A reinterpretation of the origin of subsurface rocks in southwestern Virginia and southeastern Kentucky suggests that, contrary to commonly accepted ideas, the Mississippian-Pennsylvanian Systemic boundary is an unconformity and the Lower Pennsylvanian quartz arenite sequences were deposited in a fluvial environment. Because Pennsylvanian strata of the Pocahontas and Lee Formations appear to have been deposited at the same time in adjacent valleys, the Pocahontas, which generally has been considered to be older and to underlie the Lee, is considered here to be equivalent to the basal part of the Middlesboro Member of the Lee Formation.
Under the assumption that landforms unaffected by drainage channels are degraded according to the linear diffusion equation, a procedure is developed to invert a scarp profile to find its “diffusion age.” Diffusion age, having dimension [length]2, is the product of diffusivity times chronological age. The second moment of scarp slope grows linearly with age. This fact, together with an assumption about initial scarp shape, allows the inverse determination of diffusion age. Age found assuming a vertical initial scarp is termed “apparent age”; any nonvertical initial scarp profile has a nonzero initial apparent age. True diffusion age differs from apparent age by a fraction of scarp offset squared. The inverse procedure applied to synthetic data yields the following rules of thumb. Evidence of initial scarp shape has been lost when apparent age reaches twice its initial value. If a scarp is formed by two events, the inversion gives their offset-weighted-mean age with an error that is a fraction of offset squared. A scarp that appears to have been formed by one event may have been formed by two with an interval between them as large as apparent age. After scarps of two fault traces have diffused to appear as one, the error in inferred age may be as large as half the apparent age. Variation of apparent age along strike would indicate multiple fault traces. The simplicity of scarp profile measurement and this inversion makes profile analysis attractive. If linearity of the flow law, time for a free face to be reduced to the angle of repose, and variation of diffusivity with climate and material could be established, profile analysis would become a reliable dating technique.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB090iB12p10193","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Andrews, D., and Hanks, T.C., 1985, Scarp degraded by linear diffusion: Inverse solution for age: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 90, no. B12, p. 10193-10208, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB090iB12p10193.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"10193","endPage":"10208","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221819,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"90","issue":"B12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b872ce4b08c986b316359","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Andrews, D.J.","contributorId":7416,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andrews","given":"D.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363331,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hanks, Thomas C.","contributorId":35763,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hanks","given":"Thomas","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363332,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70012344,"text":"70012344 - 1985 - Simulated fissioning of uranium and testing of the fission-track dating method","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-06T20:03:53","indexId":"70012344","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2913,"text":"Nuclear Tracks and Radiation Measurements (1982)","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Simulated fissioning of uranium and testing of the fission-track dating method","docAbstract":"A computer program (FTD-SIM) faithfully simulates the fissioning of 238U with time and 235U with neutron dose. The simulation is based on first principles of physics where the fissioning of 238U with the flux of time is described by Ns = ??f 238Ut and the fissioning of 235U with the fluence of neutrons is described by Ni = ??235U??. The Poisson law is used to set the stochastic variation of fissioning within the uranium population. The life history of a given crystal can thus be traced under an infinite variety of age and irradiation conditions. A single dating attempt or up to 500 dating attempts on a given crystal population can be simulated by specifying the age of the crystal population, the size and variation in the areas to be counted, the amount and distribution of uranium, the neutron dose to be used and its variation, and the desired ratio of 238U to 235U. A variety of probability distributions can be applied to uranium and counting-area. The Price and Walker age equation is used to estimate age. The output of FTD-SIM includes the tabulated results of each individual dating attempt (sample) on demand and/or the summary statistics and histograms for multiple dating attempts (samples) including the sampling age. An analysis of the results from FTD-SIM shows that: (1) The external detector method is intrinsically more precise than the population method. (2) For the external detector method a correlation between spontaneous track count, Ns, and induced track count, Ni, results when the population of grains has a stochastic uranium content and/or when the counting areas between grains are stochastic. For the population method no correlation can exist. (3) In the external detector method the sampling distribution of age is independent of the number of grains counted. In the population method the sampling distribution of age is highly dependent on the number of grains counted. (4) Grains with zero-track counts, either in Ns or Ni, are in integral part of fissioning theory and under certain circumstances must be included in any estimate of age. (5) In estimating standard error of age the standard error of Ns and Ni and ?? must be accurately estimated and propagated through the age equation. Several statistical models are presently available to do so. ?? 