Discrimination and correlation of ash-flow sheets is important in structurally complex, long-lived volcanic fields where such sheets provide the best keys to the regional stratigraphic framework. Three-dimensional complexities resulting from pulsatory eruptions, sectorial emplacement, mechanical sorting during outflow, thermal and compositional zoning of magmas, the physical zoning of cooling units, and structural and erosional disruption can make such correlation and discrimination difficult. When lithologic, magnetic, petrographic, chemical, and isotopic criteria for correlating ash-flow sheets are critically evaluated, many problems and pitfalls can be identified. Distinctive phenocrysts, pumice clasts, and lithic fragments are among the more reliable criteria, as are high-precision K-Ar ages and thermal remanent magnetization (TRM) directions in unaltered welded tuff. Chemical correlation methods should rely principally upon welded or nonwelded pumice blocks, not upon the ash-flow matrix, which is subject to fractionation, mixing, and contamination during emplacement. Compositional zoning of most large sheets requires that many samples be analyzed before phenocryst, glass, or whole-rock chemical trends can be used confidently as correlation criteria.
The probability that an earthquake in southern California (M ≧ 3.0) will be followed by an earthquake of larger magnitude within 5 days and 10 km (i.e., will be a foreshock) is 6 ± 0.5 per cent (1 S.D.), and is not significantly dependent on the magnitude of the possible foreshock between M = 3 and M = 5. The probability that an earthquake will be followed by an M ≧ 5.0 main shock, however, increases with magnitude of the foreshock from less than 1 per cent at M ≧ 3 to 6.5 ± 2.5 per cent (1 S.D.) at M ≧ 5. The main shock will most likely occur in the first hour after the foreshock, and the probability that a main shock will occur decreases with elapsed time from the occurrence of the possible foreshock by approximately the inverse of time. Thus, the occurrence of an earthquake of M ≧ 3.0 in southern California increases the earthquake hazard within a small space-time window several orders of magnitude above the normal background level.
","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/BSSA0750061669","issn":"00371106","usgsCitation":"Jones, L.M., 1985, Foreshocks and time-dependent earthquake hazard assessment in southern California: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 75, no. 6, p. 1667-1679, https://doi.org/10.1785/BSSA0750061669.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"1667","endPage":"1679","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":422235,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/ssa/bssa/article/75/6/1669/118772/Foreshocks-and-time-dependent-earthquake-hazard"},{"id":220455,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -118.6928863885089,\n 34.43617638409657\n ],\n [\n -118.6928863885089,\n 32.23352138849141\n ],\n [\n -113.72706607600888,\n 32.23352138849141\n ],\n [\n -113.72706607600888,\n 34.43617638409657\n ],\n [\n -118.6928863885089,\n 34.43617638409657\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"75","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0e7de4b0c8380cd534a7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jones, Lucile M. jones@usgs.gov","contributorId":1014,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"Lucile","email":"jones@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":508,"text":"Office of the AD Hazards","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":365036,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70012998,"text":"70012998 - 1985 - Estimating neighborhood variability with a binary comparison matrix.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-18T14:41:13","indexId":"70012998","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3052,"text":"Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimating neighborhood variability with a binary comparison matrix.","docAbstract":"A technique which utilizes a binary comparison matrix has been developed to implement a neighborhood function for a raster format data base. The technique assigns an index value to the center pixel of 3- by 3-pixel neighborhoods. The binary comparison matrix provides additional information not found in two other neighborhood variability statistics; the function is sensitive to both the number of classes within the neighborhood and the frequency of pixel occurrence in each of the classes. Application of the function to a spatial data base from the Kenai National Wildlife Refuge, Alaska, demonstrates 1) the numerical distribution of the index values, and 2) the spatial patterns exhibited by the numerical values. -Author","language":"English","usgsCitation":"Murphy, D., 1985, Estimating neighborhood variability with a binary comparison matrix.: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, v. 51, no. 6, p. 667-674.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"667","endPage":"674","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":220454,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"51","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0b30e4b0c8380cd525f2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Murphy, D.L.","contributorId":53085,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murphy","given":"D.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365035,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70012946,"text":"70012946 - 1985 - Comparison of digestion methods for total elemental analysis of peat and separation of its organic and inorganic components","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-09-23T15:58:06.031687","indexId":"70012946","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3541,"text":"The Analyst","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparison of digestion methods for total elemental analysis of peat and separation of its organic and inorganic components","docAbstract":"In order to find the most efficient digestion method for the total elemental recovery in peat, ten samples were subjected to different techniques and analysed for Ca, Mg, Fe, AI, Na, K, Mn, P, Zn, Cu, Li, Cd, Co, Ni, Pb and Si using atomic-absorption spectrophotometry. The most satisfactory procedures were dry ashing followed by hydrofluoric acid treatment and wet digestion using a mixture of hot nitric, perchloric and hydrofluoric acids. The wet digestion offers the advantage of a single decomposition method for the determination of Ca, Mg, Fe, AI, K, Na, Mn, Cu, Li, Zn and P. An alkaline fusion technique was required for the determination of Si. Hydrogen peroxide was used to separate the peat into its organic and inorganic components, leading to the total recovery of the elements for both fractions.","language":"English","publisher":"Royal Society of Chemistry","doi":"10.1039/AN9851000237","issn":"00032654","usgsCitation":"Papp, C.S., and Harms, T.F., 1985, Comparison of digestion methods for total elemental analysis of peat and separation of its organic and inorganic components: The Analyst, v. 110, no. 3, p. 237-242, https://doi.org/10.1039/AN9851000237.