Metabolic consequences of chronic elevation of cortisol in the diet of yearling channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, were studied. Cortisol was incorporated into the diet in concentrations of 1, 10, 50 and 100 μg/g of food. This diet was offered at 3% of the body weight per day for 10 weeks. Fish were individually weighed and measured at 2-week intervals and feeding rates were adjusted. Body weight, liposomatic index and condition factor were significantly lower and food conversion was significantly higher in fish fed 50 or 100 μng cortisol/g of food when compared with controls. The hepatosomatic index of fish fed cortisol at the rate of 100 μg/g of food decreased significantly. Specific activity of hepatic tyrosine aminotransferase was significantly higher at the two highest cortisol doses. Long-term cortisol administration can reduce growth and condition factor by activating gluconeogenic mechanisms in which lipids and amino acids, rather than carbohydrates, are used for energy production. The metabolic effects of exogenous cortisol in this study offer an explanation for the decreased growth of fish under conditions that activate the secretion of endogenous cortisol.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1095-8649.1985.tb04019.x","usgsCitation":"Davis, K.B., Torrance, P., Parker, N., and Suttle, M.A., 1985, Growth, body composition and hepatic tyrosine aminotransferase activity in cortisol-fed channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus Rafinesque: Journal of Fish Biology, v. 27, no. 2, p. 177-184, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1985.tb04019.x.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"177","endPage":"184","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129401,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"27","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-01-24","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a8fe4b07f02db655533","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Davis, K. B.","contributorId":83869,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":319112,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Torrance, P.","contributorId":105259,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Torrance","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":319114,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Parker, N. C.","contributorId":101209,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parker","given":"N. C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":319113,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Suttle, M. A.","contributorId":54926,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Suttle","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":319111,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":1013709,"text":"1013709 - 1985 - Immune response of channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus Rafinesque, to bacterial and protozoan antigens administered by three routes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-08-09T14:39:12.878895","indexId":"1013709","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":853,"text":"Aquaculture","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Immune response of channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus Rafinesque, to bacterial and protozoan antigens administered by three routes","title":"Immune response of channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus Rafinesque, to bacterial and protozoan antigens administered by three routes","docAbstract":"Experiments were conducted to measure the agglutinating antibody response of channel catfish to a particulate and a soluble antigen administered simultaneously by one of three routes. Specific antibody production in response to administration of particulate brucella tube-test antigen via intramuscular injection, oral drench, and topical application peaked at 3 weeks in channel catfish held under identical conditions at 21°C. The humoral antibody response was greater in fish injected with antigen than in the orally or topically exposed channel catfish.
Specific antibody was also produced by the same channel catfish in response to the administration of a soluble ciliary preparation derived from Tetrahymena pyriformis Lwoff. Intramuscular injection of Tetrahymena antigen was the only route that produced detectable levels of circulating antibody as measured by direct agglutination of live T. pyriformis cells. The response to the soluble antigen also peaked at 3 weeks.
Neither antigen elicited detectable agglutinins in cutaneous mucus, regardless of the vaccination method used.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0044-8486(85)90169-3","usgsCitation":"Pyle, S.W., and Dawe, D.L., 1985, Immune response of channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus Rafinesque, to bacterial and protozoan antigens administered by three routes: Aquaculture, v. 46, no. 1, p. 1-10, https://doi.org/10.1016/0044-8486(85)90169-3.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"10","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129652,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"46","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c657","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pyle, S. W.","contributorId":86720,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pyle","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":319095,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dawe, D. L.","contributorId":66633,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dawe","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":319094,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":2002135,"text":"2002135 - 1985 - A population survey of the Tin Mountain bighorn population","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:02","indexId":"2002135","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":91,"text":"Technical Report","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"CPSU/UNLV 006/36","title":"A population survey of the Tin Mountain bighorn population","docAbstract":"No abstract available at this time","language":"English","publisher":"National Park Service","usgsCitation":"Dunn, W., and Douglas, C.L., 1985, A population survey of the Tin Mountain bighorn population: Technical Report CPSU/UNLV 006/36, 17 p.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"0","endPage":"17","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":198224,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1fe4b07f02db6ab725","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dunn, W.C.","contributorId":50465,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dunn","given":"W.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":326038,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Douglas, C. L.","contributorId":64586,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Douglas","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":326039,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1007476,"text":"1007476 - 1985 - Altered energy metabolism in an irradiated population of lizards at the Nevada Test Site","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-16T15:35:13.978749","indexId":"1007476","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3224,"text":"Radiation Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Altered energy metabolism in an irradiated population of lizards at the Nevada Test Site","docAbstract":"Field metabolic rates (via doubly labeled water), body compartmentalization of energy stores, and energy assimilation efficiencies were measured to assess all avenues of energy utilization in Uta stansburiana living in a low-level γ-irradiated plot in Rock Valley, Nevada. Comparison of energy budgets for radiation-sterilized females with those of nonirradiated control lizards revealed several substantial differences. Sterile females were heavier, mainly because they had extraordinarily large energy (fat) storage depots. Sterile females had much lower rates of energy expenditure via respiration and lower rates of energy intake by feeding. These differences are interpreted as indirect responses to radiation-induced sterility. Gastrointestinal tract function in sterile females was normal. There is little evidence of direct radiation effects on physiological functions other than reproduction.
