Waters within the north coastal limestoneaquifers are suitable for public supply, industrial and agricultural uses. For the artesian aquifer and the updip parts of the watertable aquifer, calcium and bicarbonate are the dominant ionic species with total dissolved solids and chloride concentrations below 500 and 250 mg/L, respectively. In coastal areas of thewater table aquifer, where a freshwater-saltwater mixing zone occurs, the calcium bicarbonate facie grade to a sodium-chloride facie. Within this zone, concentrations of total dissolved solids and chloride are greater than 250 and 500 mg/L respectively, affecting the suitability of the water for some uses. Geochemical models were constructed to determine the physical and chemicalreasons for the prevailing water quality patterns of the north coastlimestone aquifers. Models indicate that calcite and carbon dioxide dissolution, precipitation or degassing are the primary processes. The mixing of recharge water or saltwater with aquifer waters is an important feature within the water table aquifer. The models provide further evidence that support the circulation of groundwater within the north coast limestone.
","largerWorkType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"largerWorkTitle":"American Water Resources Association, Technical Publication Series TPS-85-1","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"conferenceTitle":"International Symposium on Tropical Hydrology and 2nd Caribbean Islands Water Resources Congress","conferenceDate":"May 5-8, 1985","conferenceLocation":"San Juan, Puerto Rico","language":"English","publisher":"American Water Resources Association","publisherLocation":"Bethesda, MD","issn":"0731-9789","usgsCitation":"Roman-Mas, A.J., and Lee, R.W., 1985, Water quality and chemical evolution of ground water within the north coast limestone aquifers of Puerto Rico, in American Water Resources Association, Technical Publication Series TPS-85-1, San Juan, Puerto Rico, May 5-8, 1985, p. 57-63.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"57","endPage":"63","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":156,"text":"Caribbean Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":322065,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57500784e4b0ee97d51bb831","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Roman-Mas, Angel J.","contributorId":8436,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roman-Mas","given":"Angel","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":631522,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lee, Roger W.","contributorId":105273,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"Roger","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":631523,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1007475,"text":"1007475 - 1985 - The role of CAM in the carbon economy of the submerged-aquatic Isoetes howellii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-03-16T13:41:22.404582","indexId":"1007475","displayToPublicDate":"1985-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3678,"text":"Verhandlugen Internationale Vereingung fur Limnologie","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"The role of CAM in the carbon economy of the submerged-aquatic Isoetes howellii","title":"The role of CAM in the carbon economy of the submerged-aquatic Isoetes howellii","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/03680770.1983.11897800","usgsCitation":"Keeley, J., 1985, The role of CAM in the carbon economy of the submerged-aquatic Isoetes howellii: Verhandlugen Internationale Vereingung fur Limnologie, v. 22, no. 5, p. 2909-2911, https://doi.org/10.1080/03680770.1983.11897800.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"2909","endPage":"2911","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129999,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"Riverside County","otherGeospatial":"Mesa de Colorado","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -117.30285742766472,\n 33.50742771785629\n ],\n [\n -117.30285742766472,\n 33.49470879871885\n ],\n [\n -117.26516576601229,\n 33.49470879871885\n ],\n [\n -117.26516576601229,\n 33.50742771785629\n ],\n [\n -117.30285742766472,\n 33.50742771785629\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"22","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a08e4b07f02db5f9f7c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Keeley, Jon E. 0000-0002-4564-6521","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4564-6521","contributorId":69082,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keeley","given":"Jon E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":315434,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70012377,"text":"70012377 - 1985 - Bottomland vegetation distribution along Passage Creek, Virginia, in relation to fluvial landforms","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-18T17:13:31.420301","indexId":"70012377","displayToPublicDate":"1985-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1465,"text":"Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Bottomland vegetation distribution along Passage Creek, Virginia, in relation to fluvial landforms","docAbstract":"Persistent distribution patterns of woody vegetation within the bottomland forest of Passage Creek, Virginia, were related to fluvial landforms, channel geometry, streamflow characteristics, and sediment—size characteristics. Vegetation patterns were determined from species presence as observed in transects and traverses on landforms developed along the stream. Distinct species distributional patterns were found on four common fluvial geomorphic landforms: depositional bar, active—channel shelf, floodplain, and terrace. Independent hydrologic characteristics (flow duration and flood frequency) were determined for each of the landforms. Vegetation data were analyzed by binary discriminant analysis, principal components analysis, and detrended correspondence analysis. Results and related field observations suggest that certain species are significantly associated with specific fluvial landforms. Vegetation patterns appear to develop more as a result of hydrologic processes associated with each fluvial landform rather than from sediment—size characteristics. Flood disturbance may be an important factor in maintaining the vegetation patterns, which may therefore be used as indicators for particular hydrogeomorphic site conditions.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.2307/1940528","usgsCitation":"Hupp, C.R., and Osterkamp, W.R., 1985, Bottomland vegetation distribution along Passage Creek, Virginia, in relation to fluvial landforms: Ecology, v. 66, no. 3, p. 670-681, https://doi.org/10.2307/1940528.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"670","endPage":"681","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":222303,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"66","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f22fe4b0c8380cd4b063","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hupp, Cliff R. 0000-0003-1853-9197 crhupp@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1853-9197","contributorId":2344,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hupp","given":"Cliff","email":"crhupp@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":363409,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Osterkamp, W. R.","contributorId":46044,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Osterkamp","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363408,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70012968,"text":"70012968 - 1985 - A model for a seismic computerized alert network","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-09-29T16:16:39.338125","indexId":"70012968","displayToPublicDate":"1985-05-24T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A model for a seismic computerized alert network","docAbstract":"In large earthquakes, damaging ground motions may occur at large epicentral distances. Because of the relatively slow speed of seismic waves, it is possible to construct a system to provide short-term warning (as much as several tens of seconds) of imminent strong ground motions from major earthquakes. Automated safety responses could be triggered by users after receiving estimates of the arrival time and strength of shaking expected at an individual site. Although warning times are likely to be short for areas greatly damaged by relatively numerous earthquakes of moderate size, large areas that experience very strong shaking during great earthquakes would receive longer warning times.