In the central Appalachian basin, at least two major climate changes affected sedimentation during the late Paleozoic. Stratigraphically, these two changes are indicated by the distribution of coal beds, the variation in coal quality, and the variation in rock lithologies. In latest Mississippian or earliest Pennsylvanian time, the climate changed from dry-seasonal tropical to ever-wet (equable) tropical. The equable climate prevailed into the Middle Pennsylvanian, influencing the morphology and geochemistry in peat-forming environments. Many of the peat deposits, which formed under the equable climate, were probably domed (raised bogs); low concentrations of dissolved solids in peat formation water resulted in low buffering capacity. Organic acids caused acidic (pH < 4), antiseptic conditions that resulted in intense leaching of mineral matter, minimal degradation of organic matter, and low-ash and low-sulfur peat deposits; the resulting coal beds are also low in ash and sulfur. Associated rocks are noncalcareous and consist of sequences of interbedded shale, siltstone, and sandstone including quartz arenite.
Another climate change occurred in late Middle Pennsylvanian time when evapopation periodically exceeded rainfall resulting in an increase of both dissolved solids and pH (4 to ∼ 7) in surface and near-surface water. Throughout the remainder of the Pennsylvanian, the surfaces of peat deposits were probably planar (not domed); water in peat-forming and other depositional environments became more nearly neutral. The coal beds derived from these peats are highly variable in both ash and sulfur contents. Drier or more seasonal climates are also indicated by sequences of (1) calcareous sandstone and shale, (2) nonmarine limestone that shows shallow-water and subaerial exposure features, and (3) calcareous paleosols that have caliche characteristics.
Our data and observations indicate that physical depositional environment models for the origin of coal do not adequately explain variations in mineral matter content and composition in commercial quality coal beds in the central Appalachian basin. Stratigraphic variation in mineral matter in coal beds, and in syngenetic and early diagenetic minerals in rocks associated with the coal beds, appears to be better explained by changes in geochemical conditions of nonmarine sedimentation. Paleoclimate was a principle control on these geochemical conditions.
Water levels have been continuously recorded since March 1978 in a well in Fremont Valley, where several strands of the adjacent Garlock fault zone have exhibited both left-lateral displacement and components of normal displacement. Differences in water levels indicate that a fault segment lies between the observation well and a nearby irrigation well. During the 4-year recording period, six sharp fluctuations, or “spikes,” were noted. These fluctuations, occurring over 2- to 4-day periods, have amplitudes of 15–30 cm. They appear to be the result of creep events on a nearby fault. Two types of creep events are plausible: (1) normal slip on an en echelon trace of the Garlock fault less than 300 m south of the well, with the north side up relative to Fremont Valley or (2) left-lateral slip on the same fault. Because of the nature of the fluctuations we favor the latter interpretation. Dislocation models utilizing exponential, arc tangent, and skewed cosine functions were used to analyze the water level fluctuations, associated pressure distribution, and fault displacements. The results suggest that creep on the fault ranges from several millimeters to a centimeter for individual events. Estimates of cumulative creep for the period 1978–1982 range from 20 to 50 mm, depending on the particular model employed.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB090iB02p01911","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Lippincott, D.K., Bredehoeft, J.D., and Moyle, W.R., 1985, Recent movement on the Garlock Fault as suggested by water level fluctuations in a well in Fremont Valley, California: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 90, no. B2, p. 1911-1924, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB090iB02p01911.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"1911","endPage":"1924","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":222032,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"90","issue":"B2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a9333e4b0c8380cd80c81","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lippincott, Diane K.","contributorId":46218,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lippincott","given":"Diane","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364296,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bredehoeft, John D.","contributorId":86747,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bredehoeft","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364298,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Moyle, W. R. Jr.","contributorId":85938,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moyle","given":"W.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364297,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70012710,"text":"70012710 - 1985 - Ice-lubricated gravity spreading of the Olympus Mons aureole deposits","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-02-28T17:04:04.35969","indexId":"70012710","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1963,"text":"Icarus","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ice-lubricated gravity spreading of the Olympus Mons aureole deposits","docAbstract":"Gravity sliding and spreading at low strain rates can account for the general morphology and structure of the aureoles and basal scarp of Olympus Mons. Detachment sliding could have occurred around the volcano if either pore-fluid pressures were exceptionally high (greater than 90%) or the rocks had very low resistance to shear (about 1 × 105 Pa or 1 bar). Because of the vast areal extent and probable shallow depth of the detachment zone, development of ubiquitous, high pore-fluid pressures beneath aureole-forming material was unlikely. However, a zone of sufficiently weak material consisting of about 10% interstitial or interbedded ice could have been present. If so, a simple rheologic model for the aureole deposits can be applied that consists of a thin ductile layer overlain by a thicker brittle layer. According to this model, extensional deformation would have occurred near the shield and compressional deformation in its distal parts. Proximal grabens and distal corrugations on aureole surfaces support this model. A submarine slide at Kitimat Arm, British Columbia, is a valid qualitative analogy for the observed features and inferred emplacement style of the aureole deposits. Ground-ice processes have been considered the cause of many geologic features on Mars; a 3% average concentration of ground ice in the regolith is predicted by theoretical models for the ice budget and cryosphere. Ice may have been deposited in higher concentrations below the aureole-forming material; the source of the ice could have been juvenile water circulated hydrothermally by Olympus Mons volcanism. The basal scarp of Olympus Mons apparently demarcates the transition between the upper, stable part of the shield and its lower part that decoupled and formed the aureole deposits. This transition may reflect a change in the bulk shear strength of the shield, caused either by a radial dependence in the abundance of ice or fluid in the shield materials or by the concentration of intrusive dikes within the volcano. Other Martian volcanoes exhibit virtually no evidence of similar large-scale gravity spreading and basal scarps. Perhaps such evidence, if it existed, has been buried by lava flows, or perhaps the smaller size of other volcanoes did not permit the development of these features.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0019-1035(85)90117-4","issn":"00191035","usgsCitation":"Tanaka, K.L., 1985, Ice-lubricated gravity spreading of the Olympus Mons aureole deposits: Icarus, v. 62, no. 2, p. 191-206, https://doi.org/10.1016/0019-1035(85)90117-4.