","language":"English","publisher":"Allen Press","doi":"10.2307/3576674","usgsCitation":"Nagy, K., and Medica, P., 1985, Altered energy metabolism in an irradiated population of lizards at the Nevada Test Site: Radiation Research, v. 103, no. 1, p. 98-104, https://doi.org/10.2307/3576674.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"98","endPage":"104","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130000,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"103","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adee4b07f02db68742f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nagy, K.A.","contributorId":39727,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nagy","given":"K.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":315435,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Medica, P.A.","contributorId":77079,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Medica","given":"P.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":315436,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70012362,"text":"70012362 - 1985 - Active tectonic and magmatic processes beneath Long Valley Caldera, eastern California: An overview","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-06-27T15:46:20.934599","indexId":"70012362","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":6453,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Active tectonic and magmatic processes beneath Long Valley Caldera, eastern California: An overview","docAbstract":"Geological, chronological, and structural studies of the Long Valley-Mono/Inyo Craters area document a long history of related volcanic eruptions and earthquakes controlled by regional extensional tectonics of the Basin and Range province. This activity has persisted for hundreds of thousands of years and is likely to continue. The Long Valley magma chamber had a volume approaching 3000 km3 prior to its climatic caldera-forming eruption 0.7 m.y. ago but has been reduced to less than a third of this volume by cooling, eruption, and crystallization. Seismic evidence indicates that the main mass of the present Long Valley magma chamber is about 10 km in diameter and that its roof is 8–10 km deep with smaller cupolas as shallow as 4–5 km. Although a chamber of this size is probably capable of producing an eruption approaching 30 km3 of lava, the record over the past 0.5 m.y. suggests that eruptions of 1 km3 or less are far more likely. Models proposed for the current ground uplift and seismicity within the caldera require inflation of 0.1–0.2 km3 by additional magma since mid-1979, and some models suggest that inflation was accompanied by injection of a thin dike or dikes (probably of silicic magma) into the ring fracture zone beneath the south moat. Several of the M 5.8–6.2 earthquakes that occurred in the region beginning in 1978 had non-double-couple focal mechanisms. Whether these unusual mechanisms indicate injection of mafic (low-viscosity) magma at midcrustal depths in the Sierra Nevada block south of the caldera remains debatable. Studies of calderas of various ages throughout the world indicate that episodes of unrest are relatively common and do not invariably culminate in eruptions. Although current unrest is concentrated in the south moat of Long Valley caldera, the Inyo/Mono Craters probably hold a greater potential for producing an eruption in the foreseeable future. The Inyo/Mono Craters have erupted at 500-year intervals over the past 2000–3000 years, whereas the Long Valley magma chamber has erupted at about 200,000-year intervals over the past 700,000 years. In either case, a major earthquake near the caldera could strongly influence the course of volcanic activity.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB090iB13p11111","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Hill, D., Bailey, R., and Ryall, A., 1985, Active tectonic and magmatic processes beneath Long Valley Caldera, eastern California: An overview: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 90, no. B13, p. 11111-11120, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB090iB13p11111.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"11111","endPage":"11120","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222074,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"90","issue":"B13","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e6ade4b0c8380cd475a2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hill, D.P.","contributorId":27432,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hill","given":"D.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363373,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bailey, R. A.","contributorId":87531,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bailey","given":"R. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363374,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ryall, A.S.","contributorId":7695,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ryall","given":"A.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363372,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1007505,"text":"1007505 - 1985 - Maneuverability of the Humboldt penguin (Spheniscus humboldti) during swimming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-16T13:18:44.649827","indexId":"1007505","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1176,"text":"Canadian Journal of Zoology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Maneuverability of the Humboldt penguin (Spheniscus humboldti) during swimming","docAbstract":"Ninety-two West Indian manatees (Trichechus manatus) have been captured in the southeastern United States from October 1975 through November 1983 with no evidence of an unusual susceptibility to capture myopathy. Of these, 53 were radio-tracked or observed in the field following capture with no evidence of delayed capture stress. Blood samples obtained at capture for 20 wild individuals displayed no elevation in biochemical variables typically seen in mammalian capture myopathy cases. Thirty-one manatees captured for rescue and rehabilitation generally did not exhibit symptoms of capture myopathy, although in one case marked elevations in creatinine phosphokinase were observed, probably related to lengthy transport. Necropsy findings for 20 terminal cases that died of various causes unrelated to their rescue or handling did not indicate the involvement of any gross or histological lesions of capture myopathy. Historical records for the capture and handling of about 150 West Indian manatees during the 1900s also suggest a tolerance to these activities. Recent observations on the probable susceptibility of dugongs (Dugong dugon) to capture stress apparently cannot be extended to West Indian manatees.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0006-3207(85)90075-8","usgsCitation":"O'Shea, T., Rathbun, G.B., Asper, E., and Searles, S., 1985, Tolerance of West Indian manatees to capture and handling: Biological Conservation, v. 33, p. 335-349, https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-3207(85)90075-8.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"335","endPage":"349","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129798,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -93.92882371063064,\n 33.072266109877106\n ],\n [\n -93.92882371063064,\n 23.783976825799655\n ],\n [\n -79.20129996902527,\n 23.783976825799655\n ],\n [\n -79.20129996902527,\n 33.072266109877106\n ],\n [\n -93.92882371063064,\n 33.072266109877106\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"33","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a53e4b07f02db62b3ae","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"O'Shea, T. J. 0000-0002-0758-9730","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0758-9730","contributorId":50100,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O'Shea","given":"T. