Volcano monitoring and volcanic-hazards studies have received greatly increased attention in the United States in the past few years. Before 1980, the Volcanic Hazards Program was primarily focused on the active volcanoes of Kilauea and Mauna Loa, Hawaii, which have been monitored continuously since 1912 by the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory. After the reawakening and catastrophic eruption of Mount St. Helens in 1980, the program was substantially expanded as the government and general public became aware of the potential for eruptions and associated hazards within the conterminous United States. Integrated components of the expanded program include: volcanic-hazards assessment; volcano monitoring; fundamental research; and, in concert with federal, state, and local authorities, emergency-response planning.
In 1980 the David A. Johnston Cascades Volcano Observatory was established in Vancouver, Washington, to systematically monitor the continuing activity of Mount St. Helens, and to acquire baseline data for monitoring the other, presently quiescent, but potentially dangerous Cascade volcanoes in the Pacific Northwest. Since June 1980, all of the eruptions of Mount St. Helens have been predicted successfully on the basis of seismic and geodetic monitoring.
The largest volcanic eruptions, but the least probable statistically, that pose a threat to western conterminous United States are those from the large Pleistocene-Holocene volcanic systems, such as Long Valley caldera (California) and Yellowstone caldera (Wyoming), which are underlain by large magma chambers still potentially capable of producing catastrophic caldera-forming eruptions. In order to become better prepared for possible future hazards associated with such historically unpecedented events, detailed studies of these, and similar, large volcanic systems should be intensified to gain better insight into caldera-forming processes and to recognize, if possible, the precursors of caldera-forming eruptions.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0264-3707(85)90045-6","issn":"02643707","usgsCitation":"Tilling, R., and Bailey, R., 1985, Volcano hazards program in the United States: Journal of Geodynamics, v. 3, no. 3-4, p. 425-446, https://doi.org/10.1016/0264-3707(85)90045-6.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"425","endPage":"446","numberOfPages":"22","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":487131,"rank":2,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0264-3707(85)90045-6","text":"External Repository"},{"id":219195,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"3","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc334e4b08c986b32affc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tilling, R.I. 0000-0003-4263-7221","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4263-7221","contributorId":98311,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tilling","given":"R.I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357508,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bailey, R. A.","contributorId":87531,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bailey","given":"R. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357507,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70012992,"text":"70012992 - 1985 - Simulation of ground-water flow in southeastern Oahu, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-20T23:01:02.001701","indexId":"70012992","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3825,"text":"Groundwater","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Simulation of ground-water flow in southeastern Oahu, Hawaii","docAbstract":"On the leeward side of southeastern Oahu, Hawaii, near-vertical dikes have intruded the gently dipping and highly permeable lava flows of the Koolau mountain. These dikes bound the study area on the north and west and internally divide it into the Waialae and Wailupe-Hawaii Kai aquifers. Recharge to these aquifers, 6 and 9 million gallons per day respectively, has created Ghyben-Herzberg lenses that freely float on sea water and discharge to the sea through coastal sediments. In the Waialae area, where rainfall is high and where thick (poorly permeable) coastal sediments inhibit the discharge of fresh water, heads are 8 to 15 feet above sea level. Lower rainfall and thin coastal sediments that allow easy discharge cause heads to be only 1 to 5 feet in the Wailupe-Hawaii Kai area.
The flow of ground water and the effects of future water development were simulated using AQUIFEM, a two-dimensional finite-element flow model, modified for aquifers containing a sea-water interface. The model provides accurate simulation of observed heads averaged over several years and predicts an additional area-wide head decline of about 1 foot when three recently drilled wells are put into production.
Discrimination and correlation of ash-flow sheets is important in structurally complex, long-lived volcanic fields where such sheets provide the best keys to the regional stratigraphic framework. Three-dimensional complexities resulting from pulsatory eruptions, sectorial emplacement, mechanical sorting during outflow, thermal and compositional zoning of magmas, the physical zoning of cooling units, and structural and erosional disruption can make such correlation and discrimination difficult. When lithologic, magnetic, petrographic, chemical, and isotopic criteria for correlating ash-flow sheets are critically evaluated, many problems and pitfalls can be identified. Distinctive phenocrysts, pumice clasts, and lithic fragments are among the more reliable criteria, as are high-precision K-Ar ages and thermal remanent magnetization (TRM) directions in unaltered welded tuff. Chemical correlation methods should rely principally upon welded or nonwelded pumice blocks, not upon the ash-flow matrix, which is subject to fractionation, mixing, and contamination during emplacement. Compositional zoning of most large sheets requires that many samples be analyzed before phenocryst, glass, or whole-rock chemical trends can be used confidently as correlation criteria.