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.228.4702.987","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Heaton, T.H., 1985, A model for a seismic computerized alert network: Science, v. 228, no. 4702, p. 987-990, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.228.4702.987.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"987","endPage":"990","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222113,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"228","issue":"4702","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e468e4b0c8380cd4663d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Heaton, Thomas H.","contributorId":187505,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Heaton","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364957,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70210235,"text":"70210235 - 1985 - The relocation of microearthquakes in the northern Mississippi Embayment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-06-25T14:42:00.171972","indexId":"70210235","displayToPublicDate":"1985-05-22T07:59:38","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":6453,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The relocation of microearthquakes in the northern Mississippi Embayment","docAbstract":"Three-component seismograms, recorded by a small array of digital instruments in the northern Mississippi embayment, consistently show a high-amplitude phase on the vertical component that arrives approximately 0.8 s before the shear wave. On the basis of its timing and apparent velocity, this phase is identified as an S-P conversion from the boundary between the unconsolidated Cenozoic sediments and the underlying Paleozoic rocks. Synthetic models of ground motion in the Mississippi embayment indicate that vertical displacement amplitudes are higher for S-P conversions than for transmitted shear waves at all angles of incidence. The models and their agreement with observations of the three-component seismograms suggest that true shear waves cannot be reliably identified from vertical component seismograms recorded in this area. The travel times of converted phases are used, together with crustal velocity models derived from a recent seismic refraction survey, to relocate approximately 500 microearthquakes recorded by the Central Mississippi Valley regional seismic network. Since the network data are recorded by vertical component seismographs, we assume that the S phases, observed at the stations sited on unconsolidated sediments, are S-P conversions. This assumption significantly reduces the average rms residual and provides well-constrained hypocentral locations for 350 earthquakes. The relocated microearthquakes cluster tightly along previously identified epicentral trends. Focal depths range from 0.5 to 22 km, but events deeper than 14 km are rare, and events shallower than 3 km are confined, almost exclusively, to the area between Ridgely, Tennessee, and New Madrid, Missouri. Focal mechanisms are generally consistent with the results of previous studies. The axial seismicity trend, which extends from Caruthersville, Missouri, to Marked Tree, Arkansas, is characterized by right-lateral strike-slip motion on a northeast trending, nearly vertical fault plane. The events between Ridgely, Tennessee, and New Madrid, Missouri, commonly show strike-slip focal mechanisms, with minor components of both normal and reverse dip slip.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB090iB12p10223","usgsCitation":"Andrews, M., Mooney, W.D., and Meyer, R., 1985, The relocation of microearthquakes in the northern Mississippi Embayment: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 90, no. B12, p. 10223-10236, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB090iB12p10223.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"10223","endPage":"10236","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":375012,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Northern Mississippi Embayment","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -92.92236328125,\n 37.055177106660814\n ],\n [\n -88.43994140625,\n 37.055177106660814\n ],\n [\n -88.43994140625,\n 44.402391829093915\n ],\n [\n -92.92236328125,\n 44.402391829093915\n ],\n [\n -92.92236328125,\n 37.055177106660814\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"90","issue":"B12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Andrews, M.C.","contributorId":62602,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andrews","given":"M.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":789699,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mooney, Walter D. 0000-0002-5310-3631 mooney@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5310-3631","contributorId":3194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mooney","given":"Walter","email":"mooney@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":789700,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Meyer, R.P.","contributorId":39146,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meyer","given":"R.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":789701,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70210126,"text":"70210126 - 1985 - Massive sulfide deposits on the southern Juan de Fuca Ridge: Results of investigations in the USGS study area, 1980-83","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-15T13:14:40.982153","indexId":"70210126","displayToPublicDate":"1985-05-14T13:54:11","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2674,"text":"Marine Mining","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Massive sulfide deposits on the southern Juan de Fuca Ridge: Results of investigations in the USGS study area, 1980-83","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":" Taylor & Francis","usgsCitation":"Koski, R.A., Normark, W.R., and Morton, J.L., 1985, Massive sulfide deposits on the southern Juan de Fuca Ridge: Results of investigations in the USGS study area, 1980-83: Marine Mining, v. 5, no. 2, p. 147-164.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"147","endPage":"164","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":374844,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"5","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Koski, Randolph A. rkoski@usgs.gov","contributorId":2949,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Koski","given":"Randolph","email":"rkoski@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":789218,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Normark, William R.","contributorId":69570,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Normark","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":789219,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Morton, Janet L.","contributorId":37269,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morton","given":"Janet","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":789220,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70210125,"text":"70210125 - 1985 - Mineralogy and geochemistry of a sediment‐hosted hydrothermal sulfide deposit from the Southern Trough of Guaymas Basin, Gulf of California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-14T18:51:57.49118","indexId":"70210125","displayToPublicDate":"1985-05-14T13:38:33","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mineralogy and geochemistry