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":315492,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rathbun, G. B.","contributorId":106044,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rathbun","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":315495,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Asper, E.D.","contributorId":75098,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Asper","given":"E.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":315494,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Searles, S.W.","contributorId":66206,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Searles","given":"S.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":315493,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70012843,"text":"70012843 - 1985 - Separation of solute and particulate vectors of heavy metal uptake in controlled suspension-feeding experiments with Macoma balthica","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-19T11:21:34","indexId":"70012843","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1919,"text":"Hydrobiologia","onlineIssn":"1573-5117","printIssn":"0018-8158","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Separation of solute and particulate vectors of heavy metal uptake in controlled suspension-feeding experiments with Macoma balthica","docAbstract":"Radioisotope labelling experiments with the estuarine clam, Macoma balthica, are described, in which a filter chamber device was used to separate solute metal uptake from uptake, of metals associated with suspended bacteria. Solute uptake contributed a majority of the 14-day total body burdens of 65Zn and 109Cd, whereas 57Co uptake largely resulted from ingestion of isotope-laden bacteria. In contrast to those for 109Cd and 65Zn, 57Co tissue distributions at 3 weeks differed significantly (p < 0.05) between feeding and non-feeding clams (housed within filter chambers).
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF00008711","issn":"00188158","usgsCitation":"Harvey, R.W., and Luoma, S.N., 1985, Separation of solute and particulate vectors of heavy metal uptake in controlled suspension-feeding experiments with Macoma balthica: Hydrobiologia, v. 121, no. 2, p. 97-102, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00008711.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"97","endPage":"102","numberOfPages":"6","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":222170,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"121","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8d41e4b08c986b318304","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harvey, Ronald W. 0000-0002-2791-8503 rwharvey@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2791-8503","contributorId":564,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harvey","given":"Ronald","email":"rwharvey@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779765,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Luoma, Samuel N. 0000-0001-5443-5091 snluoma@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5443-5091","contributorId":2287,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luoma","given":"Samuel","email":"snluoma@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779766,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70012795,"text":"70012795 - 1985 - Error bounds in cascading regressions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-19T11:10:56","indexId":"70012795","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2554,"text":"Journal of the International Association for Mathematical Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Error bounds in cascading regressions","docAbstract":"Cascading regressions is a technique for predicting a value of a dependent variable when no paired measurements exist to perform a standard regression analysis. Biases in coefficients of a cascaded-regression line as well as error variance of points about the line are functions of the correlation coefficient between dependent and independent variables. Although this correlation cannot be computed because of the lack of paired data, bounds can be placed on errors through the required properties of the correlation coefficient. The potential meansquared error of a cascaded-regression prediction can be large, as illustrated through an example using geomorphologic data.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF01034754","issn":"00205958","usgsCitation":"Karlinger, M., and Troutman, B., 1985, Error bounds in cascading regressions: Journal of the International Association for Mathematical Geology, v. 17, no. 3, p. 287-295, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01034754.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"287","endPage":"295","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":222440,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"17","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0a48e4b0c8380cd522ac","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Karlinger, M.R.","contributorId":95039,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Karlinger","given":"M.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364547,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Troutman, B.M.","contributorId":73638,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Troutman","given":"B.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364546,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70012805,"text":"70012805 - 1985 - Reduction of hexavalent chromium in water samples acidified for preservation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-19T11:08:06","indexId":"70012805","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2262,"text":"Journal of Environmental Quality","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Reduction of hexavalent chromium in water samples acidified for preservation","docAbstract":"Reduction of hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), in water samples, preserved by standard techniques, was investigated. The standard preservation technique for water samples that are to be analyzed for Cr(VI) consists of filtration through a 0.45‐µm membrane, acidification to a pH < 2, and storage in plastic bottles. Batch experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of H+ concentration, NO2, temperature, and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) on the reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III). The rate of reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) increased with increasing NO2, DOC, H+, and temperature. Reduction of Cr(VI) by organic matter occurred in some samples even though the samples were unacidified. Reduction of Cr(VI) is inhibited to an extent by storing the sample at 4°C. Stability of Cr(VI) in water is variable and depends on the other constituents present in the sample. Water samples collected for the determination of Cr(VI) should be filtered (0.45‐µm membrane), refrigerated, and analyzed as quickly as possible. Water samples should not be acidified. Measurement of total Cr in addition to Cr(VI) can serve as a check for Cr(VI) reduction. If total Cr is greater than Cr(VI), the possibility that Cr(VI) reduction has occurred needs to be considered.