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"237","endPage":"242","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222753,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"110","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f85be4b0c8380cd4d050","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Papp, C. S.E.","contributorId":69304,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Papp","given":"C.","middleInitial":"S.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364908,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Harms, T. F.","contributorId":76752,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harms","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364909,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70012919,"text":"70012919 - 1985 - Remotely sensed limonite anomaly on Lordsburg Mesa, New Mexico: Possible implications for uranium deposits","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-08T23:46:46.279683","indexId":"70012919","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Remotely sensed limonite anomaly on Lordsburg Mesa, New Mexico: Possible implications for uranium deposits","docAbstract":"We have identified a large, anomalously limonitic area in Cenozoic gravels on Lordsburg Mesa near Lordsburg, New Mexico, using Landsat images. Our interpretation of the geophysical and geochemical data suggests the exploration hypothesis that the Lordsburg Mesa limonite anomaly is the surface expression of a chemical trap that may contain concentrations of uranium similar to calcrete-uranium deposits. Ground water originating in the Big Burro Mountains, where uranium vein deposits are known, drains through the Lordsburg Mesa area. This ground water is apparently forced near the surface by a buried bed-rock ridge along the west side of the limonite anomaly. The resulting changes in ground-water chemistry may be precipitating uranium along the eastern margin of the limonite anomaly.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.80.3.575","issn":"03610128","usgsCitation":"Raines, G.L., Erdman, J.A., McCarthy, J., and Reimer, G., 1985, Remotely sensed limonite anomaly on Lordsburg Mesa, New Mexico: Possible implications for uranium deposits: Economic Geology, v. 80, no. 3, p. 575-590, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.80.3.575.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"575","endPage":"590","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222385,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"80","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1985-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aa71ce4b0c8380cd8521b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Raines, G. L.","contributorId":90720,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Raines","given":"G.","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364836,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Erdman, J. A.","contributorId":59786,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Erdman","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364834,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McCarthy, J. H.","contributorId":8451,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCarthy","given":"J. H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364833,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Reimer, G.M.","contributorId":59800,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reimer","given":"G.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364835,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70012954,"text":"70012954 - 1985 - Late Holocene vegetation changes in Greenwater Valley, Mojave Desert, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-26T15:36:31","indexId":"70012954","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3218,"text":"Quaternary Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Late Holocene vegetation changes in Greenwater Valley, Mojave Desert, California","docAbstract":"Small-scale late Holocene vegetation changes were determined from a series of 13 modern and fossil packrat middens collected from a site in the Greenwater Valley, northern Mojave Desert, California. Although the site is above the modern lower limit of Coleogyne ramosissima (black-brush), macrofossils of this shrub are only present in samples younger than 270 yr B.P. In order to measure changes more subtle than presence vs absence, macrofossil concentrations were quantified, and principal components and factor analyses were used to distinguish midden plant assemblages. Both the presence/absence data and the statistical analyses suggest a downward shift of 50 to 100 m for Coleogyne (blackbrush) communities between 1435 and 1795 A.D. ?? 1985.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Quaternary Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/0033-5894(85)90030-4","issn":"00335894","usgsCitation":"Cole, K., and Webb, R.H., 1985, Late Holocene vegetation changes in Greenwater Valley, Mojave Desert, California: Quaternary Research, v. 23, no. 2, p. 227-235, https://doi.org/10.1016/0033-5894(85)90030-4.","startPage":"227","endPage":"235","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":266546,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0033-5894(85)90030-4"},{"id":221922,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"23","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-01-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a44ece4b0c8380cd66ed3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cole, K.L.","contributorId":87507,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cole","given":"K.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364925,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Webb, R. H.","contributorId":13648,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Webb","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364924,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70012953,"text":"70012953 - 1985 - Description and origin of the lower part of the Mesaverde Group in Rifle Gap, Garfield County, Colorado.