The authors describe the conversion of an Endeco-174 current meter to a solid-state recording current meter. A removable solid-state module was designed to fit in the space originally occupied by an 8-track tape cartridge. The module contains a CPU and 128 kilobytes of nonvolatile CMOS memory. The solid-state module communicates with any terminal or computer using an RS-232C interface at 4800 baud rate. A primary consideration for conversion was to keep modifications of the current meter to a minimum. The communication protocol was designed to emulate the Endeco tape translation unit, thus the need for a translation unit was eliminated and the original data reduction programs can be used without any modification. After conversion, the data recording section of the current meter contains no moving parts; the storage capacity of the module is equivalent to that of the original tape cartridge.
","largerWorkTitle":"Oceans Conference Record (IEEE)","conferenceTitle":"Ocean Engineering and the Environment - Conference Record.","conferenceLocation":"San Diego, CA, USA","language":"English","publisher":"IEEE","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, USA","issn":"01977385","usgsCitation":"Cheng, R.T., and Wang, L., 1985, Solid state recording current meter conversion, in Oceans Conference Record (IEEE), San Diego, CA, USA, p. 752-754.","startPage":"752","endPage":"754","numberOfPages":"3","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":221884,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aaf6ae4b0c8380cd87592","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cheng, Ralph T.","contributorId":69134,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cheng","given":"Ralph","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363239,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wang, Lichen","contributorId":79622,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wang","given":"Lichen","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363240,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70012287,"text":"70012287 - 1985 - Hydrogeologic comparison of an acidic-lake basin with a neutral-lake basin in the West-Central Adirondack Mountains, New York","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-09-04T14:34:50.95345","indexId":"70012287","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3728,"text":"Water, Air, & Soil Pollution","onlineIssn":"1573-2932","printIssn":"0049-6979","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hydrogeologic comparison of an acidic-lake basin with a neutral-lake basin in the West-Central Adirondack Mountains, New York","docAbstract":"Two small headwater lake basins that receive similar amounts of acidic atmospheric deposition have significantly different lake outflow pH values; pH at Panther Lake (neutral) ranges from about 4.7 to 7; that at Woods Lake (acidic) ranges from about 4.3 to 5. A hydrologic analysis, which included monthly water budgets, hydrograph analysis, examination of flow duration and runoff recession curves, calculation of ground-water storage, and an analysis of lateral flow capacity of the soil, indicates that differences in lakewater pH can be attributed to differences in the ground-water contribution to the lakes. A larger percentage of the water discharged from the neutral lake is derived from ground water than that from the acidic lake. Ground water has a higher pH resulting from a sufficiently long residence time for neutralizing chemical reactions to occur with the till. The difference in ground-water contribution is attributed to a more extensive distribution of thick till (<3m) in the neutral-lake basin than in the acidic-lake basin; average thickness of till in the neutral-lake basin is 24m whereas that in the other is 2.3m. During the snowmelt period, as much as three months of accumulated precipitation may be released within two weeks causing the lateral flow capacity of the deeper mineral soil to be exceeded in the neutral-lake basin. This excess water moves over and through the shallow acidic soil horizons and causes the lakewater pH to decrease during snowmelt.Two small headwater lake basins that receive similar amounts of acidic atmospheric deposition have significantly different lake outflow pH values; pH at Panther Lake (neutral) ranges from about 4. 7 to 7; that at Woods Lake (acidic) ranges from about 4. 3 to 5. A hydrologic analysis, which included monthly water budgets, hydrograph analysis, examination of flow duration and runoff recession curves, calculation of ground-water storage, and an analysis of lateral flow capacity of the soil, indicates that differences in lakewater pH can be attributed to differences in the ground-water contribution to the lakes. A larger percentage of the water discharged from the neutral lake is derived from ground water than that from the acidic lake. Ground water has a higher pH resulting from a sufficiently long residence time for neutralizing chemical reactions to occur with the till.","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF00280693","issn":"00496979","usgsCitation":"Peters, N., and Murdoch, P., 1985, Hydrogeologic comparison of an acidic-lake basin with a neutral-lake basin in the West-Central Adirondack Mountains, New York: Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, v. 26, no. 4, p. 387-402, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00280693.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"387","endPage":"402","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222470,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":378115,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00280693","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","otherGeospatial":"West-Central Adirondack Mountains","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -75.498046875,\n 43.27720532212024\n ],\n [\n -73.71826171874999,\n 43.27720532212024\n ],\n [\n -73.71826171874999,\n 44.762336674810996\n ],\n [\n -75.498046875,\n 44.762336674810996\n ],\n [\n -75.498046875,\n 43.27720532212024\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"26","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a339de4b0c8380cd5f115","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Peters, N.E.","contributorId":33332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peters","given":"N.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363187,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Murdoch, Peter S.","contributorId":73547,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murdoch","given":"Peter S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363188,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70012265,"text":"70012265 - 1985 - The Dunbar Gneiss-granitoid dome: Implications for early Proterozoic tectonic evolution of northern Wisconsin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-03T00:52:03.874553","indexId":"70012265","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The Dunbar Gneiss-granitoid dome: Implications for early Proterozoic tectonic evolution of northern Wisconsin","docAbstract":"The Dunbar dome in northeastern Wisconsin is a critical structural feature in the early Proterozoic Penokean orogen. It provides exposures of gneisses (Dunbar Gneiss) that structurally underlie the voluminous metavolcanic rocks of northeastern Wisconsin, and exposures of abundant granitoid rocks ranging from tonalite to granite. The granitoid rocks cut both the gneisses in the core and the supracrustal (cover) metavolcanic rocks and were emplaced essentially along the core-cover boundary. The Dunbar Gneiss is calc-alkaline and was derived from volcanic and intrusive rocks of intermediate composition. The various intrusive rocks have calcic, calc-alkaline, and alkali to alkali-calcic compositions, and they progress with time to more SiO2 and K2-rich compositions. U-Pb zircon ages indicate that accumulation of the layered rocks in the core and cover, deformation and metamorphism, and intrusion of the granitoid rocks spanned a relatively short time, ∼1865–1835 Ma.