Conceptual models for tidal period and low-frequency variations in sea level, currents, and mixing processes in the northern and southern reaches of San Francisco Bay describe the contrasting characteristics and dissimilar processes and rates in these embayments: The northern reach is a partially mixed estuary whereas the southern reach (South Bay) is a tidally oscillating lagoon with density-driven exchanges with the northern reach.
The mixed semidiurnal tides are mixtures of progressive and standing waves. The relatively simple oscillations in South Bay are nearly standing waves, with energy propagating down the channels and dispersing into the broad shoal areas. The tides of the northern reach have the general properties of a progressive wave but are altered at the constriction of the embayments and gradually change in an upstream direction to a mixture of progressive and standing waves. The spring and neap variations of the tides are pronounced and cause fortnightly varying tidal currents that affect mixing and salinity stratification in the water column.
Wind stress on the water surface, freshwater inflow, and tidal currents interacting with the complex bay configuration are the major local forcing mechanisms creating low-frequency variations in sea level and currents. These local forcing mechanisms drive the residual flows which, with tidal diffusion, control the water-replacement rates in the estuary. In the northern reach, the longitudinal density gradient drives an estuarine circulation in the channels, and the spatial variation in tidal amplitude creates a tidally-driven residual circulation. In contrast, South Bay exhibits a balance between wind-driven circulation and tidally-driven residual circulation for most of the year. During winter, however, there can be sufficient density variations to drive multilayer (2 to 3) flows in the channel of South Bay.
Mixing models (that include both diffusive and dispersive processes) are based on time scales associated with salt variations at the boundaries and those associated with the local forcing mechanisms, while the spatial scales of variations are dependent upon the configuration of the embayments. In the northern reach, where the estuarine circulation is strong, the salt flux is carried by the mean advection of the mean salt field. Where large salinity gradients are present, the tidal correlation part of the salt flux is of the same order as the advective part. Our knowledge of mixing and exchange rates in South Bay is poor. As this embayment is nearly isohaline, the salt flux is dominated entirely by the mean advection of the mean salt field. During and after peaks in river discharge, water mixing becomes more dynamic, with a strong density-driven current creating a net exchange of both water mass and salt. These exchanges are stronger during neap tides.
Residence times of the water masses vary seasonally and differ between reaches. In the northern reach, residence times are on the order of days for high winter river discharge and of months for summer periods. The residence times for South Bay are fairly long (on the order of several months) during summer, and typically shorter (less than a month) during winter when density-driven exchanges occur.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF00048685","issn":"00188158","usgsCitation":"Walters, R.A., Cheng, R.T., and Conomos, T.J., 1985, Time scales of circulation and mixing processes of San Francisco Bay waters: Hydrobiologia, v. 129, no. 1, p. 13-36, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00048685.","productDescription":"24 p.","startPage":"13","endPage":"36","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":205174,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00048685"},{"id":221972,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"129","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb3ade4b08c986b325f36","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Walters, R. A.","contributorId":34174,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walters","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364621,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cheng, R. T.","contributorId":23138,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cheng","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364620,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Conomos, T. J.","contributorId":77515,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Conomos","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364622,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70012744,"text":"70012744 - 1985 - The near-source strong-motion accelerograms recorded by an experimental array in Tangshan, China","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-13T13:31:11","indexId":"70012744","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3071,"text":"Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The near-source strong-motion accelerograms recorded by an experimental array in Tangshan, China","docAbstract":"A joint research project on strong-motion earthquake studies between the People's Republic of China and the United States is in progress. As a part of this project, an experimental strong-motion array, consisting of twelve Kinemetrics PDR-1 Digital Event Recorders, was deployed in the meizoseismal area of the Ms = 7.8 Tangshan earthquake of July 28, 1976. These instruments have automatic gain ranging, a specified dynamic range of 102 dB, a 2.5 s pre-event memory, programmable triggering, and are equipped with TCG-1B Time Code Generators with a stability of 3 parts in 107 over a range of 0-50??C. In 2 y of operation beginning July, 1982 a total of 603 near-source 3-component accelerograms were gathered from 243 earthquakes of magnitude ML = 1.2-5.3. Most of these accelerograms have recorded the initial P-wave. The configuration of the experimental array and a representative set of near-source strong-motion accelerograms are presented in this paper. The set of accelerograms exhibited were obtained during the ML = 5.3 Lulong earthquake of October 19, 1982, when digital event recorders were triggered. The epicentral distances ranged from 4 to 41 km and the corresponding range of peak horizontal accelerations was 0.232g to 0.009g. A preliminary analysis of the data indicates that compared to motions in the western United States, the peak acceleration attenuates much more rapidly in the Tangshan area. The scaling of peak acceleration with magnitude, however, is similar in the two regions. Data at more distant sites are needed to confirm the more rapid attenuation. ?? 1985.