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:04","indexId":"70012953","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2789,"text":"Mountain Geologist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Description and origin of the lower part of the Mesaverde Group in Rifle Gap, Garfield County, Colorado.","docAbstract":"Rifle Gap cuts through the central part of the Grand Hogback and the gap exposes the entire Upper Cretaceous Mesaverde Group. The best outcrops are on the roadcuts through the coal-rich lower part of the group. These roadcuts border the Rifle Gap dam and reservoir on the southwest, where the coal-rich section can be examined with little climbing away from the road. This coal-rich section consists of 1700 ft (518 m) of uppermost Mancos Shale, overlain by the Iles Formation and the lower part of the Williams Fork Formation of the Mesaverde Group. These formations are composed of members and informal units formed in a late Campanian coastal setting of deltas and intervening strandplains which supported vast peat swamps. The age and the coastal subenvironments of deposition of these units are indicated by fossils and sedimentary structures which can be studied on the roadcuts. The highest, most prominent roadcut exposes a thick, white sandstone called the Trout Creek Sandstone Member, Iles Formation, the correlations of which have been reassessed recently. This sandstone previously was correlated to a sandstone exposed at New Castle: the Rollins Sandstone Member, Mesaverde Formation, of the southern Piceance Creek basin. However, later field mapping showed that the two sandstones cannot be traced to each other but are separated by 310-450 ft (93.9-136.4 m) of strata along the central Grand Hogback. The recorrelations of the Trout Creek and adjacent sandstone members have influenced reconstruction of the local, late Campanian paleogeography of the oscillating shoreline. The sketches of paleogeographic reconstruction show an oscillating shoreline that trended northeast-southwest. This shoreline migrated inland to the area of Wolf Creek on the northern border of the Piceance Creek basin, and seaward only as far as the area of New Castle, until deposition of the Haas sandstone unit of the lower Williams Fork Formation. During the deposition of the Haas, the shoreline continued migrating seaward past New Castle. The general trend and seaward extent of this shoreline are based on regional correlations of ammonite zones and on local paleocurrent indicators from deposits of longshore drift and storm scour exposed in the central Grand Hogback. -Author","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Mountain Geologist","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"0027254X","usgsCitation":"Madden, D., 1985, Description and origin of the lower part of the Mesaverde Group in Rifle Gap, Garfield County, Colorado.: Mountain Geologist, v. 22, no. 3, p. 128-138.","startPage":"128","endPage":"138","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221921,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"22","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059feebe4b0c8380cd4efae","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Madden, D.J.","contributorId":69571,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Madden","given":"D.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364923,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70012941,"text":"70012941 - 1985 - Carboniferous paleogeographic, phytogeographic, and paleoclimatic reconstructions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-24T01:18:57.943376","indexId":"70012941","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2033,"text":"International Journal of Coal Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Carboniferous paleogeographic, phytogeographic, and paleoclimatic reconstructions","docAbstract":"Two revised paleogeographic reconstructions of the Visean and Westphalian C-D stages are presented based on recent paleomagnetic, phytogeographic, stratigraphic, and tectonic data. These data change the positions of some continental blocks, and allow the definition of several new ones. The most important modifications that have been incorporated in these reconstructions are: (1) a proposed isthmus linking North America and Siberia across the Bering Strait; and (2) the separation of China and Southeast Asia in six major blocks, including South China, North China, Shan Thai-Malaya, Indochina, Qangtang, and Tarim blocks. Evidence is presented that suggests that at least the South China, Shan Thai-Malaya, and Qangtang blocks were derived from the northern margin of Gondwana.
Multivariate statistical analysis of phytogeographic data from the middle and late Paleozoic allow definition of a number of different phytogeographic units for four time intervals: (1) the Early Devonian, (2) Tournaisian—early Visean, (3) Visean, and (4) late Visean—early Namurian A. Pre-late Visean—early Namurian A floral assemblages from South China show affinities with northern Gondwana floras suggesting a southerly position and provides additional support for our reconstruction of South China against the northern margin of Gondwana. There is a marked decrease in the diversity of phytogeographic units in the Namurian and younger Carboniferous. This correlates closely with the time of assembly of most of Pangaea. The general pattern of Carboniferous phytogeographic units corresponds well with global distribution of continents shown on our paleogeographic reconstructions.
In addition, we have constructed paleoclimatic maps for the two Carboniferous time intervals. These maps stress the distribution of rainfall, as this should be strongly correlated with the floras. There is marked change in the rainfall patterns between the Visean and Westphalian C-D. This change corresponds with the closing of the Appalachian-Ouachita ocean between Laurussia and Gondwana, and reflects the removal of a low-latitude moisture source that probably gave rise to monsoonal conditions along the northern margin of Gondwana in the Visean and earlier times. As well, the presence of a substantial heat source at high elevation in the Late Carboniferous significantly influenced the distribution of climatic belts.
The Ammonoosuc Volcanics and equivalent rocks of Ordovician age are exposed in the Oliverian domes along the Bronson Hill anti-clinorium (BHA) between northern New Hampshire and southern Connecticut. In western New Hampshire and adjacent Vermont and Massachusetts, the Ammonoosuc lithology consists of a lower, mainly mafic unit of homblende-plagioclase amphibolite, and an upper, mainly felsic, metamorphosed quartz keratophyre tuff. These lithologies are locally interlayered, and both are intruded by sills, dikes, and plugs of trondhjemite. Trondhjemite also constitutes the interior gneissic “core” of several small domes or plutons. The trondhjemite is highly siliceous (SiO2 = 73%–81%), low in A12O3 (11.3%–13.5%), generally contains < 1% K2O, and thus resembles some trondhjemites in island-arc or continental-margin settings. Chemical trends of both trondhjemite and Ammonoosuc Volcanics (felsic and mafic) are essentially calc-alkaline.