We interpret the dome as being a large-scale, fold-interference structure resulting from polydeformation modified by diapirism. Northeast-oriented folds (F3) and a related mylonitic foliation (S3), nearly confined to the dome, are superposed on northwest-oriented folds (F2) that developed during regional deformation. In the core-cover boundary, these structures are obliterated by a zone of intense deformation—a mylonitic foliation and a steeply plunging stretching lineation—as much as 500 m wide, which we interpret as resulting from diapirism. Metamorphic zoning is concentric: amphibolite facies in inner parts of the mantle and greenschist facies in the outer part of the mantle.
The Wisconsin magmatic terrane, as represented by the rocks in the Dunbar dome, differs from the epicratonic, early Proterozoic sedimentary-volcanic sequence (Marquette Range Supergroup) in Michigan, to the north, in stratigraphy, structure, and volume and composition of igneous rocks. Whereas the basalts in northern Michigan are compositionally similar to continental rift basalts, the volcanic rocks in the Dunbar dome have over-all island-arc compositional affinities. The over-all calc-alkaline compositions of the intrusive rocks are similar to those in magmatic arcs formed at convergent plate-margin settings. Accordingly, we interpret the Wisconsin magmatic terrane as an oceanic-arc complex that was sutured to the North American continent during development of the Penokean orogen. Similar interpretations based on broad regional observations have been proposed previously.
The instantaneous unit Hydrograph (IUH) of a drainage basin is derived in terms of fundamental basin characteristics (Z, α, β), where α parameterizes the link (channel segment) length distribution, and β is a vector of hydraulic parameters, Z is one of three basin topological properties, N, (N, D), or (N, M), where N is magnitude (number of first-order streams), D is diameter (mainstream length), and M is order. The IUH is derived based on assumptions that the links are independent and identically distributed random variables and that the network is a member of a topologically random population. Linear routing schemes, including translation, diffusion, and general linear routing are used, and constant drainage density is assumed. By using (N, α, β) as the fundamental basin characteristics, asymptotic (for large N) considerations lead to a Weibull probability density function for the IUH, with time to peak given by tp = (2N)½ α*/β* where α* is mean link length, and β* is a scalar hydraulic parameter (usually average celerity). This asymptotic IUH is identical for all linear routing schemes.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/WR021i005p00743","usgsCitation":"Troutman, B.M., and Karlinger, M.R., 1985, Unit hydrograph approximations assuming linear flow through topologically random channel networks: Water Resources Research, v. 21, no. 5, p. 743-754, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR021i005p00743.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"743","endPage":"754","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":222125,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"21","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-01-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbc88e4b08c986b328cb1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Troutman, Brent M.","contributorId":195329,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Troutman","given":"Brent","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363118,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Karlinger, Michael R.","contributorId":10777,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Karlinger","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363119,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70012260,"text":"70012260 - 1985 - Wave energy saturation on a natural beach of variable slope","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-06-27T15:52:41.013736","indexId":"70012260","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":9107,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research - Oceans","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Wave energy saturation on a natural beach of variable slope","docAbstract":"Time series of flow were measured across the inner surf zone during a storm. These data were used to quantify the dependence of wave height (transformed from measured flow) and velocity on local slope and depth. Similar to previous studies, as incident waves broke and propagated into the surf zone, wave energy became saturated, and wave height was strongly dependent on depth. However, the ratio of rms wave height to local depth (γrms) was found not to be constant but to vary between 0.29 and 0.55; γrms increased with local slope and was independent of deepwater wave steepness. Thus the surf zone similarity parameter (the ratio of slope to the square root of steepness) did not adequately parameterize γrms.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JC090iC06p11939","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Sallenger, A.H., and Holman, R., 1985, Wave energy saturation on a natural beach of variable slope: Journal of Geophysical Research - Oceans, v. 90, no. C6, p. 11939-11944, https://doi.org/10.1029/JC090iC06p11939.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"11939","endPage":"11944","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222124,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"90","issue":"C6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bcf91e4b08c986b32e998","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sallenger, A. H. Jr.","contributorId":8818,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sallenger","given":"A.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363116,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Holman, R.A.","contributorId":73751,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holman","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363117,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70012206,"text":"70012206 - 1985 - Airfall tuff in the Browns Park Formation, northwestern Colorado and northeastern Utah.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:08","indexId":"70012206","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2789,"text":"Mountain Geologist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Airfall tuff in the Browns Park Formation, northwestern Colorado and northeastern Utah.","docAbstract":"Bedded airfall tuffs, mainly rhyolitic in composition and locally very thick, occur throughout the Browns Park Formation (upper Oligocene to upper Miocene) in northwestern Colorado and northeasternmost Utah. They have received only cursory attention other than for the purpose of radiometric dating. The present writer began study of the tuffs in 1980, hoping to use them as time-stratigraphic marker beds within the formation. Several tuff-rich stratigraphic sections were measured and numerous samples were collected. The results of petrographic and petrochemical studies of these samples are presented. -from Author","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Mountain Geologist","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"0027254X","usgsCitation":"Luft, S.J., 1985, Airfall tuff in the Browns Park Formation, northwestern Colorado and northeastern Utah.: Mountain Geologist, v. 22, no. 3, p. 