of a sediment‐hosted hydrothermal sulfide deposit from the Southern Trough of Guaymas Basin, Gulf of California","docAbstract":"Samples dredged from a 15‐m‐high hydrothermal mound atop the flat turbidite pond in the Southern Trough of Guaymas Basin consist of pyrrhotite‐rich massive sulfide, barite, barite + calcite, talc, and opaline silica as well as substrate material composed of fossiliferous, clay‐rich ooze. An 11‐m‐long sediment core taken near the dredge site shows increasing hydrothermal alteration with depth; anhydrite‐filled fractures near the base of the core appear to be channels for hydrothermal discharge. Oxidation of the sulfide‐rich samples to an assemblage of geothite, lepidocrocite, and amorphous Fe oxyhydroxide is ubiquitous. Compared to other massive sulfide deposits on sediment‐starved oceanic ridges, the hydrothermal deposit dredged in Guaymas Basin has a high pyrrhotite/pyrite ratio, a low Zn sulfide and combined ore metal (Cu + Zn + Pb + Ag + Cd) content, and a greater abundance of sulfate, carbonate, and silicate phases. Venting hydrothermal solutions are alkaline with moderately high pH; high Ca, Ba, and SiO2 content; low ƒS2 and ƒo2; and very low transition metal content. Disequilibrium assemblages of pyrrhotite and sulfate minerals form during rapid mixing of this evolved vent fluid with ambient bottom waters at the discharge site. Talc is formed at a temperature near 270°C by mixing or entrainment of Mg‐rich bottom water or pore fluid with upwelling hydrothermal fluid that is saturated with silica. Calcite may precipitate from the alkaline, Ca‐rich fluid during degassing of CO2. The minimum temperature range for sulfide and nonsulfide deposition is approximately 190°–326°C. The composition of hydrothermal deposits, vent solutions, and altered sediment requires that circulating fluids evolve during deep penetration into the basaltic basement complex, further interaction with the organic‐and carbonate‐rich sediment pile, and near‐surface mixing with ambient seawater. Although the stable assemblage albite‐epidote‐clinochlore present at depth in the sediment pile requires very low dissolved Mg and Fe in the altering fluid, the addition of Mg to deeply buried sediment indicates significant recharge of the system by Guaymas Basin bottom water.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1029/JB090iB08p06695","usgsCitation":"Koski, R.A., Lonsdale, P.F., Shanks, W.C., Berndt, M., and Howe, S.S., 1985, Mineralogy and geochemistry of a sediment‐hosted hydrothermal sulfide deposit from the Southern Trough of Guaymas Basin, Gulf of California: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 90, no. B8, p. 6695-6707, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB090iB08p06695.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"6695","endPage":"6707","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":374842,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Mexico","otherGeospatial":"Southern Trough of Guaymas Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -112.1484375,\n 26.33280692289788\n ],\n [\n -110.41259765625,\n 26.33280692289788\n ],\n [\n -110.41259765625,\n 28.323724553546015\n ],\n [\n -112.1484375,\n 28.323724553546015\n ],\n [\n -112.1484375,\n 26.33280692289788\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"90","issue":"B8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Koski, Randolph A. rkoski@usgs.gov","contributorId":2949,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Koski","given":"Randolph","email":"rkoski@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":789213,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lonsdale, P. F.","contributorId":101258,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lonsdale","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":789214,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Shanks, Wayne C","contributorId":194073,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Shanks","given":"Wayne","email":"","middleInitial":"C","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":789215,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Berndt, M.E.","contributorId":78487,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berndt","given":"M.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":789216,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Howe, S. S.","contributorId":103293,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Howe","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":789217,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70210054,"text":"70210054 - 1985 - Fluorine in Colorado oil shale","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-13T13:02:37.900549","indexId":"70210054","displayToPublicDate":"1985-05-12T12:42:28","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Fluorine in Colorado oil shale","docAbstract":"Oil shale from the lower part of the Eocene Green River Formation in the Piceance Creek Basin, Colorado, averages 0.13 weight percent fluorine, which is about twice that found in common shales, but is the same as the average amount found in some oil shales from other parts of the world. Some fluorine may reside in fluorapatite; however, limited data suggest that cryolite may be quantitatively more important. Analysis of 913 samples from two core holes that penetrate the lower 375 m of the oil-shale deposits found fluorine to range from 0.001 to 2.2 weight percent; about 90 percent of the samples con tain between 0.001 and 0.20 weight percent fluorine. The analyzed sequence consists of mostly nahcolitebearing dolomitic oil shale, except for the lower 55-75 m, which consists of illitic oil shale. The fluorine content of much of the nahcolitic oil shale is somewhat lower, and much more variable from sample to sample, than that of the underlying illitic oil shale. Vertical profiles of the fluo rine content for the two core holes through the same stratigraphic interval are essentially dissimilar. The abundance of fluorine seems unrelated to shaleoil content, except in the R-5 zone and near the base of nahcolite-bearing oil shale where there is a moderate positive association. Fluorine and phos phorus abundances show mostly little or no assoc iation, and only moderate positive association in some scattered samples.
","largerWorkType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"largerWorkTitle":"Eighteenth Oil Shale symposium ","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"conferenceTitle":"Eighteenth Oil Shale symposium ","conferenceDate":"April 22-24,1985","conferenceLocation":"Grand Junction, Colorado","language":"English","publisher":"Colorado School of Mines","usgsCitation":"Dyni, J.R., 1985, Fluorine in Colorado oil shale, in Eighteenth Oil Shale symposium , v. 18, Grand Junction, Colorado, April 22-24,1985, p. 9-20.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"9","endPage":"20","costCenters":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":374700,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Piceance Creek Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -108.8690185546875,\n 40.03182061333687\n ],\n [\n -107.60009765625,\n 40.03182061333687\n ],\n [\n -107.60009765625,\n 40.643135583312805\n ],\n [\n -108.8690185546875,\n 40.643135583312805\n ],\n [\n -108.8690185546875,\n 40.03182061333687\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"18","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dyni, John R. jdyni@usgs.gov","contributorId":756,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dyni","given":"John","email":"jdyni@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":788937,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70012981,"text":"70012981 - 1985 - A Silurian soft-bodied biota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-09-29T16:19:51.852149","indexId":"70012981","displayToPublicDate":"1985-05-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A Silurian soft-bodied biota","docAbstract":"A new Silurian (Llandoverian) biota from Wisconsin with a significant soft-bodied and lightly sclerotized component is dominated by arthropods and worms. The fauna includes the earliest well-preserved xiphosure, a possible marine uniramian, three new arthropods of uncertain affinity, and possibly the first Paleozoic leech. This may be only the second locality to yield a conodont animal. Lack of a normal shelly fauna suggests an unusual environment. The discovery adds significantly to the few such exceptionally preserved faunas known from Lower Paleozoic rocks.","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.228.4700.715","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Mikulic, D.G., Briggs, D.E., and Kluessendorf, J., 1985, A Silurian soft-bodied biota: Science, v. 228, no. 4700, p. 715-717, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.228.4700.715.