The analytical solutions developed in the first paper can be used to interpret the results of cross-hole tests conducted in anisotropic porous or fractured media. In the particular case where the injection and monitoring intervals are short relative to the distance between them, the test results can be analyzed graphically. From the transient variation of hydraulic head in a given monitoring interval, one can determine the directional hydraulic diffusivity, Kd(e)/Ss, and the quantity D/Ss, by curve matching. (Here Kd(e) is directional hydraulic conductivity parallel to the unit vector, e, pointing from the injection to the monitoring interval, Ss is specific storage, and D is the determinant of the hydraulic conductivity tensor, K.) The principal values and directions of K, together with Ss, can then be evaluated by fitting an ellipsoid to the square roots of the directional diffusivities. Ideally, six directional measurements are required. In practice, a larger number of measurements is often necessary to enable fitting an ellipsoid to the data by least squares. If the computed [Kd(e)/ss]½ values fluctuate so severely that a meaningful least squares fit is not possible, one has a direct indication that the subsurface does not behave as a uniform anisotropic medium on the scale of the test. Test results from a granitic rock near Oracle in southern Arizona are presented to illustrate how the method works for fractured rocks. At the site, the Oracle granite is shown to respond as a near-uniform, anisotropic medium, the hydraulic conductivity of which is strongly controlled by the orientations of major fracture sets. The cross-hole test results are shown to be consistent with the results of more than 100 single-hole packer tests conducted at the site.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/WR021i011p01667","usgsCitation":"Hsieh, P.A., Neuman, S.P., Stiles, G.K., and Simpson, E.S., 1985, Field determination of the three-dimensional hydraulic conductivity tensor of anisotropic media: 2. Methodology and application to fractured rocks: Water Resources Research, v. 21, no. 11, p. 1667-1676, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR021i011p01667.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"1667","endPage":"1676","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":221858,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"21","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-01-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0fb0e4b0c8380cd539a4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hsieh, Paul A. 0000-0003-4873-4874 pahsieh@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4873-4874","contributorId":1634,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hsieh","given":"Paul","email":"pahsieh@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":39113,"text":"WMA - Office of Quality Assurance","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":364915,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Neuman, Shlomo P.","contributorId":189795,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Neuman","given":"Shlomo","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364914,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stiles, Gary K.","contributorId":91175,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stiles","given":"Gary","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364917,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Simpson, Eugene S.","contributorId":116654,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simpson","given":"Eugene","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364916,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70012864,"text":"70012864 - 1985 - Correlation of the Rockland ash bed, a 400,000-year-old stratigraphic marker in northern California and western Nevada, and implications for middle Pleistocene paleogeography of central California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-26T15:35:40","indexId":"70012864","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3218,"text":"Quaternary Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Correlation of the Rockland ash bed, a 400,000-year-old stratigraphic marker in northern California and western Nevada, and implications for middle Pleistocene paleogeography of central California","docAbstract":"Outcrops of an ash bed at several localities in northern California and western Nevada belong to a single air-fall ash layer, the informally named Rockland ash bed, dated at about 400,000 yr B.P. The informal Rockland pumice tuff breccia, a thick, coarse, compound tephra deposit southwest of Lassen Peak in northeastern California, is the near-source equivalent of the Rockland ash bed. Relations between initial thickness of the Rockland ash bed and distances to eruptive source suggest that the eruption was at least as great as that of the Mazama ash from Crater Lake, Oregon. Identification of the Rockland tephra allows temporal correlation of associated middle Pleistocene strata of diverse facies in separate depositional basins. Specifically, marine, littoral, estuarine, and fluvial strata of the Hookton and type Merced formations correlate with fluvial strata of the Santa Clara Formation and unnamed alluvium of Willits Valley and the Hollister area, in northwestern and west-central California, and with lacustrine beds of Mohawk Valley, fluvial deposits of the Red Bluff Formation of the eastern Sacramento Valley, and fluvial and glaciofluvial deposits of Fales Hot Spring, Carson City, and Washoe Valley areas in northeastern California and western Nevada. Stratigraphic relations of the Rockland ash bed and older tephra layers in the Great Valley and near San Francisco suggest that the southern Great Valley emerged above sea level about 2 my ago, that its southerly outlet to the ocean was closed sometime after about 2 my ago, and that drainage from the Great Valley to the ocean was established near the present, northerly outlet in the vicinity of San Francisco Bay about 0.6 my ago. ?? 1985.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Quaternary Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/0033-5894(85)90031-6","issn":"00335894","usgsCitation":"Sarna-Wojcicki, A., Meyer, C., Bowman, H.R., Timothy, H.N., Russell, P., Woodward, M., and Slate, J.L., 1985, Correlation of the Rockland ash bed, a 400,000-year-old stratigraphic marker in northern California and western Nevada, and implications for middle Pleistocene paleogeography of central California: Quaternary Research, v. 23, no. 2, p. 236-257, https://doi.org/10.1016/0033-5894(85)90031-6.","startPage":"236","endPage":"257","numberOfPages":"22","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":487075,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0033-5894(85)90031-6","text":"External Repository"},{"id":266545,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0033-5894(85)90031-6"},{"id":222447,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"23","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-01-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fc47e4b0c8380cd4e1e7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sarna-Wojcicki, A.M. 0000-0002-0244-9149","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0244-9149","contributorId":104022,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sarna-Wojcicki","given":"A.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364708,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Meyer, C.E.","contributorId":104023,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meyer","given":"C.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364709,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bowman, H. R.","contributorId":101626,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bowman","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364706,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Timothy, Hall N.","contributorId":63170,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Timothy","given":"Hall","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364704,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Russell, P.C.","contributorId":102856,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Russell","given":"P.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364707,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Woodward, M.J.","contributorId":57434,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woodward","given":"M.