A laterally persistent kaolinitic mudstone parting (tonstein) occurring in a Wyoming coal bed of Eocene age was sampled to estimate the compositional contrast with a probable silicic ash precursor, and to determine the compositional influence of leached ash on immediately adjacent coal. With the exception of Al, and possibly Ti, the tonstein is highly to moderately leached of major elements, relative to a range of compositions estimated for silicic ash of the region. In agreement with the behaviour of geochemically similar major elements, alkali trace elements (Rb, Cs) are highly leached, transition-series metals moderately leached, and Ga is residual. Additional immobile trace elements are Zr and Hf but some other trace elements that are considered relatively immobile during low-temperature alteration (Th, Ta, Nb, REE, Y) were apparently leached by the low-Eh, low-pH, organic-rich pore fluids of the coal-forming swamp.
The migrational range of many of the leached elements is highly limited by the intimate association of tonstein with enclosing organic matter. Mixtures of coal + minor tonstein that occur within 20 mm of contacts are consistently enriched in some elements relative to either tonstein or nearby coal (U, Cu), or relative to calculated mixtures of tonstein and coal in their measured proportions (Th, Y, REE, Pb, Ba, V, Ti). Direct observations by fission-track radiography and electron microprobe indicate a preference of U and Fe for the organic component of mixtures. Metal fixation is probably by adsorption on insoluble organic matter (humic acids), or by precipitation as minor sulphides in these low-sulphur coals.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-3091.1985.tb00471.x","issn":"00370746","usgsCitation":"Zielinski, R.A., 1985, Element mobility during alteration of silicic ash to kaolinite - A study of tonstein: Sedimentology, v. 32, no. 4, p. 567-579, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3091.1985.tb00471.x.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"567","endPage":"579","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222253,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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\"}}]}","volume":"32","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-06-14","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a08b7e4b0c8380cd51c36","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zielinski, R. A. 0000-0002-4047-5129","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4047-5129","contributorId":106930,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zielinski","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":363405,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70013112,"text":"70013112 - 1985 - Vp/Vs ratios in the Yellowstone National Park region, Wyoming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:39","indexId":"70013112","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Vp/Vs ratios in the Yellowstone National Park region, Wyoming","docAbstract":"In this paper we study the variation of Vp/Vs and Poisson's ratio (??) in the Yellowstone National Park region, using earthquakes which were well recorded by a local seismic network. We find that the average Vp/Vs value within the geothermally active Yellowstone caldera is about 7% lower than in the area outside the caldera. Within the caldera itself there may be a further 2-7% reduction of Vp/Vs in the hydrothermally active Norris Geyser Basin, the Upper and Lower Geyser Basins, and the Yellowstone Lake and Mud Volcano regions. After considering various possible causes for Vp/Vs changes, such as geologic and structural differences, thermal effects, partial melting, and hydrothermal activity, we conclude that the most plausible explanation for the observed Vp/Vs reduction is the presence of hot-water at temperatures and pore-pressures near the water steam transition in the caldera geothermal reservoirs. ?? 1985.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"03770273","usgsCitation":"Chatterjee, S., Pitt, A., and Iyer, H.M., 1985, Vp/Vs ratios in the Yellowstone National Park region, Wyoming: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 26, no. 3-4, p. 213-230.","startPage":"213","endPage":"230","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220015,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"26","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc373e4b08c986b32b1ad","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chatterjee, S.N.","contributorId":28742,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chatterjee","given":"S.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365322,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pitt, A.D.","contributorId":41440,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pitt","given":"A.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365323,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Iyer, H. M.","contributorId":17997,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Iyer","given":"H.","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365321,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70012346,"text":"70012346 - 1985 - Scarp degraded by linear diffusion: Inverse solution for age","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-06-27T15:48:21.2876","indexId":"70012346","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":6453,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Scarp degraded by linear diffusion: Inverse solution for age","docAbstract":"Under the assumption that landforms unaffected by drainage channels are degraded according to the linear diffusion equation, a procedure is developed to invert a scarp profile to find its “diffusion age.” Diffusion age, having dimension [length]2, is the product of diffusivity times chronological age. The second moment of scarp slope grows linearly with age. This fact, together with an assumption about initial scarp shape, allows the inverse determination of diffusion age. Age found assuming a vertical initial scarp is termed “apparent age”; any nonvertical initial scarp profile has a nonzero initial apparent age. True diffusion age differs from apparent age by a fraction of scarp offset squared. The inverse procedure applied to synthetic data yields the following rules of thumb. Evidence of initial scarp shape has been lost when apparent age reaches twice its initial value. If a scarp is formed by two events, the inversion gives their offset-weighted-mean age with an error that is a fraction of offset squared. A scarp that appears to have been formed by one event may have been formed by two with an interval between them as large as apparent age. After scarps of two fault traces have diffused to appear as one, the error in inferred age may be as large as half the apparent age. Variation of apparent age along strike would indicate multiple fault traces. The simplicity of scarp profile measurement and this inversion makes profile analysis attractive. If linearity of the flow law, time for a free face to be reduced to the angle of repose, and variation of diffusivity with climate and material could be established, profile analysis would become a reliable dating technique.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB090iB12p10193","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Andrews, D., and Hanks, T.C., 1985, Scarp degraded by linear diffusion: Inverse solution for age: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 90, no. B12, p. 10193-10208, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB090iB12p10193.