110-127.","startPage":"110","endPage":"127","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222297,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"22","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e92be4b0c8380cd4812d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Luft, S. J.","contributorId":95127,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luft","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362991,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70012204,"text":"70012204 - 1985 - Geochemical mass-balance relationships for selected ions in precipitation and stream water, Catoctin Mountains, Maryland","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-19T10:37:27","indexId":"70012204","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":732,"text":"American Journal of Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geochemical mass-balance relationships for selected ions in precipitation and stream water, Catoctin Mountains, Maryland","docAbstract":"Results of a study of input/output mass balances for major ions based on the chemical composition of precipitation and stream-water, geochemical reactions with different loading rates of hydrogen ion, and watershed processes influencing the chemical character of stream-waters in two small watershed areas are reported with a view to predicting the effect of additions of acidic rain to the watershed systems. Geochemical weathering processes account for the observed changes in the chemistry of stream flow. Although present in bedrock in extremely small quantities, calcite plays an important role in neutralization of the total hydrogen-ion input.
","language":"English","publisher":"AJS","doi":"10.2475/ajs.285.10.931","issn":"00029599","usgsCitation":"Katz, B., Bricker, O., and Kennedy, M., 1985, Geochemical mass-balance relationships for selected ions in precipitation and stream water, Catoctin Mountains, Maryland: American Journal of Science, v. 285, no. 10, p. 951-962, https://doi.org/10.2475/ajs.285.10.931.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"951","endPage":"962","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":480171,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.2475/ajs.285.10.931","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":222295,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States 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\"}}]}","volume":"285","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1687e4b0c8380cd551a1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Katz, B. G.","contributorId":82702,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Katz","given":"B. G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362988,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bricker, O.P.","contributorId":33717,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bricker","given":"O.P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362987,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kennedy, M.M.","contributorId":10817,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kennedy","given":"M.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362986,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70012192,"text":"70012192 - 1985 - Terrestrial vs. marine depositional model—A new assessment of subsurface Lower Pennsylvanian rocks of southwestern Virginia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-30T12:28:59.810095","indexId":"70012192","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Terrestrial vs. marine depositional model—A new assessment of subsurface Lower Pennsylvanian rocks of southwestern Virginia","docAbstract":"A reinterpretation of the origin of subsurface rocks in southwestern Virginia and southeastern Kentucky suggests that, contrary to commonly accepted ideas, the Mississippian-Pennsylvanian Systemic boundary is an unconformity and the Lower Pennsylvanian quartz arenite sequences were deposited in a fluvial environment. Because Pennsylvanian strata of the Pocahontas and Lee Formations appear to have been deposited at the same time in adjacent valleys, the Pocahontas, which generally has been considered to be older and to underlie the Lee, is considered here to be equivalent to the basal part of the Middlesboro Member of the Lee Formation.
Nonmarine ostracodes occur as partly exfoliated carapaces and internal molds at the base of the Bramwell Member of the Bluestone Formation, which represents the uppermost Mississippian (Namurian A), stratigraphic subdivision in West Virginia and Virginia. These specimens are important in that they permit the determination of a variety of adductor-muscle-attachment scars. The adductor-muscle-attachment scar patterns illustrated herein for the first time are the oldest recorded in North America for nonmarine ostracodes. The new family Carbonitidae and superfamily Carbonitacea are established on the basis of the pattern of adductor-muscle-attachment scars. The following nonmarine genera in this unit are illustrated in open nomenclature: Carbonita Strand, 1928; Whipplella? Holland, 1934; Gutschickia Scott, 1944; Pruvostina? Scott and Summerson, 1943; Darwinula Brady and Robertson, 1885; and two steinkerns of geisinid ostracodes, 'Pseudo-ornamentation' on molds is illustrated.
","language":"English","publisher":"Paleontology Society","issn":"00223360","usgsCitation":"Sohn, I.G., 1985, Latest Mississippian (Namurian A) nonmarine ostracodes from West Virginia and Virginia: Journal of Paleontology, v. 59, no. 2, p. 446-460.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"446","endPage":"460","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221934,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":430689,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1305038"}],"volume":"59","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a457be4b0c8380cd67363","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sohn, I. G.","contributorId":70751,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sohn","given":"I.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362934,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70012176,"text":"70012176 - 1985 - Uranium-series dating of fossil corals from marine sediments of southeastern United States Atlantic Coastal Plain","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-03T00:54:42.753462","indexId":"70012176","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Uranium-series dating of fossil corals from marine sediments of southeastern United States Atlantic Coastal Plain","docAbstract":"Extensive low-lying marine deposits border the southeastern United States Atlantic Coastal Plain. Some units are fossiliferous and contain corals as isolated fragments in sediments of a detrital character. These corals are subject to alteration processes such that suites of related samples must be examined to determine the suitability of these coral samples for reliable uranium-series dating. With the exception of those from one location, most samples appear to have remained closed systems with respect to the isotopes of uranium and thorium throughout their geologic history. Extraneous 230Th has been detected in some of the corals due to incorporation of some detrital materials into their skeletons. For these samples, different methods are applied to correct for the initial 230Th contamination. Continued sampling and analyses have resulted in 55 individual uranium-thorium determinations.