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364703,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Slate, J. L.","contributorId":97039,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Slate","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364705,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":85640,"text":"85640 - 1985 - Wildlife health implications of sewage disposal in wetlands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:06","indexId":"85640","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Wildlife health implications of sewage disposal in wetlands","docAbstract":"Wildlife health concerns associated with disposal of sewage effluent in wetlands are of three primary types: (1) introduction of pathogens, (2) introduction of pollutants that adversely impact on host body defense mechanisms, and (3) changes in the physical and chemical properties of wetlands that favor the development and maintenance of disease problems. Unlike the situation with human health concerns, introduction of pathogens is not the major concern regarding wildlife health. Instead, the focus of attention needs to be directed at environmental changes likely to take place as a result of effluent discharges into different types of wetlands. Unless these changes are adequately addressed from a disease perspective, marshes utilized for sewage disposal could become disease incubators and wildlife death traps. This result would be unfortunate because the backlash would likely negate the potentially beneficial aspects of the use of sewage wastewater for the creation of new wetlands and have a severe impact on progress being made towards evaluation of the compatibility of wildlife and sewage effluents. ","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ecological Considerations in Wetlands Treatment of Municipal Wastewaters","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"Van Nostrand Reinhold Company","publisherLocation":"New York, NY","usgsCitation":"Friend, M., 1985, Wildlife health implications of sewage disposal in wetlands, chap. of Ecological Considerations in Wetlands Treatment of Municipal Wastewaters, p. 262-269.","productDescription":"p. 262-269","startPage":"262","endPage":"269","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":128535,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":14770,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://md1.csa.com/partners/viewrecord.php?requester=gs&collection=ENV&recid=8901844&q=author%3A%22Friend%22+intitle%3A%22Wildlife+health+implications+of+sewage+disposal+in+wetlands%22+&uid=787395425&setcookie=yes","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"5304.000000000000000"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a07e4b07f02db5f99df","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Godfrey, P.J.","contributorId":113439,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Godfrey","given":"P.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":504620,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kaynor, E.R.","contributorId":112281,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kaynor","given":"E.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":504619,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pelczarski, S.","contributorId":113672,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pelczarski","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":504621,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Friend, M. 0000-0002-2882-3629","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2882-3629","contributorId":82634,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Friend","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":296179,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70012952,"text":"70012952 - 1985 - Overview of hydrologic-data collection by the US Geological Survey in Oklahoma.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:05","indexId":"70012952","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2944,"text":"Oklahoma Geology Notes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Overview of hydrologic-data collection by the US Geological Survey in Oklahoma.","docAbstract":"The US Geological Survey (USGS) collects hydrologic data from 1332 stream, lake, and ground-water sites in Oklahoma. Information on the quantity of water from a network of 123 streamflow stations, 30 lakes, 42 peak-flow stations, three low-flow stations, and on the quality of water from 40 stream locations is published each year in the USGS publication Water Resources Data for Oklahoma. Information on water levels from 1134 ground-water wells is currently published in cooperation with the State of Oklahoma in the USGS publication Ground-Water Levels in Observation Wells in Oklahoma. The data also are made available to the public as printouts from several computerized databases maintained by the USGS. -Author","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Oklahoma Geology Notes","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00301736","usgsCitation":"Hauth, L., 1985, Overview of hydrologic-data collection by the US Geological Survey in Oklahoma.: Oklahoma Geology Notes, v. 45, no. 4, p. 149-161.","startPage":"149","endPage":"161","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221861,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"45","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a720ee4b0c8380cd768d8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hauth, L.D.","contributorId":48551,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hauth","given":"L.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364922,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70012392,"text":"70012392 - 1985 - The McKinley Sequence of granitic rocks: A key element in the accretionary history of southern Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-06-27T15:44:19.906636","indexId":"70012392","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":6453,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The McKinley Sequence of granitic rocks: A key element in the accretionary history of southern Alaska","docAbstract":"The McKinley sequence of granitic rocks consists of several discrete plutons in the central Alaska Range. Most of these plutons crop out south of the Denali fault system (DFS) in the Talkeetna quadrangle. Plutons of the McKinley sequence largely intrude deformed upper Meszoic flysch between the DFS and the northern edges of Wrangellia and the Peninsular terrane, which jointly make up the Talkeetna superterrane. The average K-Ar age of biotite from nine granites of the McKinley sequence is 57.3 Ma; Rb-Sr data for whole rock samples indicate that the McKinley sequence cannot be older than 60 Ma. A selected suite of 20 samples of granite and granodiorite range in SiO2 from 65.9 to 77.6%. All 20 samples are corundum normative, and 18 are moderately peraluminous. Initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios range from 0.7054 to 0.7085. The σ18O values range from +11.2 to +14.6‰. These high and variable Sr isotopic ratios, peraluminous nature, rare earth element patterns, and high σ18O values suggest that granitic rocks of the McKinley sequence crystallized from hybrid magmas produced by assimilation of sedimentary rocks by a mantle-derived melt. Mesozoic flysch is the likely source of the crustal component of the hybrid magmas. Geologic evidence suggests that the Talkeetna superterrane collided with stable Alaska after Early Cretaceous time. The flysch basin, lying south of stable Alaska, was closed by northward movement of the Talkeetna superterrane; maximum age for basin closure and terrane accretion is middle Cretaceous (Cenomanian). Paleomagnetic evidence indicates that all terranes north of the DFS have been part of stable Alaska since the Paleocene and that northward movement of Wrangellia was completed by 50 Ma. Granitic rocks of the McKinley sequence may be products of terrane accretion; the granitic rocks crystallized from hybrid magmas produced during terrane collision and deformation of the flysch basin. Isotopic ages of the McKinley sequence establish the time of final accretion of the Talkeetna superterrane as Paleocene.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB090iB13p11413","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Lanphere, M.A., and Reed, B., 1985, The McKinley Sequence of granitic rocks: A key element in the accretionary history of southern Alaska: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 90, no. B13, p. 11413-11430, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB090iB13p11413.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"11413","endPage":"11430","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222475,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"90","issue":"B13","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba7dde4b08c986b321855","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lanphere, M. A.","contributorId":35298,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lanphere","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363435,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reed, B.L.","contributorId":29434,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reed","given":"B.