Water issuing from the inactive Leviathan open-pit sulfur mine has caused serious degradation of the water quality in the Leviathan/Bryant Creek drainage basin which drains into the East Fork of the Carson River. As part of a pollution abatement project of the California Regional Water Quality Control Board, the U.S. Geological Survey collected hydrologic and water quality data for the basin during 1981-82. During this period a comprehensive sampling survey was completed to provide information on trace metal attenuation during downstream transport and to provide data for interpreting geochemical processes. This report presents the analytical results from this sampling survey. Sixty-seven water samples were filtered and preserved on-site at 45 locations and at 3 different times. Temperature, discharge, pH, and Eh and specific conductance were measured on-site. Concentrations of 37 major and trace constituents were determined later in the laboratory on preserved samples. The quality of the analyses was checked by using two or more techniques to determine the concentrations including d.c.-argon plasma emission spectrometry (DCP), flame and flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry, UV-visible spectrophotometry, hydride-generation atomic absorption spectrophotometry and ion chromatography. Additional quality control was obtained by comparing measured to calculated conductance, comparing measured to calculated Eh (from Fe-2 +/Fe-3+ determinations), charge balance calculations and mass balance calculations for conservative constituents at confluence points. Leviathan acid mine waters contain mg/L concentrations of As, Cr, Co, Cu, Mn, Ni, T1, V and Zn, and hundreds to thousands of mg/L concentrations of Al, Fe, and sulfate at pH values as low as 1.8. Other elements including Ba, B, Be, Bi, Cd , Mo, Sb, Se and Te are elevated above normal background concentrations and fall in the microgram/L range. The chemical and 34 S/32 S isotopic analyses demonstrate that these acid waters are derived from pyrite oxidation and not from the oxidation of elemental sulfur.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri854169","usgsCitation":"Ball, J., and Nordstrom, D.K., 1985, Major and trace-element analyses of acid mine waters in the Leviathan Mine drainage basin, California/Nevada; October, 1981 to October, 1982: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 85-4169, v, 46 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri854169.","productDescription":"v, 46 p.","costCenters":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":415876,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_36324.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":54824,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4169/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":123446,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4169/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California, Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Leviathan Mine drainage basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -119.722,\n 38.828\n ],\n [\n -119.722,\n 38.669\n ],\n [\n -119.583,\n 38.669\n ],\n [\n -119.583,\n 38.828\n ],\n [\n -119.722,\n 38.828\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db649741","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ball, J.W.","contributorId":67507,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ball","given":"J.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195709,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nordstrom, D. Kirk 0000-0003-3283-5136 dkn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3283-5136","contributorId":749,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nordstrom","given":"D.","email":"dkn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Kirk","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":195710,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":2002132,"text":"2002132 - 1985 - Undersea topography and the comparative distributions of two pelagic cetaceans","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-27T18:04:24","indexId":"2002132","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1663,"text":"Fishery Bulletin","printIssn":"0090-0656","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Undersea topography and the comparative distributions of two pelagic cetaceans","docAbstract":"No abstract available at this time","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Hui, C.A., 1985, Undersea topography and the comparative distributions of two pelagic cetaceans: Fishery Bulletin, v. 83, no. 3, p. 472-475.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"472","endPage":"475","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":199037,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":352106,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.st.nmfs.noaa.gov/spo/FishBull/833/833toc.htm"},{"id":352107,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.st.nmfs.noaa.gov/spo/FishBull/833/hui.pdf"}],"volume":"83","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a26e4b07f02db60f70c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hui, Clifford A.","contributorId":68252,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hui","given":"Clifford","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":326033,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70013068,"text":"70013068 - 1985 - Geochemistry of groundwater in Cretaceous sediments of the southeastern coastal plain of eastern Mississippi and western Alabama","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-12T18:01:26","indexId":"70013068","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geochemistry of groundwater in Cretaceous sediments of the southeastern coastal plain of eastern Mississippi and western Alabama","docAbstract":"Geochemical samples of waters along two hydrologic flow paths in four Upper Cretaceous aquifers of northeastern Mississippi and western Alabama indicate similar geochemical evolution of their respective waters. The waters of the Coker, Gordo, and Eutaw-McShan aquifers, noncalcareous sands, increase downgradient in dissolved solids and pH, and are dominated by sodium and bicarbonate ions, which generally result from a calcite dissolution-cation exchange process. Increases in dissolved iron from oxidation reduction reactions followed by decreases in total inorganic carbon from siderite precipitation occur along the flow paths. As the total inorganic carbon increases, carbon 13 (δ13C) generally is enriched in the moving waters, indicating the addition of a predominantly heavy source of carbon, most likely dissolving calcite. In the Coker aquifer δ13C values in the waters become more negative downgradient, resulting from lignite oxidation, followed by δ13C values becoming more positive, resulting from dissolving calcite and perhaps some mixing with brines. In northeastern Mississippi the Ripley aquifer, a calcareous sand, initially contains calcium-bicarbonate dominated water that evolves to a sodium- bicarbonate dominated water downgradient, primarily from the calcite dissolution-cation exchange process. Feldspar hydrolysis to kaolinite dominates aluminosilicate reactions in the upgradient parts of the aquifers. Authigenesis of smectite clay may be occurring in the deeper, downgradient parts of the aquifers.