The average 230Th ages of samples from the Norfolk Formation, and from later- and earlier-deposited sediments of the Wando Formation are ∼71,000, 87,000, and 129,000 yr, and they appear to correlate with oxygen isotope substages 5a, 5c, and 5e, respectively. The average 230Th age of samples from beds of the Rappahannock River, Ponzer, and Ten Mile Hill localities is ∼212,000 yr, and they correlate with oxygen isotope stage 7. The sediment of the Canepatch Formation is ∼460,000, yr old, and it is tentatively correlated with oxygen isotope stage 11.
There is general agreement between uranium-series and uranium-trend dates and between the quantitative trends of the amino acid data and uranium-series dates. The amino acid values, however, ure unacceptably high in at least two groups of samples, those from localities near Charleston, South Carolina, and from central Virginia.
Five ocean bottom seismometers recorded seismicity near the Mid-America Trench offshore Guatemala for 27 days in 1979. The array was emplaced in the lower slope region, just above the topographic trench, in the area investigated during Deep Sea Drilling Project legs 67 and 84. Approximately 170 events were recorded by three or more seismometers, and almost half were located with statistical hypocentral errors of less than 10 km. Most epicenters were located immediately landward of the trench axis, and many were further confined to a zone northwest of the array. In terms of depth, most events were located within the subducting Cocos plate rather than in the overlying plate or at the plate-plate boundary. Their apparent concentration in the lower crust and upper mantle may suggest that the upper crust does not have the strength to support earthquake-generating stresses. The data permit construction of a magnitude-duration scale, calibrated with mb magnitudes for events located by the World-Wide Standard Seismograph Network (WWSSN) and recorded by our array and by the network recording foreshocks and aftershocks of the 1979 Petatlan earthquake. Most magnitudes ranged between 3.0 and 4.0 mb, and the threshold magnitude of locatable events was about 2.8 mb. Two distinct composite focal mechanisms were determined. One appears to indicate high-angle reverse faulting in the subducting plate, in a plane parallel to trench axis strike. The other, constructed for some earthquakes in the zone northwest of the array, seems to show normal faulting along possible fault planes oriented quasi-perpendicular to the trench axis. The normal faulting is consistent with the segmentation of the Cocos plate that has been proposed from land evidence. Such segmentation might be evidenced offshore by normal faulting along planes subperpendicular to trench strike. Alternatively, the seismicity zone and associated normal faulting mechanism may be the subsurface expression of the tectonics responsible for the San Jose Canyon, a prominent submarine canyon located farther upslope. Finally, projection of our seismicity sample and of well-located WWSSN events from 1954 to 1980 onto a plane perpendicular to the trench axis shows a distinct gap between the shallow seismicity located by our array, and the deeper Wadati-Benioff zone seismicity located by the WWSSN. We tentatively ascribe this gap to inadequate sampling, but we suggest that it requires further investigation.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB090iB13p11397","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Ambos, E.L., Hussong, D., and Holman, C., 1985, An ocean bottom seismometer study of shallow seismicity near the Mid- America Trench offshore Guatemala: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 90, no. B13, p. 11397-11412, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB090iB13p11397.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"11397","endPage":"11412","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219835,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"90","issue":"B13","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ea98e4b0c8380cd4897e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ambos, E. L.","contributorId":23957,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ambos","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365285,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hussong, D.M.","contributorId":99696,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hussong","given":"D.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365286,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Holman, C.E.","contributorId":20892,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holman","given":"C.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365284,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70013098,"text":"70013098 - 1985 - Regional setting and new information on some critical geologic features of the West Shasta district, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-08T23:32:02.199057","indexId":"70013098","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Regional setting and new information on some critical geologic features of the West Shasta district, California","docAbstract":"The West Shasta massive sulfide district is in the easternmost of a series of accreted island-arc and oceanic crust terranes that comprise the Klamath Mountains. A sequence of submarine volcanic rocks of predominantly Early Devonian age is the principal component of the island-arc terrane in which the sulfide deposits are hosted. The Copley Greenstone, consisting mainly of andesitic and basaltic pillow lavas and breccias totaling at least 1,800 m in thickness, is the oldest rock unit in the sequence. It is overlain and also intruded by dikes of the Balaklala Rhyolite. Northeast of the West Shasta district, greenstone also overlies the Balaklala Rhyolite, suggesting that a major greenstone unit may overlie potentially mineralized rhyolite east of the district. However, recent studies have shown that the complex relations in that area can be explained by folding.The Balaklala sequence consists of silicic flows, breccias, and tuffs having a maximum thickness somewhat in excess of 1,000 m. The Balaklala has been divided by Kinkel et al. (1956) into three units: a lower nonporphyritic to slightly porphyritic unit containing large amounts of breccia and tuff; a middle unit characterized by rhyolite containing quartz phenocrysts 1 to 4 mm in diameter but also containing a complex assortment of tuff, breccia, and pyritic massive sulfide bodies in its upper part; and an upper unit typically containing dark quartz phenocrysts in excess of 4 mm in diameter. Much of the lower part of the upper unit is pyroclastic material, whereas most of the upper part of the unit appears to be a massive volcanic-flow rock. At least half a dozen eruptive centers for the Balaklala Rhyolite are identified, three of them within an area measuring 17 X 3 km that constitutes the limits of the former mining district.The youngest unit in the arc sequence is the Kennett Formation consisting of black shale and chert containing radiolarians, which indicate fairly deep-water deposition in its lower part, and limestone containing a shallow water fauna of probable Middle Devonian age in the upper part. A 400-m.y.