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"191","endPage":"206","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221966,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"62","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a37fae4b0c8380cd61324","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tanaka, K. L.","contributorId":31394,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Tanaka","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364292,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70012933,"text":"70012933 - 1985 - Downstream dilution of a lahar: Transition from debris flow to hyperconcentrated streamflow","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-12T18:18:26","indexId":"70012933","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Downstream dilution of a lahar: Transition from debris flow to hyperconcentrated streamflow","docAbstract":"Nearly instantaneous melting of snow and ice by the March 19, 1982, eruption of Mount St. Helens released a 4 × 106 m3 flood of water from the crater that was converted to a lahar (volcanic debris flow) through erosion and incorporation of sediment by the time it reached the base of the volcano. Over the next 81 km that it traveled down the Toutle River, the flood wave was progressively diluted through several mechanisms. A transformation from debris flow to hyperconcentrated streamflow began to occur about 27 km downstream from the crater, when the total sediment concentration had decreased to about 78% by weight (57% by volume). The hyperconcentrated lahar-runout flood wave, transporting immense quantities of sand in suspension, continued to experience progressive downstream dilution. Although turbulence was significantly dampened by the extremely high suspended load, very large standing waves and antidune waves were observed. The hyperconcentrated lahar-runout flow deposited an unusual, faintly stratified, coarse sand which locally contained small, isolated gravel lenses. Very similar deposits in the Quaternary stratigraphy of Mount St. Helens and other Cascades volcanoes suggest that lahars may be more frequent than previously recognized.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/WR021i010p01511","usgsCitation":"Pierson, T.C., and Scott, K.M., 1985, Downstream dilution of a lahar: Transition from debris flow to hyperconcentrated streamflow: Water Resources Research, v. 21, no. 10, p. 1511-1524, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR021i010p01511.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"1511","endPage":"1524","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222565,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"21","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-01-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a03b5e4b0c8380cd50608","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pierson, Thomas C. 0000-0001-9002-4273 tpierson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9002-4273","contributorId":2498,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pierson","given":"Thomas","email":"tpierson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":364871,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Scott, Kevin M.","contributorId":88331,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"Kevin","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":364870,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70013012,"text":"70013012 - 1985 - GELIFICATION OF WOOD DURING COALIFICATION.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:26","indexId":"70013012","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"GELIFICATION OF WOOD DURING COALIFICATION.","docAbstract":"Coalified wood was examined by SEM and CPMAS**1**3C NMR to delineate chemical and physical alterations responsible for gelification. Early coalification selectively degrades cellulosic components, preserving lignin-like components that are eventually transformed to coal. Cellular morphology persists until the chemical composition becomes uniform, at which point the cells coalesce under compaction and gelify.","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings - 1985 International Conference on Coal Science.","conferenceLocation":"Sydney, Aust","language":"English","publisher":"Pergamon Press","publisherLocation":"Sydney, Aust","isbn":"0080298710","usgsCitation":"Hatcher, P., Romankiw, L.A., and Evans, J.R., 1985, GELIFICATION OF WOOD DURING COALIFICATION., Proceedings - 1985 International Conference on Coal Science., Sydney, Aust, p. 616-619.","startPage":"616","endPage":"619","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220617,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1447e4b0c8380cd5499a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hatcher, Patrick G.","contributorId":17367,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hatcher","given":"Patrick G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365071,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Romankiw, Lisa A.","contributorId":90035,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Romankiw","given":"Lisa","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365072,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Evans, John R. jrevans@usgs.gov","contributorId":529,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Evans","given":"John","email":"jrevans@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":365070,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70012935,"text":"70012935 - 1985 - Cemented horizon in subarctic Alaskan sand dunes: Discussion and reply","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-02-08T17:11:06.985886","indexId":"70012935","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":732,"text":"American Journal of Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Cemented horizon in subarctic Alaskan sand dunes: Discussion and reply","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Journal of Science","doi":"10.2475/ajs.285.2.186","usgsCitation":"Galloway, J., Koster, E.A., Hamilton, T.D., and Cox, G.W., 1985, Cemented horizon in subarctic Alaskan sand dunes: Discussion and reply: American Journal of Science, v. 285, no. 2, p. 186-191, https://doi.org/10.2475/ajs.285.2.186.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"186","endPage":"191","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":480172,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.2475/ajs.285.2.186","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":222567,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Great Kobuk Sand Dunes","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -158.92579581093142,\n 67.5503353488102\n ],\n [\n -160.45284129336503,\n 67.5503353488102\n ],\n [\n -160.45284129336503,\n 67.0572848925232\n ],\n [\n -158.92579581093142,\n 67.0572848925232\n ],\n [\n -158.92579581093142,\n 67.5503353488102\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"285","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0202e4b0c8380cd4fe44","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Galloway, J. P.","contributorId":19142,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Galloway","given":"J. P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364878,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Koster, E. A.","contributorId":46543,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Koster","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364880,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hamilton, T. D.","contributorId":36921,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hamilton","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364879,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cox, George W.","contributorId":302269,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cox","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":863902,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70012702,"text":"70012702 - 1985 - THREE-COMPONENT BOREHOLE MAGNETOMETER PROBE FOR MINERAL INVESTIGATIONS AND GEOLOGIC RESEARCH.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:02","indexId":"70012702","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"THREE-COMPONENT BOREHOLE MAGNETOMETER PROBE FOR MINERAL INVESTIGATIONS AND GEOLOGIC RESEARCH.","docAbstract":"A small-diameter three-component fluxgate magnetometer probe with gyroscopic and inclinometer orientation has been developed to meet U. S. Geological Survey design and performance specifications for measurement of the direction and intensity of the Earth's magnetic field in vertical and inclined boreholes. The orthogonal fluxgate magnetometer elements have a measurement resolution of 10 nanoteslas (nT) and a range of plus or minus 80,000 nT. The gyroscope has an effective resolution of one degree, and the orthogonal inclinometers, 0. 