Variations in both major and trace elements of trondhjemites in several of the domes suggest several somewhat different sources along the BHA. Overall, however, the major- and minor-element chemistry of the trondhjemites is closely similar to that of the Ammonoosuc quartz keratophyre tuff. These rocks could have been produced either by partial melting or by fractional crystallization of basaltic source rocks. The partial-melting model is preferred because of the largely bimodal basalt-quartz keratophyre Ammonoosuc assemblage in which andesitic and other intermediate compositions are virtually lacking. The relatively thin Ammonoosuc section appears to preclude generation of trondhjemite at the presently exposed base of an island arc, as has been postulated for very similar trondhjemite-amphibolite assemblages (Twillingate trondhjemite, Little Port Complex) in Newfoundland. Instead, generation of the felsic Ammonoosuc rocks more likely occurred at deeper levels along a subduction zone dipping eastward under the BHA, as postulated in current plate-tectonic models. The close juxtaposition in space and time of sialic crust and Ammonoosuc Volcanics may explain the calc-alkaline trends of the latter and suggests a paleotectonic environment of convergent oceanic-continental plate margins, possibly with significant crustal shortening across the arc.
Observations of large salinity variations and vent temperatures in the range of 380–400°C suggest that boiling or two-phase separation may be occurring in some seafloor geothermal systems. Consideration of flow rates and the relatively small differences in density between vapors and liquids at the supercritical pressures at depth in these systems suggests that boiling is occurring under closed-system conditions. Salinity and temperature of boiling vents can be used to estimate the pressure-temperature point in the subsurface at which liquid seawater first reached the two-phase boundary. Data are reviewed to construct phase diagrams of coexisting brines and vapors in the two-phase region at pressures corresponding to those of the seafloor geothermal systems. A method is developed for calculating the enthalpy and entropy of the coexisting mixtures, and results are used to construct adiabats from the seafloor to theP-T two-phase boundary. Results for seafloor vents discharging at 2300 m below sea level indicate that a 385°C vent is composed of a brine (7% NaCl equivalent) in equilibrium with a vapor (0.1% NaCl). Brine constitutes 45% by weight of the mixture, and the fluid first boiled at approximately 1 km below the seafloor at 415°C, 330 bar. A 400°C vent is primarily vapor (88 wt.%, 0.044% NaCl) with a small amount of brine (26% NaCl) and first boiled at 2.9 km below the seafloor at 500°C, 520 bar. These results show that adiabatic decompression in the two-phase region results in dramatic cooling of the fluid mixture when there is a large fraction of vapor.
A U-Pb isochron age of 27.5 + or - 0.5 m.y. has been determined for the Golden Fleece vein, southwestern Colorado, which contains an assemblage of pitchblende and gold-silver tellurides unique within the Lake City area. Initial Pb isotope ratios of ore samples from the vein ( 206 Pb/ 204 Pb = 19.08-19.58; 207 Pb/ 204 Pb = 15.643-15.682; 208 Pb/ 204 Pb = 38.533-38.84) are among the most radiogenic values reported from the San Juan Mountains and suggest that a significant component of common Pb, and possibly other metals, was derived from upper crustal Precambrian rocks by deeply circulating hydrothermal fluids. The 27.5-m.y. age of the Golden Fleece vein is identical, within analytical uncertainty, to the age of the quartz latite lavas that it cuts. This clearly documents the relationship of the vein to the waning stages of activity associated with the Uncompahgre caldera (27-29 m.y.) rather than to early activity related to the 23.1-m.y.-old Lake City caldera. Other veins in the Lake City area have Pb isotope ratios and mineral assemblages that are distinctly different from the Golden Fleece, and most of these veins are thought to be genetically related to the younger Lake City caldera.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.80.2.410","issn":"03610128","usgsCitation":"Hon, K., Ludwig, K., Simmons, K.R., Slack, J.F., and Grauch, R., 1985, U-Pb isochron age and Pb isotope systematics of the Golden Fleece vein; implications for the relationship of mineralization to the Lake City caldera, western San Juan Mountains, Colorado: Economic Geology, v. 80, no. 2, p. 410-417, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.80.2.410.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"410","endPage":"417","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222050,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"80","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1985-04-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb9cce4b08c986b327dff","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hon, K.","contributorId":20471,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hon","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364949,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ludwig, K.R.","contributorId":97112,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ludwig","given":"K.R.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":218,"text":"Denver Federal Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":364952,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Simmons, K. R.","contributorId":68771,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simmons","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364950,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Slack, J. F.","contributorId":75917,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Slack","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364951,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Grauch, R. I. 0000-0002-1763-0813","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1763-0813","contributorId":107698,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grauch","given":"R. I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364953,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70012989,"text":"70012989 - 1985 - A quantitative analysis of the Lassen hydrothermal system, north central California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-12T18:09:27","indexId":"70012989","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A quantitative analysis of the Lassen hydrothermal system, north central California","docAbstract":"Our conceptual model of the Lassen system is termed a liquid-dominated hydrothermal system with a parasitic vapor-dominated zone. The essential feature of this model is that steam and steam-heated discharge at relatively high altitudes in Lassen Volcanic National Park (LVNP) and liquid discharge with high chloride concentrations at relatively low altitudes outside LVNP are both fed by an upflow of high-enthalpy two-phase fluid within the Park. Liquid flows laterally away from the upflow area toward the areas of high-chloride discharge, and steam rises through a vapor-dominated zone to feed the steam and steam-heated features. Numerical simulations show that several conditions are necessary for the development of this type of system, including (1) large-scale topographic relief; (2) an initial period of convective heating within an upflow zone followed by (3) a change in hydrologic or geologic conditions that initiates drainage of liquid from portions of the upflow zone; and (4) low-permeability barriers that inhibit the movement of cold water into the vapor zone. Simulations of thermal fluid withdrawal south of LVNP, carried out in order to determine the effects of such withdrawal on portions of the hydrothermal system within the Park, generally showed decreases in pressure and liquid saturation beneath the vapor zone which resulted in temporary increases and subsequent decreases in the rate of upflow of steam. A generalized production-injection scenario that could mitigate the effects of development on both the high-chloride and steam-fed features was identified.