The use of birds as test models in experimental and environmental toxicology as related to health effects is reviewed, and an overview of descriptive tests routinely used in wildlife toxicology is provided. Toxicologic research on birds may be applicable to human health both directly by their use as models for mechanistic and descriptive studies and indirectly as monitors of environmental quality. Topics include the use of birds as models for study of teratogenesis and embryotoxicity, neurotoxicity, behavior, trends of environmental pollution, and for use in predictive wildlife toxicology. Uses of domestic and wild-captured birds are discussed.
","language":"English","publisher":"Sage Journals","doi":"10.3109/10915818409104398","usgsCitation":"Hill, E.F., and Hoffman, D.J., 1984, Avian models for toxicity testing: Journal of the American College of Toxicology, v. 3, no. 6, p. 357-376, https://doi.org/10.3109/10915818409104398.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"357","endPage":"376","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":193863,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"3","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1984-11-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a82e4b07f02db64aefe","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hill, E. F.","contributorId":14362,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hill","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335098,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hoffman, D. J.","contributorId":12801,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoffman","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335097,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5221955,"text":"5221955 - 1984 - High PCB residues in birds from the Sheboygan River, Wisconsin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-12T10:56:07","indexId":"5221955","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:19:21","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1552,"text":"Environmental Monitoring and Assessment","onlineIssn":"1573-2959","printIssn":"0167-6369","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"High PCB residues in birds from the Sheboygan River, Wisconsin","docAbstract":"Organochlorine residues were measured in the carcasses and, in some cases, brains and stomach contents of four species of birds collected along the Sheboygan River, Wisconsin during the years 1976 to 1980. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were high in all samples and were the contaminants of greatest concern. Carcass residues ranged from 23 to 218 ppm PCBs on a wet weight basis; these are levels associated with reproductive impairment in laboratory studies with some birds. Food items in the stomachs of collected birds contained from 12 to 58 ppm PCBs, indicating a heavy contamination of food sources. The brain of one bird contained 220 ppm PCBs, a level that is not in the lethal range but is very high. Birds feeding in the contaminated portions of the Sheboygan River may have been harmed by high PCB levels.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF00398784","usgsCitation":"Heinz, G., Swineford, D.M., and Katsma, D.E., 1984, High PCB residues in birds from the Sheboygan River, Wisconsin: Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, v. 4, no. 2, p. 155-161, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00398784.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"155","endPage":"161","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":194054,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","otherGeospatial":"Sheboygan River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -87.78573989868164,\n 43.71925681186759\n ],\n [\n -87.75887489318848,\n 43.71925681186759\n ],\n [\n -87.75887489318848,\n 43.73978616175876\n ],\n [\n -87.78573989868164,\n 43.73978616175876\n ],\n [\n -87.78573989868164,\n 43.71925681186759\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"4","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae1e4b07f02db6887a6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Heinz, Gary gheinz@usgs.gov","contributorId":3049,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heinz","given":"Gary","email":"gheinz@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":335120,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Swineford, Douglas M.","contributorId":176501,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Swineford","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335121,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Katsma, Dale E.","contributorId":7790,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Katsma","given":"Dale","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335119,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":5221954,"text":"5221954 - 1984 - Toxicity of anticholinesterase insecticides to birds: Technical grade versus granular formulations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:36","indexId":"5221954","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:19:21","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1480,"text":"Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Toxicity of anticholinesterase insecticides to birds: Technical grade versus granular formulations","docAbstract":"The acute toxicities of 13 granular anticholinesterase insecticides were compared with their technical grade active ingredients by administering single oral doses of chemical to adult Northern bobwhites (Colinus virginianus) and evaluating resultant LD50 values and dose-response curves. Similar tests with ringed turtledoves (Streptopelia risoria) were conducted with five of the granular formulations to check for interspecific differences. The test chemicals were Amaze 15G (isofenphos), Counter 15G (terbufos), Dasanit 15G (fensulfothion), Diazinon 14G (diazinon), Di-Syston 15G (disulfoton), Dyfonate 20G (fonofos), Furadan 10G (carbofuran), Lorsban 15G (chlorpyrifos), Nemacur 15G (fenamiphos), Parathion 10G (parathion), Tattoo 10G (bendiocarb), Temik 15G (aldicarb), and Thimet 15G (phorate). Information is also presented on dose-response relations and their use in hazard assessment, granule size and hazard, response patterns, and toxic signs. The general conclusions were: (1) The organophosphates (fenamiphos and fensulfothion) and the carbamate (aldicarb) were the most toxic of the insecticides tested. (2) The granular formulation and its technical grade active ingredient were of equivalent toxicity, or the granular was significantly less toxic. (3) The dose-response curve enhances hazard assessment. (4) Ingestion of a single granule of Temik 15G was shown to be life threatening to bobwhite-sized birds, and ingestion of fewer than five granules could be lethal to sparrow-sized birds for Dasanit 15G, Diazinon 14G, Dyfonate 20G, Furadan 15G, and Nemacur 15G. (5) It is therefore suggested that the hazard associated with granular insecticides may be more dependent on which species (cf. size and feeding behavior) inhabit a treated area than on the actual application rate.