-old trondhjemite stock, named the Mule Mountain stock, intrudes the Copley Greenstone and Balaklala Rhyolite and is considered to be essentially coeval with these volcanic units.The pyritic massive sulfide deposits occur in clusters of individual bodies owing in large part to disruption by postmineral faults. The deposits are stratigraphically confined to the upper part of the subhorizontal middle unit of the Balaklala, and their horizontal distribution is here interpreted to have been controlled by an extensional tectonic regime that prevailed during Early Devonian time. The major geologic evidence for such a regime is the marked preferred elongations exhibited by the distribution of the afore-mentioned eruptive centers, the eight or nine massive sulfide clusters in the district, and the geometrically similar distribution of the clusters in relation to each other. The preferred directions of elongation in both the detailed and broader senses may be generalized to N 20 degrees to 25 degrees E, N 37 degrees E, N 60 degrees to 80 degrees E, and N 40 degrees to 60 degrees W. The three northeast trends dominate throughout the district, whereas the northwest trend is evident mainly in the northern part and is more speculative. The major deposit clusters fall at intersections of the major trends, some of which may have been grabens. Trend intersections having no known deposits may be good exploration targets in localities where the stratigraphically favorable middle unit of the Balaklala is still present.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.80.8.2072","issn":"03610128","usgsCitation":"Albers, J.P., and Bain, J., 1985, Regional setting and new information on some critical geologic features of the West Shasta district, California: Economic Geology, v. 80, no. 8, p. 2072-2091, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.80.8.2072.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"2072","endPage":"2091","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219834,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"80","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1985-12-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e4a577e4b0e8fec6cdbe12","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Albers, J. P.","contributorId":81505,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Albers","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365282,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bain, J.H.C.","contributorId":84073,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bain","given":"J.H.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365283,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70013097,"text":"70013097 - 1985 - Comparison of daily and weekly precipitation sampling efficiencies using automatic collectors","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-19T10:33:54","indexId":"70013097","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3728,"text":"Water, Air, & Soil Pollution","onlineIssn":"1573-2932","printIssn":"0049-6979","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparison of daily and weekly precipitation sampling efficiencies using automatic collectors","docAbstract":"Precipitation samples were collected for approximately 90 daily and 50 weekly sampling periods at Finley Farm, near Raleigh, North Carolina from August 1981 through October 1982. Ten wet-deposition samplers (AEROCHEM METRICS MODEL 301) were used; 4 samplers were operated for daily sampling, and 6 samplers were operated for weekly-sampling periods. This design was used to determine if: (1) collection efficiences of precipitation are affected by small distances between the Universal (Belfort) precipitation gage and collector; (2) measurable evaporation loss occurs and (3) pH and specific conductance of precipitation vary significantly within small distances. Average collection efficiencies were 97% for weekly sampling periods compared with the rain gage. Collection efficiencies were examined by seasons and precipitation volume. Neither factor significantly affected collection efficiency. No evaporation loss was found by comparing daily sampling to weekly sampling at the collection site, which was classified as a subtropical climate. Correlation coefficients for pH and specific conductance of daily samples and weekly samples ranged from 0.83 to 0.99.Precipitation samples were collected for approximately 90 daily and 50 weekly sampling periods at Finley farm, near Raleigh, North Carolina from August 1981 through October 1982. Ten wet-deposition samplers were used; 4 samplers were operated for daily sampling, and 6 samplers were operated for weekly-sampling periods. This design was used to determine if: (1) collection efficiencies of precipitation are affected by small distances between the University (Belfort) precipitation gage and collector; (2) measurable evaporation loss occurs and (3) pH and specific conductance of precipitation vary significantly within small distances.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Water, Air, and Soil Pollution","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF00285443","issn":"00496979","usgsCitation":"Schroder, L., Linthurst, R., Ellson, J., and Vozzo, S., 1985, Comparison of daily and weekly precipitation sampling efficiencies using automatic collectors: Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, v. 24, no. 2, p. 177-187, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00285443.","startPage":"177","endPage":"187","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219833,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":267663,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00285443"}],"volume":"24","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f858e4b0c8380cd4d039","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schroder, L.J.","contributorId":31767,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schroder","given":"L.J.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":365279,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Linthurst, R.A.","contributorId":27604,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Linthurst","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365278,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ellson, J.E.","contributorId":97628,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellson","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365280,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Vozzo, S.F.","contributorId":104623,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vozzo","given":"S.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365281,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70013095,"text":"70013095 - 1985 - Demonstration of two pulses of Paleogene deformation in the Andes of Peru","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-10T21:40:58.105456","indexId":"70013095","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1427,"text":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Demonstration of two pulses of Paleogene deformation in the Andes of Peru","docAbstract":"New radiometric ages of about 25 m.y. on volcanic materials in a marine intercalation within clastic continental strata of the Upper Moquegua Formation near Caraveli, southern Peru, together with an age of25.3 ± 0.4 m.y obtained by Tosdal et al. from a locality about 300 km to the ESE, show that the formation contains strata of late Oligocene as well as Miocene age, and demonstrate that the coastal region was at a low elevation during latest Oligocene time. Because the unconformities between the Upper Moquegua Formation and the underlying Lower Moquegua Formation, and between the Lower Moquegua Formation and underlying Paleocene rocks cannot both represent the same tectonic event, two discrete Paleogene events must be present in the Andes of Peru. Although the exact timing of these events is uncertain, the unconformities are likely to be of Paleocene and middle Eocene age or possibly of middle Eocene and Oligocene age.