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363434,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70012391,"text":"70012391 - 1985 - PROGRESS REPORT ON GEOLOGIC STUDIES OF THE RANGER OREBODIES, NORTHERN TERRITORY, AUSTRALIA.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:05","indexId":"70012391","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"PROGRESS REPORT ON GEOLOGIC STUDIES OF THE RANGER OREBODIES, NORTHERN TERRITORY, AUSTRALIA.","docAbstract":"The Ranger No. 1 and No. 3 orebodies contain about 124,000 tonnes U//3O//8 in highly chloritized metasediments of the lower Proterozoic Cahill Formation within about 500 m of the projected sub-Kombolgie Formation unconformity. In both orebodies, oxidized and reduced uranium minerals occur chiefly in quartzose schists that have highly variable amounts of muscovite, sericite, and chlorite. The effects of several periods of alteration are pervasive in the vicinity of orebodies where biotite and garnet are altered to chlorite, and feldspars to white mica or chlorite. Oxidized uranium minerals, associated with earthy iron oxides, occur from the surface to a depth of about 60 m. Below the oxidized zone, uranium occurs chiefly as uraninite and pitchblende disseminated through thick sections of quartz-chlorite-muscovite schist and has no apparent association with graphite or sulphides. The geologic age(s) of uranium emplacement are obscure because there are few age criteria. Reduced uranium minerals are younger than 1. 8-b. y. -old granite dykes, and some occur locally in 1. 65-b. y. -old Kombolgie Formation.","largerWorkTitle":"CIM Special Volume","conferenceTitle":"Geology of Uranium Deposits, Proceedings of the CIM-SEG Uranium Symposium.","conferenceLocation":"Saskatoon, Sask, Can","language":"English","publisher":"CIM","publisherLocation":"Montreal, Que, Can","issn":"07137672","isbn":"091908611X","usgsCitation":"Nash, J.T., and Frishman, D., 1985, PROGRESS REPORT ON GEOLOGIC STUDIES OF THE RANGER OREBODIES, NORTHERN TERRITORY, AUSTRALIA., in CIM Special Volume, v. 32, Saskatoon, Sask, Can, p. 205-215.","startPage":"205","endPage":"215","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222474,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"32","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a737fe4b0c8380cd7708c","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Sibbald T.I.I.Petruk William","contributorId":128365,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Sibbald T.I.I.Petruk William","id":536252,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Nash, J. Thomas","contributorId":26306,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nash","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"Thomas","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363432,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Frishman, David","contributorId":40214,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frishman","given":"David","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363433,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70012953,"text":"70012953 - 1985 - Description and origin of the lower part of the Mesaverde Group in Rifle Gap, Garfield County, Colorado.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:04","indexId":"70012953","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2789,"text":"Mountain Geologist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Description and origin of the lower part of the Mesaverde Group in Rifle Gap, Garfield County, Colorado.","docAbstract":"Rifle Gap cuts through the central part of the Grand Hogback and the gap exposes the entire Upper Cretaceous Mesaverde Group. The best outcrops are on the roadcuts through the coal-rich lower part of the group. These roadcuts border the Rifle Gap dam and reservoir on the southwest, where the coal-rich section can be examined with little climbing away from the road. This coal-rich section consists of 1700 ft (518 m) of uppermost Mancos Shale, overlain by the Iles Formation and the lower part of the Williams Fork Formation of the Mesaverde Group. These formations are composed of members and informal units formed in a late Campanian coastal setting of deltas and intervening strandplains which supported vast peat swamps. The age and the coastal subenvironments of deposition of these units are indicated by fossils and sedimentary structures which can be studied on the roadcuts. The highest, most prominent roadcut exposes a thick, white sandstone called the Trout Creek Sandstone Member, Iles Formation, the correlations of which have been reassessed recently. This sandstone previously was correlated to a sandstone exposed at New Castle: the Rollins Sandstone Member, Mesaverde Formation, of the southern Piceance Creek basin. However, later field mapping showed that the two sandstones cannot be traced to each other but are separated by 310-450 ft (93.9-136.4 m) of strata along the central Grand Hogback. The recorrelations of the Trout Creek and adjacent sandstone members have influenced reconstruction of the local, late Campanian paleogeography of the oscillating shoreline. The sketches of paleogeographic reconstruction show an oscillating shoreline that trended northeast-southwest. This shoreline migrated inland to the area of Wolf Creek on the northern border of the Piceance Creek basin, and seaward only as far as the area of New Castle, until deposition of the Haas sandstone unit of the lower Williams Fork Formation. During the deposition of the Haas, the shoreline continued migrating seaward past New Castle. The general trend and seaward extent of this shoreline are based on regional correlations of ammonite zones and on local paleocurrent indicators from deposits of longshore drift and storm scour exposed in the central Grand Hogback. -Author","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Mountain Geologist","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"0027254X","usgsCitation":"Madden, D., 1985, Description and origin of the lower part of the Mesaverde Group in Rifle Gap, Garfield County, Colorado.: Mountain Geologist, v. 22, no. 3, p. 128-138.","startPage":"128","endPage":"138","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221921,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"22","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059feebe4b0c8380cd4efae","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Madden, D.J.","contributorId":69571,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Madden","given":"D.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364923,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70012378,"text":"70012378 - 1985 - General P, type-I S, and type-II S waves in anelastic solids; inhomogeneous wave fields in low-loss solids","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-29T15:48:53.179701","indexId":"70012378","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"General P, type-I S, and type-II S waves in anelastic solids; inhomogeneous wave fields in low-loss solids","title":"General P, type-I S, and type-II S waves in anelastic solids; inhomogeneous wave fields in low-loss solids","docAbstract":"The physical characteristics for general plane-wave radiation fields in an arbitrary linear viscoelastic solid are derived. Expressions for the characteristics of inhomogeneous wave fields, derived in terms of those for homogeneous fields, are utilized to specify the characteristics and a set of reference curves for general P and S wave fields in arbitrary viscoelastic solids as a function of wave inhomogeneity and intrinsic material absorption. The expressions show that an increase in inhomogeneity of the wave fields causes the velocity to decrease, the fractional-energy loss (Q−1) to increase, the deviation of maximum energy flow with respect to phase propagation to increase, and the elliptical particle motions for P and type-I S waves to approach circularity. Q−1 for inhomogeneous type-I S waves is shown to be greater than that for type-II S waves, with the deviation first increasing then decreasing with inhomogeneity. The mean energy densities (kinetic, potential, and total), the mean rate of energy dissipation, the mean energy flux, and Q−1 for inhomogeneous waves are shown to be greater than corresponding characteristics for homogeneous waves, with the deviations increasing as the inhomogeneity is increased for waves of fixed maximum displacement amplitude. For inhomogeneous wave fields in low-loss solids, only the tilt of the particle motion ellipse for P and type-I S waves is independent to first order of the degree of inhomogeneity. Quantitative estimates for the characteristics of inhomogeneous plane body waves in layered low-loss solids are derived and guidelines established for estimating the effect of inhomogeneity on seismic body waves and a Rayleigh-type surface wave in low-loss media.