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"10193","endPage":"10208","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221819,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"90","issue":"B12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b872ce4b08c986b316359","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Andrews, D.J.","contributorId":7416,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andrews","given":"D.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363331,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hanks, Thomas C.","contributorId":35763,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hanks","given":"Thomas","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363332,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70175195,"text":"70175195 - 1985 - Abundance fluctuations among benthic invertebrates in two pacific estuaries","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-02T13:26:53","indexId":"70175195","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1583,"text":"Estuaries","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Abundance fluctuations among benthic invertebrates in two pacific estuaries","docAbstract":"Long-term studies were used to examine (1) contrasting time scales and mechanisms of structural variations within two benthic communities and (2) the usefulness of long data sets for evaluating human impact. A 10-year study of a San Francisco Bay mudflat, the details of which are reported elsewhere, has revealed large short-term (on the order of months) variations in species abundances within a community composed predominantly of opportunistic species. The study site, located in a highly urbanized estuary, is subject to the influence of a nearby sewage-treatment facility. However, rapid changes in population size of the common species, in part due to periodic natural habitat disturbance, impedes the detection of anthropogenic influences on community composition. Only a very long-term data set may provide evidence of progressive change. Data collected for a 20-year period on the benthic community at 200 m depth in the main basin of Puget Sound, an environment subject to little apparent habitat disturbance show that numerical abundance of the common species can also change markedly. Here, however, numerical dominance shifts from one species to another at irregular, multiyear intervals. Recent increases in two heretofore rare species, and a significant increase in total numbers of individuals suggest that long-term changes may be occurring in this community. These two long-term data sets demonstrate the importance of measuring both the amplitude and the periodicity of fluctuations in population size of aquatic species as well as long-term fluctuations and patterns in environmental factors before attempting to demonstrate the effect of anthropogenic influences on aquatic communities. The results of these studies also demonstrate the usefulness of long-term data sets for revealing the potential importance of interactions among species in determining abundance patterns in the soft-bottom benthos.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.2307/1351863","usgsCitation":"Nichols, F.H., 1985, Abundance fluctuations among benthic invertebrates in two pacific estuaries: Estuaries, v. 8, no. 2, p. 136-144, https://doi.org/10.2307/1351863.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"136","endPage":"144","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":325930,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"8","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57a1c42ce4b006cb45552bea","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nichols, Frederic H.","contributorId":25548,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"Frederic","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":644294,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70176041,"text":"70176041 - 1985 - Compilation of hydrologic data for the Edwards Aquifer, San Antonio area, Texas, 1982, with 1934-82 summary","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-24T10:35:11","indexId":"70176041","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":2,"text":"State or Local Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5177,"text":"Edwards Underground Water District Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":2}},"seriesNumber":"42","title":"Compilation of hydrologic data for the Edwards Aquifer, San Antonio area, Texas, 1982, with 1934-82 summary","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Edwards Underground Water District","usgsCitation":"Reeves, R., and Ozuna, G., 1985, Compilation of hydrologic data for the Edwards Aquifer, San Antonio area, Texas, 1982, with 1934-82 summary: Edwards Underground Water District Bulletin 42, 131 p.","productDescription":"131 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":327774,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57c6aef1e4b0f2f0cebe4621","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reeves, R.D.","contributorId":95043,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reeves","given":"R.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":646888,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ozuna, G. B.","contributorId":25205,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ozuna","given":"G. B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":646889,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70175199,"text":"70175199 - 1985 - Persistence of an introduced mud flat community in south San Francisco Bay, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-02T13:53:33","indexId":"70175199","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2663,"text":"Marine Ecology Progress Series","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Persistence of an introduced mud flat community in south San Francisco Bay, California","docAbstract":"The benthic invertebrate community inhabiting the extensive and sedimentologically homogeneous mudflats of South San Francisco Bay has demonstrated a high degree of constancy in both species composition and relative abundance among species throughout 10 yr of observation. The community, composed predominantly of introduced species with opportunistic lifestyles, is dominated numerically by Gemma gernma, Ampelisca abdita, and Streblospio benedicti. The key to the persistent co-occurrence of these species on the mudflats seems to lie in the combination of (1) the recurrence of minor disturbances of the mudflat habitat (e.g. sediment deposition/erosion, inundation by low-salinity water) on time scales comparable to that of life cycles; (2) opportunistic life history strategies (rapid maturity, brooding of young, multiple generations each year, ease of local dispersal of both juveniles and adults) that permit continued colonization of the mudflat surface or rapid recolonization after disturbances. Only 1 of the 3 numerically-dominant species. A. abdita, displays an annual periodicity in abundance. S. benedicti and G. gemma, through broadly flexible reproductive strategies permitted in the mild San Francisco climate, can exhibit strong recruitment at any time between spring and autumn. The most extreme community changes, involving temporary reduction or elimination of normally dominant populations, occurred as a result of anomalous disturbances such as unusual buildup and decay of an algal mat during 1 summer and prolonged periods of unusually high freshwater inflow during 2 successive winters. The introduced opportunists routinely co-occur at high densities. However, one of these, the tube-dwelling amphipod A. abdita, may control the abundance of the native mollusk Macoma balthica.
