rock. An area of at least 800 km2 is free from apparent geological hazards and should be suitable for construction of a capital city, its environs and supporting facilities.

","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF02594749","usgsCitation":"Ege, J., Griffitts, W.R., and Overstreet, W., 1985, Engineering-geology site appraisal of the Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria: Bulletin of the International Association of Engineering Geology, v. 31, no. 1, p. 71-79, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02594749.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"71","endPage":"79","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222100,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Nigeria","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 7.8547348958221335,\n 9.400571234038196\n ],\n [\n 6.725007973657853,\n 9.400571234038196\n ],\n [\n 6.725007973657853,\n 8.349497501044027\n ],\n [\n 7.8547348958221335,\n 8.349497501044027\n ],\n [\n 7.8547348958221335,\n 9.400571234038196\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"31","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0460e4b0c8380cd5094f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ege, J. R.","contributorId":106117,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ege","given":"J. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364509,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Griffitts, W. R.","contributorId":10428,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Griffitts","given":"W.","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364507,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Overstreet, W.C.","contributorId":105294,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Overstreet","given":"W.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364508,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70012794,"text":"70012794 - 1985 - Determination of elastic wave velocity and relative hypocenter locations using refracted waves. I. Methodology","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-29T15:16:56.487796","indexId":"70012794","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Determination of elastic wave velocity and relative hypocenter locations using refracted waves. I. Methodology","docAbstract":"

An arrival time difference method utilizing refracted arrivals from earthquakes in a homogeneous, layered earth model has been developed for the simultaneous determination of near-source (in situ) velocity and relative locations of earthquakes. The method is particularly applicable when analyzing data from arrays in which most of the recording stations are far (i.e., several focal depths) from a group of events. This iterative scheme locates earthquakes relative to a master event and performs an inversion for in situ velocity using a generalized inverseleast squares estimation procedure. Direct arrivals, when available, may be included to stabilize the inversion and increase the accuracy of the event locations. We tested this scheme on artificial data contaminated by random and systematic arrival time errors, gaps in azimuthal coverage, and inaccuracies in the assumed velocity model. As usual, depth is the least well-resolved hypocenter coordinate, but this scheme yielded accurate locations of most events while converging to the correct velocity model.

","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/BSSA0750020415","issn":"00371106","usgsCitation":"Shedlock, K.M., Jones, L.M., and Ma, X., 1985, Determination of elastic wave velocity and relative hypocenter locations using refracted waves. I. Methodology: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 75, no. 2, p. 427-439, https://doi.org/10.1785/BSSA0750020415.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"427","endPage":"439","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222439,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"75","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1985-04-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fd43e4b0c8380cd4e717","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shedlock, Kaye M.","contributorId":61788,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shedlock","given":"Kaye","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364544,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jones, Lucile M. jones@usgs.gov","contributorId":1014,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"Lucile","email":"jones@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":508,"text":"Office of the AD Hazards","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":364543,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ma, Xiufang","contributorId":105437,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ma","given":"Xiufang","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364545,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70012797,"text":"70012797 - 1985 - Topographic mapping of the Moon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-02-13T11:40:12","indexId":"70012797","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1429,"text":"Earth, Moon and Planets","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Topographic mapping of the Moon","docAbstract":"

Contour maps of the Moon have been compiled by photogrammetric methods that use stereoscopic combinations of all available metric photographs from the Apollo 15, 16, and 17 missions. The maps utilize the same format as the existing NASA shaded-relief Lunar Planning Charts (LOC-1, -2, -3, and -4), which have a scale of 1:2 750 000. The map contour interval is 500m. A control net derived from Apollo photographs by Doyle and others was used for the compilation. Contour lines and elevations are referred to the new topographic datum of the Moon, which is defined in terms of spherical harmonics from the lunar gravity field. Compilation of all four LOC charts was completed on analytical plotters from 566 stereo models of Apollo metric photographs that cover approximately 20% of the Moon. This is the first step toward compiling a global topographic map of the Moon at a scale of 1:5 000 000. ?? 1985 D. Reidel Publishing Company.