","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/BSSA0750061729","issn":"00371106","usgsCitation":"Borcherdt, R.D., and Wennerberg, L., 1985, General P, type-I S, and type-II S waves in anelastic solids; inhomogeneous wave fields in low-loss solids: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 75, no. 6, p. 1729-1763, https://doi.org/10.1785/BSSA0750061729.","productDescription":"35 p.","startPage":"1729","endPage":"1763","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222304,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"75","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1985-12-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1448e4b0c8380cd549a0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Borcherdt, Roger D. 0000-0002-8668-0849 borcherdt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8668-0849","contributorId":2373,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Borcherdt","given":"Roger","email":"borcherdt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":363410,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wennerberg, Leif","contributorId":96008,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wennerberg","given":"Leif","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363411,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70012375,"text":"70012375 - 1985 - Element mobility during alteration of silicic ash to kaolinite - A study of tonstein","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-25T16:47:35.142486","indexId":"70012375","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3369,"text":"Sedimentology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Element mobility during alteration of silicic ash to kaolinite - A study of tonstein","docAbstract":"A laterally persistent kaolinitic mudstone parting (tonstein) occurring in a Wyoming coal bed of Eocene age was sampled to estimate the compositional contrast with a probable silicic ash precursor, and to determine the compositional influence of leached ash on immediately adjacent coal. With the exception of Al, and possibly Ti, the tonstein is highly to moderately leached of major elements, relative to a range of compositions estimated for silicic ash of the region. In agreement with the behaviour of geochemically similar major elements, alkali trace elements (Rb, Cs) are highly leached, transition-series metals moderately leached, and Ga is residual. Additional immobile trace elements are Zr and Hf but some other trace elements that are considered relatively immobile during low-temperature alteration (Th, Ta, Nb, REE, Y) were apparently leached by the low-Eh, low-pH, organic-rich pore fluids of the coal-forming swamp.
The migrational range of many of the leached elements is highly limited by the intimate association of tonstein with enclosing organic matter. Mixtures of coal + minor tonstein that occur within 20 mm of contacts are consistently enriched in some elements relative to either tonstein or nearby coal (U, Cu), or relative to calculated mixtures of tonstein and coal in their measured proportions (Th, Y, REE, Pb, Ba, V, Ti). Direct observations by fission-track radiography and electron microprobe indicate a preference of U and Fe for the organic component of mixtures. Metal fixation is probably by adsorption on insoluble organic matter (humic acids), or by precipitation as minor sulphides in these low-sulphur coals.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-3091.1985.tb00471.x","issn":"00370746","usgsCitation":"Zielinski, R.A., 1985, Element mobility during alteration of silicic ash to kaolinite - A study of tonstein: Sedimentology, v. 32, no. 4, p. 567-579, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3091.1985.tb00471.x.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"567","endPage":"579","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222253,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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\"}}]}","volume":"32","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-06-14","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a08b7e4b0c8380cd51c36","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zielinski, R. A. 0000-0002-4047-5129","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4047-5129","contributorId":106930,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zielinski","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":363405,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70012362,"text":"70012362 - 1985 - Active tectonic and magmatic processes beneath Long Valley Caldera, eastern California: An overview","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-06-27T15:46:20.934599","indexId":"70012362","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":6453,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Active tectonic and magmatic processes beneath Long Valley Caldera, eastern California: An overview","docAbstract":"Geological, chronological, and structural studies of the Long Valley-Mono/Inyo Craters area document a long history of related volcanic eruptions and earthquakes controlled by regional extensional tectonics of the Basin and Range province. This activity has persisted for hundreds of thousands of years and is likely to continue. The Long Valley magma chamber had a volume approaching 3000 km3 prior to its climatic caldera-forming eruption 0.7 m.y. ago but has been reduced to less than a third of this volume by cooling, eruption, and crystallization. Seismic evidence indicates that the main mass of the present Long Valley magma chamber is about 10 km in diameter and that its roof is 8–10 km deep with smaller cupolas as shallow as 4–5 km. Although a chamber of this size is probably capable of producing an eruption approaching 30 km3 of lava, the record over the past 0.5 m.y. suggests that eruptions of 1 km3 or less are far more likely. Models proposed for the current ground uplift and seismicity within the caldera require inflation of 0.1–0.2 km3 by additional magma since mid-1979, and some models suggest that inflation was accompanied by injection of a thin dike or dikes (probably of silicic magma) into the ring fracture zone beneath the south moat. Several of the M 5.8–6.2 earthquakes that occurred in the region beginning in 1978 had non-double-couple focal mechanisms. Whether these unusual mechanisms indicate injection of mafic (low-viscosity) magma at midcrustal depths in the Sierra Nevada block south of the caldera remains debatable. Studies of calderas of various ages throughout the world indicate that episodes of unrest are relatively common and do not invariably culminate in eruptions. Although current unrest is concentrated in the south moat of Long Valley caldera, the Inyo/Mono Craters probably hold a greater potential for producing an eruption in the foreseeable future. The Inyo/Mono Craters have erupted at 500-year intervals over the past 2000–3000 years, whereas the Long Valley magma chamber has erupted at about 200,000-year intervals over the past 700,000 years. In either case, a major earthquake near the caldera could strongly influence the course of volcanic activity.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB090iB13p11111","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Hill, D., Bailey, R., and Ryall, A., 1985, Active tectonic and magmatic processes beneath Long Valley Caldera, eastern California: An overview: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 90, no. B13, p. 11111-11120, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB090iB13p11111.