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/WR021i010p01545","usgsCitation":"Lee, R.W., 1985, Geochemistry of groundwater in Cretaceous sediments of the southeastern coastal plain of eastern Mississippi and western Alabama: Water Resources Research, v. 21, no. 10, p. 1545-1556, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR021i010p01545.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"1545","endPage":"1556","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220404,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alabama, Mississippi","otherGeospatial":"Southeastern Coastal Plain","volume":"21","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-01-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a16fbe4b0c8380cd55334","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lee, Roger W.","contributorId":105273,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"Roger","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365209,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70013069,"text":"70013069 - 1985 - Assessment of long-term salinity changes in an irrigated stream-aquifer system","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-19T11:09:19","indexId":"70013069","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Assessment of long-term salinity changes in an irrigated stream-aquifer system","docAbstract":"Changes in salinity in groundwater and surface water in the Arkansas River valley of southeastern Colorado are primarily related to irrigation practices. A solute transport model was applied to an 11-mile reach of the valley to compute salinity changes in response to spatially and temporally varying stresses. The model was calibrated in 1973 using detailed field measurements made during 1971 and 1972. In 1973 the calibrated model was used to predict that a gradual long-term increase in groundwater salinity of about 2–3% per year would occur if the observed irrigation practices continued. The study area was resampled during the winter of 1982 to help evaluate if any long-term changes in salinity are actually occurring. Nonparametric and parametric statistical tests were used to help assess the significance of observed changes in groundwater salinity. These tests indicate that a statistically significant increase in salinity occurred between the winters of 1971 and 1972 (the model calibration period). However, a comparison of the winter 1972 and winter 1982 data indicates that no significant net change in salinity has occurred during this 10-year period. An analysis of the few available historical data (1895, 1923, 1959–1961, and 1964) supports the hypothesis that groundwater salinity in this irrigated area has reached a long-term dynamic equilibrium in response to irrigation practices. The model predictions of long-term salinity increases were invalid probably because the calibration period occurred during a short-term annual trend of increasing salinity in the river (and hence in leaky irrigation canals and in applied irrigation water), which was not representative of the long-term trend.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/WR021i011p01611","usgsCitation":"Konikow, L.F., and Person, M., 1985, Assessment of long-term salinity changes in an irrigated stream-aquifer system: Water Resources Research, v. 21, no. 11, p. 1611-1624, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR021i011p01611.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"1611","endPage":"1624","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":220405,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Arkansas River valley","volume":"21","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-01-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e637e4b0c8380cd47268","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Konikow, Leonard F. 0000-0002-0940-3856 lkonikow@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0940-3856","contributorId":158,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Konikow","given":"Leonard","email":"lkonikow@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":365210,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Person, Mark","contributorId":55568,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Person","given":"Mark","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365211,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1014011,"text":"1014011 - 1985 - Salmonid whirling disease: status in the United States, 1985","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-07-18T11:04:43.661343","indexId":"1014011","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2507,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Diseases","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Salmonid whirling disease: status in the United States, 1985","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wildlife Disease Association","doi":"10.7589/0090-3558-22.2.295","usgsCitation":"Wolf, K., 1985, Salmonid whirling disease: status in the United States, 1985: Journal of Wildlife Diseases, v. 22, no. 2, p. 295-299, https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-22.2.295.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"295","endPage":"299","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":480182,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-22.2.295","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":129756,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"22","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ee4b07f02db5fdf17","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wolf, K.","contributorId":16344,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolf","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":319613,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1014497,"text":"1014497 - 1985 - Niacin requirement for optimum growth, feed conversion and protection of rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson, from ultraviolet-B irradiation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-02T00:04:49.709513","indexId":"1014497","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2286,"text":"Journal of Fish Diseases","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Niacin requirement for optimum growth, feed conversion and protection of rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson, from ultraviolet-B irradiation","docAbstract":"Triplicate groups of 75 rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson, (mean weight 0–76 g) were fed a semipurified diet containing added niacinamide in amounts of 0.0, 1.25, 2.5. 