1985.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Nuclear Tracks and Radiation Measurements (1982)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0735-245X(85)90126-7","issn":"0735245X","usgsCitation":"McGee, V., Johnson, N., and Naeser, C.W., 1985, Simulated fissioning of uranium and testing of the fission-track dating method: Nuclear Tracks and Radiation Measurements (1982), v. 10, no. 3, p. 365-379, https://doi.org/10.1016/0735-245X(85)90126-7.","startPage":"365","endPage":"379","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221817,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":268862,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0735-245X(85)90126-7"}],"volume":"10","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8fa8e4b08c986b319073","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McGee, V.E.","contributorId":36295,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGee","given":"V.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363328,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnson, N.M.","contributorId":105429,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"N.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363329,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Naeser, C. W.","contributorId":17582,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Naeser","given":"C.","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363327,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70013216,"text":"70013216 - 1985 - TRANSIENT SOUNDING INVESTIGATION OF NEWBERRY VOLCANO, OREGON.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:39","indexId":"70013216","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"TRANSIENT SOUNDING INVESTIGATION OF NEWBERRY VOLCANO, OREGON.","docAbstract":"Transient electromagnetic soundings were used to map the geoelectrical structure of Newberry Volcano in central Oregon. An extensive conductor was found to underlie the volcano and to have resistivities from 20 OMEGA m to 72 OMEGA m. The depth to the conductor ranges from 410 m to 870 m. Inside the caldera, low basement resistivities are the result of hot fluids. The cause of the conductor outside the caldera is not known; however, we speculate that it is due to the water table.","largerWorkTitle":"Transactions - Geothermal Resources Council","conferenceTitle":"1985 International Symposium on Geothermal Energy. Geothermal Resources Council 1985 Annual Meeting.","conferenceLocation":"Kailua-Kona, HI, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Geothermal Resources Council","publisherLocation":"Davis, CA, USA","issn":"01935933","isbn":"093441260X","usgsCitation":"Fitterman, D.V., and Neev, D.K., 1985, TRANSIENT SOUNDING INVESTIGATION OF NEWBERRY VOLCANO, OREGON., in Transactions - Geothermal Resources Council, v. 9, no. pt 2, Kailua-Kona, HI, USA, p. 407-410.","startPage":"407","endPage":"410","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220023,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"9","issue":"pt 2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba391e4b08c986b31fd6c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fitterman, David V. dfitterman@usgs.gov","contributorId":1106,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fitterman","given":"David","email":"dfitterman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":365562,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Neev, Deborah K.","contributorId":35872,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Neev","given":"Deborah","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365563,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70012343,"text":"70012343 - 1985 - Wavelike movement of bedload sediment, East Fork River, Wyoming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:47","indexId":"70012343","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1540,"text":"Environmental Geology and Water Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Wavelike movement of bedload sediment, East Fork River, Wyoming","docAbstract":"Bedload is moved down the East Fork River in distinct wavelike pulses that have the form of composite dune fields The moving material consists mostly of coarse sand and fine gravel The wavelengths of the pulses are about 500-600 m, a distance that is predetermined by the pattern of stoage of bed sediment in the river during low water As the river discharge increases, the bed sediment is scoured from the storage areas, and it is moved onto and across the interventing riffles As the river discharge decreases, the bed sediment is scoured off the riffles and moved into the next storage area downstream Each successive pulse of water discharge sets into motion a wave of bedload that continues to move unitil it reaches the next storage area ?? 1985 Springer-Verlag New York Inc.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Geology and Water Sciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF02509922","issn":"00990094","usgsCitation":"Meade, R., 1985, Wavelike movement of bedload sediment, East Fork River, Wyoming: Environmental Geology and Water Sciences, v. 7, no. 4, p. 215-225, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02509922.","startPage":"215","endPage":"225","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205289,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02509922"},{"id":222716,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"7","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bcfa3e4b08c986b32ea06","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Meade, R.H.","contributorId":27449,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meade","given":"R.