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"11111","endPage":"11120","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222074,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"90","issue":"B13","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e6ade4b0c8380cd475a2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hill, D.P.","contributorId":27432,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hill","given":"D.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363373,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bailey, R. A.","contributorId":87531,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bailey","given":"R. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363374,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ryall, A.S.","contributorId":7695,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ryall","given":"A.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363372,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70012993,"text":"70012993 - 1985 - Subdivision of thick sedimentary units into layers for simulation of groundwater flow","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-20T22:57:49.484978","indexId":"70012993","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3825,"text":"Groundwater","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Subdivision of thick sedimentary units into layers for simulation of groundwater flow","docAbstract":"Subdividing thick sedimentary units into model layers based solely on stratigraphy can lead to serious violation of groundwater flow modeling restraints and produce erroneous results. Borehole geophysical data can be used to suggest relative permeabilities and delineate model layers that are more likely to have uniform hydraulic properties than layers delineated by stratigraphic definitions alone. The uniformity within layers emphasizes the permeability contrast between layers, thereby allowing a quasi three-dimensional approach. These methods are applied to the thick sedimentary units of the Gulf Coastal Plain, USA.
","language":"English","publisher":"National Groundwater Association","issn":"0017467X","usgsCitation":"Weiss, J.S., and Williamson, A.K., 1985, Subdivision of thick sedimentary units into layers for simulation of groundwater flow: Groundwater, v. 23, no. 6, p. 767-774.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"767","endPage":"774","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220398,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"23","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9d0ce4b08c986b31d5f2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Weiss, J. S.","contributorId":63414,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weiss","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365028,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Williamson, A. K.","contributorId":57872,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williamson","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365027,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70012344,"text":"70012344 - 1985 - Simulated fissioning of uranium and testing of the fission-track dating method","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-06T20:03:53","indexId":"70012344","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2913,"text":"Nuclear Tracks and Radiation Measurements (1982)","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Simulated fissioning of uranium and testing of the fission-track dating method","docAbstract":"A computer program (FTD-SIM) faithfully simulates the fissioning of 238U with time and 235U with neutron dose. The simulation is based on first principles of physics where the fissioning of 238U with the flux of time is described by Ns = ??f 238Ut and the fissioning of 235U with the fluence of neutrons is described by Ni = ??235U??. The Poisson law is used to set the stochastic variation of fissioning within the uranium population. The life history of a given crystal can thus be traced under an infinite variety of age and irradiation conditions. A single dating attempt or up to 500 dating attempts on a given crystal population can be simulated by specifying the age of the crystal population, the size and variation in the areas to be counted, the amount and distribution of uranium, the neutron dose to be used and its variation, and the desired ratio of 238U to 235U. A variety of probability distributions can be applied to uranium and counting-area. The Price and Walker age equation is used to estimate age. The output of FTD-SIM includes the tabulated results of each individual dating attempt (sample) on demand and/or the summary statistics and histograms for multiple dating attempts (samples) including the sampling age. An analysis of the results from FTD-SIM shows that: (1) The external detector method is intrinsically more precise than the population method. (2) For the external detector method a correlation between spontaneous track count, Ns, and induced track count, Ni, results when the population of grains has a stochastic uranium content and/or when the counting areas between grains are stochastic. For the population method no correlation can exist. (3) In the external detector method the sampling distribution of age is independent of the number of grains counted. In the population method the sampling distribution of age is highly dependent on the number of grains counted. (4) Grains with zero-track counts, either in Ns or Ni, are in integral part of fissioning theory and under certain circumstances must be included in any estimate of age. (5) In estimating standard error of age the standard error of Ns and Ni and ?? must be accurately estimated and propagated through the age equation. Several statistical models are presently available to do so. ?? 1985.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Nuclear Tracks and Radiation Measurements (1982)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0735-245X(85)90126-7","issn":"0735245X","usgsCitation":"McGee, V., Johnson, N., and Naeser, C.W., 1985, Simulated fissioning of uranium and testing of the fission-track dating method: Nuclear Tracks and Radiation Measurements (1982), v. 10, no. 3, p. 365-379, https://doi.org/10.1016/0735-245X(85)90126-7.","startPage":"365","endPage":"379","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221817,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":268862,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0735-245X(85)90126-7"}],"volume":"10","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8fa8e4b08c986b319073","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McGee, V.E.","contributorId":36295,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGee","given":"V.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363328,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnson, N.M.","contributorId":105429,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"N.