1 degree. The magnetometer probe has been field tested in several holes drilled through volcanic rocks in Nevada. Results indicate that reversals of polarization can be detected, and some rock units in this area appear to be characterized by unique magnetic signatures.","largerWorkTitle":"Transactions of the SPWLA Annual Logging Symposium (Society of Professional Well Log Analysts)","conferenceTitle":"Transactions of the SPWLA Twenty-Sixth Annual Logging Symposium.","conferenceLocation":"Dallas, TX, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Soc of Professional Well Log Analysts","publisherLocation":"Houston, TX, USA","issn":"00811718","usgsCitation":"Scott, J.H., and Olson, G., 1985, THREE-COMPONENT BOREHOLE MAGNETOMETER PROBE FOR MINERAL INVESTIGATIONS AND GEOLOGIC RESEARCH., in Transactions of the SPWLA Annual Logging Symposium (Society of Professional Well Log Analysts), v. 1, Dallas, TX, USA.","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221842,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba38be4b08c986b31fd4d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Scott, James H.","contributorId":73579,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364273,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Olson, Gary G.","contributorId":6190,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olson","given":"Gary G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364272,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70012700,"text":"70012700 - 1985 - Cleavage strain in the Variscan fold belt, County Cork, Ireland, estimated from stretched arsenopyrite rosettes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-13T23:56:07.224534","indexId":"70012700","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2468,"text":"Journal of Structural Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Cleavage strain in the Variscan fold belt, County Cork, Ireland, estimated from stretched arsenopyrite rosettes","docAbstract":"In south-west Ireland, hydrothermally formed arsenopyrite crystals in a Devonian mudstone have responded to Variscan deformation by brittle extension fracture and fragment separation. The interfragment gaps and terminal extension zones of each crystal are infilled with fibrous quartz. Stretches within the cleavage plane have been calculated by the various methods available, most of which can be modified to incorporate terminal extension zones. The Strain Reversal Method is the most accurate currently available but still gives a minimum estimate of the overall strain. The more direct Hossain method, which gives only slightly lower estimates with this data, is more practical for field use. A strain ellipse can be estimated from each crystal rosette composed of three laths (assuming the original interlimb angles were all 60°) and, because actual rather than relative stretches are estimated, this provides a lower bound to the area increase in the plane of cleavage. Based on the average of our calculated strain ellipses this area increase is at least 114% and implies an average shortening across the cleavage of at least 53%. However, several lines of evidence suggest that the cleavage deformation was more intense and more oblate than that calculated, and we argue that a 300% area increase in the cleavage plane and 75% shortening across the cleavage are more realistic estimates of the true strain. Furthermore, the along-strike elongation indicated is at least 80%, which may be regionally significant. Estimates of orogenic contraction derived from balanced section construction should therefore take into account the possibility of a substantial strike elongation, and tectonic models that can accommodate such elongations need to be developed.
Samples for analysis of volatile organic compounds were collected from 315 wells in the Potomac-Raritan-Magothy aquifer system in southwestern New Jersey and a small adjacent area in Pennsylvania during 1980–82. Volatile organic compounds were detected in all three aquifer units of the Potomac-Raritan-Magothy aquifer system in the study area. Most of the contamination appears to be confined to the outcrop area at present. Low levels of contamination, however, were found downdip of the outcrop area in the upper and middle aquifers.
Trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethylene, and benzene were the most frequently detected compounds. Differences in the areal distributions of light chlorinated hydrocarbons, such as trichloroethylene, and aromatic hydrocarbons, such as benzene, were noted and are probably due to differences in the uses of the compounds and the distribution patterns of potential contamination sources.
The distribution patterns of volatile organic compounds differed greatly among the three aquifer units. The upper aquifer, which crops out mostly in less-developed areas, had the lowest percentage of wells with volatile organic compounds detected (10 percent of wells sampled). The concentrations in most wells in the upper aquifer which had detectable levels were less than 10 /μg/1. In the middle aquifer, which crops out beneath much of the urban and industrial area adjacent to the Delaware River, detectable levels of volatile organic compounds were found in 22 percent of wells sampled, and several wells contained concentrations above 100 μ/1. The lower aquifer, which is confined beneath much of the outcrop area of the aquifer system, had the highest percentage of wells (28 percent) with detectable levels. This is probably due to (1) vertical leakage of contamination from the middle aquifer, and (2) the high percentage of wells tapping the lower aquifer in the most heavily developed areas of the outcrop.
Studies were conducted in conjunction with the Integrated Lake-Watershed Acidification Study (ILWAS) to examine the chemistry and leaching patterns of soluble humic substances in forested watersheds of the Adirondack region. During the summer growing season, mean dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations in the ILWAS watersheds ranged from 21–32 mg C l−1 in O/A horizon leachates, from 5–7 mg C l−1 in B horizon leachates, from 2–4 mg C l−1 in groundwater solutions, from 6–8 mg C l−1 in first order streams, from 3–8 mg C l−1 in lake inlets, and from 2–7 mg C l−1 in lake outlets. During the winter, mean DOC concentrations dropped significantly in the upper soil profile. Soil solutions from mixed and coniferous stands contained as much as twice the DOC concentration of lysimeter samples from hardwood stands. Results of DOC fractionation analysis showed that hydrophobia and hydrophilic acids dominate the organic solute composition of natural waters in these watersheds. Charge balance and titration results indicated that the general acid-base characteristics of the dissolved humic mixture in these natural waters can be accounted for by a model organic acid having an averagepKa of 3.85, an average charge density of 4–5 μeq mg−1 C at ambient pH, and a total of 6–7 meq COOH per gram carbon.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(85)90140-1","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Cronan, C.S., and Aiken, G., 1985, Chemistry and transport of soluble humic substances in forested watersheds of the Adirondack Park, New York: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 49, no. 8, p. 1697-1705, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(85)90140-1.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"1697","endPage":"1705","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222674,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","otherGeospatial":"Adirondack Park","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -74.82008813062816,\n 43.28492587434786\n ],\n [\n -74.29169696323655,\n 43.110304037413016\n ],\n [\n -73.65762756236663,\n 43.325940733900524\n ],\n [\n -73.37581893975802,\n 43.72947615580239\n ],\n [\n -73.42513544871431,\n 44.39771116447804\n ],\n [\n -73.82671273593193,\n 44.74401316527033\n ],\n [\n -74.6439577414979,\n 44.69395223588353\n ],\n [\n -75.3625697291497,\n 43.795621999963544\n ],\n [\n -75.3625697291497,\n 43.5357074866464\n ],\n [\n -74.82008813062816,\n 43.28492587434786\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"49","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f5a7e4b0c8380cd4c349","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cronan, C. S.","contributorId":33455,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cronan","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364246,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Aiken, G. R. 0000-0001-8454-0984","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8454-0984","contributorId":14452,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aiken","given":"G. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364245,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70012692,"text":"70012692 - 1985 - Temporal fluctuations of silver, copper and zinc in the bivalve Macoma balthica at five stations in South San Francisco Bay","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-19T10:26:26","indexId":"70012692","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1919,"text":"Hydrobiologia","onlineIssn":"1573-5117","printIssn":"0018-8158","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Temporal fluctuations of silver, copper and zinc in the bivalve Macoma balthica at five stations in South San Francisco Bay","docAbstract":"Concentrations of Cu, Ag and Zn were measured in the soft tissues of the estuarine bivalve Macoma balthica in South San Francisco Bay at near-monthly intervals for periods of two to three years at four stations, and eight years at a metal-enriched station. The amplitude and frequency of fluctuations differed among stations and among metals. Fluctuations were greatest at stations with the greatest metal enrichment and with the least dilution and flushing of wastes. A consistent seasonal pattern of fluctuation in Cu and Ag concentrations was evident in M. balthica at the metal-enriched station. These seasonal changes in tissue metal concentrations appeared to be affected by metal inputs, hydrologic processes that may affect both metal concentrations and bioavailability, and seasonal changes in the weight of the bivalve. The contributions of each of these interacting factors could not be determined quantitatively. At the metal-enriched station significant variation in the amplitude of seasonal fluctuations was also evident from year to year. Interpretation of metal concentrations in bivalves from estuaries will require careful consideration of the processes which affect metal dynamics in these complex environments.