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363326,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70012342,"text":"70012342 - 1985 - The transverse and oblique cylindrical equal-area projection of the ellipsoid.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-12T21:00:11","indexId":"70012342","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":797,"text":"Annals of the Association of American Geographers","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The transverse and oblique cylindrical equal-area projection of the ellipsoid.","docAbstract":"The formulas for the ellipsoidal projection are derived for both forward and inverse computations and consist of modifying the formulas obtained by using the authalic sphere so that the scale along the central line of the projection is constant. Fourier series are used to eliminate recurring numerical integration and other lengthy trigonometric computations of co-ordinates.-from Author","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Annals of the Association of American Geographers","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1111/j.1467-8306.1985.tb00077.x","usgsCitation":"Snyder, J., 1985, The transverse and oblique cylindrical equal-area projection of the ellipsoid.: Annals of the Association of American Geographers, v. 75, no. 3, p. 431-442, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8306.1985.tb00077.x.","startPage":"431","endPage":"442","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222715,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":269222,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8306.1985.tb00077.x"}],"volume":"75","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-03-15","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb13ae4b08c986b325285","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Snyder, J.P.","contributorId":79235,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Snyder","given":"J.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363325,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70012750,"text":"70012750 - 1985 - Analysis of low levels of rare earths by radiochemical neutron activation analysis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:05","indexId":"70012750","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2440,"text":"Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry Articles","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Analysis of low levels of rare earths by radiochemical neutron activation analysis","docAbstract":"A procedure for the radiochemical neutron-activation analysis for the rare earth elements (REE) involves the separation of the REE as a group by rapid ion-exchange methods and determination of yields by reactivation or by energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) spectrometry. The U. S. Geological Survey (USGS) standard rocks, BCR-1 and AGV-1, were analyzed to determine the precision and accuracy of the method. We found that the precision was ??5-10% on the basis of replicate analysis and that, in general the accuracy was within ??5% of accepted values for most REE. Data for USGS standard rocks BIR-1 (Icelandic basalt) and DNC-1 (North Carolina diabase) are also presented. ?? 1985 Akade??miai Kiado??.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry Articles","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Kluwer Academic Publishers","doi":"10.1007/BF02219757","issn":"02365731","usgsCitation":"Wandless, G., and Morgan, J.W., 1985, Analysis of low levels of rare earths by radiochemical neutron activation analysis: Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry Articles, v. 92, no. 2, p. 273-282, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02219757.","startPage":"273","endPage":"282","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205272,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02219757"},{"id":222610,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"92","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059eb1fe4b0c8380cd48c2f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wandless, G.A.","contributorId":107716,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wandless","given":"G.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364434,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Morgan, J. W.","contributorId":92384,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morgan","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364433,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70013300,"text":"70013300 - 1985 - APPLICATIONS OF BOREHOLE-ACOUSTIC METHODS IN ROCK MECHANICS.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:38","indexId":"70013300","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"APPLICATIONS OF BOREHOLE-ACOUSTIC METHODS IN ROCK MECHANICS.","docAbstract":"Acoustic-logging methods using a considerable range of wavelengths and frequencies have proven very useful in the in situ characterization of deeply buried crystalline rocks. Seismic velocities are useful in investigating the moduli of unfractured rock, and in producing a continuous record of rock quality for comparison with discontinuous intervals of core. The considerable range of frequencies makes the investigation of scale effects possible in both fractured and unfractured rock. Several specific methods for the characterization of in situ permeability have been developed and verified in the field.","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings - Symposium on Rock Mechanics","conferenceTitle":"Research & Engineering Applications in Rock Masses, Proceedings of the 26th US Symposium on Rock Mechanics.","conferenceLocation":"Rapid City, SD, USA","language":"English","publisher":"A. A. Balkema","publisherLocation":"Rotterdam, Neth","issn":"0085574X","isbn":"9061916011","usgsCitation":"Paillet, F.L., 