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363329,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Naeser, C. W.","contributorId":17582,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Naeser","given":"C.","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363327,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70012995,"text":"70012995 - 1985 - Digital image transformation and rectification of spacecraft and radar images","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-20T19:46:21","indexId":"70012995","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3050,"text":"Photogrammetria","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Digital image transformation and rectification of spacecraft and radar images","docAbstract":"Digital image transformation and rectification can be described in three categories: (1) digital rectification of spacecraft pictures on workable stereoplotters; (2) digital correction of radar image geometry; and (3) digital reconstruction of shaded relief maps and perspective views including stereograms. Digital rectification can make high-oblique pictures workable on stereoplotters that would otherwise not accommodate such extreme tilt angles. It also enables panoramic line-scan geometry to be used to compile contour maps with photogrammetric plotters. Rectifications were digitally processed on both Viking Orbiter and Lander pictures of Mars as well as radar images taken by various radar systems. By merging digital terrain data with image data, perspective and three-dimensional views of Olympus Mons and Tithonium Chasma, also of Mars, are reconstructed through digital image processing. ?? 1985.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Photogrammetria","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0031-8663(85)90006-7","issn":"00318663","usgsCitation":"Wu, S., 1985, Digital image transformation and rectification of spacecraft and radar images: Photogrammetria, v. 40, no. 2, p. 119-134, https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-8663(85)90006-7.","startPage":"119","endPage":"134","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220400,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":269810,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-8663(85)90006-7"}],"volume":"40","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0161e4b0c8380cd4fbb4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wu, S.S.C.","contributorId":10421,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wu","given":"S.S.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365031,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70012343,"text":"70012343 - 1985 - Wavelike movement of bedload sediment, East Fork River, Wyoming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:47","indexId":"70012343","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1540,"text":"Environmental Geology and Water Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Wavelike movement of bedload sediment, East Fork River, Wyoming","docAbstract":"Bedload is moved down the East Fork River in distinct wavelike pulses that have the form of composite dune fields The moving material consists mostly of coarse sand and fine gravel The wavelengths of the pulses are about 500-600 m, a distance that is predetermined by the pattern of stoage of bed sediment in the river during low water As the river discharge increases, the bed sediment is scoured from the storage areas, and it is moved onto and across the interventing riffles As the river discharge decreases, the bed sediment is scoured off the riffles and moved into the next storage area downstream Each successive pulse of water discharge sets into motion a wave of bedload that continues to move unitil it reaches the next storage area ?? 1985 Springer-Verlag New York Inc.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Geology and Water Sciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF02509922","issn":"00990094","usgsCitation":"Meade, R., 1985, Wavelike movement of bedload sediment, East Fork River, Wyoming: Environmental Geology and Water Sciences, v. 7, no. 4, p. 215-225, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02509922.","startPage":"215","endPage":"225","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205289,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02509922"},{"id":222716,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"7","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bcfa3e4b08c986b32ea06","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Meade, R.H.","contributorId":27449,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meade","given":"R.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363326,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70012342,"text":"70012342 - 1985 - The transverse and oblique cylindrical equal-area projection of the ellipsoid.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-12T21:00:11","indexId":"70012342","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":797,"text":"Annals of the Association of American Geographers","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The transverse and oblique cylindrical equal-area projection of the ellipsoid.","docAbstract":"The formulas for the ellipsoidal projection are derived for both forward and inverse computations and consist of modifying the formulas obtained by using the authalic sphere so that the scale along the central line of the projection is constant. Fourier series are used to eliminate recurring numerical integration and other lengthy trigonometric computations of co-ordinates.-from Author","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Annals of the Association of American Geographers","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1111/j.1467-8306.1985.tb00077.x","usgsCitation":"Snyder, J., 1985, The transverse and oblique cylindrical equal-area projection of the ellipsoid.: Annals of the Association of American Geographers, v. 75, no. 3, p. 431-442, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8306.1985.tb00077.x.","startPage":"431","endPage":"442","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222715,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":269222,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8306.1985.tb00077.x"}],"volume":"75","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-03-15","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb13ae4b08c986b325285","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Snyder, J.P.","contributorId":79235,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Snyder","given":"J.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363325,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70012997,"text":"70012997 - 1985 - Trondhjemite and metamorphosed quartz keratophyre tuff of the Ammonoosuc volcanics (Ordovician), western New Hampshire and adjacent Vermont and Massachusetts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-28T21:52:19.969301","indexId":"70012997","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Trondhjemite and metamorphosed quartz keratophyre tuff of the Ammonoosuc volcanics (Ordovician), western New Hampshire and adjacent Vermont and Massachusetts","docAbstract":"The Ammonoosuc Volcanics and equivalent rocks of Ordovician age are exposed in the Oliverian domes along the Bronson Hill anti-clinorium (BHA) between northern New Hampshire and southern Connecticut. In western New Hampshire and adjacent Vermont and Massachusetts, the Ammonoosuc lithology consists of a lower, mainly mafic unit of homblende-plagioclase amphibolite, and an upper, mainly felsic, metamorphosed quartz keratophyre tuff. These lithologies are locally interlayered, and both are intruded by sills, dikes, and plugs of trondhjemite. Trondhjemite also constitutes the interior gneissic “core” of several small domes or plutons. The trondhjemite is highly siliceous (SiO2 = 73%–81%), low in A12O3 (11.3%–13.5%), generally contains < 1% K2O, and thus resembles some trondhjemites in island-arc or continental-margin settings. Chemical trends of both trondhjemite and Ammonoosuc Volcanics (felsic and mafic) are essentially calc-alkaline.