Marine mollusks and ostracodes indicate a post-Danian Paleocene to early Eocene (Thanetian to Ypresian) age for a fauna from the Prince Creek Formation at Ocean Point, northern Alaska, that also contains genera characteristic of the Cretaceous and Neogene-Quaternary. The life-association of heterochronous taxa at Ocean Point resulted from an unusual paleogeographic setting, the nearly complete isolation of the Arctic Ocean from about the end of the Cretaceous until sometime in the Eocene, in which relict Cretaceous taxa survived into Tertiary time while endemic taxa evolved in situ; these later migrated to the northern mid-latitudes. Paleobiogeographic affinities of the Ocean Point association with mild temperate faunas of the London Basin (England), Denmark, and northern Germany indicate that a shallow, intermittent Paleocene seaway extended through the Norwegian-Greenland Sea to the North Sea Basin. Early Tertiary Arctic Ocean paleogeography deduced from faunal evidence agrees with that inferred from plate-tectonic reconstructions.
Interannual modes of streamflow variation at 106 locations across the United States during the period 1931–1978 are defined by using principal components. Five statistically significant components are found to account for more than 56% of the total streamflow variance. The first principal component represents a nationwide tendency for either above- or below-mean streamflow. The second component represents a north-south opposition in departures from mean flow, and the third, an east-west opposition. Higher-order components (fourth and fifth) geographically depict regional patterns of opposition in the sign of streamflow departures between coastal-continental areas and between the northern and southern plains, respectively. Analyses using spatially and temporally modified data sets indicate that the first three components (which explain 45% of the variance) are quite stable spatially, while only the first component is stable temporally. Time series analysis of principal component scores indicates that all but the fourth component are first-order autoregressive processes, as is mean annual nationwide streamflow. The fourth component is an autoregressive (AR)(2) process. In general, the principal components of streamflow are found to exhibit more persistence over annual time scales than the mean annual flow data themselves.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/WR021i005p00691","usgsCitation":"Lins, H.F., 1985, Interannual streamflow variability in the United States based on principal components: Water Resources Research, v. 21, no. 5, p. 691-701, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR021i005p00691.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"691","endPage":"701","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219777,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","volume":"21","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-01-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3ce6e4b0c8380cd63139","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lins, Harry F. 0000-0001-5385-9247 hlins@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5385-9247","contributorId":1505,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lins","given":"Harry","email":"hlins@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":365266,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70013092,"text":"70013092 - 1985 - MARINE MINERAL RESOURCES - AN UPDATE AND INTRODUCTION.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:25","indexId":"70013092","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2678,"text":"Marine Technology Society Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"MARINE MINERAL RESOURCES - AN UPDATE AND INTRODUCTION.","docAbstract":"This article briefly traces the status of marine minerals development, and it describes papers presented in this special issue on the subject. Subjects covered include types of deposits, marine mining in Canada, Manganese nodules, metalliferous sulfides as seabed minerals, metallurgical processes for reducing sulfide minerals, U. S. phosphate industry, construction materials and placers, and industry problems.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Marine Technology Society Journal","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00253324","usgsCitation":"Cruickshank, M.J., and Siapno, W., 1985, MARINE MINERAL RESOURCES - AN UPDATE AND INTRODUCTION.: Marine Technology Society Journal, v. 19, no. 4, p. 3-5.","startPage":"3","endPage":"5","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219776,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"19","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4ab7e4b0c8380cd68faa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cruickshank, Michael J.","contributorId":97627,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cruickshank","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365265,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Siapno, William","contributorId":38278,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Siapno","given":"William","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365264,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70013090,"text":"70013090 - 1985 - Solubility relations in the system sodium chloride-ferrous chloride-water between 25 and 70.degree.C at 1 atm","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-11T20:53:21","indexId":"70013090","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2209,"text":"Journal of Chemical and Engineering Data","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Solubility relations in the system sodium chloride-ferrous chloride-water between 25 and 70.degree.C at 1 atm","docAbstract":"Solubility relations in the ternary system NaCl-FeCl2-H2O have been determined by the visual polythermal method at 1 atm from 20 to 85??C along six composition lines. These she composition lines are defined by mixing FeCl2??4H2O with six aqueous NaCl solutions containing 5, 10, 11, 15, 20, and 25 wt % of NaCl, respectively. The solid phases encountered in these experiments were NaCl and FeCl2??4H2O. The maximum uncertainties in these measurements are ??0.02 wt % NaCl and ??0.15??C. The data along each composition line were regressed to a smooth curve when only one solid phase was stable. When two solids were stable along a composition line, the data were regressed to two smooth curves, the intersection of which indicated the point where the two solids coexisted. The maximum deviation of the measured solubilities from the smoothed curves is 0.14 wt % FeCl2. Isothermal solubilities of halite and FeCl2??4H2O were calculated from these smoothed curves at 25, 50, and 70 ??C.