1985, APPLICATIONS OF BOREHOLE-ACOUSTIC METHODS IN ROCK MECHANICS., in Proceedings - Symposium on Rock Mechanics, v. 1, Rapid City, SD, USA, p. 207-220.","startPage":"207","endPage":"220","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220247,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e631e4b0c8380cd4722c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Paillet, Frederick L.","contributorId":63820,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paillet","given":"Frederick","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365759,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70013020,"text":"70013020 - 1985 - Physiography and deposition on a distal deep-sea system: The Valencia Fan (Northwestern Mediterranean)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:23","indexId":"70013020","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1742,"text":"Geo-Marine Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Physiography and deposition on a distal deep-sea system: The Valencia Fan (Northwestern Mediterranean)","docAbstract":"The Valencia Fan developed as the distal fill of a deep-sea valley, detached from the continental slope and the main sedimentary source. A survey of side-scan sonar, Sea Beam and reflection seismics shows that the sediment is largely fed through the Valencia Valley. The upper fan comprises large channels with low-relief levees, and the middle fan has sinuous distributary channels. Depositional bedforms predominate on the valley floor and levees, and erosional bedforms are common in the valley walls. A change to slope on the fan apex and the presence of volcanoes on the upper fan are the main factors influencing fan-growth pattern. ?? 1985 Springer-Verlag New York Inc.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geo-Marine Letters","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF02281633","issn":"02760460","usgsCitation":"Maldonado, A., Palanques, A., Alonso, B., Kastens, K., Nelson, C., O'Connell, S., and Ryan, W., 1985, Physiography and deposition on a distal deep-sea system: The Valencia Fan (Northwestern Mediterranean): Geo-Marine Letters, v. 5, no. 3, p. 157-164, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02281633.","startPage":"157","endPage":"164","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":204977,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02281633"},{"id":219828,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"5","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7b04e4b0c8380cd791e9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Maldonado, A.","contributorId":90437,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maldonado","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365095,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Palanques, A.","contributorId":61155,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Palanques","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365091,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Alonso, B.","contributorId":51014,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alonso","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365090,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kastens, K.A.","contributorId":70917,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kastens","given":"K.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365092,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Nelson, C.H.","contributorId":88346,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"C.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365094,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"O'Connell, S.","contributorId":37060,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O'Connell","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365089,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Ryan, William B. F.","contributorId":86486,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ryan","given":"William B. F.","affiliations":[{"id":7135,"text":"Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, NY","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":365093,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":1007504,"text":"1007504 - 1985 - Tolerance of West Indian manatees to capture and handling","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-09-14T17:34:19.392058","indexId":"1007504","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1015,"text":"Biological Conservation","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Tolerance of West Indian manatees to capture and handling","docAbstract":"Ninety-two West Indian manatees (Trichechus manatus) have been captured in the southeastern United States from October 1975 through November 1983 with no evidence of an unusual susceptibility to capture myopathy. Of these, 53 were radio-tracked or observed in the field following capture with no evidence of delayed capture stress. Blood samples obtained at capture for 20 wild individuals displayed no elevation in biochemical variables typically seen in mammalian capture myopathy cases. Thirty-one manatees captured for rescue and rehabilitation generally did not exhibit symptoms of capture myopathy, although in one case marked elevations in creatinine phosphokinase were observed, probably related to lengthy transport. Necropsy findings for 20 terminal cases that died of various causes unrelated to their rescue or handling did not indicate the involvement of any gross or histological lesions of capture myopathy. Historical records for the capture and handling of about 150 West Indian manatees during the 1900s also suggest a tolerance to these activities. Recent observations on the probable susceptibility of dugongs (Dugong dugon) to capture stress apparently cannot be extended to West Indian manatees.