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"715","endPage":"717","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220225,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"228","issue":"4700","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e306e4b0c8380cd45daa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mikulic, Donald G.","contributorId":61159,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mikulic","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364997,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Briggs, D. E. G.","contributorId":11758,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Briggs","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"E. G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364995,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kluessendorf, Joanne","contributorId":41965,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kluessendorf","given":"Joanne","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364996,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70210008,"text":"70210008 - 1985 - Comparative geochemical and mineralogical studies of two cyclic transgressive pelagic limestone units, cretaceous Western Interior Basin, U.S.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-06-22T14:05:17.988549","indexId":"70210008","displayToPublicDate":"1985-05-08T13:38:25","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3842,"text":"SEPM Special Publication","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparative geochemical and mineralogical studies of two cyclic transgressive pelagic limestone units, cretaceous Western Interior Basin, U.S.","docAbstract":"Pelagic limestone units were deposited in the North American Western Interior seaway during two major Cretaceous transgressive episodes. The Bridge Creek Limestone Member of the Greenhorn Formation, deposited during the Late Cenomanian-Early Turonian transgression, and the Smoky Hill Member of the Niobrara Formation, deposited during the overall Early Coniacian-Early Campanian transgression, are both enriched in organic-carbon and exhibit smallscale carbonate cycles representing periodicities in the range 20 to 40 ky. The distinct periodicity and overall unusual depositional milieu of both units are reflected in their sedimentary structures, mineralogy, and geochemistry.
The Bridge Creek Limestone at Pueblo, Colorado, averages 78% CaCO3 and 1.75% organic carbon with ranges of 42-96% and 0.06-6.97%, respectively, across small-scale cycles. High concentrations of Al, Fe, Mg, K, Ti, Na, Cr, Ni, V; higher Sr/Ca and lower Si/Al ratios; and lighter δ180 in CaCO3 in dark-colored clay-rich beds all suggest periodic influx of terrestrial clay minerals during times of peak fresh water runoff from uplifted highlands to the west. Higher Sr/Ca ratios in marlstone beds than in limestone beds suggest that the marlstone beds have undergone less diagenetic removal of Sr. Higher concentrations of organic carbon, hydrogen, and sulfur, and preservation of some lamination in the clay-rich beds also suggest that the times of enhanced runoff may have induced stable salinity stratification in the water column, which led to gradual depletion of dissolved oxygen in the bottom waters and enhanced preservation of organic carbon in sediments. The geochemistry also suggests that a significant change in sedimentation occurred at the Cenomanian-Turonian boundary.
The geochemical characteristics of the Niobrara Formation near Fort collins, Colorado, are very similar to those of the Bridge Creek Limestone at Pueblo, suggesting similar depositional conditions and source of clastic materials. However, the small scale cycles are present but more subdued in the Niobrara Formation than in the Bridge Creek Limestone, and the Niobrara Formation in the Fort Collins area has not been as altered by diagenesis.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society for Sedimentary Geology","doi":"10.2110/sepmfg.04.016","usgsCitation":"Arthur, M., Dean, W.E., Pollastro, R.M., Claypool, G., and Scholle, P.A., 1985, Comparative geochemical and mineralogical studies of two cyclic transgressive pelagic limestone units, cretaceous Western Interior Basin, U.S.: SEPM Special Publication, p. 16-27, https://doi.org/10.2110/sepmfg.04.016.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"16","endPage":"27","costCenters":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":374585,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Arthur, M.A.","contributorId":24791,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arthur","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":788785,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dean, Walter E. dean@usgs.gov","contributorId":1801,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dean","given":"Walter","email":"dean@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":788786,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pollastro, Richard M.","contributorId":25100,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pollastro","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":788787,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Claypool, George E.","contributorId":8475,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Claypool","given":"George E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":788788,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Scholle, Peter A.","contributorId":48954,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scholle","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":218,"text":"Denver Federal Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":788789,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":5221508,"text":"5221508 - 1985 - Chemical investigations of wolf (Canis lupus) anal-sac secretion in relation to breeding season","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-16T22:58:34.728986","indexId":"5221508","displayToPublicDate":"1985-05-01T12:18:58","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2205,"text":"Journal of Chemical Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Chemical investigations of wolf (Canis lupus) anal-sac secretion in relation to breeding season","title":"Chemical investigations of wolf (Canis lupus) anal-sac secretion in relation to breeding season","docAbstract":"The volatile constituents of wolf anal-sac secretions were examined via capillary gas chromatography and compared among intact males, females, castrate males, ovariectomized females, and anosmic and pinealectomized males and females. Some chemical compounds were deemed significantly different (t test, 95% confidence level) among the groups both during and outside of the mating season, implying that the volatile components of anal-sac secretion can be used to communicate information regarding gender or endocrine state. As a result of treating the anal sac with antibiotics, some of these compounds, including 1-octen-3-ol and indole, were implicated as being products of microbial action. In addition, short-chain carboxylic acids were investigated and essentially no significant variations were seen among the groups.