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/0147-6513(84)90015-0","collaboration":"3024_Hill.pdf","usgsCitation":"Hill, E.F., and Camardese, M., 1984, Toxicity of anticholinesterase insecticides to birds: Technical grade versus granular formulations: Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, v. 8, no. 6, p. 551-563, https://doi.org/10.1016/0147-6513(84)90015-0.","productDescription":"551-563","startPage":"551","endPage":"563","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":194053,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":18253,"rank":200,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0147-6513(84)90015-0","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"volume":"8","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b01e4b07f02db698801","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hill, E. F.","contributorId":14362,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hill","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335117,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Camardese, M.B.","contributorId":106591,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Camardese","given":"M.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335118,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5223690,"text":"5223690 - 1984 - Estimating prey size and number in crayfish-eating snakes, genus Regina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:43","indexId":"5223690","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:19:21","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1892,"text":"Herpetologica","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimating prey size and number in crayfish-eating snakes, genus Regina","docAbstract":" Snakes of the genus Regina feed almost exclusively on crayfish. The paired, symmetrical gastroliths of crayfish are not digested and are detectable from x-rays of the snake. Gastrolith length is directly proportional to carapace length and can be obtained from x-rays. Carapace length can be converted to kcal of ingested energy. Using these relationships and repeated captures of radio-telemetered Regina, estimates of food consumption and energy intake by freeliving snakes are feasible. New information on prey selectivity, feeding behavior, and predator-prey size relations in Regina grahami and R. septemvittata are presented and compared with similar data for other snakes.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Herpetologica","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Godley, J., McDiarmid, R., and Rojas, N., 1984, Estimating prey size and number in crayfish-eating snakes, genus Regina: Herpetologica, v. 40, no. 1, p. 82-88.","productDescription":"82-88","startPage":"82","endPage":"88","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":199887,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":18247,"rank":200,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3892464","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"volume":"40","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ce4b07f02db5fc8cd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Godley, J.S.","contributorId":15731,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Godley","given":"J.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339273,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McDiarmid, R.W.","contributorId":15130,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McDiarmid","given":"R.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339272,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rojas, N.N.","contributorId":41555,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rojas","given":"N.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339274,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":5221943,"text":"5221943 - 1984 - Neurotoxic and teratogenic effects of an organophosphorus insecticide (phenyl phosphonothioic acid-O-ethyl-O-[4-nitrophenyl] ester) on mallard development","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-03-11T18:01:00.813525","indexId":"5221943","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:19:21","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3612,"text":"Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Neurotoxic and teratogenic effects of an organophosphorus insecticide (phenyl phosphonothioic acid-O-ethyl-O-[4-nitrophenyl] ester) on mallard development","docAbstract":"Phenyl phosphonothioic acid-O-ethyl-O-[4-nitrophenyl] ester (EPN) is one of the 10 most frequently used organophosphorus insecticides and caused delayed neurotoxicity in adult chickens and mallards. Small amounts of organophosphorus insecticides placed on birds' eggs are embryotoxic and teratogenic. For this reason, the effects of topical egg application on EPN were examined on mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) embryo development. Mallard eggs were treated topically at 72 hr of incubation with 25 μl of a nontoxic oil vehicle or with EPN in the vehicle at concentrations of approximately 12, 36, or 108 μg/g egg, equivalent to one, three, and nine times the agricultural level of application used to spray crops. Treatment with EPN resulted in 22 to 44% mortality over this dose range by 18 days of development compared with 4 and 5% for untreated and vehicle-treated controls. EPN impaired embryonic growth and was highly teratogenic: 37–42% of the surviving embryos at 18 days were abnormal with cervical and axial scoliosis as well as severe edema. Brain weights were significantly lower in EPN-treated groups at different stages of development including hatchlings. Brain neurotoxic esterase (NTE) activity was inhibited by as much as 91% at 11 days, 81% at 18 days, and 79% in hatchlings. Examination of brain NTE activity during the course of normal development revealed an increase of nearly sixfold from Day 11 through hatching. The most rapid increase occurred between Day 20 and hatching. Brain acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity was inhibited by as much as 41% at 11 days, 47% at 18 days, and 20% in hatchlings. Plasma cholinesterase and alkaline phosphatase activities were inhibited and plasma aspartate aminotransferase activity was increased at one or more stages of development. Hatchlings from EPN-treated eggs were weaker and slower to right themselves. Histopathological examination did not reveal demyelination and axonopathy of the spinal cord that was characteristic of delayed neurotoxicity in adult birds.