","language":"English","publisher":"Inter-Research","usgsCitation":"Nichols, F.H., and Thompson, J.K., 1985, Persistence of an introduced mud flat community in south San Francisco Bay, California: Marine Ecology Progress Series, v. 24, p. 83-97.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"83","endPage":"97","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":325938,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":325937,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.int-res.com/abstracts/meps/v24/"}],"volume":"24","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57a1c431e4b006cb45552c34","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nichols, Frederic H.","contributorId":25548,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"Frederic","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":644320,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thompson, Janet K. 0000-0002-1528-8452 jthompso@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1528-8452","contributorId":1009,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"Janet","email":"jthompso@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":36183,"text":"Hydro-Ecological Interactions Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":644321,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":29912,"text":"wri854087 - 1985 - Ground-water flow in the Prairie du Chien-Jordan aquifer related to contamination by coal-tar derivatives, St. Louis Park, Minnesota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-13T19:17:59.193897","indexId":"wri854087","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"85-4087","title":"Ground-water flow in the Prairie du Chien-Jordan aquifer related to contamination by coal-tar derivatives, St. Louis Park, Minnesota","docAbstract":"A three-dimensional, ground-water-flow model of the Prairie du Chien-Jordan aquifer and associated hydrogeologic units was developed to evaluate the movement of coal-tar derivatives from a coal-tar distillation and wood-preserving plant in St. Louis Park, Minnesota. A finite-difference grid was superimposed on the modeled area, which includes most of eastern Hennepin County. The individual cells are 400-foot squares in the center of the grid (St. Louis Park area); the cells increase in dimension toward the outside limits of the grid. Five geologic units are represented by four layers in the model. These units include the Jordan Sandstone, the Prairie du Chien Group (dolomite and sandy dolomite), the basal confining unit of the St. Peter Sandstone (silty and sandy shale), the St. Peter Sandstone, and glacial deposits in bedrock valleys.
The model was calibrated for steady-state conditions for a period before significant ground-water development (1885-1930) and for a period of significant pumping stress (winter conditions, 1970 fs). A transient calibration was accomplished by simulation of a period during which seasonal changes in potentiometric head in the Prairie du Chien-Jordan aquifer were significant (1977-80). Sensitivity testing indicated that leakage to the upper model layer and the vertical hydraulic conductivity of the basal confining unit of the St. Peter Sandstone were the model hydrologic properties which, when changed, resulted in the greatest changes in model-calculated water levels. The calibrated model generally calculates water levels that are within 10 feet of measured values.
Model simulations indicate that the potentiometric surface of the Prairie du Chien-Jordan aquifer would be raised by as much as 3 feet in the area of the plant site by water introduced into the aquifer through wells open to more than one aquifer system. The cones of impression created at these wells could have a significant impact on the transport of contaminants in the Prairie du Chien-Jordan.
The presence of coal-tar derivatives in the aquifer has been difficult to explain in wells located upgradient from the plant site to the north, west, and southwest. Simulations suggest that, during periods of heavy withdrawal from certain of these wells (SLP10, SLP15, and SLP5), local hydraulic gradients may have been altered, resulting in the potential for the movement of contaminants from the area of the plant site to the wells. Cones of impression at multiaquifer wells near the plant site contributed to the alteration of local gradients.