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0006-3207(85)90075-8","usgsCitation":"O'Shea, T., Rathbun, G.B., Asper, E., and Searles, S., 1985, Tolerance of West Indian manatees to capture and handling: Biological Conservation, v. 33, p. 335-349, https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-3207(85)90075-8.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"335","endPage":"349","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129798,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -93.92882371063064,\n 33.072266109877106\n ],\n [\n -93.92882371063064,\n 23.783976825799655\n ],\n [\n -79.20129996902527,\n 23.783976825799655\n ],\n [\n -79.20129996902527,\n 33.072266109877106\n ],\n [\n -93.92882371063064,\n 33.072266109877106\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"33","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a53e4b07f02db62b3ae","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"O'Shea, T. J. 0000-0002-0758-9730","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0758-9730","contributorId":50100,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O'Shea","given":"T. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":315492,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rathbun, G. B.","contributorId":106044,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rathbun","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":315495,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Asper, E.D.","contributorId":75098,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Asper","given":"E.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":315494,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Searles, S.W.","contributorId":66206,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Searles","given":"S.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":315493,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":1003305,"text":"1003305 - 1985 - Invertebrate colonization rates in the tailwater of a Kentucky flood-control reservoir","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-01-14T11:00:16","indexId":"1003305","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2299,"text":"Journal of Freshwater Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Invertebrate colonization rates in the tailwater of a Kentucky flood-control reservoir","docAbstract":"Invertebrate colonization on newly introduced rock substrates was examined from July through October 1982 in the tailwater of Barren River Lake, Kentucky. Chironomidae, the dominant taxon of benthic insects, reached full colonization by day 14. Colonization by Oligochaeta, the other major invertebrate taxon, was not completed by the end of the 95-day period of observation. It may have been delayed because insufficient food (periphyton and detritus) had accumulated on the clean rocks. Rapid recolonization of dewatered substrates may be especially critical for maintaining adequate fish food in tailwaters of flood-control reservoir.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oikos Publishers","doi":"10.1080/02705060.1985.9665089","usgsCitation":"Swink, W., and Novotny, J., 1985, Invertebrate colonization rates in the tailwater of a Kentucky flood-control reservoir: Journal of Freshwater Ecology, v. 3, no. 1, p. 27-34, https://doi.org/10.1080/02705060.1985.9665089.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"27","endPage":"34","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":201738,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Kentucky","otherGeospatial":"Barren River Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -86.18637084960938,\n 36.71576985044291\n ],\n [\n -86.18637084960938,\n 36.96744946416931\n ],\n [\n -85.94329833984375,\n 36.96744946416931\n ],\n [\n -85.94329833984375,\n 36.71576985044291\n ],\n [\n -86.18637084960938,\n 36.71576985044291\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"3","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-01-11","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48b5e4b07f02db53389c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Swink, W.D.","contributorId":66200,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swink","given":"W.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313092,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Novotny, J.F.","contributorId":95856,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Novotny","given":"J.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313093,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70012961,"text":"70012961 - 1985 - Intraband radiometric performance of the Landsat Thematic Mappers.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:02","indexId":"70012961","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3052,"text":"Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Intraband radiometric performance of the Landsat Thematic Mappers.","docAbstract":"Radiometric characteristics have been examined of the Landsat-4 and Landsat-5 Thematic Mappers (TMs) that can be established without absolute calibration of spectral data. This analysis is based on radiometrically and geometrically raw (B-type) data of both uniform (flat-field) and high-contrast scenes. Subscenes selected for uniform radiance were used to characterized subtle radiometric differences and noise problems. Although the general performance of the Thematic Mappers is excellent, various anomalies that have a magnitude of a few digital levels (DN) or less are quantified. -from Authors","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Kieffer, H.H., Cook, D., Eliason, E.M., and Eliason, P., 1985, Intraband radiometric performance of the Landsat Thematic Mappers.: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, v. 51, no. 9, p. 1331-1350.","startPage":"1331","endPage":"1350","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222046,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"51","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3dbfe4b0c8380cd637f6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kieffer, H. H.","contributorId":40725,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kieffer","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364942,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cook, D.A.","contributorId":30364,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cook","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364941,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Eliason, E. M.","contributorId":93113,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eliason","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364944,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Eliason, P.T.","contributorId":58777,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eliason","given":"P.