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF00988570","usgsCitation":"Raymer, J., Wiesler, D., Novotny, M., Asa, C., Seal, U., and Mech, L., 1985, Chemical investigations of wolf (Canis lupus) anal-sac secretion in relation to breeding season: Journal of Chemical Ecology, v. 11, no. 5, p. 593-608, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00988570.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"593","endPage":"608","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":197601,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"11","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e0e4b07f02db5e3e6f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Raymer, J.","contributorId":94003,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Raymer","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":334021,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wiesler, D.","contributorId":43072,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wiesler","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":334018,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Novotny, M.","contributorId":27970,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Novotny","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":334016,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Asa, C.","contributorId":64761,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Asa","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":334019,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Seal, U.S.","contributorId":40564,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Seal","given":"U.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":334017,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Mech, L.D. 0000-0003-3944-7769","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3944-7769","contributorId":75466,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mech","given":"L.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":334020,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70231353,"text":"70231353 - 1985 - The use of a spatial and tabular data base for order-three soil surveys","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-05-06T17:07:56.428837","indexId":"70231353","displayToPublicDate":"1985-05-01T11:52:47","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"The use of a spatial and tabular data base for order-three soil surveys","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the 19th International Symposium on Remote Sensing of Environment","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"19th International Symposium on Remote Sensing of Environment","conferenceDate":"October 21-25, 1985","conferenceLocation":"Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States","language":"English","publisher":"University of Michigan","usgsCitation":"Horvath, E.H., Klingebiel, A.A., and Moore, D.G., 1985, The use of a spatial and tabular data base for order-three soil surveys, in Proceedings of the 19th International Symposium on Remote Sensing of Environment, v. 1, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States, October 21-25, 1985, p. 151-165.","productDescription":"67906, 15 p.","startPage":"151","endPage":"165","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":400297,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Horvath, E. H.","contributorId":182374,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Horvath","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":842364,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Klingebiel, A. A.","contributorId":74006,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klingebiel","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":842365,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Moore, D. G.","contributorId":7285,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":842366,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70121034,"text":"70121034 - 1985 - Evaluation of the effects of hydropeaking on aquatic macroinvertebrates using PHASIM","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-19T10:34:59","indexId":"70121034","displayToPublicDate":"1985-05-01T10:33:32","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"title":"Evaluation of the effects of hydropeaking on aquatic macroinvertebrates using PHASIM","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the Symposium on Small Hydropower and Fisheries","conferenceTitle":"Symposium on Small Hydropower and Fisheries","conferenceDate":"1985-05-01T00:00:00","conferenceLocation":"Aurora, CO","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","publisherLocation":"Bethesda, MD","usgsCitation":"Bovee, K.D., 1985, Evaluation of the effects of hydropeaking on aquatic macroinvertebrates using PHASIM, 2 p.","productDescription":"2 p.","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":292524,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53f464cae4b073ff773a7d04","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bovee, Ken D.","contributorId":100447,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bovee","given":"Ken","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498706,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70141862,"text":"70141862 - 1985 - Detection of leaks in buried rural water pipelines using thermal infrared images","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-31T16:22:44","indexId":"70141862","displayToPublicDate":"1985-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3052,"text":"Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Detection of leaks in buried rural water pipelines using thermal infrared images","docAbstract":"Leakage is a major problem in many pipelines. Minor leaks called 'seeper leaks', which generally range from 2 to 10 m3 per day, are common and are difficult to detect using conventional ground surveys. The objective of this research was to determine whether airborne thermal-infrared remote sensing could be used in detecting leaks and monitoring rural water pipelines. This study indicates that such leaks can be detected using low-altitude 8.7- to 11.5. micrometer wavelength, thermal infrared images collected under proper conditions.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing","usgsCitation":"Eidenshink, J.C., 1985, Detection of leaks in buried rural water pipelines using thermal infrared images: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, v. 51, no. 5, p. 561-564.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"561","endPage":"564","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":298110,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"51","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54f1a359e4b02419550ceb57","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Eidenshink, Jeffery C. eidenshink@usgs.gov","contributorId":1352,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eidenshink","given":"Jeffery","email":"eidenshink@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":541249,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70209850,"text":"70209850 - 1985 - A new isostatic residual gravity map of the conterminous United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-04-30T19:55:38.868523","indexId":"70209850","displayToPublicDate":"1985-04-30T14:44:07","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"A new isostatic residual gravity map of the conterminous United States","docAbstract":"In order to display more clearly the gravity anomalies caused by bodies of geologic interest in the crust, a new colored isostatic residual gravity map of the conterminous United States has been prepared using the gravity data set compiled for the Gravity Anomaly Map of the United States (SEG, 1982). The isostatic residual map is based on an Airy-Heiskanen model of local compensation, with the surface load requiring compensation being defined by 5-minute topographic and bathymetric data sets. Because topography-related anomalies have been removed to first approximation, the resulting isostatic residual map highlights density contrasts associated with geologic bodies in the crust. For example, the 2000 km-long gravity high that follows the Appalachian orogenic belt is delineated along its entire length without the topographic overprint characteristic of Bouguer maps. For purposes of displaying gravity anomalies caused by shallow bodies of geologic significance, the nature of the isostatic model and the values of its parameters are of lesser importance than the application of an isostatic correction of some sort. Most isostatic models will result in residual maps which appear very similar in their main patterns and features. Anomalies on isostatic residual gravity maps should not be casually interpreted in terms of \"undercompensation\" or \"overcompensation\" because large amplitude anomalies can be produced by crustal bodies in complete local isostatic equilibrium.