Simulation of a proposed gradient-control plan, in which lateral homogeneity and isotropy of individual hydro geologic units was assumed, indicates that the actions would be effective in limiting expansion of the contaminated volume in the Prairie du Chien-Jordan aquifer. The plan includes the control of withdrawal from five wells. The simulations also show, however, that modelcalculated potentiometric surfaces are sensitive to changes in withdrawal rates at wells not intended to be under the control of the plan. Management of discharge from these wells also will be important to overall effectiveness of the remedial-action plan.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"St. Paul, MN","doi":"10.3133/wri854087","usgsCitation":"Stark, J., and Hult, M.F., 1985, Ground-water flow in the Prairie du Chien-Jordan aquifer related to contamination by coal-tar derivatives, St. Louis Park, Minnesota: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 85-4087, v, 57 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri854087.","productDescription":"v, 57 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":414036,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_36260.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":119515,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4087/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58730,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4087/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","city":"St. Louis Park","otherGeospatial":"Prairie du Chien-Jordan aquifer","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -93.167,\n 45.083\n ],\n [\n -93.583,\n 45.083\n ],\n [\n -93.583,\n 44.783\n ],\n [\n -93.167,\n 44.783\n ],\n [\n -93.167,\n 45.083\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aafe4b07f02db66cd74","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stark, J. R.","contributorId":100406,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stark","given":"J. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202343,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hult, M. F.","contributorId":29817,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hult","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202342,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1014408,"text":"1014408 - 1985 - Movement of underyearling walleyes in response to odor and visual cues","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-30T19:12:53.647611","indexId":"1014408","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3196,"text":"Progressive Fish-Culturist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Movement of underyearling walleyes in response to odor and visual cues","docAbstract":"Underyearling walleyes, allowed to move freely in a Y‐shaped chamber into which various substances were added to one arm or another, were attracted to sodium chloride, sucrose, glutathione, vitamin B12, betaine, arginine, Daphnia slurries, some fish slurries, washings from live Daphnia and Artemia, and some commercial fish foods. They avoided cysteine, glycine, glycine‐betaine, Artemia slurries, some fish slurries, and fish mucus; and showed little reaction to valeric and caproic acid, and some commercial fish foods. Tests of visual response, in which beakers containing live food organisms were placed in the arms of the chamber, indicated that walleyes respond strongly to the movement of food organisms. Walleyes usually surrounded the beakers containing live food organisms and repeatedly struck the glass. They were attracted more strongly to Artemia than to Daphnia. Results indicate that odor plays an important role in movement of walleyes to food and that there is a potential for attracting intensively cultured walleyes to man‐made diets with odorants.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1577/1548-8640(1985)47%3C34:MOUWIR%3E2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Rottiers, D.V., and Lemm, C.A., 1985, Movement of underyearling walleyes in response to odor and visual cues: Progressive Fish-Culturist, v. 47, no. 1, p. 34-41, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8640(1985)47%3C34:MOUWIR%3E2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"34","endPage":"41","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129574,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"47","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b32e4b07f02db6b480c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rottiers, D. V.","contributorId":49301,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rottiers","given":"D.","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320323,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lemm, C. A.","contributorId":42162,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lemm","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320322,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1013958,"text":"1013958 - 1985 - Comparative sensitivities of diagnostic procedures used to detect bacterial kidney disease in salmonid fishes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-07-18T11:21:02.990927","indexId":"1013958","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2507,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Diseases","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparative sensitivities of diagnostic procedures used to detect bacterial kidney disease in salmonid fishes","docAbstract":"Kidney and spleen homogenates from each of 60 coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and steelhead trout (Salmo gairdneri) were examined for detection of Renibacterium salmoninarum. The proportions of positives differed widely with the detection procedures used: in coho salmon, 5% were positive by the Gram-stain procedure, 10% by the direct fluorescent antibody test, 48% by bacteriological isolation, 65% by staphylococcal coagglutination, and 73% by counterimmunoelectrophoresis; in steelhead trout, 3% were positive by Gram-stain, 8.3% by fluorescent antibody, 17% by bacteriological isolation, and 67% by counterimmunoelectrophoresis. Renibacterium salmoninarum was not detected in either coho salmon or steelhead trout by immunodiffusion analysis.