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364943,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":1003303,"text":"1003303 - 1985 - Observations on twinning in the sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) in the laboratory","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-09T11:19:46.453325","indexId":"1003303","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2330,"text":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Observations on twinning in the sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) in the laboratory","docAbstract":"Forty-five sets of separate, normal twins were produced from four portions of the eggs from one female sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) each fertilized by a different male. The percentage of twinning in the different groups of embryos ranged from 1.0 to 1.7. Although the development of some of the twins was slightly slower than average, that of most was within the normal range for sea lamprey embryos. The twins were smaller than non-twins, and one twin was usually smaller than the other. Although the discovery of Siamese twins in fish is not uncommon, separate, normal twins have seldom been reported.
This area includes three of the main tectonic units of the Arabian Shield: the Afif continental terrain, the Nabitah suture with its associated mobile belt, and the Asir ensimatic arc terrain. U/Pb zircon data from a pelitic garnet-sillimanite gneiss show that the Kabib formation in the S of the Afif terrain may be as old as 1770 m.y. Pb and Rb/Sr isotopic data in the Zalm region reveal a change in the nature of the underlying crust, from continental basement in the NE to less radiogenic marginal arc rocks in the SW. Miogeosynclinal continental shelf facies of the Siham group lie unconformably over the Kabid formation. U/Pb zircon age determinations show that this 'Andean' continental margin developed before approx 720 m.y. and the emplacement of calc-alkaline plutonic rocks continued until approx 690 m.y. During the period 685-640 m.y. the continental Afif microplate collided with the Asir terrain as part of the Nabitah orogeny. At approx 640 m.y. age the Najd strike-slip faulting commenced, with a dextral phase that controlled emplacement of granite plutons as well as the development of large pull-apart grabens. Some of the latter were floored by new oceanic crust and filled with volcanosedimentary rocks of the Bani Ghayy group.-R.A.H.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of the Geological Society","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of London","publisherLocation":"London, England","doi":"10.1144/gsjgs.142.6.1189","issn":"00167649","usgsCitation":"Stacey, J.S., and Agar, R., 1985, U-Pb isotopic evidence for the accretion of a continental microplate in the Zalm region of the Saudi Arabian Shield.: Journal of the Geological Society, v. 142, no. 6, p. 1189-1203, https://doi.org/10.1144/gsjgs.142.6.1189.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"1189","endPage":"1203","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222049,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Saudi Arabia","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 35,\n 28\n ],\n [\n 35,\n 16\n ],\n [\n 45,\n 16\n ],\n [\n 45,\n 28\n ],\n [\n 35,\n 28\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"142","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2022-06-06","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb9cfe4b08c986b327e14","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stacey, J. S.","contributorId":72785,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stacey","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364948,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Agar, R.A.","contributorId":13645,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Agar","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364947,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70012966,"text":"70012966 - 1985 - Mesozoic ash-flow caldera fragments in southeastern Arizona and their relation to porphyry copper deposits","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-30T12:20:57.212464","indexId":"70012966","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mesozoic ash-flow caldera fragments in southeastern Arizona and their relation to porphyry copper deposits","docAbstract":"Jurassic and Upper Cretaceous volcanic and associated granitic rocks in southeast Arizona are remnants of large composite silicic volcanic fields, characterized by voluminous ash-flow tuffs and associated calderas. Presence of 10–15 large caldera fragments is inferred primarily from (1) ash-flow deposits more than 1 km thick, having features of intracaldera ponding; (2) “exotic-block” breccias within a tuff matrix, interpreted as caldera-collapse megabreccias; and (3) local granitic intrusions along arcuate structural boundaries of the thick volcanic sequences. Several porphyry copper deposits are associated with late granitic intrusions within the calderas or along their margins.