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/0031-9201(85)90148-7","issn":"00319201","usgsCitation":"Peng, K., Xie, L., Li, S., Boore, D., Iwan, W., and Teng, T., 1985, The near-source strong-motion accelerograms recorded by an experimental array in Tangshan, China: Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, v. 38, no. 2-3, p. 92-109, https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9201(85)90148-7.","startPage":"92","endPage":"109","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":267337,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-9201(85)90148-7"},{"id":222496,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"38","issue":"2-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bae09e4b08c986b323ecd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Peng, K.","contributorId":31909,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peng","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364415,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Xie, Lingtian","contributorId":65209,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Xie","given":"Lingtian","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364420,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Li, S.","contributorId":41969,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Li","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364417,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Boore, D.M. 0000-0002-8605-9673","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8605-9673","contributorId":64226,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boore","given":"D.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364419,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Iwan, W.D.","contributorId":33848,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Iwan","given":"W.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364416,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Teng, T.L.","contributorId":62749,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Teng","given":"T.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364418,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70012747,"text":"70012747 - 1985 - EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS IN THE OFFSHORE ENVIRONMENT.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:06","indexId":"70012747","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2928,"text":"Ocean science and engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS IN THE OFFSHORE ENVIRONMENT.","docAbstract":"This report discusses earthquake effects and potential hazards in the marine environment, describes and illustrates methods for the evaluation of earthquake hazards, and briefly reviews strategies for mitigating hazards. The report is broadly directed toward engineers, scientists, and others engaged in developing offshore resources. The continental shelves have become a major frontier in the search for new petroleum resources. Much of the current exploration is in areas of moderate to high earthquake activity. If the resources in these areas are to be developed economically and safely, potential earthquake hazards must be identified and mitigated both in planning and regulating activities and in designing, constructing, and operating facilities. Geologic earthquake effects that can be hazardous to marine facilities and operations include surface faulting, tectonic uplift and subsidence, seismic shaking, sea-floor failures, turbidity currents, and tsunamis.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ocean science and engineering","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"02752220","usgsCitation":"Page, R.A., and Basham, P.W., 1985, EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS IN THE OFFSHORE ENVIRONMENT.: Ocean science and engineering, v. 10, no. 3-4, p. 195-352.","startPage":"195","endPage":"352","numberOfPages":"158","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222553,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"10","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0451e4b0c8380cd508d8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Page, Robert A.","contributorId":17207,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Page","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364427,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Basham, Peter W.","contributorId":78880,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Basham","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364428,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70012879,"text":"70012879 - 1985 - Resolving controls on epeiric sedimentation using trend surface analysis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:43","indexId":"70012879","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2554,"text":"Journal of the International Association for Mathematical Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Resolving controls on epeiric sedimentation using trend surface analysis","docAbstract":"An understanding of patterns of regional sedimentation is crucial to identifying trends of perspective petroleum reservoirs. The Upper Pennsylvanian, Missourian Kansas City Group consists of repetitions of widespread carbonate rock and shale. Each of four cyclothems chosen for subsurface study of western Kansas contains transgressive and regressive lithofacies with evidence of extensive subaerial exposure across the entire paleoshelf. Distribution of carbonate facies on the 350+ km-wide shelf was affected strongly by slight changes in structural configuration of the shelf and variations in sea level. Polynomial trend surface models prepared from selected wireline log information for four successive cyclothems assist in resolving regional and local patterns of sedimentation and help to access the effect of subtle structural deformation on sedimentation. Isopachs of marine portions of four cyclothems were fit by fourth-order trend surfaces, optimizing fit by comparing goodness-of-fit and minimizing skewness of residuals using the smallest order surface. Several cyclothems showed simple patterns of regional, basinward thickening with local, strike-elongated anomalies where goodness-of-fit was maximized with increasing order. One cyclothem did not converge to a good fit at small orders nor did distribution of residuals indicate convergence toward zero. Both anomalies reflected a more complex surface. Rather than thickening regionally, the pattern created by this anomalous cyclothem was more irregular. Mapped patterns resemble those of the present-day structural configuration of these horizons suggesting a general persistence in similar epeirogenic deformation. ?? 1985 Plenum Publishing Corporation.