Lake trout, Salvelinus namaycush, were cultured in a series of five rearing units (in triplicate). The fish removed available oxygen in each unit, from about 10.5 to 7.0 mg/L. Oxygen was replaced, through aeration, between rearing units. Effects of cumulative loading, as fish weight/flow rate, are described in terms of water quality and fish growth. In fish reared at the highest loading level, mean growth during the 2-month cumulative loading period was depressed by more than half. However, the growth rate progressively increased in those fish reared under high loading levels, indicating acclimation of the fish to high metabolite concentrations. After two months of series-reuse rearing, cumulative loading was removed through introduction of fresh water (noreuse) to each unit, and fish recovery was monitored. During recovery, mean growth of fish that had been reared under the highest cumulative loading level was equal to or greater than that of fish that had been reared under the low loading levels.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1749-7345.1985.tb00185.x","usgsCitation":"Meade, J.W., Ramsey, J., and Williams, J., 1985, Effects of cumulative loading level, as fish weight per unit flow, on water quality and growth of lake trout: Journal of the World Mariculture Society, v. 16, no. 1-4, p. 40-51, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-7345.1985.tb00185.x.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"40","endPage":"51","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132029,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"16","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-03-12","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a2fe4b07f02db6160af","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Meade, J. W.","contributorId":38082,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meade","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320084,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ramsey, J.S.","contributorId":97052,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ramsey","given":"J.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320086,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Williams, J.C.","contributorId":50109,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320085,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70013049,"text":"70013049 - 1985 - A reconnaissance Rb-Sr, Sm-Nd, U-Pb, and K-Ar study of some host rocks and ore minerals in the West Shasta Cu- Zn district, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-08T23:24:33.450033","indexId":"70013049","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A reconnaissance Rb-Sr, Sm-Nd, U-Pb, and K-Ar study of some host rocks and ore minerals in the West Shasta Cu- Zn district, California","docAbstract":"The Copley Greenstone, Balaklala Rhyolite, and Mule Mountain stock in the West Shasta Cu-Zn district, California, have Rb-Sr, Sm-Nd, U-Pb, and K-Ar systematics that indicate they are a cogenetic suite of ensimatic island-arc rocks about 400 m.y. Pervasive alteration and mineralization of these rocks, for the most part, was syngenetic and the major component of the mineralizing fluid was Devonian seawater. K-Ar ages of quartz-sericite concentrates from ore horizons and Rb-Sr systematics of a few rock and ore specimens record a later thermal and mineralizing event in the district of about 260 m.y. Contamination of some rocks with pelagic sediments is indicated by the Sm-Nd data.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.80.8.2128","issn":"03610128","usgsCitation":"Kistler, R.W., McKee, E., Futa, K., Peterman, Z.E., and Zartman, R., 1985, A reconnaissance Rb-Sr, Sm-Nd, U-Pb, and K-Ar study of some host rocks and ore minerals in the West Shasta Cu- Zn district, California: Economic Geology, v. 80, no. 8, p. 2128-2135, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.80.8.2128.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"2128","endPage":"2135","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220172,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"80","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1985-12-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e531e4b0c8380cd46bd3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kistler, R. W.","contributorId":36112,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kistler","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365170,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McKee, E.H.","contributorId":20736,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McKee","given":"E.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365168,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Futa, K.","contributorId":26435,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Futa","given":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365169,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Peterman, Z. E.","contributorId":63781,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterman","given":"Z.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365171,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Zartman, R. E.","contributorId":15632,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zartman","given":"R. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365167,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70012779,"text":"70012779 - 1985 - Experimental chemical weathering of various bedrock types at different pH-values. 1. Sandstone and granite","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-03T07:37:06","indexId":"70012779","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1213,"text":"Chemical Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Experimental chemical weathering of various bedrock types at different pH-values. 1. Sandstone and granite","docAbstract":"Experimental chemical weathering of the so-called Old Rag Granite and Massanutten Sandstone, Virginia, U.S.A., has produced a comparison with the natural environment, and prediction of the effect of acid precipitation. The experimental results of the release of elements, dissolution of minerals, total rock weathered and the degree of weathering as function of volume of leachate were plotted. These data were compared with the natural environment. The use of the plots to predict the effect of high levels of rain acidity on weathering of these rocks is demonstrated.
A nonexpandable 14-Å clay was developed from the alteration of biotite during the experimental chemical weathering of the granite at pH 4. This interstratified Al(OH)—mica clay resembles those of the soil developed on the granite and sandstone. Hydroxy-Al may be precipitating between the mica interlayers and producing a 14-Å spacing. Development of this clay by chemical alteration of biotite may change the current hypotheses about its origin in the soils of northeastern U.S.A.
While Al-hydroxide seems to regulate Al concentrations in stream waters at the present level of rain acidity, it was found that at lower pH and in the presence of high sulfate concentrations, Al solubility may be controlled by Al-sulfate phase(s).