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/WR021i006p00853","usgsCitation":"Ingebritsen, S.E., and Sorey, M., 1985, A quantitative analysis of the Lassen hydrothermal system, north central California: Water Resources Research, v. 21, no. 6, p. 853-868, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR021i006p00853.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"853","endPage":"868","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220341,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Lassen hydrothermal system","volume":"21","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-01-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a9071e4b0c8380cd7fd3f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ingebritsen, S. E.","contributorId":8078,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ingebritsen","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365018,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sorey, M.L.","contributorId":73185,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sorey","given":"M.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365019,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70012910,"text":"70012910 - 1985 - A GC-system for the analysis of residual geothermal gases","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:06","indexId":"70012910","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1236,"text":"Chromatographia","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A GC-system for the analysis of residual geothermal gases","docAbstract":"The gases evolved from geothermal fields, after condensation of H2O, CO2, H2S and NH3 in caustic solution, contain He, H2, Ar, O2, N2, CH4 and higher hydrocarbons. The analysis for the major components in these residual gas mixtures can be achieved by use of two simple gas chromatographs in parallel, and using 5A?? molecular sieve. The separation of He and H2 to baseline is achieved by using low temperatures (30??C) coupled with a relatively long column; and the difficult separation of Ar and O2 is achieved by use of a cryogenically cooled column. The use of switching valves to backflush and bypass columns ensures that a minimum time for analysis can be achieved whilst retaining baseline separations of the He/H2 and Ar/O2 pairs. ?? 1985 Friedr. Vieweg & Sohn Verlagsgesellschaft mbH.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Chromatographia","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF02262691","issn":"00095893","usgsCitation":"Sheppard, D., and Truesdell, A., 1985, A GC-system for the analysis of residual geothermal gases: Chromatographia, v. 20, no. 11, p. 681-682, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02262691.","startPage":"681","endPage":"682","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205219,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02262691"},{"id":222280,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"20","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e2dce4b0c8380cd45cc0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sheppard, D.S.","contributorId":22494,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sheppard","given":"D.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364813,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Truesdell, A.H.","contributorId":52566,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Truesdell","given":"A.H.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6672,"text":"former: USGS Southwest Biological Science Center, Colorado Plateau Research Station, Flagstaff, AZ. Current address: TN-SCORE, Univ of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, e-mail: jennen@gmail.com","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":364814,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1001227,"text":"1001227 - 1985 - Assessment of nasal marker materials and designs used on dabbling ducks","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-02T13:18:34","indexId":"1001227","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3779,"text":"Wildlife Society Bulletin","onlineIssn":"1938-5463","printIssn":"0091-7648","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Assessment of nasal marker materials and designs used on dabbling ducks","docAbstract":"Abstract has not been submitted","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Wildlife Society Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Lokemoen, J.T., and Sharp, D., 1985, Assessment of nasal marker materials and designs used on dabbling ducks: Wildlife Society Bulletin, v. 13, no. 1, p. 53-56.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"53","endPage":"56","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":128612,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"13","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abae4b07f02db671f4c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lokemoen, J. T.","contributorId":79049,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lokemoen","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":310720,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sharp, D.E.","contributorId":34460,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sharp","given":"D.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":310719,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1001412,"text":"1001412 - 1985 - Mallard recruitment in the agricultural environment of North Dakota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-09-14T10:33:22","indexId":"1001412","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3773,"text":"Wildlife Monographs","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mallard recruitment in the agricultural environment of North Dakota","docAbstract":"Recruitment of a mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) population was assessed on a 10,041-km2 study area in central North Dakota during 1977-80. We equipped 338 hens with radio transmitters and monitored them during the breeding season. Two hundred thirty-five of these hens furnished data reported here. Habitat use, nest site selection, fate of nests, and the rate of renesting were measured. Survival of hens during April-September and survival of young were determined. There was a high negative correlation between nest initiation date and mean April or May temperature. Hens selected nest sites most frequently in grassland and least frequently in cropland, but habitat use compared to availability indicated preference for road right-of-way and odd areas of cover and rejection of cropland. Use of other habitats was in proportion to their availability. Nest success was only 8% during the study. Hen success, a function of nest success and renesting rate, averaged 15% and varied among years because of increased renesting in wet years. In all years, 2-year-old