","conferenceTitle":"55th Annual International SEG Meeting","conferenceDate":"October 6-10, 1985","conferenceLocation":"Washington, DC","language":"English","publisher":"SEG","doi":"10.1190/1.1892727","usgsCitation":"Simpson, R.W., Jachens, R.C., Saltus, R.W., and Blakely, R.J., 1985, A new isostatic residual gravity map of the conterminous United States, 55th Annual International SEG Meeting, v. 4, no. 1, Washington, DC, October 6-10, 1985, p. 197-198, https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1892727.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"197","endPage":"198","costCenters":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":374416,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"4","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Simpson, Robert W. simpson@usgs.gov","contributorId":1053,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simpson","given":"Robert","email":"simpson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":788274,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jachens, Robert C. jachens@usgs.gov","contributorId":1180,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jachens","given":"Robert","email":"jachens@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":788275,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Saltus, Richard W. saltus@usgs.gov","contributorId":777,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Saltus","given":"Richard","email":"saltus@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":788276,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Blakely, Richard J. 0000-0003-1701-5236 blakely@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1701-5236","contributorId":1540,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blakely","given":"Richard","email":"blakely@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":662,"text":"Western Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":788277,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70013105,"text":"70013105 - 1985 - Storage and remobilization of suspended sediment in the lower Amazon River of Brazil","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-09-29T16:28:35.871657","indexId":"70013105","displayToPublicDate":"1985-04-26T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Storage and remobilization of suspended sediment in the lower Amazon River of Brazil","docAbstract":"In the lower Amazon River, suspended sediment is stored during rising stages of the river and resuspended during falling river stages. The storage and resuspension in the reach are related to the mean slope of the flood wave on the river surface; this slope is smaller during rising river stages than during falling stages. The pattern of storage and resuspension damps out the extreme values of high and low sediment discharge and tends to keep them near the mean value between 3.0 × 106 and 3.5 × 106 metric tons per day. Mean annual discharge of suspended sediment in the lower Amazon is between 1.1 × 109 and 1.3 × 109 metric tons per year.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.228.4698.488","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Meade, R.H., Dunne, T., Richey, J., Santos, U.M., and Salati, E., 1985, Storage and remobilization of suspended sediment in the lower Amazon River of Brazil: Science, v. 228, no. 4698, p. 488-490, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.228.4698.488.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"488","endPage":"490","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219954,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Brazil","otherGeospatial":"lower Amazon River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -69.55073328483846,\n -1.8186175669246865\n ],\n [\n -69.55073328483846,\n -4.079209382064548\n ],\n [\n -52.30338080036472,\n -4.079209382064548\n ],\n [\n -52.30338080036472,\n -1.8186175669246865\n ],\n [\n -69.55073328483846,\n -1.8186175669246865\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"228","issue":"4698","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b986be4b08c986b31c00f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Meade, Robert H. 0000-0002-4965-3040 rhmeade@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4965-3040","contributorId":2744,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meade","given":"Robert","email":"rhmeade@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":365304,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dunne, T.","contributorId":25695,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dunne","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365303,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Richey, J.E.","contributorId":18508,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Richey","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365301,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Santos, U.De. M.","contributorId":23684,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Santos","given":"U.De.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365302,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Salati, E.","contributorId":77660,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Salati","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365305,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70209604,"text":"70209604 - 1985 - Evidence for Quaternary tectonism in the northern Bighorn basin, Wyoming and Montana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-04-15T15:27:38.525158","indexId":"70209604","displayToPublicDate":"1985-04-15T10:24:20","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evidence for Quaternary tectonism in the northern Bighorn basin, Wyoming and Montana","docAbstract":"Irregularities in the reconstructed gradients of latest Pliocene and Quaternary terraces in the northern Bighorn Basin, northwest Wyoming and south-central Montana, suggest that Quaternary movements have occurred on the Frannie anticline, the Nye-Bowler–Sage Creek fault zone, and the North Pryor fault. This area has been considered tectonically inactive. The timing of the interpreted movements is derived from age estimates of fluvial deposits determined from numerical ages and altitudes of associated deposits of volcanic ash. South of the Pryor Mountains, the 1.4 Ma Polecat Bench terrace of the Shoshone River rises 6–7 m over the axis of the Frannie anticline; this displacement may be related to folding or faulting since 1.4 Ma. Near the Nye-Bowler–Sage Creek and North Pryor faults in the Pryor Mountains, bedrock is 25 and 55 m shallower than depths predicted from the projected 1.4 Ma gradient of the Shoshone River through Pryor Gap. The 2.0 Ma terrace of Rock Creek may have been offset up to 7 m by a splay of the Nye-Bowler fault zone between 2.0 and 0.6 Ma. The downstream divergence of terraces along Rock Creek suggests ongoing uplift of the northern Bighorn Basin, perhaps caused by crustal rebound due to post-Oligocene erosion.