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0041-008X(84)90334-X","usgsCitation":"Hoffman, D.J., and Sileo, L., 1984, Neurotoxic and teratogenic effects of an organophosphorus insecticide (phenyl phosphonothioic acid-O-ethyl-O-[4-nitrophenyl] ester) on mallard development: Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, v. 73, no. 2, p. 284-294, https://doi.org/10.1016/0041-008X(84)90334-X.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"284","endPage":"294","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":193769,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"73","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4affe4b07f02db697a4e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hoffman, D. J.","contributorId":12801,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoffman","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335092,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sileo, L.","contributorId":46895,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sileo","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335093,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5223551,"text":"5223551 - 1984 - First records of Juan Fernandes (Pterodroma e. externa) and Stejneger's (Pterodroma longirostris) petrels from Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-12T18:14:28","indexId":"5223551","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:19:19","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":601,"text":"'Elepaio","printIssn":"0013-6069","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"First records of Juan Fernandes (Pterodroma e. externa) and Stejneger's (Pterodroma longirostris) petrels from Hawaii","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
Several important questions in evolutionary biology and paleobiology involve sources of variation in extinction rates. In all cases of which we are aware, extinction rates have been estimated from data in which the probability that an observation (e.g., a fossil taxon) will occur is related both to extinction rates and to what we term encounter probabilities. Any statistical method for analyzing fossil data should at a minimum permit separate inferences on these two components. We develop a method for estimating taxonomic extinction rates from stratigraphic range data and for testing hypotheses about variability in these rates. We use this method to estimate extinction rates and to test the hypothesis of constant extinction rates for several sets of stratigraphic range data. The results of our tests support the hypothesis that extinction rates varied over the geologic time periods examined. We also present a test that can be used to identify periods of high or low extinction probabilities and provide an example using Phanerozoic invertebrate data. Extinction rates should be analyzed using stochastic models, in which it is recognized that stratigraphic samples are random variates and that sampling is imperfect.
","language":"English","publisher":"Cambridge University Press","doi":"10.1017/S0094837300008307","usgsCitation":"Conroy, M., and Nichols, J., 1984, Testing for variation in taxonomic extinction probabilities: A suggested methodology and some results: Paleobiology, v. 10, no. 3, p. 328-337, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0094837300008307.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"328","endPage":"337","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":193468,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"10","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2016-02-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac8e4b07f02db67b8a9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Conroy, M.J.","contributorId":84690,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Conroy","given":"M.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337348,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nichols, J.D. 0000-0002-7631-2890","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7631-2890","contributorId":14332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"J.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337347,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5221972,"text":"5221972 - 1984 - A general methodology for maximum likelihood inference from band-recovery data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-06T12:59:29.433193","indexId":"5221972","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:19:19","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1039,"text":"Biometrics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A general methodology for maximum likelihood inference from band-recovery data","docAbstract":"A numerical procedure is described for obtaining maximum likelihood estimates and associated maximum likelihood inference from band- recovery data. The method is used to illustrate previously developed one-age-class band-recovery models, and is extended to new models, including the analysis with a covariate for survival rates and variable-time-period recovery models. Extensions to R-age-class band- recovery, mark-recapture models, and twice-yearly marking are discussed. A FORTRAN program provides computations for these models.","language":"English","publisher":"International Biometric Society","doi":"10.2307/2530917","usgsCitation":"Conroy, M., and Williams, B.K., 1984, A general methodology for maximum likelihood inference from band-recovery data: Biometrics, v. 40, no. 3, p. 739-748, https://doi.org/10.2307/2530917.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"739","endPage":"748","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":196905,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"40","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6ae73f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Conroy, M.J.","contributorId":84690,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Conroy","given":"M.