and older hens were twice as successful as first-year nesters. Nesting effort was correlated with water conditions as derived from aerial photographs. April-September survival of hens averaged 80% because predation was heavy when hens were on nests. Only 74% of the hens that hatched a clutch were observed later with at least 1 surviving duckling. On average, hens in the spring population recruited only 0.27 young females to the fall population. Based on this recruitment estimate, published survival estimates and a model previously developed for a closed population, we predict a 20% annual population decline. Nest success of 15% and a resulting hen success of 31% would be required for a stable population. The results suggest that the population on the study area is not maintaining itself but is being supplemented by pioneering birds. A serious recruitment problem has resulted from nest predation. Additional research is needed to determine the geographic extent of the problem. If the problem is widespread, management techniques must be devised to overcome nest destruction, mortality of hens, and mortality of ducklings.","language":"English","publisher":"Wildlife Society","usgsCitation":"Cowardin, L., Gilmer, D., and Shaiffer, C., 1985, Mallard recruitment in the agricultural environment of North Dakota: Wildlife Monographs, v. 92, p. 3-37.","productDescription":"36 p.","startPage":"3","endPage":"37","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133851,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -101.656494140625,\n 46.32417161725691\n ],\n [\n -99.06372070312499,\n 46.32417161725691\n ],\n [\n -99.06372070312499,\n 47.37603463349758\n ],\n [\n -101.656494140625,\n 47.37603463349758\n ],\n [\n -101.656494140625,\n 46.32417161725691\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"92","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a81e4b07f02db64a010","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cowardin, L.M.","contributorId":106435,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cowardin","given":"L.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":310995,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gilmer, D.S.","contributorId":22270,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gilmer","given":"D.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":310993,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Shaiffer, Charles W.","contributorId":74325,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shaiffer","given":"Charles W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":310994,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70012967,"text":"70012967 - 1985 - Magadi-type chert, indicator of a lacustrine environment in the Middle Eocene McBean formation, South Carolina.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:02","indexId":"70012967","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3443,"text":"Southeastern Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Magadi-type chert, indicator of a lacustrine environment in the Middle Eocene McBean formation, South Carolina.","docAbstract":"Magadi-type chert (chert derived from magadiite) occurs in the basal part of the formation at three localities in Orangeburg and Calhoun Counties. These occurrences imply that the basal part of the McBean formation was deposited here in an alkaline lake with a high silica content. Formation and filling of the lacustrine depression could have resulted from a timely combination of the following factors: an initial nearshore to estuarine depositional environment; falling sea-level; minor tectonic uplift of the Cape Fear Arch and/or the northern boundary of the south Georgia rift basin; intense chemical weathering in a tropical climate; and seasonal rainfall. The mineralogy, chemistry and genesis of the chert are considered.-R.S.M.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Southeastern Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00383678","usgsCitation":"Houser, B.B., 1985, Magadi-type chert, indicator of a lacustrine environment in the Middle Eocene McBean formation, South Carolina.: Southeastern Geology, v. 25, no. 4, p. 185-197.","startPage":"185","endPage":"197","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222112,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"25","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4b2de4b0c8380cd69346","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Houser, B. B.","contributorId":46092,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Houser","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364956,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1013606,"text":"1013606 - 1985 - Antigen uptake by gill cells of Atlantic salmon given bath immunizations with Yersinia ruckeri bacterins","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-05-16T15:58:26.560509","indexId":"1013606","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":749,"text":"American Zoologist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Antigen uptake by gill cells of Atlantic salmon given bath immunizations with Yersinia ruckeri bacterins","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic Press","usgsCitation":"Anderson, D.P., Zapata, A., and Wisniewski, M., 1985, Antigen uptake by gill cells of Atlantic salmon given bath immunizations with Yersinia ruckeri bacterins: American Zoologist, v. 25, no. 4, p. 75A-75A.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"75A","endPage":"75A","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132159,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":417098,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/icb/25.4.1"}],"volume":"25","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac7e4b07f02db67b164","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Anderson, D. P.","contributorId":32469,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318840,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zapata, A.G.","contributorId":54548,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zapata","given":"A.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318841,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wisniewski, M.","contributorId":11567,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wisniewski","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318839,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70012993,"text":"70012993 - 1985 - Subdivision of thick sedimentary units into layers for simulation of groundwater flow","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-20T22:57:49.484978","indexId":"70012993","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3825,"text":"Groundwater","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Subdivision of thick sedimentary units into layers for simulation of groundwater flow","docAbstract":"Subdividing thick sedimentary units into model layers based solely on stratigraphy can lead to serious violation of groundwater flow modeling restraints and produce erroneous results. Borehole geophysical data can be used to suggest relative permeabilities and delineate model layers that are more likely to have uniform hydraulic properties than layers delineated by stratigraphic definitions alone. The uniformity within layers emphasizes the permeability contrast between layers, thereby allowing a quasi three-dimensional approach. These methods are applied to the thick sedimentary units of the Gulf Coastal Plain, USA.