Conventional analyses of exploration geochemical data assume that the background is a constant or slowly changing value, equivalent to a plane or a smoothly curved surface. However, it is better to regard the geochemical background as a rugged surface, varying with changes in geology and environment. This rugged surface can be estimated from observed geological, geochemical and environmental properties by using multivariate statistics.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0375-6742(85)90046-9","issn":"03756742","usgsCitation":"Zhou, D., 1985, Adjustment of geochemical background by robust multivariate statistics: Journal of Geochemical Exploration, v. 24, no. 2, p. 207-222, https://doi.org/10.1016/0375-6742(85)90046-9.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"207","endPage":"222","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220116,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"24","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e6f6e4b0c8380cd4775b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zhou, D.","contributorId":98037,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhou","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364961,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70012944,"text":"70012944 - 1985 - Significance of the Goniatite Bilinguites eliasi and Associated Biotas, Parkwood Formation and Bangor Limestone, Northwestern Alabama","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-07-01T22:19:53.16173","indexId":"70012944","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2412,"text":"Journal of Paleontology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Significance of the Goniatite Bilinguites eliasi and Associated Biotas, Parkwood Formation and Bangor Limestone, Northwestern Alabama","docAbstract":"The Bangor Limestone contains conodonts, smaller calcareous foraminifers, and a sparse marine macrofauna dating it as late or latest Chesterian (Late Mississippian). The Parkwood Formation, a paralic sequence disconformably overlying the Bangor, has yielded a fauna containing the reticuloceratid ammonoid Bilinguites eliasi Manger and Saunders which permits correlation of the Parkwood Formation in north-western Alabama to the upper part of the Prairie Grove Member of the Hale Formation in the type Morrowan sequence. The macrofauna occurring with the ammonoid, supports this correlation. Bilinguites eliasi also alows correlation with the lower part of the Yeadonian Stage (lowest Namurian 'C') of Europe. Florules collected just below and above the goniatite occurrence in Frankling County correlate with those in the lower two-thirds of the New River Formation, southern West Virgina, and with the upper Namurian of western Europe. -from Authors","language":"English","publisher":"SEPM Society for Sedimentary Geology","issn":"00223360","usgsCitation":"Henry, T.W., Gordon, M., Schweinfurth, S., and Gillespie, W., 1985, Significance of the Goniatite Bilinguites eliasi and Associated Biotas, Parkwood Formation and Bangor Limestone, Northwestern Alabama: Journal of Paleontology, v. 59, no. 5, p. 1138-1145.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"1138","endPage":"1145","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":430687,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1305007"},{"id":222751,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"59","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8f1ee4b08c986b318d35","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Henry, T. W.","contributorId":81904,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Henry","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364903,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gordon, M. Jr.","contributorId":34260,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gordon","given":"M.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364902,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schweinfurth, S. P.","contributorId":82288,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schweinfurth","given":"S. P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364904,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gillespie, W.H.","contributorId":10804,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gillespie","given":"W.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364901,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70012947,"text":"70012947 - 1985 - YELLOWSTONE MAGMATIC-HYDROTHERMAL SYSTEM, U. S. A.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:44","indexId":"70012947","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"YELLOWSTONE MAGMATIC-HYDROTHERMAL SYSTEM, U. S. A.","docAbstract":"At Yellowstone National Park, the deep permeability and fluid circulation are probably controlled and maintained by repeated brittle fracture of rocks in response to local and regional stress. Focal depths of earthquakes beneath the Yellowstone caldera suggest that the transition from brittle fracture to quasi-plastic flow takes place at about 3 to 4 km. The maximum temperature likely to be attained by the hydrothermal system is 350 to 450 degree C, the convective thermal output is about 5. 