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Chemical and Engineering Data","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Chemical Society","doi":"10.1021/je00040a027","issn":"00219568","usgsCitation":"Chou, I., and Phan, L., 1985, Solubility relations in the system sodium chloride-ferrous chloride-water between 25 and 70.degree.C at 1 atm: Journal of Chemical and Engineering Data, v. 30, no. 2, p. 216-218, https://doi.org/10.1021/je00040a027.","startPage":"216","endPage":"218","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220676,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":269096,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/je00040a027"}],"volume":"30","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9248e4b08c986b319df1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chou, I.-M. 0000-0001-5233-6479","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5233-6479","contributorId":44283,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chou","given":"I.-M.","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":365259,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Phan, L.D.","contributorId":107429,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Phan","given":"L.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365260,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70013089,"text":"70013089 - 1985 - Afrotarsius chatrathi, first tarsiiform primate (? Tarsiidae) from Africa","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:35","indexId":"70013089","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2840,"text":"Nature","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Afrotarsius chatrathi, first tarsiiform primate (? Tarsiidae) from Africa","docAbstract":"Tarsiiform primates have long been regarded as a Laurasian group, with an extensive fossil record in the Eocene of North America and Europe1-4 and two important but less well-known records from Asia5,6. The only living genus is Tarsius (Tarsiidae), whereas all of the fossil tarsier-like primates are usually placed in the extinct family Omomyidae3. We now report the discovery of Afrotarsius chatrathi from early Oligocene rocks of Fayum Province, Egypt. This is the first known tarsiiform primate from Africa. Compared with fossil primates, the molar tooth morphology of this diminutive prosimian is most similar to that of the European Eocene microchoerine Pseudoloris; however, the closest similarity is to the molars of Tarsius. Because the phylogenetic relationships among living Tarsius and the omomyids remain unclear7,8 and because of the fragmentary nature of the only known specimen of this new primate, allocation of Afrotarsius to either Omomyidae or Tarsiidae is necessarily provisional. As we believe that its molar teeth are more like those of Tarsius than of any omomyids (including Pseudoloris), we tentatively assign the new genus to the extant family Tarsiidae as its only known fossil representative. Recovery of a Tarsius-like primate from Africa suggests that it or its ancestors might have been immigrants from Europe, may have been derived from an unknown Asian stock related to the ancestry of Tarsius, or may have originated in Africa. ?? 1985 Nature Publishing Group.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Nature","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1038/313475a0","issn":"00280836","usgsCitation":"Simons, E., and Bown, T.M., 1985, Afrotarsius chatrathi, first tarsiiform primate (? Tarsiidae) from Africa: Nature, v. 313, no. 6002, p. 475-477, https://doi.org/10.1038/313475a0.","startPage":"475","endPage":"477","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205054,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/313475a0"},{"id":220675,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"313","issue":"6002","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e8d0e4b0c8380cd47eb9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Simons, E.L.","contributorId":57204,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simons","given":"E.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365257,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bown, T. M.","contributorId":106858,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bown","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365258,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70013088,"text":"70013088 - 1985 - The 1983 hydraulic jump in Crystal Rapid: Implications for river- running and geomorphic evolution in the Grand Canyon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-26T16:29:54.8765","indexId":"70013088","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2309,"text":"Journal of Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The 1983 hydraulic jump in Crystal Rapid: Implications for river- running and geomorphic evolution in the Grand Canyon","docAbstract":"At Crystal Creek, a debris fan was emplaced in 1966, constricting the channel of the Colorado River to about 0.25 of its upstream width between 1967 and 1983, forming a major rapid. The hydraulics of Crystal Creek rapid are described, and an analysis is presented to support the hypothesis that the major wave in the rapid was a normal wave (one type of hydraulic jump). Hydraulic jumps rarely occur in natural river channels with erodible beds, but one was present at Crystal Rapid because of the unusually severe constriction of the Colorado River by the 1966 debris fan. A quantitative model for river debris fan shapes is proposed and is used to estimate prehistoric flood levels from the observed constrictions: the 0.5 value of river constriction found at the more mature debris fans in the Grand Canyon suggests that peak flood discharges of approximately 11 320 m3/s have occurred. -from Author","language":"English","publisher":"University of Chicago Press","doi":"10.1086/628962","issn":"00221376","usgsCitation":"Kieffer, S.W., 1985, The 1983 hydraulic jump in Crystal Rapid: Implications for river- running and geomorphic evolution in the Grand Canyon: Journal of Geology, v. 93, no. 4, p. 385-406, https://doi.org/10.1086/628962.