","language":"English","publisher":"National Groundwater Association","issn":"0017467X","usgsCitation":"Weiss, J.S., and Williamson, A.K., 1985, Subdivision of thick sedimentary units into layers for simulation of groundwater flow: Groundwater, v. 23, no. 6, p. 767-774.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"767","endPage":"774","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220398,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"23","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9d0ce4b08c986b31d5f2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Weiss, J. S.","contributorId":63414,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weiss","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365028,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Williamson, A. K.","contributorId":57872,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williamson","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365027,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70012952,"text":"70012952 - 1985 - Overview of hydrologic-data collection by the US Geological Survey in Oklahoma.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:05","indexId":"70012952","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2944,"text":"Oklahoma Geology Notes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Overview of hydrologic-data collection by the US Geological Survey in Oklahoma.","docAbstract":"The US Geological Survey (USGS) collects hydrologic data from 1332 stream, lake, and ground-water sites in Oklahoma. Information on the quantity of water from a network of 123 streamflow stations, 30 lakes, 42 peak-flow stations, three low-flow stations, and on the quality of water from 40 stream locations is published each year in the USGS publication Water Resources Data for Oklahoma. Information on water levels from 1134 ground-water wells is currently published in cooperation with the State of Oklahoma in the USGS publication Ground-Water Levels in Observation Wells in Oklahoma. The data also are made available to the public as printouts from several computerized databases maintained by the USGS. -Author","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Oklahoma Geology Notes","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00301736","usgsCitation":"Hauth, L., 1985, Overview of hydrologic-data collection by the US Geological Survey in Oklahoma.: Oklahoma Geology Notes, v. 45, no. 4, p. 149-161.","startPage":"149","endPage":"161","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221861,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"45","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a720ee4b0c8380cd768d8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hauth, L.D.","contributorId":48551,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hauth","given":"L.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364922,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70012956,"text":"70012956 - 1985 - Electrical Techniques for Engineering Applications","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-03T00:50:29.946984","indexId":"70012956","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1115,"text":"Bulletin of the Association of Engineering Geologists","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Electrical Techniques for Engineering Applications","docAbstract":"Surface electrical geophysical methods have been used in such engineering applications as locating and delineating shallow gravel deposits, depth to bedrock, faults, clay zones, and other geological phenomena. Other engineering applications include determining water quality, tracing ground water contaminant plumes and locating dam seepages. Various methods and electrode arrays are employed to solve particular geological problems. The sensitivity of a particular method or electrode array depends upon the physics on which the method is based, the array geometry, the electrical contrast between the target and host materials, and the depth to the target. Each of the available electrical methods has its own particular advantages and applications which the paper discusses.","language":"English","publisher":"Association of Engineering Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gseegeosci.xxii.4.421","issn":"00045691","usgsCitation":"Bisdorf, R.J., 1985, Electrical Techniques for Engineering Applications: Bulletin of the Association of Engineering Geologists, v. 22, no. 4, p. 421-433, https://doi.org/10.2113/gseegeosci.xxii.4.421.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"421","endPage":"433","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221978,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"22","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a045ce4b0c8380cd50932","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bisdorf, Robert J.","contributorId":107277,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bisdorf","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364928,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70013126,"text":"70013126 - 1985 - Conceptual model for origin of abnormally pressured gas accumulations in low-permeability reservoirs","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-12T17:12:45.512594","indexId":"70013126","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":701,"text":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Conceptual model for origin of abnormally pressured gas accumulations in low-permeability reservoirs","docAbstract":"The largest gas fields in the Rocky Mountain region occur in abnormally pressured reservoirs. These gas accumulations are different from more conventional gas accumulations in that they are commonly located in basin-center positions, they occur downdip from water-bearing rocks, and they are in overpressured or underpressured low-permeability reservoirs. We suggest that overpressured and underpressured gas accumulations of this type have a common origin.
In basins containing overpressured gas accumulations, rates of thermogenic gas accumulation exceed gas loss, causing fluid (gas) pressure to rise above the regional hydrostatic pressure. Within the overpressured gas generation zone, free water in the larger pores is forced out of the gas generation zone into overlying and updip, normally pressured, water-bearing rocks. The remaining tightly bound water, at irreducible saturation levels, cannot remove dissolution products, precluding significant permeability and porosity enhancement. Thus, while other diagenetic processes continue, a pore network with very low permeability develops. As a result, gas accumulates in these low-permeability reservoirs at rates higher than it is lost.