","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Earth, Moon and Planets","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Kluwer Academic Publishers","doi":"10.1007/BF00054173","issn":"01679295","usgsCitation":"Wu, S., 1985, Topographic mapping of the Moon: Earth, Moon and Planets, v. 32, no. 2, p. 165-172, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00054173.","startPage":"165","endPage":"172","numberOfPages":"8","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222442,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":205239,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00054173"}],"volume":"32","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb4d3e4b08c986b326582","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wu, S.S.C.","contributorId":10421,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wu","given":"S.S.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364550,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70012826,"text":"70012826 - 1985 - Selected characteristics of limestone and dolomite reservoirs in the United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-12T16:53:44.5747","indexId":"70012826","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":701,"text":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Selected characteristics of limestone and dolomite reservoirs in the United States","docAbstract":"

Data from the United States Oil and Gas File (TOTL) developed by the University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, are used to characterize the lithology, location (state and basin), geologic age, year of discovery, depth to top of pay, porosity, permeability, water saturation, volume of crude oil and nonassociated gas originally in place, and net-pay thickness of limestone and dolomite reservoirs in the United States. Distributions of these parameters, representing thousands of reservoirs, establish a framework to which individual carbonate reservoirs can be compared, and provide insights into geologic processes affecting reservoir characteristics.

Limestone reservoirs are more numerous in the United States than dolomite reservoirs (by a ratio of about 3 to 1) because limestones are more abundant than dolomites. However, in the eight states that account for over 90% of United States carbonate reservoirs, there is a statistical tendency for carbonate reservoirs to occur preferentially in dolomites. Dolomite reservoirs, on the average, are larger and deeper than those of limestone, yet they often have lower matrix porosities and permeabilities. This line of investigation offers supplemental evidence that dolomitization tends to improve the reservoir properties of a given formation, and that effective fracture systems at reservoir depths are more likely to occur in dolomites than in limestones.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists","doi":"10.1306/AD4627F9-16F7-11D7-8645000102C1865D","usgsCitation":"Schmoker, J.W., Krystinik, K.B., and Halley, R., 1985, Selected characteristics of limestone and dolomite reservoirs in the United States: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 69, no. 5, p. 733-741, https://doi.org/10.1306/AD4627F9-16F7-11D7-8645000102C1865D.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"733","endPage":"741","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":221914,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"69","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aaf30e4b0c8380cd8742f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schmoker, James W.","contributorId":52171,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmoker","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364617,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Krystinik, Katherine B.","contributorId":77989,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krystinik","given":"Katherine","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364618,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Halley, Robert B.","contributorId":45692,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Halley","given":"Robert B.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":364616,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70013021,"text":"70013021 - 1985 - Increased benthic grazing: An alternative explanation for low phytoplankton biomass in northern San Francisco Bay during the 1976-1977 drought","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-12T15:45:41.819469","indexId":"70013021","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1587,"text":"Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Increased benthic grazing: An alternative explanation for low phytoplankton biomass in northern San Francisco Bay during the 1976-1977 drought","docAbstract":"

Among the consequences of extremely low river flow into northern San Francisco Bay during a two-year drought were (1) a gradual increase in salinity, (2) an unusual decline in chlorophyll a concentration, and (3) the upstream migration of estuarine benthic invertebrates to the normally brackish area of the bay. Total abundance in the benthos at a shallow monitoring site increased from a normal 2000 to greater than 20 000 individuals m−2 during the summer of 1977, presumably in response to the increased salinity. Estimated filtration rates derived from equations in the literature for one of the species, the suspended-feeding bivalve Mya arenaria ranged from 1 to 4 m3 m−2 day−1 during 1977 depending on abundance and mean size on sampling dates. Because water depth at this site is less than 2 m, Mya could have filtered all of the particles (including diatoms) from the water column on the order of once per day. Several other immigrant species undoubtedly contributed to the removal of particles from the near-bottom water as well. Increased benthic grazing, therefore, could have accounted for the anomalously low phytoplankton biomass observed during the drought. These results suggest that during periods of prolonged low river flow and increased salinity benthic food webs could become more important than planktonic food webs in the upper part of the estuary.