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of the International Association for Mathematical Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Kluwer Academic Publishers-Plenum Publishers","doi":"10.1007/BF01032931","issn":"00205958","usgsCitation":"Watney, W., 1985, Resolving controls on epeiric sedimentation using trend surface analysis: Journal of the International Association for Mathematical Geology, v. 17, no. 4, p. 427-454, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01032931.","startPage":"427","endPage":"454","numberOfPages":"28","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205286,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01032931"},{"id":222685,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"17","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aa9d7e4b0c8380cd85fdc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Watney, W.L.","contributorId":43087,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Watney","given":"W.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364744,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":28861,"text":"wri854055 - 1985 - Investigation of selected streamflow characteristics of the Alabama River upstream from Selma, Alabama","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-06-06T17:50:01.378241","indexId":"wri854055","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"85-4055","title":"Investigation of selected streamflow characteristics of the Alabama River upstream from Selma, Alabama","docAbstract":"Available data for floods in the vicinity of Montgomery since the late 1800 's indicate that the flood of 1886 is the highest since settlement of the area in 1814. Profiles for floods in 1948, 1961, 1976, and 1979 were defined using floodmarks and recorded peak stages at gaging stations at Selma and Montgomery. The floods in 1948 and 1961 occurred before construction of Robert F. Henry Lock and Dam (formerly Jones Bluff Lock and Dam and Millers Ferry Lock and Dam). Considerable water-surface differences are indicated between the profiles for periods before and after construction of the dams. The investigation included a step-backwater model to reproduce profiles based on the actual flood profiles. After the actual flood profiles were reproduced, the model was used to compute additional profiles showing the effects of varying tributary inflow. The profiles were computed for discharges ranging from 80,000 ft3/s to 500 ,000 ft3/s. Stage-discharge relations were then developed for five sites upstream from Selma. Discharge coefficient curves for prevalent types of flow over the spillway at Robert F. Henry Lock and Dam were developed using discharges obtained from current-meter measurements and standard discharge equations for flow through gate-controlled spillways. (USGS)","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri854055","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Mobile District","usgsCitation":"Nelson, G.H., Ming, C.O., and Psinakis, W.L., 1985, Investigation of selected streamflow characteristics of the Alabama River upstream from Selma, Alabama: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 85-4055, vi, 44 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri854055.","productDescription":"vi, 44 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":401757,"rank":6,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4055/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":57740,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4055/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":57739,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4055/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":57737,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4055/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":159334,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4055/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57738,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4055/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Alabama","city":"Selma","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -87.154541015625,\n 32.22906629627297\n ],\n [\n -86.22894287109375,\n 32.22906629627297\n ],\n [\n -86.22894287109375,\n 32.51207789841144\n ],\n [\n -87.154541015625,\n 32.51207789841144\n ],\n [\n -87.154541015625,\n 32.22906629627297\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4783e4b07f02db483979","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nelson, G. H. Jr.","contributorId":23562,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"G.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200521,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ming, C. O.","contributorId":9266,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ming","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200520,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Psinakis, W. L.","contributorId":104074,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Psinakis","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200522,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70013004,"text":"70013004 - 1985 - Regional magnetotelluric surveys in hydrocarbon exploration, Parana Basin, Brazil","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-12T16:59:13.680402","indexId":"70013004","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":701,"text":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Regional magnetotelluric surveys in hydrocarbon exploration, Parana Basin, Brazil","docAbstract":"The magnetotelluric geophysical method has been used effectively as a hydrocarbon exploration tool in the intracratonic Parana basin of South America. The Parana basin has an area of about 1,200,000 km2 (463,000 mi2), extending over portions of Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay, Argentina, and Bolivia. The Paleozoic marine sedimentary rocks in the Parana basin are covered by the world's most extensive flood basalt complex, making geophysical exploration extremely difficult, although modern seismic techniques recently applied are achieving good results in some areas. The 1-2 km (3,300-6,600 ft) thick surface basalts and buried diabase sills pose no problem for the magnetotelluric method because the natural electromagnetic fields used as the energy source pass easily through the basalt. Data for the regional study were taken on six profiles with soundings spaced 8 to 15 km (5 to 9 mi) apart. The magnetotelluric sounding data outline a linear uplift known as the Ponta Grossa arch. This major structural feature cuts across the northeast-trending intracratonic basin almost perpendicularly, and is injected with numerous diabase dikes. Although its character is reasonably well known in the shallow, eastern parts of the basin, it is poorly delineated in the deeper parts of the basin where promising natural gas zones have been tested in several wells.