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335163,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Williams, B. Kenneth","contributorId":107798,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"Kenneth","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335164,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5221971,"text":"5221971 - 1984 - Geographic and temporal differences in band reporting rates for American black ducks","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-06-11T12:40:29","indexId":"5221971","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:19:19","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geographic and temporal differences in band reporting rates for American black ducks","docAbstract":"Recoveries of reward- and standard-banded American black ducks (Anas rubripes) were used to estimate band reporting rates and to investigate geographic and temporal variability in reporting rate for 1978-80. Reporting rates were higher close ( 20 km) to the parent banding site in 3 of 42 samples and were higher close to the nearest black duck banding site in 3 of 35 samples., Reporting rates were higher P 0.05) in Canada than in the Atlantic Flyway for the pre-huntIng season 1980-banded sample, but were otherwise similar among regions. Temporal differences over the duration of the study occurred, but there were no consistent trends over time. The small number of rejections suggests that there is little evidence of differences in band reporting rate by proximity to banding sites, geographic location, or over time. Thus, the best estimate of band reporting rate for black ducks is a constant 0.43. This estimate should be used with caution, because we believe that it overestimates reporting rate due to the unknown proportion of reward bands found that were not reported.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/3808450","usgsCitation":"Conroy, M., and Blandin, W., 1984, Geographic and temporal differences in band reporting rates for American black ducks: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 48, no. 1, p. 23-36, https://doi.org/10.2307/3808450.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"23","endPage":"36","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195948,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"48","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ce4b07f02db6a95fb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Conroy, M.J.","contributorId":84690,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Conroy","given":"M.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335161,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Blandin, W.W.","contributorId":107811,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blandin","given":"W.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335162,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5221516,"text":"5221516 - 1984 - Feeding flights of nesting wading birds at a Virginia colony","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-20T12:42:23.011669","indexId":"5221516","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:19:19","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1272,"text":"Colonial Waterbirds","printIssn":"07386028","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Feeding flights of nesting wading birds at a Virginia colony","docAbstract":"Feeding flights of Snowy Egrets (Egretta thula), Tricolored Herons (E. tricolor), Little Blue Herons (E. caerulea), and Cattle Egrets (Bubulcus ibis) were monitored at a small nesting colony near Chincoteague, Virginia during late May and June 1979. All four species varied their flight directions over a series of days. Cattle Egrets oriented in a different direction (toward uplands) from the other three wetland-feeding species, which oriented toward Spartina marsh areas. None of the species showed a tendency to form groups while departing from or arriving at the colony. Tide level had little influence on flight directions used. Comparisons are made between these results and those from a similar study in coastal North Carolina.","language":"English","publisher":"Waterbird Society","doi":"10.2307/1521084","usgsCitation":"Erwin, R., 1984, Feeding flights of nesting wading birds at a Virginia colony: Colonial Waterbirds, v. 7, no. 1, p. 74-79, https://doi.org/10.2307/1521084.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"74","endPage":"79","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":197604,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Virginia","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -76.66111223625715,\n 38.19295328072141\n ],\n [\n -76.66111223625715,\n 36.88630319807231\n ],\n [\n -75.0571083300075,\n 36.88630319807231\n ],\n [\n -75.0571083300075,\n 38.19295328072141\n ],\n [\n -76.66111223625715,\n 38.19295328072141\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"7","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fde4b07f02db5f5d7e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Erwin, R.M.","contributorId":57396,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Erwin","given":"R.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":334037,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5221970,"text":"5221970 - 1984 - Tissue lead distribution and hematologic effects in American kestrels (Falco sparverius) fed biologically incorporated lead","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-24T13:09:34","indexId":"5221970","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:19:19","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2507,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Diseases","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Tissue lead distribution and hematologic effects in American kestrels (Falco sparverius) fed biologically incorporated lead","docAbstract":"American kestrels were fed a diet containing 0.5, 120, 212, and 448 ppm (dry wt) biologically incorporated lead (Pb) for 60 days. The diet consisted of homogenized 4-wk-old cockerels raised on feed mixed with and without lead. No kestrels died and weights did not differ among treatment groups. The control group (0.5 ppm Pb) had the lowest mean concentration of lead and the high dietary group had the highest for the following tissues: Kidney, liver, femur, brain, and blood. Concentrations of lead were significantly correlated among tissues. There were no differences among treatment groups for packed cell volume, hemoglobin concentration, or erythrocyte count.","language":"English","publisher":"Wildlife Disease Association","doi":"10.7589/0090-3558-20.1.39","usgsCitation":"Custer, T., Franson, J.C., and Pattee, O.H., 1984, Tissue lead distribution and hematologic effects in American kestrels (Falco sparverius) fed biologically incorporated lead: Journal of Wildlife Diseases, v. 20, no. 1, p. 39-43, https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-20.1.39.