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0272-7714(85)90018-6","issn":"02727714","usgsCitation":"Nichols, F., 1985, Increased benthic grazing: An alternative explanation for low phytoplankton biomass in northern San Francisco Bay during the 1976-1977 drought: Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, v. 21, no. 3, p. 379-388, https://doi.org/10.1016/0272-7714(85)90018-6.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"379","endPage":"388","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":219829,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.53900208315437,\n 37.868856828024406\n ],\n [\n -122.42936805203873,\n 37.782258949446316\n ],\n [\n -122.40290466521779,\n 37.731447444156544\n ],\n [\n -122.41424611671275,\n 37.58479559067945\n ],\n [\n -122.3008316017656,\n 37.545839351546746\n ],\n [\n -122.2327828927973,\n 37.47686688256759\n ],\n [\n -122.14961224850258,\n 37.46486516533952\n ],\n [\n -122.11936837785015,\n 37.42584627770934\n ],\n [\n -121.99839289524002,\n 37.38079920329733\n ],\n [\n -121.92278321860876,\n 37.41383637259197\n ],\n [\n -121.92278321860876,\n 37.458863584117566\n ],\n [\n -122.0361977335559,\n 37.52485447798044\n ],\n [\n -122.0815635395343,\n 37.602768521483696\n ],\n [\n -122.1344903131766,\n 37.61474806365901\n ],\n [\n -122.14583176467109,\n 37.680601048251674\n ],\n [\n -122.19497805448144,\n 37.75536308797821\n ],\n [\n -122.2970511179341,\n 37.80018408861855\n ],\n [\n -122.27058773111318,\n 37.83602131947953\n ],\n [\n -122.30839256942859,\n 37.93746562322792\n ],\n [\n -122.3688803107339,\n 37.949391057353935\n ],\n [\n -122.32351450475502,\n 37.97025590985791\n ],\n [\n -122.21009998980787,\n 38.032814893300326\n ],\n [\n -122.24790482812375,\n 38.14290795819022\n ],\n [\n -122.27058773111318,\n 38.20234866837163\n ],\n [\n -122.27058773111318,\n 38.288451559881\n ],\n [\n -122.33863644008102,\n 38.24689738024401\n ],\n [\n -122.45205095502816,\n 38.14290795819022\n ],\n [\n -122.52388014782794,\n 38.136961221116565\n ],\n [\n -122.52388014782794,\n 37.98515574642889\n ],\n [\n -122.53900208315437,\n 37.868856828024406\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"21","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a39f6e4b0c8380cd61ad4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nichols, F.H.","contributorId":88020,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"F.H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365096,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70012988,"text":"70012988 - 1985 - Maceral distributions in Illinois coals and their paleoenvironmental implications","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-24T01:17:59.705061","indexId":"70012988","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2033,"text":"International Journal of Coal Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Maceral distributions in Illinois coals and their paleoenvironmental implications","docAbstract":"

For purposes of assessing the maceral distribution of Illinois (U.S.A.) coals analyses were assembled for 326 face channel and drill core samples from 24 coal members of the Pennsylvanian System. The inertinite content of coals from the Missourian and Virgilian Series averages 16.1% (mineral free), compared to 9.4% for older coals from the Desmoinesian and older Series. This indicates there was generally a higher state of oxidation in the peat that formed the younger coals. This state probably resulted from greater exposure of these peats to weathering as the climate became drier and the water table lower than was the case for the older coals, although oxidation during allochthonous deposition of inertinite components is a genetic factor that needs further study to confirm the importance of the climate.