5, 10, 20, 40, 80 or 160 mg/kg diet (ppm), for 16 weeks to determine the amount of niacinamide needed for optimum growth, feed conversion, and prevention of dermatopathy induced by UV light. At the end of the study, fish were exposed to a 275-W sun lamp limiting in the UV-B spectrum (280–360 UV) for 20h. Trout fed no supplemental niacinamide grew significantly slower than all other fish. Growth increased with each niacinamide increment through 10ppm. but not at higher increments. Feed conversion paralleled growth response to niacinamide. Exposure to UV light induced dermal lesions in trout fed less than 10ppm niacinamide. Initially, focal white spots appeared anterior to the dorsal fin, and caudal and pectoral fins became depigmented and translucent. Later, extensive erosion in caudal and pectoral fins was accompanied by desquamation of the epidermis and underlying tissues of the caudal peduncle, head and snout. Results indicated that rainbow trout need at least 10ppm niacinamide for optimum growth, feed conversion and protection against 'sunburn’caused by UV light.
The Costa Rican volacno Rincon de la Vieja is loosely but mysteriously translated as the \"Old Lady's Corner.\" It consists of six volcanic centers that form a remote elongated ridge standing some 1300m above the surrounding terraine. Geologically speaking, the Guanacaste province of northern Costa Rica consists of a series of composite volcanic cones built on a shield of ignimbrites (welded and unwelded ash flows) of Pliocene-Pleistocene age (up to 2 million years old), that themselves lie on basement crust of Cretaceious-Tertiary age (up to 90 million years old). the active volcanoes are aligned on a northwest-southeast axis parallel to the Middle American oceanic trench in the Pacific Ocean that is the site of subduction of hte Cocos oceanic plate underneath Central America.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Thorpe, R., Brown, G., Rymer, H., Barritt, S., and Randal, M., 1985, Recent volcano monitoring in Costa Rica: Earthquake Information Bulletin (USGS), v. 17, no. 2, p. 44-49.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"44","endPage":"49","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":316428,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Costa Rica","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -85.3634262084961,\n 10.840724382155452\n ],\n [\n -85.31158447265624,\n 10.850502899153025\n ],\n [\n -85.2975082397461,\n 10.803967790000689\n ],\n [\n -85.34351348876953,\n 10.793513257694597\n ],\n [\n -85.3634262084961,\n 10.840724382155452\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"17","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56b08fe6e4b010e2af2a5e01","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thorpe, R.","contributorId":156262,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Thorpe","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":597088,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brown, G.","contributorId":83293,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":597089,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rymer, H.","contributorId":87763,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rymer","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":597090,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Barritt, S.","contributorId":156263,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Barritt","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":597091,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Randal, M.","contributorId":156264,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Randal","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":597092,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70135805,"text":"70135805 - 1985 - Coupling of ocean bottom seismometers to sediment: Results of tests with the U.S. Geological Survey ocean bottom seismometer","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-28T15:44:56.081191","indexId":"70135805","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Coupling of ocean bottom seismometers to sediment: Results of tests with the U.S. Geological Survey ocean bottom seismometer","docAbstract":"The response of an ocean bottom seismometer (OBS) to a transient pull that excites the natural OBS-sediment coupling resonance can be modeled as a mass-spring-dashpot system in which the resonant frequency and damping are functions of instrument mass and bearing radius and of the physical properties of the sediment (primarily the shear modulus). For the very soft sediments sometimes found on the sea floor, this resonance may be within the main frequency band of interest (2 to 15 Hz) for many common instrument configurations. To test the model and to find an anchor that would shift the coupling resonance to a higher frequency and decrease its amplitude, we conducted a series of tests which measured the response of the vertical and horizontal components of the U.S. Geological Survey OBS to transient pulls as a function of anchor configuration and sediment properties. The tested anchors included a concrete “flowerpot,” a tripod, a plate, and a perforated plate. Sites were on soft, organic-rich ooze and on firm sand. Several small shots were also fired at the ooze site in order to compare the response of the plate and “flowerpot” anchors to seismic signals. For a given anchor at a given site, the observed response was very repeatable. We found that the model predicts the vertical coupling response quite well and that good vertical coupling can be achieved with the plate or perforated-plate anchors. The response to the horizontal pulls, however, was similar and resonant for all anchors.