5 multiplied by 10**9 watts, and the minimum average thermal flux is about 1800 mW/m**2 throughout 2,500 km**2. The average thermal gradient between the heat source and the convecting hydrothermal system must be at least 700 to 1000 degree C/km. Crystallization and partial cooling of about 0. 082 km**3 of basalt or 0. 10 km**3 of rhyolite annually could furnish the heat discharged in the hot-spring system. The Yellowstone magmatic-hydrothermal system as a whole appears to be cooling down, in spite of a relatively large rate of inflation of the Yellowstone caldera.","conferenceTitle":"1985 International Symposium on Geothermal Energy, International Volume.","language":"English","publisher":"Geothermal Resources Council","publisherLocation":"Davis, CA, USA","isbn":"093441288X","usgsCitation":"Fournier, R., and Pitt, A., 1985, YELLOWSTONE MAGMATIC-HYDROTHERMAL SYSTEM, U. S. A., 1985 International Symposium on Geothermal Energy, International Volume., p. 319-327.","startPage":"319","endPage":"327","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222754,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bd200e4b08c986b32f620","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Stone Claudia","contributorId":128295,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Stone Claudia","id":536259,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Fournier, R.O.","contributorId":73584,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fournier","given":"R.O.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364911,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pitt, A.D.","contributorId":41440,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pitt","given":"A.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364910,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70180829,"text":"70180829 - 1985 - A model for estimating deficits in the size of spawning stocks for spring Chinook salmon in tributaries of the upper Columbia River basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-03T14:10:20","indexId":"70180829","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"title":"A model for estimating deficits in the size of spawning stocks for spring Chinook salmon in tributaries of the upper Columbia River basin","docAbstract":"No abstract available
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service ","publisherLocation":"Portland, OR","usgsCitation":"McIntyre, J., 1985, A model for estimating deficits in the size of spawning stocks for spring Chinook salmon in tributaries of the upper Columbia River basin.","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":334711,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5895a4d6e4b0fa1e59bc1ee3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McIntyre, J.D.","contributorId":27006,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McIntyre","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":662538,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70169254,"text":"70169254 - 1985 - Diversion of lava during the 1983 eruption of Mount Etna","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-06T16:40:19.552102","indexId":"70169254","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1435,"text":"Earthquake Information Bulletin (USGS)","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Diversion of lava during the 1983 eruption of Mount Etna","docAbstract":"Mankind's first known attempt to divert a lava flow was in 1669, when a flow from Mount Etna volcano threatened the Sicilian city of Catania. This attempt was largely unsuccessful, in part due to opposition by citizens of another town, Paterno. Attempts to divert lava flows from Mauna Loa Volcano on the island of Hawaii by aerial bombing were made in 1935 and 1942, with no signifcant effects. Earthen bariers were hurriedly constructed in attempts to divert flows from Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii in 1955 and 1960, again with little success.
\nThe first successful lava diversion took place in 1973, when a thick lava flow was impeded and a harbor saved in Iceland by pumping massive quantities of seawater over advancing aa lava. Nonetheless, methods that could be applied to areas far from sources of water remained unproven.
\nDuring the 1983 eruption of Etna, Italian scientists managed, for the first time, to convince government authorities that direct intervention in natural volcanic processes was warranted. Both explosives and earthen barriers were used to divert major flows. These efforts were fairly successful, although at the time the historic importance of the operations was not fully recognized.
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