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"39","endPage":"43","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":196904,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"20","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a53e4b07f02db62b3e3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Custer, T. W. 0000-0003-3170-6519","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3170-6519","contributorId":91802,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Custer","given":"T. W.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":335159,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Franson, J. C. 0000-0002-0251-4238","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0251-4238","contributorId":99071,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Franson","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335160,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pattee, O. H.","contributorId":46459,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pattee","given":"O.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335158,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":5221980,"text":"5221980 - 1984 - DDE in birds' eggs: Comparisons of two methods for estimating critical levels","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:10","indexId":"5221980","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:19:19","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3783,"text":"The Wilson Bulletin","printIssn":"0043-5643","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"DDE in birds' eggs: Comparisons of two methods for estimating critical levels","docAbstract":"The sample egg technique and eggshell thickness-residue regression analysis were comparatively evaluated as tools in estimating critical levels of DDE in birds? eggs that seriously affect reproductive successa nd population starts....In comparing critical values of DDE that were derived from the two methods, the estimates were lower using the sample egg technique for both the Brown Pelican (3 ?g/g vs 8 ?g/g) and the Black-crowned Night-Heron (12?g/g/ vs 54 ?g/g) assuming a critical value of eggshell thinning at 20%....Extension of the regression line beyond the eggshell thickness-DDE residue data base is likely to result in spurious critical values of DDE. When sufficient thickness and residue data are available for estimating critical values of DDE from the regression equation, the estimates are meaningful but are likely to be inflated because adverse effects unrelated to eggshell thinning such as parental behavior and embryotoxicity unrelated to eggshell deficiencies are not taken into account.....Establishing critical levels of pollutants in eggs and tissues is a necessary procedure in assessing effects of these chemicals on individuals and populations of sensitive species. There are inherent difficulties in quantifying the effects of any pollutant on population trends and declines in productivity. The sample egg technique is apparently a more sensitive method for estimating critical levels of DDE, but some subjective interpretation is required for results obtained by both methods.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Wilson Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Blus, L.J., 1984, DDE in birds' eggs: Comparisons of two methods for estimating critical levels: The Wilson Bulletin, v. 96, no. 2, p. 268-276.","productDescription":"268-276","startPage":"268","endPage":"276","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":18196,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://elibrary.unm.edu/sora/Wilson/v096n02/p0268-p0276.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":196333,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"96","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acce4b07f02db67e539","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Blus, L. J.","contributorId":38116,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blus","given":"L.","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335188,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5221976,"text":"5221976 - 1984 - Disseminated visceral coccidiosis in sandhill cranes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:10","indexId":"5221976","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:19:19","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2528,"text":"Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Disseminated visceral coccidiosis in sandhill cranes","docAbstract":"Disseminated visceral coccidiosis (DVC) caused by Eimeria spp was first recognized as a disease entity in captive sandhill cranes (Grus canadensis) and whooping cranes (G americana) at the Patuxent Wildlife Research Center. Because cranes produced at the Center are reintroduced to the wild to augment wild populations, studies involving both experimentally induced and natural infections were initiated to determine the potential or actual occurrence of DVC in wild Gruidae. Nine sandhill cranes dosed orally with eimerian oocysts of wild origin developed lesions characteristic of DVC. Extraintestinal granulomas associated with developing schizonts were found in 6 birds. Similar lesions were observed in wild sandhill cranes throughout parts of midwestern United States, Alaska, and Saskatchewan. These studies revealed the wide geographic distribution and the high frequency of occurrence of DVC in wild cranes.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Carpenter, J.W., Novilla, M., Fayer, R., and Iverson, G., 1984, Disseminated visceral coccidiosis in sandhill cranes: Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, v. 185, no. 11, p. 1343-1346.","productDescription":"1343-1346","startPage":"1343","endPage":"1346","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195949,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"185","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a81e4b07f02db64a32a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carpenter, J. W.","contributorId":81854,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carpenter","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335174,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Novilla, M.N.","contributorId":18716,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Novilla","given":"M.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335172,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fayer, R.","contributorId":98684,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fayer","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335175,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Iverson, G.C.","contributorId":30590,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Iverson","given":"G.