","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/BSSA0750010271","usgsCitation":"Trehu, A.M., 1985, Coupling of ocean bottom seismometers to sediment: Results of tests with the U.S. Geological Survey ocean bottom seismometer: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 75, no. 1, p. 271-289, https://doi.org/10.1785/BSSA0750010271.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"271","endPage":"289","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":296756,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"75","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1985-02-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5492b73ee4b00eda8915ad0c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Trehu, Anne M.","contributorId":49884,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Trehu","given":"Anne","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":6680,"text":"Oregon State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":536879,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70137246,"text":"70137246 - 1985 - Use of strontium isotopes to constrain the timing and mode of dolomitization of upper Cenozoic sediments in a core from San Salvador, Bahamas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-30T00:51:56.949725","indexId":"70137246","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Use of strontium isotopes to constrain the timing and mode of dolomitization of upper Cenozoic sediments in a core from San Salvador, Bahamas","docAbstract":"The 87Sr/86Sr ratios and the activity ratios of 234U/238U and 230Th/238U have been measured in dolomites from a 168-m-deep core taken on the island of San Salvador, Bahamas. These data suggest two periods of dolomitization. The first episode dolomitized Miocene age sediments during the latest Miocene, and the second dolomitized the Pliocene portion of the core and was still active as recently as 150 ka. The late timing of the second episode argues against penecontemporaneous models of dolomitization for the Pliocene sediments. Instead, dolomitization is favored either as a result of mixing-zone development during the large Pleistocene sea-level changes or by movement of seawater through the platform.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0091-7613(1987)15<262:UOSITC>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Swart, P.K., Ruiz, J., and Holmes, C.W., 1985, Use of strontium isotopes to constrain the timing and mode of dolomitization of upper Cenozoic sediments in a core from San Salvador, Bahamas: Geology, v. 15, no. 3, p. 262-265, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1987)15<262:UOSITC>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"262","endPage":"265","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":296990,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Bahamas","otherGeospatial":"San Salvador Island","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -74.3115234375,\n 21.022982546427436\n ],\n [\n -72.2021484375,\n 22.63429269379353\n ],\n [\n -77.71728515624999,\n 27.527758206861886\n ],\n [\n -80.13427734374999,\n 25.403584973186703\n ],\n [\n -74.3115234375,\n 21.022982546427436\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"15","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54dd2c7de4b08de9379b383b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Swart, Peter K.","contributorId":96832,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Swart","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":5112,"text":"University of Miami","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":537557,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ruiz, Joaquin","contributorId":87967,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ruiz","given":"Joaquin","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":7042,"text":"University of Arizona","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":537558,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Holmes, Charles W.","contributorId":31071,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holmes","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":218,"text":"Denver Federal Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":537559,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70135870,"text":"70135870 - 1985 - Occurrence and preservation of Eocene squamariacean and coralline rhodoliths: Eau, Tonga","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-02T17:05:45.231691","indexId":"70135870","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"chapter":"9","title":"Occurrence and preservation of Eocene squamariacean and coralline rhodoliths: Eau, Tonga","docAbstract":"A widespread rhodolith facies occurs within middle Eocene limestones of Eua, Tonga (Fig. 1). These limestones, first described by Hoffmeister (1932), represent a portion of a broad, early Tertiary platform that developed in the Tonga area prior to disruption and uplift by later Tertiary plate movements (Kroenke and Tongilava 1975). Algal rhodoliths form beds several meters thick within Eocene limestones and occur at localities several kilometers apart along the length of Eua.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Paleoalgology: Contemporary research and applications","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/978-3-642-70355-3_19","usgsCitation":"Buchbinder, B., and Halley, R., 1985, Occurrence and preservation of Eocene squamariacean and coralline rhodoliths: Eau, Tonga, chap. 9 of Paleoalgology: Contemporary research and applications, p. 248-256, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-70355-3_19.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"248","endPage":"256","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":296783,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Tonga","otherGeospatial":"Eau","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -175.04241943359375,\n -21.27913739410871\n ],\n [\n -174.83917236328125,\n -21.268899719967695\n ],\n [\n -174.84466552734375,\n -21.478629309978384\n ],\n [\n -175.05889892578125,\n -21.460737306938082\n ],\n [\n -175.04241943359375,\n -21.27913739410871\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54dd2c1ce4b08de9379b3630","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Toomey, Donald F.","contributorId":131022,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Toomey","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":536951,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nitecki, Matthew H.","contributorId":131023,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Nitecki","given":"Matthew","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":536952,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Buchbinder, Binyamin","contributorId":131021,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Buchbinder","given":"Binyamin","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":536949,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Halley, Robert B.","contributorId":45692,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Halley","given":"Robert B.