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF00048690","issn":"00188158","usgsCitation":"Luoma, S.N., Cain, D., and Johansson, C., 1985, Temporal fluctuations of silver, copper and zinc in the bivalve Macoma balthica at five stations in South San Francisco Bay: Hydrobiologia, v. 129, no. 1, p. 109-120, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00048690.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"109","endPage":"120","numberOfPages":"12","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":222608,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California ","otherGeospatial":"South San Francisco Bay ","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.84912109375,\n 37.33522435930639\n ],\n [\n -121.70654296874999,\n 37.33522435930639\n ],\n [\n -121.70654296874999,\n 37.78808138412046\n ],\n [\n -122.84912109375,\n 37.78808138412046\n ],\n [\n -122.84912109375,\n 37.33522435930639\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"129","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba50fe4b08c986b32079f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Luoma, Samuel N. 0000-0001-5443-5091 snluoma@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5443-5091","contributorId":2287,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luoma","given":"Samuel","email":"snluoma@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779754,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cain, Daniel 0000-0002-3443-0493 djcain@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3443-0493","contributorId":206184,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cain","given":"Daniel","email":"djcain@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":36183,"text":"Hydro-Ecological Interactions Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779755,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Johansson, C.","contributorId":31425,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johansson","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364234,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70012689,"text":"70012689 - 1985 - Determination of elastic wave velocity and relative hypocenter locations using refracted waves. I. Methodology","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-29T15:46:39.969615","indexId":"70012689","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Determination of elastic wave velocity and relative hypocenter locations using refracted waves. I. Methodology","docAbstract":"An arrival time difference method utilizing refracted arrivals from earthquakes in a homogeneous, layered earth model has been developed for the simultaneous determination of near-source (in situ) velocity and relative locations of earthquakes. The method is particularly applicable when analyzing data from arrays in which most of the recording stations are far (i.e., several focal depths) from a group of events. This iterative scheme locates earthquakes relative to a master event and performs an inversion for in situ velocity using a generalized inverseleast squares estimation procedure. Direct arrivals, when available, may be included to stabilize the inversion and increase the accuracy of the event locations. We tested this scheme on artificial data contaminated by random and systematic arrival time errors, gaps in azimuthal coverage, and inaccuracies in the assumed velocity model. As usual, depth is the least well-resolved hypocenter coordinate, but this scheme yielded accurate locations of most events while converging to the correct velocity model.
","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/BSSA0750020415","issn":"00371106","usgsCitation":"Shedlock, K.M., and Roecker, S.W., 1985, Determination of elastic wave velocity and relative hypocenter locations using refracted waves. I. Methodology: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 75, no. 2, p. 415-426, https://doi.org/10.1785/BSSA0750020415.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"415","endPage":"426","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222549,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"75","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1985-04-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fd42e4b0c8380cd4e714","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shedlock, Kaye M.","contributorId":61788,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shedlock","given":"Kaye","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364230,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Roecker, Steven W.","contributorId":34266,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roecker","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364229,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70012688,"text":"70012688 - 1985 - Effects of the 1983 Coalinga, California, earthquake on creep along the San Andreas fault","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-23T14:57:03.555808","indexId":"70012688","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of the 1983 Coalinga, California, earthquake on creep along the San Andreas fault","docAbstract":"The M//L approximately equals 6. 5 earthquake that occurred near Coalinga, California, on May 2, 1983 induced changes in near-surface fault slip along the San Andreas fault. Coseismic steps were observed by creepmeters along a 200-km section of the San Andreas. some of the larger aftershocks induced additional steps, both right-lateral and left-lateral, and in general the sequence disrupted observed creep at several sites from preseismic long-term patterns. Static dislocation models can approximately explain the magnitudes and distribution of the larger coseismic steps on May 2. The smaller, more distant steps appear to be the abrupt release of accumulated slip, triggered by the coseismic strain changes, but independent of the strain change amplitudes.","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/BSSA0750020475","issn":"00371106","usgsCitation":"Mavko, G.M., Schulz, S., and Brown, B.D., 1985, Effects of the 1983 Coalinga, California, earthquake on creep along the San Andreas fault: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 75, no. 2, p. 475-489, https://doi.org/10.1785/BSSA0750020475.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"475","endPage":"489","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222548,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":410995,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/ssa/bssa/article/75/2/475/118685/Effects-of-the-1983-Coalinga-California-earthquake","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"Coalinga","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -120.54473876953125,\n 35.98245135784044\n ],\n [\n -120.12176513671875,\n 35.98245135784044\n ],\n [\n -120.12176513671875,\n 36.28192129773192\n ],\n [\n -120.54473876953125,\n 36.28192129773192\n ],\n [\n -120.54473876953125,\n 35.98245135784044\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"75","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a045be4b0c8380cd5092b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mavko, Gerald M.","contributorId":40477,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mavko","given":"Gerald","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364226,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schulz, Sandra","contributorId":107701,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schulz","given":"Sandra","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364228,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brown, Beth D.","contributorId":97770,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"Beth","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364227,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70012988,"text":"70012988 - 1985 - Maceral distributions in Illinois coals and their paleoenvironmental implications","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-24T01:17:59.705061","indexId":"70012988","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2033,"text":"International Journal of Coal Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Maceral distributions in Illinois coals and their paleoenvironmental implications","docAbstract":"For purposes of assessing the maceral distribution of Illinois (U.S.A.) coals analyses were assembled for 326 face channel and drill core samples from 24 coal members of the Pennsylvanian System. The inertinite content of coals from the Missourian and Virgilian Series averages 16.1% (mineral free), compared to 9.4% for older coals from the Desmoinesian and older Series. This indicates there was generally a higher state of oxidation in the peat that formed the younger coals. This state probably resulted from greater exposure of these peats to weathering as the climate became drier and the water table lower than was the case for the older coals, although oxidation during allochthonous deposition of inertinite components is a genetic factor that needs further study to confirm the importance of the climate.