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0009-2541(85)90149-4","issn":"00092541","usgsCitation":"Afifi, A., Bricker, O., and Chemerys, J., 1985, Experimental chemical weathering of various bedrock types at different pH-values. 1. Sandstone and granite: Chemical Geology, v. 49, no. 1-3, p. 87-113, https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(85)90149-4.","productDescription":"27 p. 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\"}}]}","volume":"49","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0dc4e4b0c8380cd531a6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Afifi, A.A.","contributorId":98768,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Afifi","given":"A.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364506,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bricker, O.P.","contributorId":33717,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bricker","given":"O.P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364504,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Chemerys, J.C.","contributorId":94293,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chemerys","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364505,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70012797,"text":"70012797 - 1985 - Topographic mapping of the Moon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-02-13T11:40:12","indexId":"70012797","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1429,"text":"Earth, Moon and Planets","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Topographic mapping of the Moon","docAbstract":"Contour maps of the Moon have been compiled by photogrammetric methods that use stereoscopic combinations of all available metric photographs from the Apollo 15, 16, and 17 missions. The maps utilize the same format as the existing NASA shaded-relief Lunar Planning Charts (LOC-1, -2, -3, and -4), which have a scale of 1:2 750 000. The map contour interval is 500m. A control net derived from Apollo photographs by Doyle and others was used for the compilation. Contour lines and elevations are referred to the new topographic datum of the Moon, which is defined in terms of spherical harmonics from the lunar gravity field. Compilation of all four LOC charts was completed on analytical plotters from 566 stereo models of Apollo metric photographs that cover approximately 20% of the Moon. This is the first step toward compiling a global topographic map of the Moon at a scale of 1:5 000 000. ?? 1985 D. Reidel Publishing Company.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Earth, Moon and Planets","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Kluwer Academic Publishers","doi":"10.1007/BF00054173","issn":"01679295","usgsCitation":"Wu, S., 1985, Topographic mapping of the Moon: Earth, Moon and Planets, v. 32, no. 2, p. 165-172, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00054173.","startPage":"165","endPage":"172","numberOfPages":"8","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222442,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":205239,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00054173"}],"volume":"32","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb4d3e4b08c986b326582","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wu, S.S.C.","contributorId":10421,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wu","given":"S.S.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364550,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70012826,"text":"70012826 - 1985 - Selected characteristics of limestone and dolomite reservoirs in the United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-12T16:53:44.5747","indexId":"70012826","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":701,"text":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Selected characteristics of limestone and dolomite reservoirs in the United States","docAbstract":"Data from the United States Oil and Gas File (TOTL) developed by the University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, are used to characterize the lithology, location (state and basin), geologic age, year of discovery, depth to top of pay, porosity, permeability, water saturation, volume of crude oil and nonassociated gas originally in place, and net-pay thickness of limestone and dolomite reservoirs in the United States. Distributions of these parameters, representing thousands of reservoirs, establish a framework to which individual carbonate reservoirs can be compared, and provide insights into geologic processes affecting reservoir characteristics.
Limestone reservoirs are more numerous in the United States than dolomite reservoirs (by a ratio of about 3 to 1) because limestones are more abundant than dolomites. However, in the eight states that account for over 90% of United States carbonate reservoirs, there is a statistical tendency for carbonate reservoirs to occur preferentially in dolomites. Dolomite reservoirs, on the average, are larger and deeper than those of limestone, yet they often have lower matrix porosities and permeabilities. This line of investigation offers supplemental evidence that dolomitization tends to improve the reservoir properties of a given formation, and that effective fracture systems at reservoir depths are more likely to occur in dolomites than in limestones.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists","doi":"10.1306/AD4627F9-16F7-11D7-8645000102C1865D","usgsCitation":"Schmoker, J.W., Krystinik, K.B., and Halley, R., 1985, Selected characteristics of limestone and dolomite reservoirs in the United States: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 69, no. 5, p. 733-741, https://doi.org/10.1306/AD4627F9-16F7-11D7-8645000102C1865D.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"733","endPage":"741","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":221914,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"69","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aaf30e4b0c8380cd8742f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schmoker, James W.","contributorId":52171,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmoker","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364617,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Krystinik, Katherine B.","contributorId":77989,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krystinik","given":"Katherine","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364618,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Halley, Robert B.","contributorId":45692,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Halley","given":"Robert B.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":364616,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70012988,"text":"70012988 - 1985 - Maceral distributions in Illinois coals and their paleoenvironmental implications","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-24T01:17:59.705061","indexId":"70012988","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2033,"text":"International Journal of Coal Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Maceral distributions in Illinois coals and their paleoenvironmental implications","docAbstract":"For purposes of assessing the maceral distribution of Illinois (U.S.A.) coals analyses were assembled for 326 face channel and drill core samples from 24 coal members of the Pennsylvanian System. The inertinite content of coals from the Missourian and Virgilian Series averages 16.1% (mineral free), compared to 9.4% for older coals from the Desmoinesian and older Series. This indicates there was generally a higher state of oxidation in the peat that formed the younger coals. This state probably resulted from greater exposure of these peats to weathering as the climate became drier and the water table lower than was the case for the older coals, although oxidation during allochthonous deposition of inertinite components is a genetic factor that needs further study to confirm the importance of the climate.