Paleomagnetic directions obtained from nonwelded pyroclastic-flow deposits that were emplaced at Mount St. Helens, Washington, in 1980 have a precision and accuracy similar to data obtainable from lava flows. It is concluded that nonwelded pyroclastic-flow deposits, like lava flows, are suitable for studies of magnetic secular variation. Although clast rotations apparently caused an “inclination error” in the paleomagnetic directions, the error is a few degrees at most.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0091-7613(1985)13<242:SONPDF>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Hoblitt, R.P., Reynolds, R.L., and Larson, E.E., 1985, Suitability of nonwelded pyroclastic-flow deposits for studies of magnetic secular variation: A test based on deposits emplaced at Mount St. Helens, Washington, in 1980: Geology, v. 13, no. 4, p. 242-245, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1985)13<242:SONPDF>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"242","endPage":"245","costCenters":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":374125,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Mount St. Helens","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.54699707031249,\n 45.99886962627587\n ],\n [\n -121.90155029296875,\n 45.99886962627587\n ],\n [\n -121.90155029296875,\n 46.495556167319506\n ],\n [\n -122.54699707031249,\n 46.495556167319506\n ],\n [\n -122.54699707031249,\n 45.99886962627587\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"13","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hoblitt, Richard P. 0000-0001-5850-4760","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5850-4760","contributorId":220615,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoblitt","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":787454,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reynolds, Richard L. 0000-0002-4572-2942 rreynolds@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4572-2942","contributorId":139068,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reynolds","given":"Richard","email":"rreynolds@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":787455,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Larson, Edwin E.","contributorId":224220,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Larson","given":"Edwin","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":787456,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70039547,"text":"70039547 - 1985 - Mission, goals, and authorities of the U.S. Geological Survey, June 1985","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-08-11T01:01:52","indexId":"70039547","displayToPublicDate":"1985-04-01T11:43:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"title":"Mission, goals, and authorities of the U.S. Geological Survey, June 1985","docAbstract":"We live in a society which depends on natural resources. Our high standard of living requires use of the land, water, and mineral endowment of the Earth. In using these resources, we may affect our environment and alter our options for land and resource use in the future. How can we ensure an adequate supply of this natural wealth in the future? In what ways are we irreversibly altering our natural environment? How can we avoid undesirable or unacceptable side effects of man's use of the land and prevent or mitigate earth-related hazards? To respond to these and other similar questions, knowledge about the Earth, its structure, its resources, and its dynamics is essential.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/70039547","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1985, Mission, goals, and authorities of the U.S. Geological Survey, June 1985 (Provisional), 20 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70039547.","productDescription":"20 p.","numberOfPages":"25","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":261672,"rank":800,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70039547/report.pdf"},{"id":261673,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70039547/report-thumb.jpg"}],"edition":"Provisional","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5b53e4b0c8380cd6f4c1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":535347,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70120882,"text":"70120882 - 1985 - Population dynamics of Yellowstone grizzly bears","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-03-25T12:59:31","indexId":"70120882","displayToPublicDate":"1985-04-01T11:11:58","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1465,"text":"Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Population dynamics of Yellowstone grizzly bears","docAbstract":"Data on the population of grizzly bears in the environs of Yellowstone National Park suggest that the population has not recovered from the reductions following closure of garbage dumps in 1970 and 1971, and may continue to decline. A computer simulation model indicates that the risk of extirpation over the next 30 yr is small, if the present population parameters continue to prevail. A review and further analysis of the available data brings out the importance of enhancing adult female survival if the population is to recover, and assesses various research needs. In particular, a reliable index of population trend is needed to augment available data on the population.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ecology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Brooklyn Botanic Garden","publisherLocation":"Brooklyn, NY","doi":"10.2307/1940382","usgsCitation":"Knight, R.R., and Eberhardt, L., 1985, Population dynamics of Yellowstone grizzly bears: Ecology, v. 66, no. 2, p. 323-334, https://doi.org/10.2307/1940382.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"323","endPage":"334","numberOfPages":"12","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":292408,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":292407,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1940382"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho, Montana, Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Yellowstone National Park","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -111.156,44.1324 ], [ -111.156,45.109 ], [ -109.8242,45.109 ], [ -109.8242,44.1324 ], [ -111.156,44.1324 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"66","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53f25feae4b0333418718945","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Knight, Richard R.","contributorId":68660,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knight","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498539,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Eberhardt, L.L.","contributorId":72313,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eberhardt","given":"L.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498540,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70185591,"text":"70185591 - 1985 - Effects of copper on production of periphyton, nitrogen fixation and processing of leaf litter in a Sierra Nevada, California, stream","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-19T10:58:07","indexId":"70185591","displayToPublicDate":"1985-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1696,"text":"Freshwater Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of copper on production of periphyton, nitrogen fixation and processing of leaf litter in a Sierra Nevada, California, stream","docAbstract":"Suspensions of goethite (α-FeOOH) were photolyzed in aerated ethylene glycol-water solutions at pH 6.5, with ultraviolet light in the wavelength range300–400 nm. Under these conditions, formaldehyde and glycolaldehyde were detected as photoproducts. Quantum yields of formaldehyde production ranged from 1.9 7times; 10-5 to 2.9 × 10-4 over the ethylene glycol concentration range of 0.002-2.0 mol/ℓ, and gave evidence that the reaction occurred at the goethite surface. Quantum yields of glycolaldehyde were 20% less than those of formaldehyde, and displayed a concentration-dependent relationship with ethylene glycol similar to that of formaldehyde. Immediately after photolysis, Fe2+ was measured to be 4.6 × 10-7 mol/ℓ in an aerated suspension containing 1.3 mol/ℓ ethylene glycol, and 8.5 × 10-6 mol/ℓ in the corresponding deoxygenated suspension. Glycolaldehyde was not generated in the deoxygenated suspensions. These results are consistent with a mechanism involving the transfer of an electron from an adsorbed ethylene glycol molecule to an excited state of Fe3+ (Iron[III]) in the goethite lattice, to produce Fe2+ and an organic cation. In a series of reactions involving O2, FeOOH, and Fe2+, the organic cation decomposes to form formaldehyde and the intermediate radicals “OH and” CH2OH. OH reacts further with ethylene glycol in the presence of O2to yield glycolaldehyde. Aqueous photolysis of ethylene glycol sorbed onto goethite is typical of reactions that can occur in the aquatic environment.