Regional variation of the vitrinite-inertinite ratio (V-I), on a mineral- and micrinite-free basis, was observed in the Springfield (No. 5) and Herrin (No. 6) Coal Members to be related to the geographical position of paleochannel (river) deposits known to have been contemporaneous with the peats that formed these two coal strata. The V-I ratio is highest (generally 12–27) in samples from areas adjacent to the channels, and lower (5–11) some 10–20 km away. We interpret the V-I ratio to be an inverse index of the degree of oxidation to which the original peat was exposed. High V-I ratio coal located near the channels probably formed under more anoxic conditions than did the lower V-I ratio coal some distance away from the channels. The low V-I ratio coal probably formed in areas of the peat swamp where the watertable was generally lower than the channel areas.
Instrumental-neutron-activation analyses are reported for two uncontaminated rocks, a phlogopite-rich clot, and two contaminated rocks from the Coyote Peak diatreme, northwestern California. These data, combined with Nd, Sr, and Pb isotopic evidence, have been modeled to a multi-stage evolution for the uncontaminated rocks. Fertile mantle material (refractory elements 2.5× chondritic abundances; Rb/Sr = 0.029 by weight) was depleted about 900 m.y. ago by congruent melting and removal of ~4% basaltic liquid; this depleted residue provided the source rock from which the Coyote Peak magma was ultimately derived. About 66 m.y. ago, the depleted mantle residue was incongruently melted in the presence of H2O and CO2 at a total pressure > 26 kb to yield ~0.5% of a Si-poor, Ca-rich melt. This melt then metasomatized depleted garnet-free harzburgite in the upper mantle at about 26 kb to produce a rock similar to phlogopite-bearing wehrlite. About 29 m.y. ago, this rock was subjected to an increase in pressure to >26 kb and incongruently melted to give ~0.5% of a second-stage melt resembling olivine melilitite in composition. Enroute to the surface, about 28% olivine and 2% titanomagnetite were lost from the highly fluid melt.
Coarse-grained phlogopite-rich clots in the uncontaminated rocks apparently crystallized from a latestage liquid derived from the uncontaminated melt. Contaminated rocks appear to be the result of partial assimilation of, and dilution by, ~14% Franciscan graywacke country rock.
The diatreme was emplaced near a converging plate margin where young hot oceanic mantle and crust of the Juan de Fuca plate was probably subducting obliquely beneath a thin lip of the North American plate. The unusual chemistry of the rocks may be the result of this complex tectonic setting which could also have included local strike-slip and extensional environments within the two plates pierced by the diatreme.
Analyses of sea level and current-meter data using digital filters and a variety of statistical methods show a variety of phenomena related to non-local coastal forcing and local tidal forcing in the northern reach of San Francisco Bay, a partially mixed estuary. Low-frequency variations in sea level are dominated by non-local variations in coastal sea level and also show a smaller influence from tidally induced fortnightly sea level variations. Low-frequency currents demonstrate a gravitational circulation which is modified by changes in tidal-current speed over the spring-neap tidal cycle. Transients in gravitational circulation induce internal oscillations with periods of two to four days.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0272-7714(85)90003-4","issn":"02727714","usgsCitation":"Walters, R.A., and Gartner, J.W., 1985, Subtidal sea level and current variations in the northern reach of San Francisco Bay: Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, v. 21, no. 1, p. 17-32, https://doi.org/10.1016/0272-7714(85)90003-4.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"17","endPage":"32","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":222316,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.49288365903871,\n 37.83365947740121\n ],\n [\n -122.47252439747213,\n 37.783616975293626\n ],\n [\n -122.40918447259784,\n 37.79255562354507\n ],\n [\n -122.39108735120529,\n 37.76752468391663\n ],\n [\n -122.30965030493846,\n 37.79613078009476\n ],\n [\n -122.28476676302354,\n 37.83187282919371\n ],\n [\n -122.30512602459041,\n 37.91044441089936\n ],\n [\n -122.3435824075495,\n 37.92650554655222\n ],\n [\n -122.39334949137933,\n 37.9443471390919\n ],\n [\n -122.37525236998678,\n 37.960400869467094\n ],\n [\n -122.35036882807188,\n 37.98714928977874\n ],\n [\n -122.31417458528654,\n 37.994280555594\n ],\n [\n -122.28702890319758,\n 38.0014111281601\n ],\n [\n -122.2576210809346,\n 38.03883525882202\n ],\n [\n -122.2417860997161,\n 38.04774294894307\n ],\n [\n -122.20106757658269,\n 38.04596149761244\n ],\n [\n -122.17392189449373,\n 38.0227986859378\n ],\n [\n -122.14451407223075,\n 38.015670193374916\n ],\n [\n -122.12415481066418,\n 38.01923452633122\n ],\n [\n -122.14225193205672,\n 38.05664955536099\n ],\n [\n -122.16713547397163,\n 38.07267871571531\n ],\n [\n -122.22368897832357,\n 38.08336287156371\n ],\n [\n -122.25309680058653,\n 38.117185732724664\n ],\n [\n -122.25535894076057,\n 38.1456559975872\n ],\n [\n -122.27571820232741,\n 38.16700140777752\n ],\n [\n -122.26893178180504,\n 38.23988440653355\n ],\n [\n -122.30965030493846,\n 38.23988440653355\n ],\n [\n -122.37751451016082,\n 38.20256320529367\n ],\n [\n -122.38656307085697,\n 38.15988696526969\n ],\n [\n -122.41144661277187,\n 38.16166564098279\n ],\n [\n -122.44764085555721,\n 38.12786338341408\n ],\n [\n -122.51324292060553,\n 38.12252475326176\n ],\n [\n -122.54038860269422,\n 38.07267871571531\n ],\n [\n -122.51550506077959,\n 38.03883525882202\n ],\n [\n -122.52907790182405,\n 38.01210568707435\n ],\n [\n -122.4680001171238,\n 37.98714928977874\n ],\n [\n -122.51098078043123,\n 37.978234232695755\n ],\n [\n -122.52681576165003,\n 37.94791493791199\n ],\n [\n -122.51324292060553,\n 37.912229154721274\n ],\n [\n -122.53812646252018,\n 37.87474044316498\n ],\n [\n -122.49288365903871,\n 37.83365947740121\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"21","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9d9ae4b08c986b31d941","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Walters, R. A.","contributorId":34174,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walters","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364192,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gartner, J. W.","contributorId":81903,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gartner","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364193,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70012672,"text":"70012672 - 1985 - Harmonic analysis of tides and tidal currents in South San Francisco Bay, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-12T15:57:40.31139","indexId":"70012672","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1587,"text":"Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Harmonic analysis of tides and tidal currents in South San Francisco Bay, California","docAbstract":"Water level observations from tide stations and current observations from current-meter moorings in South San Francisco Bay (South Bay), California have been harmonically analysed. At each tide station, 13 harmonic constituents have been computed by a least-squares regression without inference. Tides in South Bay are typically mixed; there is a phase lag of approximately 1 h and an amplification of 1·5 from north to south for a mean semi-diurnal tide. Because most of the current-meter records are between 14 and 29 days, only the five most important harmonics have been solved for east-west and north-south velocity components. The eccentricity of tidal-current ellipse is generally very small, which indicates that the tidal current in South Bay is strongly bidirectional. The analyses further show that the principal direction and the magnitude of tidal current are well correlated with the basin bathymetry. Patterns of Eulerian residual circulation deduced from the current-meter data show an anticlockwise gyre to the west and a clockwise gyre to the east of the main channel in the summer months due to the prevailing westerly wind. Opposite trends have been observed during winter when the wind was variable.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0272-7714(85)90006-X","issn":"02727714","usgsCitation":"Cheng, R.T., and Gartner, J.W., 1985, Harmonic analysis of tides and tidal currents in South San Francisco Bay, California: Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, v. 21, no. 1, p. 57-74, https://doi.org/10.1016/0272-7714(85)90006-X.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"57","endPage":"74","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":222272,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.31492171250483,\n 37.80882267928874\n ],\n [\n -122.40900839121292,\n 37.8029759392894\n ],\n [\n -122.39632254689272,\n 37.789610224027044\n ],\n [\n -122.39949400797269,\n 37.74866268048801\n ],\n [\n -122.38469385626583,\n 37.734451092534556\n ],\n [\n -122.40160831535962,\n 37.708528820279156\n ],\n [\n -122.40372262274627,\n 37.66502593191984\n ],\n [\n -122.38786531734608,\n 37.65414622325642\n ],\n [\n -122.3952653931994,\n 37.643264920279464\n ],\n [\n -122.38575100995917,\n 37.59888618867872\n ],\n [\n -122.35297924546545,\n 37.58548363043174\n ],\n [\n -122.32337894205173,\n 37.58129483600311\n ],\n [\n -122.29589294602467,\n 37.55280478393831\n ],\n [\n -122.2218921874901,\n 37.484887533061524\n ],\n [\n -122.16057727327573,\n 37.49159816068652\n ],\n [\n -122.14154850679554,\n 37.49830818545604\n ],\n [\n -122.12463404770176,\n 37.46139558943348\n ],\n [\n -122.10877674230159,\n 37.43118081381692\n ],\n [\n -122.04534752070057,\n 37.41858772281982\n ],\n [\n -121.97663253063288,\n 37.408511725080615\n ],\n [\n -121.9554894567658,\n 37.42950185739734\n ],\n [\n -121.93434638289895,\n 37.444611109469776\n ],\n [\n -121.92800346073872,\n 37.46391293655827\n ],\n [\n -121.93751784397895,\n 37.479015239389085\n ],\n [\n -122.01257575620684,\n 37.51172642627711\n ],\n [\n -122.0305473689937,\n 37.49411449062386\n ],\n [\n -122.06966205564764,\n 37.50669486859469\n ],\n [\n -122.05169044286079,\n 37.51927312685231\n ],\n [\n -122.05697621132744,\n 37.5301725692041\n ],\n [\n -122.06649059456765,\n 37.53268759898452\n ],\n [\n -122.08974797582141,\n 37.55196667627858\n ],\n [\n -122.09080512951473,\n 37.56034732873803\n ],\n [\n -122.07600497780788,\n 37.566213224637934\n ],\n [\n -122.0844622073545,\n 37.58548363043174\n ],\n [\n -122.08657651474141,\n 37.59888618867872\n ],\n [\n -122.11934827923513,\n 37.59553577540166\n ],\n [\n -122.13731989202198,\n 37.59469814851079\n ],\n [\n -122.13309127724867,\n 37.6223348571593\n ],\n [\n -122.14366281418222,\n 37.62317217286383\n ],\n [\n -122.15000573634218,\n 37.654983180527296\n ],\n [\n -122.15952011958241,\n 37.67841415370688\n ],\n [\n -122.17114881020927,\n 37.6876171549719\n ],\n [\n -122.18383465452948,\n 37.70351055855673\n ],\n [\n -122.1880632693028,\n 37.731942882017194\n ],\n [\n -122.2134349579432,\n 37.76454299081597\n ],\n [\n -122.26946410369092,\n 37.77624209074396\n ],\n [\n -122.31915032727817,\n 37.78793933959625\n ],\n [\n -122.31492171250483,\n 37.80882267928874\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"21","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2f78e4b0c8380cd5cdf5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cheng, R. T.","contributorId":23138,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cheng","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364190,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gartner, J. W.","contributorId":81903,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gartner","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364191,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70012671,"text":"70012671 - 1985 - Recognition of interstitial anhydrite dissolution: A cause of secondary porosity, San Andres limestone, New Mexico, and Upper Minnelusa Formation, Wyoming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-12T16:07:27.451364","indexId":"70012671","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":701,"text":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Recognition of interstitial anhydrite dissolution: A cause of secondary porosity, San Andres limestone, New Mexico, and Upper Minnelusa Formation, Wyoming","docAbstract":"Rectangular and stair-step pore reentrants in carbonate mudstones have been recognized previously as indirect evidence for anhydrite dissolution. In this study, direct evidence for subsurface dissolution of interstitial anhydrite in both dolomite grainstones and quartz sandstones includes: (1) cleavage-related dissolution fringe on anhydrite crystal surfaces, and (2) isolated remnants of optically continuous (formerly poikilotopic) anhydrite. Influenced by the prominent cleavages, the dissolution fringe on the surfaces of the anhydrite crystals consists of a series of sharp, right-angled projections and reentrants. Experimentally etched anhydrite surfaces exhibit features that directly compare to the dissolution fringe, whereas experimentally grown anhydrite does not.