Regional variation of the vitrinite-inertinite ratio (V-I), on a mineral- and micrinite-free basis, was observed in the Springfield (No. 5) and Herrin (No. 6) Coal Members to be related to the geographical position of paleochannel (river) deposits known to have been contemporaneous with the peats that formed these two coal strata. The V-I ratio is highest (generally 12–27) in samples from areas adjacent to the channels, and lower (5–11) some 10–20 km away. We interpret the V-I ratio to be an inverse index of the degree of oxidation to which the original peat was exposed. High V-I ratio coal located near the channels probably formed under more anoxic conditions than did the lower V-I ratio coal some distance away from the channels. The low V-I ratio coal probably formed in areas of the peat swamp where the watertable was generally lower than the channel areas.
Measurements of benthic fluxes have been made on four occasions between February 1980 and February 1981 at a channel station and a shoal station in South San Francisco Bay, using in situ flux chambers. On each occasion replicate measurements of easily measured substances such as radon, oxygen, ammonia, and silica showed a variability (??1??) of 30% or more over distances of a few meters to tens of meters, presumably due to spatial heterogeneity in the benthic community. Fluxes of radon were greater at the shoal station than at the channel station because of greater macrofaunal irrigation at the former, but showed little seasonal variability at either station. At both stations fluxes of oxygen, carbon dioxide, ammonia, and silica were largest following the spring bloom. Fluxes measured during different seasons ranged over factors of 2-3, 3, 4-5, and 3-10 (respectively), due to variations in phytoplankton productivity and temperature. Fluxes of oxygen and carbon dioxide were greater at the shoal station than at the channel station because the net phytoplankton productivity is greater there and the organic matter produced must be rapidly incorporated in the sediment column. Fluxes of silica were greater at the shoal station, probably because of the greater irrigation rates there. N + N (nitrate + nitrite) fluxes were variable in magnitude and in sign. Phosphate fluxes were too small to measure accurately. Alkalinity fluxes were similar at the two stations and are attributed primarily to carbonate dissolution at the shoal station and to sulfate reduction at the channel station. The estimated average fluxes into South Bay, based on results from these two stations over the course of a year, are (in mmol m-2 d-1): O2 = -27 ?? 6; TCO2 = 23 ?? 6; Alkalinity = 9 ?? 2; N + N = -0.3 ?? 0.5; NH3 = 1.4 ?? 0.2; PO4 = 0.1 ?? 0.4; Si = 5.6 ?? 1.1. These fluxes are comparable in magnitude to those in other temperate estuaries with similar productivity, although the seasonal variability is smaller, probably because the annual temperature range in San Francisco Bay is smaller. Budgets constructed for South San Francisco Bay show that large fractions of the net annual productivity of carbon (about 90%) and silica (about 65%) are recycled by the benthos. Substantial rates of simultaneous nitrification and denitrification must occur in shoal areas, apparently resulting in conversion to N2 of 55% of the particulate nitrogen reaching the sediments. In shoal areas, benthic fluxes can replace the water column standing stocks of ammonia in 2-6 days and silica in 17-34 days, indicating the importance of benthic fluxes in the maintenance of productivity. Pore water profiles of nutrients and Rn-222 show that macrofaunal irrigation is extremely important in transport of silica, ammonia, and alkalinity. Calculations of benthic fluxes from these profiles are less accurate, but yield results consistent with chamber measurements and indicate that most of the NH3, SiO2, and alkalinity fluxes are sustained by reactions occurring throughout the upper 20-40 cm of the sediment column. In contrast, O2, CO2, and N + N fluxes must be dominated by reactions occurring within the upper one cm of the sediment-water interface. While most data support the statements made above, a few flux measurements are contradictory and demonstrate the complexity of benthic exchange. ?? 1985 Dr W. Junk Publishers.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Hydrobiologia","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Kluwer Academic Publishers","publisherLocation":"Berlin, Germany","doi":"10.1007/BF00048688","issn":"00188158","usgsCitation":"Hammond, D.E., Fuller, C., Harmon, D., Hartman, B., Korosec, M., Miller, L., Rea, R., Warren, S., Berelson, W., and Hager, S., 1985, Benthic fluxes in San Francisco Bay: Hydrobiologia, v. 129, no. 1, p. 69-90, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00048688.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"69","endPage":"90","numberOfPages":"22","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":221911,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":205162,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00048688"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"San Francisco","city":"San Francisco","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay area","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -123.01940917968751,\n 37.23470197166817\n ],\n [\n -123.01940917968751,\n 38.22307753495298\n ],\n [\n -121.5472412109375,\n 38.22307753495298\n ],\n [\n -121.5472412109375,\n 37.23470197166817\n ],\n [\n -123.01940917968751,\n 37.23470197166817\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"129","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f0b6e4b0c8380cd4a889","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hammond, Douglas E.","contributorId":67878,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hammond","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364480,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fuller, C.","contributorId":106640,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fuller","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364483,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Harmon, D.","contributorId":40732,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harmon","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364476,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hartman, Blayne","contributorId":77664,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hartman","given":"Blayne","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364481,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Korosec, M.","contributorId":81251,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Korosec","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364482,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Miller, L.G.","contributorId":32522,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"L.