Regional variation of the vitrinite-inertinite ratio (V-I), on a mineral- and micrinite-free basis, was observed in the Springfield (No. 5) and Herrin (No. 6) Coal Members to be related to the geographical position of paleochannel (river) deposits known to have been contemporaneous with the peats that formed these two coal strata. The V-I ratio is highest (generally 12–27) in samples from areas adjacent to the channels, and lower (5–11) some 10–20 km away. We interpret the V-I ratio to be an inverse index of the degree of oxidation to which the original peat was exposed. High V-I ratio coal located near the channels probably formed under more anoxic conditions than did the lower V-I ratio coal some distance away from the channels. The low V-I ratio coal probably formed in areas of the peat swamp where the watertable was generally lower than the channel areas.

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0166-5162(85)90012-6","issn":"01665162","usgsCitation":"Harvey, R., and Dillon, J., 1985, Maceral distributions in Illinois coals and their paleoenvironmental implications: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 5, no. 1-2, p. 141-165, https://doi.org/10.1016/0166-5162(85)90012-6.","productDescription":"25 p.","startPage":"141","endPage":"165","numberOfPages":"25","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220340,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"5","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4b09e4b0c8380cd6924d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harvey, R.D.","contributorId":56371,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harvey","given":"R.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365016,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dillon, J.W.","contributorId":61562,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dillon","given":"J.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365017,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70012992,"text":"70012992 - 1985 - Simulation of ground-water flow in southeastern Oahu, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-20T23:01:02.001701","indexId":"70012992","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3825,"text":"Groundwater","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Simulation of ground-water flow in southeastern Oahu, Hawaii","docAbstract":"

On the leeward side of southeastern Oahu, Hawaii, near-vertical dikes have intruded the gently dipping and highly permeable lava flows of the Koolau mountain. These dikes bound the study area on the north and west and internally divide it into the Waialae and Wailupe-Hawaii Kai aquifers. Recharge to these aquifers, 6 and 9 million gallons per day respectively, has created Ghyben-Herzberg lenses that freely float on sea water and discharge to the sea through coastal sediments. In the Waialae area, where rainfall is high and where thick (poorly permeable) coastal sediments inhibit the discharge of fresh water, heads are 8 to 15 feet above sea level. Lower rainfall and thin coastal sediments that allow easy discharge cause heads to be only 1 to 5 feet in the Wailupe-Hawaii Kai area.

The flow of ground water and the effects of future water development were simulated using AQUIFEM, a two-dimensional finite-element flow model, modified for aquifers containing a sea-water interface. The model provides accurate simulation of observed heads averaged over several years and predicts an additional area-wide head decline of about 1 foot when three recently drilled wells are put into production.

","language":"English","publisher":"National Groundwater Association","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.1985.tb00776.x","issn":"0017467X","usgsCitation":"Eyre, P.R., 1985, Simulation of ground-water flow in southeastern Oahu, Hawaii: Groundwater, v. 23, no. 3, p. 325-330, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1985.tb00776.x.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"325","endPage":"330","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220397,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"23","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-03-21","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9043e4b08c986b3193ec","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Eyre, P. R.","contributorId":83165,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eyre","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365026,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70012719,"text":"70012719 - 1985 - The complex variable boundary element method: Applications","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-02T17:49:00.332391","indexId":"70012719","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2022,"text":"International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The complex variable boundary element method: Applications","docAbstract":"

The complex variable boundary element method (CVBEM) is used to approximate several potential problems where analytical solutions are known: A modelling result produced from the CVBEM is a measure of relative error in matching the known boundary condition values of the problem. A CVBEM error-reduction algorithm is used to reduce the relative error of the approximation by adding nodal points in boundary regions where error is large. From the-test problems, overall error is reduced significantly by utilizing the adaptive integration algorithm.