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":536950,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70135823,"text":"70135823 - 1985 - A drowned Holocene barrier spit off Cape Ann, Massachusetts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-30T11:59:41.0039","indexId":"70135823","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A drowned Holocene barrier spit off Cape Ann, Massachusetts","docAbstract":"Seismic profiles and bathymetric contours reveal a drowned barrier spit on Jeffreys Ledge off Cape Ann, Massachusetts. Seaward-dipping internal reflectors indicate that a regressive barrier formed during the early Holocene low sea-level stillstand. Preservation of the barrier spit may have been favored by its large size (as much as 20 m thick), by an ample sediment supply from unconsolidated glacial drift, and by the subsequent rapid sea-level rise. The barrier spit is present in water depths of 50 to 70 m and indicates a low relative sea-level stand of −50 m. This value confirms the low relative sea-level stand of −47 m postulated by Oldale et al. (1983) for northeast Massachusetts and New Hampshire on the basis of the submerged delta of the Merrimack River, and it indicates that the barrier and delta were contemporaneous (Oldale et al., 1983).
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","usgsCitation":"Oldale, R.N., 1985, A drowned Holocene barrier spit off Cape Ann, Massachusetts: Geology, v. 13, no. 5, p. 375-377.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"375","endPage":"377","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":296774,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts","otherGeospatial":"Cape Ann","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -70.60501098632812,\n 42.66830027189085\n ],\n [\n -70.56175231933594,\n 42.66981490351329\n ],\n [\n -70.56587219238281,\n 42.632443217615524\n ],\n [\n -70.6146240234375,\n 42.632443217615524\n ],\n [\n -70.60501098632812,\n 42.66830027189085\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"13","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5492b73be4b00eda8915ad03","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Oldale, Robert N.","contributorId":38953,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oldale","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":536914,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70135813,"text":"70135813 - 1985 - Why deposits of longitudinal dunes are rarely recognized in the geologic record","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-12-17T13:41:56","indexId":"70135813","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3369,"text":"Sedimentology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Why deposits of longitudinal dunes are rarely recognized in the geologic record","docAbstract":"Dunes that are morphologically of linear type, many of which are probably of longitudinal type in a morphodynamic sense, are common in modern deserts, but their deposits are rarely identified in aeolian sandstones. One reason for non-recognition of such dunes is that they can migrate laterally when they are not exactly parallel to the long-term sand-transport direction, thereby depositing cross-strata that have unimodal cross-bed dip directions and consequently resemble deposits of transverse dunes. Dune-parallel components of sand transport can be recognized in ancient aeolian sands by examining compound cross-bedding formed by small dunes that migrated across the lee slopes of large dunes and documenting that the small dunes migrated with a component in a preferred along-crest direction over the large dunes.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-3091.1985.tb00498.x","usgsCitation":"Rubin, D.M., and Hunter, R., 1985, Why deposits of longitudinal dunes are rarely recognized in the geologic record: Sedimentology, v. 32, no. 1, p. 147-157, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3091.1985.tb00498.x.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"147","endPage":"157","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":296761,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"32","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-06-14","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5492b748e4b00eda8915ad33","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rubin, David M. 0000-0003-1169-1452 drubin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1169-1452","contributorId":3159,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rubin","given":"David","email":"drubin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":536896,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hunter, Ralph E.","contributorId":53759,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hunter","given":"Ralph E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":536897,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70135820,"text":"70135820 - 1985 - Rapid postglacial shoreline changes in the western Gulf of Maine and the Paleo-Indian environment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-09-19T09:19:08","indexId":"70135820","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":700,"text":"American Antiquity","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Rapid postglacial shoreline changes in the western Gulf of Maine and the Paleo-Indian environment","docAbstract":"Rapid shoreline regression and transgression along the western Gulf of Maine between 13,000 and 9000 years B.P. are inferred to have produced a nearshore marine environment low in biologic productivity. Paleo-Indians living near the coast of the Gulf were probably forced to rely on nonmarine resources landward of the late-glacial marine limit. Thus, Paleo-Indian sites of the time period in question may be restricted in the region between the marine limit and the postglacial low sea-level stand, or may be altogether absent.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society for American Archaeology","usgsCitation":"Oldale, R.N., 1985, Rapid postglacial shoreline changes in the western Gulf of Maine and the Paleo-Indian environment: American Antiquity, v. 50, no. 1, p. 145-150.