We deduced the following sequence of anhydrite dissolution within dolomite grainstones and quartz sandstones. Slow incipient dissolution began along the boundaries between anhydrite and adjacent minerals. From these intercrystalline boundaries, solutions penetrated anhydrite cleavages, leading to more rapid preferential dissolution perpendicular to the more prominent cleavage planes. The widened cleavage planes, together with intercrystalline boundaries, acted as conduits for the removal of dissolved ions. In the final stage, as dissolving anhydrite borders retreated toward pore throats, dissolution slowed and was, again, restricted to intercrystalline boundaries. This process was then repeated in adjacent interstices.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists","doi":"10.1306/AD462B78-16F7-11D7-8645000102C1865D","usgsCitation":"Schenk, C.J., and Richardson, R.W., 1985, Recognition of interstitial anhydrite dissolution: A cause of secondary porosity, San Andres limestone, New Mexico, and Upper Minnelusa Formation, Wyoming: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 69, no. 7, p. 1064-1076, https://doi.org/10.1306/AD462B78-16F7-11D7-8645000102C1865D.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"1064","endPage":"1076","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":222271,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"69","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a9334e4b0c8380cd80c8a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schenk, Christopher J. 0000-0002-0248-7305 schenk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0248-7305","contributorId":826,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schenk","given":"Christopher","email":"schenk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":255,"text":"Energy Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":364188,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Richardson, Randall W.","contributorId":26070,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Richardson","given":"Randall","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364189,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70012662,"text":"70012662 - 1985 - Geochemistry of great Salt Lake, Utah II: Pleistocene-Holocene evolution","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-19T11:15:38","indexId":"70012662","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geochemistry of great Salt Lake, Utah II: Pleistocene-Holocene evolution","docAbstract":"Sedimentologic and biostratigraphic evidence is used to develop a geochemical model for Great Salt Lake, Utah, extending back some 30,000 yrs. B.P. Hydrologie conditions as defined by the water budget equation are characterized by a lake initially at a low, saline stage, rising by about 17,000 yrs. B.P. to fresh water basin-full conditions (Bonneville level) and then, after about 15,000 yrs. B.P., dropping rapidly to a saline stage again, as exemplified by the present situation. Inflow composition has changed through time in response to the hydrologie history. During fresh-water periods high discharge inflow is dominated by calcium bicarbonate-type river waters; during saline stages, low discharge, NaCl-rich hydrothermal springs are significant solute sources. This evolution in lake composition to NaCl domination is illustrated by the massive mirabilite deposition, free of halite, following the rapid drawdown until about 8,000 years ago, while historic droughts have yielded principally halite. Hydrologic history can be combined with inferred inflow composition to derive concentration curves with time for each major solute in the lake. Calcium concentrations before the drawdown were controlled by calcite solubility, and afterwards by aragonite. Significant amounts of solutes are removed from the lake by diffusion into the sediments. Na+, Cl- and SO42- are also involved in salt precipitation. By including pore fluid data, a surprisingly good fit has been obtained between solute input over the time period considered and the amounts actually found in lake brines, pore fluids, salt beds and sediments. Excess amounts are present for calcium, carbonate and silica, indicating detrital input.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(85)90168-1","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Spencer, R.J., Eugster, H., and Jones, B., 1985, Geochemistry of great Salt Lake, Utah II: Pleistocene-Holocene evolution: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 49, no. 3, p. 739-747, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(85)90168-1.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"739","endPage":"747","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":222156,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","otherGeospatial":"Great Salt Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -113.22509765625,\n 40.6306300839918\n ],\n [\n -111.8792724609375,\n 40.6306300839918\n ],\n [\n -111.8792724609375,\n 41.713930073371294\n ],\n [\n -113.22509765625,\n 41.713930073371294\n ],\n [\n -113.22509765625,\n 40.6306300839918\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"49","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a16f7e4b0c8380cd55329","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Spencer, R. J.","contributorId":56664,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spencer","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364166,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Eugster, H.P.","contributorId":99992,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eugster","given":"H.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364167,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jones, B.F.","contributorId":52156,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"B.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364165,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70012989,"text":"70012989 - 1985 - A quantitative analysis of the Lassen hydrothermal system, north central California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-12T18:09:27","indexId":"70012989","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A quantitative analysis of the Lassen hydrothermal system, north central California","docAbstract":"Our conceptual model of the Lassen system is termed a liquid-dominated hydrothermal system with a parasitic vapor-dominated zone. The essential feature of this model is that steam and steam-heated discharge at relatively high altitudes in Lassen Volcanic National Park (LVNP) and liquid discharge with high chloride concentrations at relatively low altitudes outside LVNP are both fed by an upflow of high-enthalpy two-phase fluid within the Park. Liquid flows laterally away from the upflow area toward the areas of high-chloride discharge, and steam rises through a vapor-dominated zone to feed the steam and steam-heated features. Numerical simulations show that several conditions are necessary for the development of this type of system, including (1) large-scale topographic relief; (2) an initial period of convective heating within an upflow zone followed by (3) a change in hydrologic or geologic conditions that initiates drainage of liquid from portions of the upflow zone; and (4) low-permeability barriers that inhibit the movement of cold water into the vapor zone. Simulations of thermal fluid withdrawal south of LVNP, carried out in order to determine the effects of such withdrawal on portions of the hydrothermal system within the Park, generally showed decreases in pressure and liquid saturation beneath the vapor zone which resulted in temporary increases and subsequent decreases in the rate of upflow of steam. A generalized production-injection scenario that could mitigate the effects of development on both the high-chloride and steam-fed features was identified.