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1751-1097.1985.tb03505.x","usgsCitation":"Cunningham, K.M., Goldberg, M.C., and Weiner, E., 1985, The aqueous photolysis of ethylene glycol adsorbed on geothite: Photochemistry and Photobiology, v. 41, no. 4, p. 409-416, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-1097.1985.tb03505.x.","productDescription":"8 p. ","startPage":"409","endPage":"416","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338811,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"41","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-01-02","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58de1954e4b02ff32c699cd9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cunningham, Kirkwood M.","contributorId":85325,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cunningham","given":"Kirkwood","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":687705,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Goldberg, Marvin C.","contributorId":26066,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goldberg","given":"Marvin","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":687706,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Weiner, E.R.","contributorId":190183,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Weiner","given":"E.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":687707,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1001575,"text":"1001575 - 1985 - Evaluation of marked-recapture for estimating striped skunk abundance","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-11-06T16:02:01.786644","indexId":"1001575","displayToPublicDate":"1985-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evaluation of marked-recapture for estimating striped skunk abundance","docAbstract":"The mark-recapture method for estimating striped skunk (Mephitis mephitis) abundance was evaluated by systematically livetrapping a radio-equipped population on a 31.4-km2 study area in North Dakota during late April of 1977 and 1978. The study population was 10 females and 13 males in 1977 and 20 females and 8 males in 1978. Skunks were almost exclusively nocturnal. Males traveled greater nightly distances than females (3.3 vs. 2.6 km, P < 0.05) and had larger home ranges (308 vs. 242 ha) although not significantly so. Increased windchill reduced night-time activity. The population was demographically but not geographically closed. Frequency of capture was positively correlated with time skunks spent on the study area. Little variation in capture probabilities was found among trap-nights. Skunks exhibited neither trap-proneness nor shyness. Capture rates in 1977 were higher for males than for females; the reverse occurred in 1978. Variation in individual capture rates was indicated among males in 1977 and among females in 1978. Ten estimators produced generally similar results, but all underestimated true population size. Underestimation was a function of the number of untrapped skunks, primarily those that spent limited time on the study area. The jackknife method produced the best estimates of skunk abundance.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/3801526","usgsCitation":"Greenwood, R.J., Sargeant, A.B., and Johnson, D.H., 1985, Evaluation of marked-recapture for estimating striped skunk abundance: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 49, no. 2, p. 332-340, https://doi.org/10.2307/3801526.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"332","endPage":"340","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133782,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"North 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Dakota\",\"nation\":\"USA \"}}]}","volume":"49","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a09e4b07f02db5facc3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Greenwood, Raymond J.","contributorId":174570,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Greenwood","given":"Raymond","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311286,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sargeant, Alan B.","contributorId":89185,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sargeant","given":"Alan","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311284,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Johnson, Douglas H. 0000-0002-7778-6641","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7778-6641","contributorId":70327,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311285,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":5222030,"text":"5222030 - 1985 - An aerial photographic census of Chesapeake Bay and North Carolina canvasbacks","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-11-06T16:52:48.957349","indexId":"5222030","displayToPublicDate":"1985-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An aerial photographic census of Chesapeake Bay and North Carolina canvasbacks","docAbstract":"We used conventional 35-mm photography to conduct an aerial photographic census of canvasbacks (Aythya valisineria) throughout Chesapeake Bay (tidal Maryland and Virginia) and coastal North Carolina, 26-30 January 1981. Flock size and sex ratio characteristics were determined from examination of color transparencies of 165 canvasback flocks totaling over 95,000 birds. A sex ratio of 2.91 males/female was determined from 68,769 birds, 80% of the birds in 150 flocks. Sex ratio for the Atlantic Flyway was projected as 2.90 males/female. We recorded the greatest number of canvasbacks and the widest range of flock size in Maryland waters; the fewest canvasbacks and the smallest average flock size in Virginia; and the fewest but on average the largest flocks of canvasbacks in North Carolina. Sex ratio varied latitudinally in the flyway with a tendency for males to occupy more northern and females more southern latitudes in winter. Sex ratio (males/female) was highest in Maryland (3.98), slightly lower in Virginia (3.71), and lowest in North Carolina (1.70). Locally, sex ratio varied with flock size. In Chesapeake Bay, small flocks (<100 birds) had lower sex ratio (P < 0.05) than medium (100-1,000) or large (>1,000) flocks. By providing large- sample sex ratio information, as well as exact counts of birds, we conclude that low-level 35-mm aerial photography is the most efficient and accurate means of determining canvasback population status in eastern coastal habitats.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/3801550","usgsCitation":"Haramis, G., Goldsberry, J., McAuley, D., and Derleth, E., 1985, An aerial photographic census of Chesapeake Bay and North Carolina canvasbacks: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 49, no. 2, p. 449-454, https://doi.org/10.2307/3801550.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"449","endPage":"454","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":487094,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3801550","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":196482,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Maryland, North Carolina, Virginia","otherGeospatial":"Chesapeake 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