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"145","endPage":"150","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":296772,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":296771,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/280640"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Gulf of Maine","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -67.203369140625,\n 45.058001435398296\n ],\n [\n -70.718994140625,\n 43.715534726205114\n ],\n [\n -71.070556640625,\n 41.52502957323801\n ],\n [\n -65.8740234375,\n 43.96119063892024\n ],\n [\n -67.203369140625,\n 45.058001435398296\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"50","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5492b747e4b00eda8915ad2d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Oldale, Robert N.","contributorId":38953,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oldale","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":536911,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70135829,"text":"70135829 - 1985 - New York Bight fault","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-09-14T09:36:16","indexId":"70135829","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"New York Bight fault","docAbstract":"High-resolution, single-channel and multichannel seismic-reflection profiles in the New York Bight provide 7 crossings of a 50-km-long fault that trends north-northeast for 30 km from its southern end, then bends northeast, and may continue northward beneath Long Island. Displacement, which is consistently down to the west, decreases upsection and suggests a growth fault. Dip of the fault is near vertical. Its maximum offset of 109 m is the largest offset at the base of the Coastal Plain known for any Cretaceous and younger fault along the East Coast. Seismic stratigraphic controls constrain motion on the fault between Late Cretaceous (95 m.y. B.P.) and middle Oligocene (30 m.y. B.P.). The evidence for Quaternary activity is ambiguous.
\n\n
The fault parallels a magnetic low to the east, interpreted as a buried Mesozoic rift basin from seismic-reflection data, and a gravity low to the west, interpreted as a structure within Paleozoic rocks from well data. Whether these structures control the location of, or movement on, the fault is not clear.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1985)96<975:NYBF>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Hutchinson, D.R., and Grow, J., 1985, New York Bight fault: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 96, no. 8, p. 975-989, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1985)96<975:NYBF>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"975","endPage":"989","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":296777,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Jersey, New York","otherGeospatial":"New York Bight","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -74.739990234375,\n 39.97291055131899\n ],\n [\n -73.0535888671875,\n 39.97291055131899\n ],\n [\n -73.0535888671875,\n 41.18692242290296\n ],\n [\n -74.739990234375,\n 41.18692242290296\n ],\n [\n -74.739990234375,\n 39.97291055131899\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"96","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5492b746e4b00eda8915ad2a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hutchinson, Deborah R. 0000-0002-2544-5466 dhutchinson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2544-5466","contributorId":521,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hutchinson","given":"Deborah","email":"dhutchinson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":536918,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Grow, John A.","contributorId":51739,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grow","given":"John A.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":536919,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70135827,"text":"70135827 - 1985 - Block Island fault: A Paleozoic crustal boundary on the Long Island platform","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-08-23T10:53:45","indexId":"70135827","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Block Island fault: A Paleozoic crustal boundary on the Long Island platform","docAbstract":"A major fault cutting through most of the crust can be identified and mapped on the Long Island platform using multichannel seismic reflection profiles and magnetic data. The fault, here called the Block Island fault (BIF), strikes north-northeast, dips westward at low angle, and does not resemble the thin-skinned thrust faulting observed in the foreland of the Appalachians. The BIF is located within the hinterland of the Appalachian mountain belt in the collision zone between Africa and North America. We present several interpretations but favor one in which the fault originated as an east-verging mid–late Paleozoic thrust fault, possibly related to the collision of Avalon or Meguma with North America. It was probably reactivated during early Mesozoic continental breakup and again in the Late Cretaceous and Tertiary, causing the steeply dipping postrift New Shoreham fault to form, either as an antithetic (normal) or splay (reverse) fault.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0091-7613(1985)13<875:BIFAPC>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Hutchinson, D.R., Klitgord, K.D., and Detrick, R.S., 1985, Block Island fault: A Paleozoic crustal boundary on the Long Island platform: Geology, v. 13, no. 12, p. 875-879, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1985)13<875:BIFAPC>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"875","endPage":"879","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":296776,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Long Island platform","volume":"13","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5492b73ce4b00eda8915ad07","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hutchinson, Deborah R. 0000-0002-2544-5466 dhutchinson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2544-5466","contributorId":521,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hutchinson","given":"Deborah","email":"dhutchinson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":536915,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Klitgord, Kim D.","contributorId":82307,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klitgord","given":"Kim","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":536916,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Detrick, R. S.","contributorId":29133,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Detrick","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":6923,"text":"University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":536917,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70012710,"text":"70012710 - 1985 - Ice-lubricated gravity spreading of the Olympus Mons aureole deposits","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-02-28T17:04:04.35969","indexId":"70012710","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1963,"text":"Icarus","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ice-lubricated gravity spreading of the Olympus Mons aureole