In the survey area, MT interpretations show that basalts have aggregate thickness of as much as 2 km (6,600 ft), and basement may be as much as 6 km (20,000 ft) below the surface. Over most of the basin, the basalts are covered by Upper Cretaceous to Holocene continental sediments of a few hundred meters thickness and are underlain by 2 to 4 km (6,600 to 13,100 ft) thick Paleozoic sediments with possible hydrocarbon potential. The Ponta Grossa arch is interpreted to be the failed arm of a triple rift system that formed during the separation of the African and South American continents. Shales of the Devonian Ponta Grossa Formation are important Parana basin source rocks for hydrocarbons, as are several Permian units. Significant electrical contrasts occur between the Permian sediments and older units, so that magnetotelluric measurements can give an indication of the regional thickness of the Permian and younger sediments to aid in interpreting hydrocarbon migration patterns and possible trap areas.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists","doi":"10.1306/AD4624E8-16F7-11D7-8645000102C1865D","usgsCitation":"Stanley, W., Saad, A.R., and Ohofugi, W., 1985, Regional magnetotelluric surveys in hydrocarbon exploration, Parana Basin, Brazil: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 69, no. 3, p. 346-360, https://doi.org/10.1306/AD4624E8-16F7-11D7-8645000102C1865D.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"346","endPage":"360","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220507,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Brazil","otherGeospatial":"Parana Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -54.160784424395956,\n -24.04001271402015\n ],\n [\n -53.56775141880476,\n -26.510310575826978\n ],\n [\n -54.018942546070036,\n -27.535650918603928\n ],\n [\n -55.61490177660099,\n -28.15328458952623\n ],\n [\n -57.026198012680666,\n -29.85285453824617\n ],\n [\n -56.16009379363277,\n -30.63592533134573\n ],\n [\n -54.20017294070783,\n -31.705551346072788\n ],\n [\n -52.512803653932394,\n -31.05901390285873\n ],\n [\n -51.368602067567736,\n -29.84047960357273\n ],\n [\n -50.174227290258926,\n -27.66083523147509\n ],\n [\n -49.1575844849707,\n -24.511980415836106\n ],\n [\n -49.9729245515324,\n -22.911714837871344\n ],\n [\n -52.791187805255475,\n -22.61789226143965\n ],\n [\n -53.77378385386086,\n -23.19162413103946\n ],\n [\n -54.160784424395956,\n -24.04001271402015\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"69","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a933ee4b0c8380cd80cd3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stanley, William D.","contributorId":23274,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stanley","given":"William D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365048,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Saad, Antonio Roberto Roberto","contributorId":98466,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Saad","given":"Antonio","suffix":"Roberto","email":"","middleInitial":"Roberto","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365050,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ohofugi, Walter","contributorId":23685,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ohofugi","given":"Walter","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365049,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70012920,"text":"70012920 - 1985 - Degradation of carbohydrates and lignins in buried woods","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-19T16:50:06.752297","indexId":"70012920","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Degradation of carbohydrates and lignins in buried woods","docAbstract":"Spruce, alder, and oak woods deposited in coastal sediments were characterized versus their modern counterparts by quantification of individual neutral sugars and lignin-derived phenols as well as by scanning electron microscopy, 13C NMR, and elemental analysis. The buried spruce wood from a 2500 yr old deposit was unaltered whereas an alder wood from the same horizon and an oak wood from an open ocean sediment were profoundly degraded. Individual sugar and lignin phenol analyses indicate that at least 90 and 98 wt% of the initial total polysaccharides in the buried alder and oak woods, respectively, have been degraded along with 15–25 wt% of the lignin. At least 75% of the degraded biopolymer has been physically lost from these samples. This evidence is supported by the SEM, 13C NMR and elemental analyses, all of which indicate selective loss of the carbohydrate moiety. The following order of stability was observed for the major biochemical constituents of both buried hardwoods: vanillyl and
Chelate-extractable iron and manganese concentrations in soils over and around the Bell Creek oil field suggest that compared to low average background values, there are moderate amounts of these elements directly over the production area and higher concentrations distributed in an aureole pattern around the periphery of the field. Adsorbed and organically bound iron and manganese appear to be readily taken up by plants resulting in anomalously high levels of these elements in leaves and needles over the oil field and suggesting correlation with corresponding low concentrations in soils. Iron and manganese appear to have bypassed the soil formation process where, under normal oxidizing conditions, they would have ultimately precipitated as insoluble oxides and hydroxides.