Variations in both major and trace elements of trondhjemites in several of the domes suggest several somewhat different sources along the BHA. Overall, however, the major- and minor-element chemistry of the trondhjemites is closely similar to that of the Ammonoosuc quartz keratophyre tuff. These rocks could have been produced either by partial melting or by fractional crystallization of basaltic source rocks. The partial-melting model is preferred because of the largely bimodal basalt-quartz keratophyre Ammonoosuc assemblage in which andesitic and other intermediate compositions are virtually lacking. The relatively thin Ammonoosuc section appears to preclude generation of trondhjemite at the presently exposed base of an island arc, as has been postulated for very similar trondhjemite-amphibolite assemblages (Twillingate trondhjemite, Little Port Complex) in Newfoundland. Instead, generation of the felsic Ammonoosuc rocks more likely occurred at deeper levels along a subduction zone dipping eastward under the BHA, as postulated in current plate-tectonic models. The close juxtaposition in space and time of sialic crust and Ammonoosuc Volcanics may explain the calc-alkaline trends of the latter and suggests a paleotectonic environment of convergent oceanic-continental plate margins, possibly with significant crustal shortening across the arc.
Samples of limestone collected from strata in the southern part of the western metamorphic belt of the Sierra Nevada, which traditionally have been assigned to the Calaveras Formation, have yielded Early Triassic conodonts, and samples of metavolcanic rock indicate an Early Jurassic Rb-Sr age. These ages, together with previously published fossil and isotopic data, are consistent with general westward younging of units rather than with eastward younging as has been assumed until recently by many workers, chiefly on the basis of sparse observations of bedding facings. The rocks are strongly deformed, and the possibility that tectonism rather than stratigraphic succession accounts for the age pattern cannot be dismissed.
The authors describe the conversion of an Endeco-174 current meter to a solid-state recording current meter. A removable solid-state module was designed to fit in the space originally occupied by an 8-track tape cartridge. The module contains a CPU and 128 kilobytes of nonvolatile CMOS memory. The solid-state module communicates with any terminal or computer using an RS-232C interface at 4800 baud rate. A primary consideration for conversion was to keep modifications of the current meter to a minimum. The communication protocol was designed to emulate the Endeco tape translation unit, thus the need for a translation unit was eliminated and the original data reduction programs can be used without any modification. After conversion, the data recording section of the current meter contains no moving parts; the storage capacity of the module is equivalent to that of the original tape cartridge.
","largerWorkTitle":"Oceans Conference Record (IEEE)","conferenceTitle":"Ocean Engineering and the Environment - Conference Record.","conferenceLocation":"San Diego, CA, USA","language":"English","publisher":"IEEE","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, USA","issn":"01977385","usgsCitation":"Cheng, R.T., and Wang, L., 1985, Solid state recording current meter conversion, in Oceans Conference Record (IEEE), San Diego, CA, USA, p. 752-754.","startPage":"752","endPage":"754","numberOfPages":"3","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":221884,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aaf6ae4b0c8380cd87592","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cheng, Ralph T.","contributorId":69134,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cheng","given":"Ralph","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363239,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wang, Lichen","contributorId":79622,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wang","given":"Lichen","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363240,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70012915,"text":"70012915 - 1985 - Installation of observation wells on hazardous waste sites in Kansas using a hollow-stem auger","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-24T11:08:09","indexId":"70012915","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1864,"text":"Ground Water Monitoring and Remediation","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Installation of observation wells on hazardous waste sites in Kansas using a hollow-stem auger","docAbstract":"Noncontaminating procedures were used during the hollow-stem auger installation of 12 observation wells on three hazardous waste sites in Kansas. Special precautions were taken to ensure that water samples were representative of the ground water in the aquifer and were not subjected to contamination from the land surface or cross contamination from within borehole. Precautions included thorough cleaning of the hollow-stem auger and casing, keeping drill cuttings from falling back into the borehole while drilling, and not adding water to the borehole. These procedures were designed to prevent contamination of the ground water during well installation. Because of the use of water during well installation could contaminate the aquifer or dilute contaminants already present in the aquifer, two methods of well installation that did not introduce outside water to the borehole were used. The first method involved using a slotted 3/4 -inch coupling that was attached to the bit plate of the hollow-stem auger, allowing formation water to enter the auger, thereby preventing sand-plug formation. This method proved to be adequate, except when drilling through clay layers, which tended to clog the slotted coupling. The second method involved screened well swab that allowed only formation water to enter the hollow-stem auger and prevented sand from plugging the hollow-stem auger when the bit plate was removed.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ground Water Monitoring and Remediation","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6592.1985.tb00941.x","usgsCitation":"Perry, C.A., and Hart, R.J., 1985, Installation of observation wells on hazardous waste sites in Kansas using a hollow-stem auger: Ground Water Monitoring and Remediation, v. 5, no. 4, p. 70-73, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6592.1985.tb00941.x.","startPage":"70","endPage":"73","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222330,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":268113,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6592.1985.tb00941.x"}],"volume":"5","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-02-22","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3c27e4b0c8380cd62afc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Perry, C. A.","contributorId":106149,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Perry","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364826,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hart, R. J.","contributorId":62607,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hart","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364825,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}