deposits","docAbstract":"Gravity sliding and spreading at low strain rates can account for the general morphology and structure of the aureoles and basal scarp of Olympus Mons. Detachment sliding could have occurred around the volcano if either pore-fluid pressures were exceptionally high (greater than 90%) or the rocks had very low resistance to shear (about 1 × 105 Pa or 1 bar). Because of the vast areal extent and probable shallow depth of the detachment zone, development of ubiquitous, high pore-fluid pressures beneath aureole-forming material was unlikely. However, a zone of sufficiently weak material consisting of about 10% interstitial or interbedded ice could have been present. If so, a simple rheologic model for the aureole deposits can be applied that consists of a thin ductile layer overlain by a thicker brittle layer. According to this model, extensional deformation would have occurred near the shield and compressional deformation in its distal parts. Proximal grabens and distal corrugations on aureole surfaces support this model. A submarine slide at Kitimat Arm, British Columbia, is a valid qualitative analogy for the observed features and inferred emplacement style of the aureole deposits. Ground-ice processes have been considered the cause of many geologic features on Mars; a 3% average concentration of ground ice in the regolith is predicted by theoretical models for the ice budget and cryosphere. Ice may have been deposited in higher concentrations below the aureole-forming material; the source of the ice could have been juvenile water circulated hydrothermally by Olympus Mons volcanism. The basal scarp of Olympus Mons apparently demarcates the transition between the upper, stable part of the shield and its lower part that decoupled and formed the aureole deposits. This transition may reflect a change in the bulk shear strength of the shield, caused either by a radial dependence in the abundance of ice or fluid in the shield materials or by the concentration of intrusive dikes within the volcano. Other Martian volcanoes exhibit virtually no evidence of similar large-scale gravity spreading and basal scarps. Perhaps such evidence, if it existed, has been buried by lava flows, or perhaps the smaller size of other volcanoes did not permit the development of these features.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0019-1035(85)90117-4","issn":"00191035","usgsCitation":"Tanaka, K.L., 1985, Ice-lubricated gravity spreading of the Olympus Mons aureole deposits: Icarus, v. 62, no. 2, p. 191-206, https://doi.org/10.1016/0019-1035(85)90117-4.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"191","endPage":"206","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221966,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"62","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a37fae4b0c8380cd61324","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tanaka, K. L.","contributorId":31394,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Tanaka","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364292,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70135866,"text":"70135866 - 1985 - Deep continental margin reflectors","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-08-24T13:03:05","indexId":"70135866","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1578,"text":"Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union","onlineIssn":"2324-9250","printIssn":"0096-394","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Deep continental margin reflectors","docAbstract":"In contrast to the rarity of such observations a decade ago, seismic reflecting and refracting horizons are now being observed to Moho depths under continental shelves in a number of places. These observations provide knowledge of the entire crustal thickness from the shoreline to the oceanic crust on passive margins and supplement Consortium for Continental Reflection Profiling (COCORP)-type measurements on land.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/EO066i020p00448","usgsCitation":"Ewing, J., Heirtzler, J., Purdy, M., and Klitgord, K.D., 1985, Deep continental margin reflectors: Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, v. 66, no. 20, p. 448-448, https://doi.org/10.1029/EO066i020p00448.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"448","endPage":"448","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":296780,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"66","issue":"20","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-06-03","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54dd2b6ee4b08de9379b338a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ewing, J.","contributorId":131014,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ewing","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6706,"text":"Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution,","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":536937,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Heirtzler, J.","contributorId":131016,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Heirtzler","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6706,"text":"Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution,","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":536938,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Purdy, M.","contributorId":131017,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Purdy","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6706,"text":"Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution,","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":536939,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Klitgord, Kim D.","contributorId":82307,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klitgord","given":"Kim","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":536940,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70135807,"text":"70135807 - 1985 - A note on the effect of bottom currents on an ocean bottom seismometer","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-28T15:42:40.943336","indexId":"70135807","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A note on the effect of bottom currents on an ocean bottom seismometer","docAbstract":"Two three-component ocean bottom seismometers and a current meter were deployed a few hundred meters apart on the southern Blake Plateau off the United States eastern coast to study the effect of near-bottom currents on the background noise level of seismometers. Although analysis of the data is limited somewhat by instrumental problems, the increase in current speed, which ranged from 2 to 25 cm/sec, is correlated with a broadband increase in the noise level at frequencies below 10 Hz. Intermittent periods of narrow-band 8-Hz noise, which were also observed, are not correlative with bottom currents and were tentatively attributed to passing ships. Details of the mechanism of generation of the background noise cannot be determined from the present data set.