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/WR021i006p00853","usgsCitation":"Ingebritsen, S.E., and Sorey, M., 1985, A quantitative analysis of the Lassen hydrothermal system, north central California: Water Resources Research, v. 21, no. 6, p. 853-868, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR021i006p00853.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"853","endPage":"868","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220341,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Lassen hydrothermal system","volume":"21","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-01-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a9071e4b0c8380cd7fd3f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ingebritsen, S. E.","contributorId":8078,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ingebritsen","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365018,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sorey, M.L.","contributorId":73185,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sorey","given":"M.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365019,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70012661,"text":"70012661 - 1985 - In situ stress, natural fracture distribution, and borehole elongation in the Auburn Geothermal Well, Auburn, New York","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-09-08T15:08:05.817854","indexId":"70012661","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2312,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"In situ stress, natural fracture distribution, and borehole elongation in the Auburn Geothermal Well, Auburn, New York","docAbstract":"Hydraulic fracturing stress measurements and a borehole televiewer survey were conducted in a 1.6‐km‐deep well at Auburn, New York. This well, which was drilled at the outer margin of the Appalachian Fold and Thrust Belt in the Appalachian Plateau, penetrates approximately 1540 m of lower Paleozoic sedimentary rocks and terminates 60 m into the Precambrian marble basement. Analysis of the hydraulic fracturing tests indicates that the minimum horizontal principal stress increases in a nearly linear fashion from 9.9±0.2 MPa at 593 m to 30.6±0.4 MPa at 1482 m. The magnitude of the maximum horizontal principal stress increases in a less regular fashion from 13.8±1.2 MPa to 49.0±2.0 MPa over the same depth range. The magnitudes of the horizontal principal stresses relative to the calculated overburden stress are somewhat lower than is the norm for this region and are indicative of a strike‐slip faulting regime that, at some depths, is transitional to normal faulting. As expected from the relative aseismicity of central New York State, however, analysis of the magnitudes of the horizontal principal stresses indicates, at least to a depth of 1.5 km, that frictional failure on favorably oriented preexisting fault planes is unlikely. Orientations of the hydraulic fractures at 593 and 919 m indicate that the azimuth of the maximum horizontal principal stress at Auburn is N83°E±15°, in agreement with other stress field indicators for this region. The borehole televiewer log revealed a considerable number of planar features in the Auburn well, the great majority of which are subhorizontal (dips < 5°) and are thought to be bedding plane washouts or drill bit scour marks. In addition, a smaller number of distinct natural fractures were observed on the borehole televiewer log. Of these, the distinct steeply dipping natural fractures in the lower half of the sedimentary section at Auburn tend to strike approximately east‐west, while those in the upper part of the well and in the Precambrian basement exhibit no strong preferred orientation. The origin of this east‐west striking fracture set is uncertain, as it is parallel both to the contemporary direction of maximum horizontal compression and to a late Paleozoic fracture set that has been mapped to the south of Auburn. In addition to these planar features the borehole televiewer log indicates paired dark bands on diametrically opposite sides of the borehole throughout the Auburn well. Processing of the borehole televiewer data in the time domain revealed these features to be irregular depressions in the borehole wall. As these depressions were consistently oriented in a direction at right angles to the direction of maximum horizontal compression, we interpret them to be the result of stress‐induced spalling of the borehole wall (breakouts).
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB090iB07p05497","usgsCitation":"Hickman, S.H., Healy, J., and Zoback, M.D., 1985, In situ stress, natural fracture distribution, and borehole elongation in the Auburn Geothermal Well, Auburn, New York: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 90, no. B7, p. 5497-5512, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB090iB07p05497.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"5497","endPage":"5512","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":222155,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","city":"Auburn","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -77.05535888671874,\n 42.736926481692684\n ],\n [\n -76.3494873046875,\n 42.736926481692684\n ],\n [\n -76.3494873046875,\n 43.18314981723581\n ],\n [\n -77.05535888671874,\n 43.18314981723581\n ],\n [\n -77.05535888671874,\n 42.736926481692684\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"90","issue":"B7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a37cce4b0c8380cd61187","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hickman, Stephen H. 0000-0003-2075-9615 hickman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2075-9615","contributorId":2705,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hickman","given":"Stephen","email":"hickman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":364162,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Healy, John H.","contributorId":19562,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Healy","given":"John H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364163,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Zoback, Mark D.","contributorId":102455,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zoback","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364164,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70012907,"text":"70012907 - 1985 - Geochemistry and petrogenesis of lamproites, late cretaceous age, Woodson County, Kansas, U.S.A.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-19T16:57:59.645656","indexId":"70012907","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geochemistry and petrogenesis of lamproites, late cretaceous age, Woodson County, Kansas, U.S.A.","docAbstract":"Lamproite sills and their associated sedimentary and contact metamorphic rocks from Woodson County, Kansas have been analyzed for major elements, selected trace elements, and strontium isotopic composition. These lamproites, like lamproites elsewhere, are alkalic (molecular
Ba and, to a lesser extent, K and Rb and have been transported from the intrusions at shallow depth into the surrounding contact metamorphic zone. The Silver City lamproite has vertical fractionation of some elements due either to volatile transport or to variations in the abundance of phenocrysts relative to groundmass most probably due to flow differentiation although multiple injection or fractional crystallization cannot be conclusively rejected.
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