In the interpretation of induced polarization data, it is commonly assumed that metallic mineral polarization dominantly or solely causes the observed response. However, at low frequencies, there is a variety of active chemical processes which involve the movement or transfer of electrical charge. Measurements of electrical properties at low frequencies (such as induced polarization) observe such movement of charge and thus monitor many geochemical processes at a distance. Examples in which this has been done include oxidation-reduction of metallic minerals such as sulfides, cation exchange on clays, and a variety of clay-organic reactions relevant to problems in toxic waste disposal and petroleum exploration. By using both the frequency dependence and nonlinear character of the complex resistivity spectrum, these reactions may be distinguished from each other and from barren or reactionless materials.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Exploration Geophysicists","doi":"10.1190/1.1441880","issn":"00168033","usgsCitation":"Olhoeft, G., 1985, Low-frequency electrical properties: Geophysics, v. 50, no. 12, p. 2492-2503, https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1441880.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"2492","endPage":"2503","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222048,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"50","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4a55e4b0c8380cd68cac","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Olhoeft, G.R.","contributorId":10405,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olhoeft","given":"G.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364946,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70012910,"text":"70012910 - 1985 - A GC-system for the analysis of residual geothermal gases","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:06","indexId":"70012910","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1236,"text":"Chromatographia","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A GC-system for the analysis of residual geothermal gases","docAbstract":"The gases evolved from geothermal fields, after condensation of H2O, CO2, H2S and NH3 in caustic solution, contain He, H2, Ar, O2, N2, CH4 and higher hydrocarbons. The analysis for the major components in these residual gas mixtures can be achieved by use of two simple gas chromatographs in parallel, and using 5A?? molecular sieve. The separation of He and H2 to baseline is achieved by using low temperatures (30??C) coupled with a relatively long column; and the difficult separation of Ar and O2 is achieved by use of a cryogenically cooled column. The use of switching valves to backflush and bypass columns ensures that a minimum time for analysis can be achieved whilst retaining baseline separations of the He/H2 and Ar/O2 pairs. ?? 1985 Friedr. Vieweg & Sohn Verlagsgesellschaft mbH.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Chromatographia","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF02262691","issn":"00095893","usgsCitation":"Sheppard, D., and Truesdell, A., 1985, A GC-system for the analysis of residual geothermal gases: Chromatographia, v. 20, no. 11, p. 681-682, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02262691.","startPage":"681","endPage":"682","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205219,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02262691"},{"id":222280,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"20","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e2dce4b0c8380cd45cc0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sheppard, D.S.","contributorId":22494,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sheppard","given":"D.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364813,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Truesdell, A.H.","contributorId":52566,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Truesdell","given":"A.H.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6672,"text":"former: USGS Southwest Biological Science Center, Colorado Plateau Research Station, Flagstaff, AZ. Current address: TN-SCORE, Univ of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, e-mail: jennen@gmail.com","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":364814,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70012995,"text":"70012995 - 1985 - Digital image transformation and rectification of spacecraft and radar images","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-20T19:46:21","indexId":"70012995","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3050,"text":"Photogrammetria","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Digital image transformation and rectification of spacecraft and radar images","docAbstract":"Digital image transformation and rectification can be described in three categories: (1) digital rectification of spacecraft pictures on workable stereoplotters; (2) digital correction of radar image geometry; and (3) digital reconstruction of shaded relief maps and perspective views including stereograms. Digital rectification can make high-oblique pictures workable on stereoplotters that would otherwise not accommodate such extreme tilt angles. It also enables panoramic line-scan geometry to be used to compile contour maps with photogrammetric plotters. Rectifications were digitally processed on both Viking Orbiter and Lander pictures of Mars as well as radar images taken by various radar systems. By merging digital terrain data with image data, perspective and three-dimensional views of Olympus Mons and Tithonium Chasma, also of Mars, are reconstructed through digital image processing. ?? 1985.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Photogrammetria","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0031-8663(85)90006-7","issn":"00318663","usgsCitation":"Wu, S., 1985, Digital image transformation and rectification of spacecraft and radar images: Photogrammetria, v. 40, no. 2, p. 119-134, https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-8663(85)90006-7.","startPage":"119","endPage":"134","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220400,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":269810,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-8663(85)90006-7"}],"volume":"40","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0161e4b0c8380cd4fbb4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wu, S.S.C.","contributorId":10421,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wu","given":"S.S.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365031,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70012922,"text":"70012922 - 1985 - Comparison of methods for estimating ground-water pumpage for irrigation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-05-30T14:42:20.550031","indexId":"70012922","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3825,"text":"Groundwater","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparison of methods for estimating ground-water pumpage for irrigation","docAbstract":"Ground-water pumpage for irrigation was measured at 32 sites on the eastern Snake River Plain in southern Idaho during 1983. Pumpage at these sites also was estimated by three commonly used methods, and pumpage estimates were compared to measured values to determine the accuracy of each estimate.
Statistical comparisons of estimated and metered pumpage using an F-test showed that only estimates made using the instantaneous discharge method were not significantly different (α. = 0.01) from metered values.
Pumpage estimates made using the power consumption method reflect variability in pumping efficiency among sites. Pumpage estimates made using the crop-consumptive use method reflect variability in water-management practices. Pumpage estimates made using the instantaneous discharge method reflect variability in discharges at each site during the irrigation season.