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364475,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Rea, R.","contributorId":65602,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rea","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364479,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Warren, S.","contributorId":20075,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warren","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364474,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Berelson, W.","contributorId":48312,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berelson","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364477,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Hager, S.W.","contributorId":51746,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hager","given":"S.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364478,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}} ,{"id":70013037,"text":"70013037 - 1985 - Persisting effects of armored military maneuvers on some soils of the Mojave Desert","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:36","indexId":"70013037","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1540,"text":"Environmental Geology and Water Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Persisting effects of armored military maneuvers on some soils of the Mojave Desert","docAbstract":"Soil compaction and substrate modification produced during large-scale armored military maneuvers in the early 1940s were examined in 1981 at seven sites in California's eastern Mojave Desert Recording penetrometer measurements show that tracks left by a single pass of an M3 \"medium\" tank have average soil resistance values that are 50% greater than those of the surrounding untracked soil in the upper 20 cm At one site, measurements made along short segments of track that have been visually eliminated by erosion and deposition processes show a 73% increase in penetrometer resistance over adjacent, undisturbed soils Dirt roadways at three former base camp locations could not be penetrated below 5-10 cm because of extreme compaction Soil bulk density was not as sensitive an indicator of soil compaction as was penetrometer resistance Density values in the upper 10 cm of soil are not significantly different between tank tracks and undisturbed soils at most sites, and roadways at two base camps show an average increase in bulk density of only 12% over adjacent soils. Trench excavations across tank tracks show that physical modifications of the substrate can extend vertically beneath a track to a depth of 25 cm and outward from a track's edge to 50 cm These soil disturbances are probably major factors that encourage accelerated soil erosion throughout the manuever area and also retard or prevent the return of vegetation to pre-disturbance conditions ?? 1985 Springer-Verlag New York Inc.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Geology and Water Sciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF02528800","issn":"00990094","usgsCitation":"Prose, D., 1985, Persisting effects of armored military maneuvers on some soils of the Mojave Desert: Environmental Geology and Water Sciences, v. 7, no. 3, p. 163-170, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02528800.","startPage":"163","endPage":"170","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":204997,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02528800"},{"id":220010,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"7","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a76ffe4b0c8380cd783dc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Prose, D.V.","contributorId":92682,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prose","given":"D.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365136,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70012719,"text":"70012719 - 1985 - The complex variable boundary element method: Applications","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-02T17:49:00.332391","indexId":"70012719","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2022,"text":"International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The complex variable boundary element method: Applications","docAbstract":"The complex variable boundary element method (CVBEM) is used to approximate several potential problems where analytical solutions are known: A modelling result produced from the CVBEM is a measure of relative error in matching the known boundary condition values of the problem. A CVBEM error-reduction algorithm is used to reduce the relative error of the approximation by adding nodal points in boundary regions where error is large. From the-test problems, overall error is reduced significantly by utilizing the adaptive integration algorithm.
On the leeward side of southeastern Oahu, Hawaii, near-vertical dikes have intruded the gently dipping and highly permeable lava flows of the Koolau mountain. These dikes bound the study area on the north and west and internally divide it into the Waialae and Wailupe-Hawaii Kai aquifers. Recharge to these aquifers, 6 and 9 million gallons per day respectively, has created Ghyben-Herzberg lenses that freely float on sea water and discharge to the sea through coastal sediments. In the Waialae area, where rainfall is high and where thick (poorly permeable) coastal sediments inhibit the discharge of fresh water, heads are 8 to 15 feet above sea level. Lower rainfall and thin coastal sediments that allow easy discharge cause heads to be only 1 to 5 feet in the Wailupe-Hawaii Kai area.
The flow of ground water and the effects of future water development were simulated using AQUIFEM, a two-dimensional finite-element flow model, modified for aquifers containing a sea-water interface. The model provides accurate simulation of observed heads averaged over several years and predicts an additional area-wide head decline of about 1 foot when three recently drilled wells are put into production.