","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/BSSA0750041195","usgsCitation":"Trehu, A.M., 1985, A note on the effect of bottom currents on an ocean bottom seismometer: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 75, no. 4, p. 1195-1204, https://doi.org/10.1785/BSSA0750041195.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"1195","endPage":"1204","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":296758,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":296757,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/ssa/bssa/article/75/4/1195/118796/A-note-on-the-effect-of-bottom-currents-on-an"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Blake Plateau","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -80.068359375,\n 32.54681317351514\n ],\n [\n -76.9921875,\n 32.58384932565662\n ],\n [\n -77.080078125,\n 30.29701788337205\n ],\n [\n -81.8701171875,\n 30.06909396443887\n ],\n [\n -80.068359375,\n 32.54681317351514\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"75","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5492b73ce4b00eda8915ad05","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Trehu, Anne M.","contributorId":49884,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Trehu","given":"Anne","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":6680,"text":"Oregon State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":536880,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70013364,"text":"70013364 - 1985 - PRESENT STATUS OF RESEARCH IN DEBRIS FLOW MODELING.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:37","indexId":"70013364","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"PRESENT STATUS OF RESEARCH IN DEBRIS FLOW MODELING.","docAbstract":"A viable rheological model should consist of both a time-independent part and a time-dependent part. A generalized viscoplastic fluid model that has both parts as well as two major rheological properties (i. e. , the normal stress effect and soil yield criteria) is shown to be sufficiently accurate, yet practical, for general use in debris flow modeling. Other rheological models, such as the Bingham plastic fluid model and the so-called Coulomb-viscous model, are compared in terms of the generalized viscoplastic fluid model.","conferenceTitle":"Hydraulics and Hydrology in the Small Computer Age, Proceedings of the Specialty Conference.","conferenceLocation":"Lake Buena Vista, FL, USA","language":"English","publisher":"ASCE","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, USA","isbn":"0872624749","usgsCitation":"Chen, C., 1985, PRESENT STATUS OF RESEARCH IN DEBRIS FLOW MODELING., Hydraulics and Hydrology in the Small Computer Age, Proceedings of the Specialty Conference., Lake Buena Vista, FL, USA, p. 733-741.","startPage":"733","endPage":"741","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220303,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7375e4b0c8380cd7704d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chen, Cheng-lung","contributorId":30752,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chen","given":"Cheng-lung","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365906,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70012893,"text":"70012893 - 1985 - Comparative study of aggregations under different dependency assumptions for assessment of undiscovered recoverable oil resources in the world","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:02","indexId":"70012893","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2554,"text":"Journal of the International Association for Mathematical Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparative study of aggregations under different dependency assumptions for assessment of undiscovered recoverable oil resources in the world","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey assessed all significant sedimentary basins in the world for undiscovered conventionally recoverable crude-oil resources. Probabilistic methodology was applied to each basin assessment to produce estimates in the form of probability distributions. Basin probability distributions were computer aggregated to produce resource estimates for the entire world. Aggregation was approximated by a three-parameter lognormal distribution by combining the first three central moments of basin distributions. For purposes of experiment and study, world aggregation was conducted under four different sets of assumptions. The four cases are (1) dependent assessments of all basins, (2) dependent assessments within continental areas, but independent assessments among continental areas, (3) dependent assessments within countries, but independent assessments among countries, and (4) independent assessments of all basins. Mean estimate remained the same in all four cases, but the width of interval estimate formed using the 95th and 5th fractiles decreased with reduced dependency in going from first to fourth case. ?? 1985 Plenum Publishing Corporation.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of the International Association for Mathematical Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Kluwer Academic Publishers-Plenum Publishers","doi":"10.1007/BF01032927","issn":"00205958","usgsCitation":"Crovelli, R., 1985, Comparative study of aggregations under different dependency assumptions for assessment of undiscovered recoverable oil resources in the world: Journal of the International Association for Mathematical Geology, v. 17, no. 4, p. 367-374, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01032927.","startPage":"367","endPage":"374","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205175,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01032927"},{"id":221974,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"17","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f829e4b0c8380cd4cefa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Crovelli, R. A.","contributorId":40969,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crovelli","given":"R. 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A CVBEM error-reduction algorithm is used to reduce the relative error of the approximation by adding nodal points in boundary regions where error is large. From the-test problems, overall error is reduced significantly by utilizing the adaptive integration algorithm.