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"385","endPage":"406","numberOfPages":"22","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220674,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"93","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba62ae4b08c986b320f29","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kieffer, S. W.","contributorId":19186,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kieffer","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365256,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70013087,"text":"70013087 - 1985 - Anomalous 13C enrichment in modern marine organic carbon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:35","indexId":"70013087","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2840,"text":"Nature","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Anomalous 13C enrichment in modern marine organic carbon","docAbstract":"Marine organic carbon is heavier isotopically (13C enriched) than most land-plant or terrestrial organic C1. Accordingly, ??13C values of organic C in modern marine sediments are routinely interpreted in terms of the relative proportions of marine and terrestrial sources of the preserved organic matter2,3. When independent geochemical techniques are used to evaluate the source of organic matter in Cretaceous or older rocks, those rocks containing mostly marine organic C are found typically to have lighter (more-negative) ??13C values than rocks containing mostly terrestrial organic C. Here we conclude that marine photosynthesis in mid-Cretaceous and earlier oceans generally resulted in a greater fractionation of C isotopes and produced organic C having lighter ??13C values. Modern marine photosynthesis may be occurring under unusual geological conditions (higher oceanic primary production rates, lower PCO2) that limit dissolved CO2 availability and minimize carbon isotope fractionation4. ?? 1985 Nature Publishing Group.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Nature","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1038/315216a0","issn":"00280836","usgsCitation":"Arthur, M., Dean, W., and Claypool, G., 1985, Anomalous 13C enrichment in modern marine organic carbon: Nature, v. 315, no. 6016, p. 216-218, https://doi.org/10.1038/315216a0.","startPage":"216","endPage":"218","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205053,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/315216a0"},{"id":220673,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"315","issue":"6016","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1985-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ec45e4b0c8380cd49166","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Arthur, M.A.","contributorId":24791,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arthur","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365254,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dean, W.E.","contributorId":97099,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dean","given":"W.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365255,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Claypool, George E.","contributorId":8475,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Claypool","given":"George E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365253,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70013085,"text":"70013085 - 1985 - Review of radiometric data from the Yukon crystalline terrane, Alaska and Yukon Territory","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-08-22T13:43:33.339161","indexId":"70013085","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1168,"text":"Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Review of radiometric data from the Yukon crystalline terrane, Alaska and Yukon Territory","docAbstract":"The results of more than 20 years of geochronological studies in the Yukon Crystalline Terrane in east-central Alaska and the western Yukon Territory suggest at least six igneous and thermal (metamorphic?) events. Plutonism during Mississippian, Early Jurassic, mid-Cretaceous, Late Cretaceous, and early Tertiary times is indicated. Evidence also indicates that Mississippian, Early Jurassic, late Early Cretaceous, and late Cretaceous thermal (metamorphic?) events have affected parts of the terrane. The western part of the terrane was affected by a significant regional metamorphic event in late Early Cretaceous time, followed by a terrane-wide mid-Cretaceous plutonic event. The pattern of K–Ar ages allows division of the terrane into domains, bounded by northeast-trending lineaments.
","language":"English","publisher":"Canadian Science Publishing","doi":"10.1139/e85-054","issn":"00084077","usgsCitation":"Wilson, F.H., Smith, J., and Shew, N.B., 1985, Review of radiometric data from the Yukon crystalline terrane, Alaska and Yukon Territory: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 22, no. 4, p. 525-537, https://doi.org/10.1139/e85-054.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"525","endPage":"537","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":220623,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, United States","state":"Alaska, Yukon Territory","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -151.51883061137877,\n 65.32194082705297\n ],\n [\n -151.25206169421065,\n 63.0309699538179\n ],\n [\n -150.66895284118078,\n 63.19728876362498\n ],\n [\n -148.63702067089483,\n 63.47986896015658\n ],\n [\n -146.42542950151739,\n 63.39867790921082\n ],\n [\n -144.44632308248936,\n 63.186267580160404\n ],\n [\n -142.97582625471003,\n 62.55095482575604\n ],\n [\n -141.00464129063283,\n 61.99930737243639\n ],\n [\n -139.22927937338298,\n 61.21289443531671\n ],\n [\n -137.63183389378898,\n 60.6816225630009\n ],\n [\n -137.6866320994412,\n 64.46269841238532\n ],\n [\n -139.35532331186198,\n 64.8432147697076\n ],\n [\n -141.3202898879087,\n 65.30494120841993\n ],\n [\n -144.00274995368412,\n 65.70286460976925\n ],\n [\n -147.170413284853,\n 66.01636537440712\n ],\n [\n -150.11392640247573,\n 65.817827413815\n ],\n [\n -151.51883061137877,\n 65.32194082705297\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"22","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aac7be4b0c8380cd86d54","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wilson, Frederic H. 0000-0003-1761-6437 fwilson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1761-6437","contributorId":67174,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"Frederic","email":"fwilson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":365248,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, James G.","contributorId":44534,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"James G.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":365249,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Shew, Nora B. 0000-0003-0025-7220 nshew@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0025-7220","contributorId":3382,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shew","given":"Nora","email":"nshew@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":365250,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ]}