","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/nme.1620210604","issn":"00295981","usgsCitation":"Hromadka, T., Yen, C., and Guymon, G.L., 1985, The complex variable boundary element method: Applications: International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering, v. 21, no. 6, p. 1013-1025, https://doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620210604.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"1013","endPage":"1025","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":222159,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"21","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-06-21","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f2dbe4b0c8380cd4b432","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hromadka, T. V. II","contributorId":76464,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hromadka","given":"T. V.","suffix":"II","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364342,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Yen, C.C.","contributorId":60773,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yen","given":"C.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364341,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Guymon, G. L.","contributorId":83941,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Guymon","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364343,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70012391,"text":"70012391 - 1985 - PROGRESS REPORT ON GEOLOGIC STUDIES OF THE RANGER OREBODIES, NORTHERN TERRITORY, AUSTRALIA.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:05","indexId":"70012391","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"PROGRESS REPORT ON GEOLOGIC STUDIES OF THE RANGER OREBODIES, NORTHERN TERRITORY, AUSTRALIA.","docAbstract":"The Ranger No. 1 and No. 3 orebodies contain about 124,000 tonnes U//3O//8 in highly chloritized metasediments of the lower Proterozoic Cahill Formation within about 500 m of the projected sub-Kombolgie Formation unconformity. In both orebodies, oxidized and reduced uranium minerals occur chiefly in quartzose schists that have highly variable amounts of muscovite, sericite, and chlorite. The effects of several periods of alteration are pervasive in the vicinity of orebodies where biotite and garnet are altered to chlorite, and feldspars to white mica or chlorite. Oxidized uranium minerals, associated with earthy iron oxides, occur from the surface to a depth of about 60 m. Below the oxidized zone, uranium occurs chiefly as uraninite and pitchblende disseminated through thick sections of quartz-chlorite-muscovite schist and has no apparent association with graphite or sulphides. The geologic age(s) of uranium emplacement are obscure because there are few age criteria. Reduced uranium minerals are younger than 1. 8-b. y. -old granite dykes, and some occur locally in 1. 65-b. y. -old Kombolgie Formation.","largerWorkTitle":"CIM Special Volume","conferenceTitle":"Geology of Uranium Deposits, Proceedings of the CIM-SEG Uranium Symposium.","conferenceLocation":"Saskatoon, Sask, Can","language":"English","publisher":"CIM","publisherLocation":"Montreal, Que, Can","issn":"07137672","isbn":"091908611X","usgsCitation":"Nash, J.T., and Frishman, D., 1985, PROGRESS REPORT ON GEOLOGIC STUDIES OF THE RANGER OREBODIES, NORTHERN TERRITORY, AUSTRALIA., in CIM Special Volume, v. 32, Saskatoon, Sask, Can, p. 205-215.","startPage":"205","endPage":"215","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222474,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"32","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a737fe4b0c8380cd7708c","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Sibbald T.I.I.Petruk William","contributorId":128365,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Sibbald T.I.I.Petruk William","id":536252,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Nash, J. Thomas","contributorId":26306,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nash","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"Thomas","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363432,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Frishman, David","contributorId":40214,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frishman","given":"David","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363433,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":47688,"text":"wri854000 - 1985 - Map showing the potentiometric surface of the Magothy aquifer in southern Maryland, September 1983","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-17T20:13:58.796084","indexId":"wri854000","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"85-4000","title":"Map showing the potentiometric surface of the Magothy aquifer in southern Maryland, September 1983","docAbstract":"

No abstract available.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri854000","usgsCitation":"Mack, F., Wheeler, J.C., and Curtin, S.E., 1985, Map showing the potentiometric surface of the Magothy aquifer in southern Maryland, September 1983: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 85-4000, 1 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri854000.","productDescription":"1 p.","costCenters":[{"id":374,"text":"Maryland Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":415883,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_36199.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":84597,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4000/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":169951,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4000/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Maryland","otherGeospatial":"Magothy aquifer","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -77,\n 39.083\n ],\n [\n -77,\n 38.5\n ],\n [\n -76.383,\n 38.5\n ],\n [\n -76.383,\n 39.083\n ],\n [\n -77,\n 39.083\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b12e4b07f02db6a252f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mack, Frederick K.","contributorId":95858,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mack","given":"Frederick K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":236012,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wheeler, Judith C.","contributorId":13620,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wheeler","given":"Judith","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":236011,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Curtin, Stephen E. securtin@usgs.gov","contributorId":3703,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Curtin","given":"Stephen","email":"securtin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":374,"text":"Maryland Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":236010,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ]}