In basins containing underpressured gas accumulations, rates of gas generation and accumulation are less than gas loss. These basins have typically experienced significant uplift and erosion and/or temporal variations of paleotemperature. Despite these modifications, the basin-center gas accumulation persists, but because of changes in the basin dynamics, the overpressured accumulation evolves into an underpressured system.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists","doi":"10.1306/AD462BD7-16F7-11D7-8645000102C1865D","usgsCitation":"Law, B.E., and Dickinson, W.W., 1985, Conceptual model for origin of abnormally pressured gas accumulations in low-permeability reservoirs: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 69, no. 8, p. 1295-1304, https://doi.org/10.1306/AD462BD7-16F7-11D7-8645000102C1865D.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"1295","endPage":"1304","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220232,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"69","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f2dee4b0c8380cd4b444","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Law, B. E.","contributorId":17586,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Law","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365351,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dickinson, W. W.","contributorId":97123,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dickinson","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365352,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70013119,"text":"70013119 - 1985 - U. S. PHOSPHATE INDUSTRY: REVISED PROSPECTS AND POTENTIAL.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:38","indexId":"70013119","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2678,"text":"Marine Technology Society Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"U. S. PHOSPHATE INDUSTRY: REVISED PROSPECTS AND POTENTIAL.","docAbstract":"Although the United States is the world's largest producer and exporter of phosphates, serious doubts have arisen in recent years that U. S. deposits could sustain this important role. The development of borehole mining; i. e. , extracting the phosphate matrix as a slurry through a drill hole, however, is cause for optimism. Commercial borehole mining is still years away, but the potential advantages are numerous and important. Recent surveys also suggest that offshore deposits and deeply buried onshore deposits much exceed previous estimates. On the basis of the new technology and revised resource estimates, one can easily see the potential for increased production from U. S. deposits.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Marine Technology Society Journal","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00253324","usgsCitation":"McKelvey, V., 1985, U. S. PHOSPHATE INDUSTRY: REVISED PROSPECTS AND POTENTIAL.: Marine Technology Society Journal, v. 19, no. 4, p. 65-67.","startPage":"65","endPage":"67","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220125,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"19","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bba3ae4b08c986b32804f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McKelvey, Vincent E.","contributorId":106637,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McKelvey","given":"Vincent E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365338,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70013263,"text":"70013263 - 1985 - Copper and silver accumulation in transplanted and resident clams (Macoma balthica) in South San Francisco Bay","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-19T10:54:00","indexId":"70013263","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2664,"text":"Marine Environmental Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Copper and silver accumulation in transplanted and resident clams (Macoma balthica) in South San Francisco Bay","docAbstract":"Accumulation of Cu and Ag by soft tissues of the deposit-feeding clam Macoma balthica was less than half in clams transplanted to a contaminated area than in clams native to that area. During a period of tissue growth, the transplants retained 50% and 90%, respectively, of the net Cu and Ag accumulated, but loss of metals from soft tissue by the resident population equalled net accumulation. Copper accumulation in the transplants did not occur during some periods when increases in the metal body burden of the resident population indicated that environmental exposures were high. The difference in metal accumulation of the two groups of clams may be the result of past environmental exposures. The results illustrate some limitations of using transplants as indicators of pollution events or of pollutant impact upon resident populations.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0141-1136(85)90133-3","issn":"01411136","usgsCitation":"Cain, D., and Luoma, S.N., 1985, Copper and silver accumulation in transplanted and resident clams (Macoma balthica) in South San Francisco Bay: Marine Environmental Research, v. 15, no. 2, p. 115-135, https://doi.org/10.1016/0141-1136(85)90133-3.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"115","endPage":"135","numberOfPages":"21","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":219788,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"South San Francisco Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.84912109375,\n 37.274052809979054\n ],\n [\n -121.57470703125,\n 37.274052809979054\n ],\n [\n -121.57470703125,\n 37.88352498087131\n ],\n [\n -122.84912109375,\n 37.88352498087131\n ],\n [\n -122.84912109375,\n 37.274052809979054\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"15","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fbf7e4b0c8380cd4e060","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cain, D.J.","contributorId":68329,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cain","given":"D.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365673,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Luoma, Samuel N. 0000-0001-5443-5091 snluoma@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5443-5091","contributorId":2287,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luoma","given":"Samuel","email":"snluoma@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779759,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70013266,"text":"70013266 - 1985 - MODELING HYDRAULIC PROBLEMS USING THE CVBEM AND THE MICROCOMPUTER.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:17","indexId":"70013266","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"MODELING HYDRAULIC PROBLEMS USING THE CVBEM AND THE MICROCOMPUTER.","docAbstract":"The Complex Variable Boundary Element Method (CVBEM) offers an effective and efficient means for modeling two-dimensional potential and related flow problems. The method has been applied to various hydraulic and hydrodynamic problems - surface water, ground water, and other flows - and has proven its accuracy, reliability and usefulness. The paper describes the CVBEM and its application.","conferenceTitle":"Hydraulics and Hydrology in the Small Computer Age, Proceedings of the Specialty Conference.","conferenceLocation":"Lake Buena Vista, FL, USA","language":"English","publisher":"ASCE","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, USA","isbn":"0872624749","usgsCitation":"Lai, C., and Hromadka, T., 1985, MODELING HYDRAULIC PROBLEMS USING THE CVBEM AND THE MICROCOMPUTER., Hydraulics and Hydrology in the Small Computer Age, Proceedings of the Specialty Conference., Lake Buena Vista, FL, USA, p. 444-449.","startPage":"444","endPage":"449","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219791,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4ad3e4b0c8380cd690a2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lai, Chintu","contributorId":16860,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lai","given":"Chintu","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365681,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hromadka, T. V. II","contributorId":76464,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hromadka","given":"T. V.","suffix":"II","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365682,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}