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335173,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":5221981,"text":"5221981 - 1984 - Simulation analyses of space use: Home range estimates, variability, and sample size","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-02T20:22:04","indexId":"5221981","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:19:16","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":979,"text":"Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, and Computers","onlineIssn":"1532-5970","printIssn":"0743-3808","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Simulation analyses of space use: Home range estimates, variability, and sample size","docAbstract":"Simulations of space use by animals were run to determine the relationship among home range area estimates, variability, and sample size (number of locations). As sample size increased, home range size increased asymptotically, whereas variability decreased among mean home range area estimates generated by multiple simulations for the same sample size. Our results suggest that field workers should ascertain between 100 and 200 locations in order to estimate reliably home range area. In some cases, this suggested guideline is higher than values found in the few published studies in which the relationship between home range area and number of locations is addressed. Sampling differences for small species occupying relatively small home ranges indicate that fewer locations may be sufficient to allow for a reliable estimate of home range. Intraspecific variability in social status (group member, loner, resident, transient), age, sex, reproductive condition, and food resources also have to be considered, as do season, habitat, and differences in sampling and analytical methods. Comparative data still are needed.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.3758/BF03201046","usgsCitation":"Bekoff, M., and Mech, L.D., 1984, Simulation analyses of space use: Home range estimates, variability, and sample size: Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, and Computers, v. 16, no. 1, p. 32-37, https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03201046.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"32","endPage":"37","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":480188,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3758/bf03201046","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":197590,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"16","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49aee4b07f02db5c7a1f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bekoff, Marc","contributorId":113207,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bekoff","given":"Marc","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335189,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mech, L. David 0000-0003-3944-7769 david_mech@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3944-7769","contributorId":2518,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mech","given":"L.","email":"david_mech@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"David","affiliations":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":335190,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5222068,"text":"5222068 - 1984 - Organochlorine pesticide residues in moths from the Baltimore, MD-Washington, D.C. area","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-19T17:45:42.887553","indexId":"5222068","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:19:16","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1552,"text":"Environmental Monitoring and Assessment","onlineIssn":"1573-2959","printIssn":"0167-6369","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Organochlorine pesticide residues in moths from the Baltimore, MD-Washington, D.C. area","docAbstract":"Moths were collected with a light trap from 15 sites in the Baltimore, Maryland-Washington, D.C. area and analyzed for organochlorine pesticide residues. On the average, the species sampled contained 0.33 ppm heptachlor-chlordane compounds, 0.25 ppm DDE, and 0.11 ppm dieldrin. There were large differences in the concentrations detected in different species. Concentrations were especially high in moths whose larvae were cutworms, and were virtually absent from moths whose larvae fed on tree leaves. It was concluded that at least some species sampled could be an important source of insecticides to insectivorous wildlife. In some instances moths may be useful indicators of environmental contamination, especially when insectivorous wildlife species cannot be collected. However, the differences in residues observed among species means that only similar species should be compared, and this limits their potential for monitoring.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF00398782","usgsCitation":"Beyer, W., and Kaiser, T., 1984, Organochlorine pesticide residues in moths from the Baltimore, MD-Washington, D.C. area: Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, v. 4, no. 2, p. 129-137, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00398782.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"129","endPage":"137","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195905,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"4","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae5e4b07f02db68a850","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Beyer, W. N. 0000-0002-8911-9141","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8911-9141","contributorId":55379,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beyer","given":"W. N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335423,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kaiser, T. E.","contributorId":75486,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kaiser","given":"T. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335424,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5223909,"text":"5223909 - 1984 - Acute responses of American kestrels to methyl parathion and fenvalerate","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-21T11:03:38","indexId":"5223909","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:19:16","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1627,"text":"Federation Proceedings","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Acute responses of American kestrels to methyl parathion and fenvalerate","docAbstract":"Physiological and toxicological effects of p.o, methyl parathion (0.375-3.0 mg/kg) or fenvalerate (1000-4000 mg/kg) were examined over a 10 h period in American kestrels (Falco sparverius) maintained in thermoneutral (22?.C) and cold (-5?.C) environments. Methyl parathion was highly toxic (LD50=3.08 mg/kg, 95% confidence limits=2.29-4.l4 mg/kg, producing overt intoxication (abnormal posture, ataxia, paresis), dose-dependent inhibition (26-67%) of brain acetylcholinesterase activity, hyperglycemia, and elevated plasma corticosterone concentration. Transient but pronounced hypothermia was associated with plasma cholinesterase inhibition in excess of 50% (2 h after intubation), although this response was highly variable (plasma ChE inhibition vs. A cloacal temperature, r=-0.60). Fenvalerate, at doses far exceeding those encountered in the environment, caused mild intoxication (irregular head movement) and elevated plasma alanine aminotransferase activity, but did not alter cloacal temperature, plasma activities of CK, U-HBDH, and LDK, or concentrations of corticosterone, glucose, triiodothyronine, and uric acid. Cold exposure intensified methyl parathion toxicity, but did not affect that of fenvalerate. It would thus appear that the organophosphorus insecticide methyl parathion poses far greater hazard than the pyrethroid fenvalerate to raptorial birds.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Federation Proceedings","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Rattner, B., and Franson, J.C., 1984, Acute responses of American kestrels to methyl parathion and fenvalerate: Federation Proceedings, v. 43, no. 3, 580 (abstract no. 1726).","productDescription":"580 (abstract no. 1726)","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":200301,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"43","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b01e4b07f02db698448","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rattner, Barnett A. 0000-0003-3676-2843","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3676-2843","contributorId":95843,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rattner","given":"Barnett A.","affiliations":[{"id":50464,"text":"Eastern Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":339916,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Franson, J. C. 0000-0002-0251-4238","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0251-4238","contributorId":99071,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Franson","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339917,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5230215,"text":"5230215 - 1984 - Program LINLOGN users instructions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:25","indexId":"5230215","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:33:22","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":3,"text":"Organization Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":194,"text":"North Carolina State University, Institute of Statistics Mimeograph Series","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":3}},"seriesNumber":"No. 1650","title":"Program LINLOGN users instructions","language":"English","usgsCitation":"Hines, J., Pollock, K.H., and Nichols, J., 1984, Program LINLOGN users instructions: North Carolina State University, Institute of Statistics Mimeograph Series No. 1650, [11].","productDescription":"[11]","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":202736,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae1e4b07f02db6889e1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hines, J.E. 0000-0001-5478-7230","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5478-7230","contributorId":36885,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hines","given":"J.E.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":343751,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pollock, K. H.","contributorId":65184,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pollock","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":343752,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nichols, J.D. 0000-0002-7631-2890","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7631-2890","contributorId":14332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"J.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":343750,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":5211096,"text":"5211096 - 1984 - Seabirds of the north and middle Atlantic coast of the United States: their status and conservation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:26","indexId":"5211096","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:19","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Seabirds of the north and middle Atlantic coast of the United States: their status and conservation","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Status and conservation of the world's seabirds","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"International Council of Bird Preservation","publisherLocation":"Cambridge, England","usgsCitation":"Buckley, P.A., and Buckley, F.G., 1984, Seabirds of the north and middle Atlantic coast of the United States: their status and conservation, chap. of Status and conservation of the world's seabirds, p. 101-133.","productDescription":"ix, 778","startPage":"101","endPage":"133","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":203077,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ce4b07f02db5fc543","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Croxall, J.P.","contributorId":88555,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Croxall","given":"J.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":507602,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Evans, P.G.","contributorId":113410,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Evans","given":"P.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":507604,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schreiber, R.W.","contributorId":92782,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schreiber","given":"R.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":507603,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Buckley, P. 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Recent studies comparing breeding bird populations of extensive forests with those of isolated woodlots have shown that the smaller woodlots, especially those under 35 ha (about 85 acres), lack many species that are typical of the larger tracts. The missing species can be predicted, and basically are the neotropical migrants. These long-distance migrants share several characteristics that make them especially vulnerable to reproductive failure in situations where predation and cowbird parasitism are high: they are primarily single-brooded, open nesters that lay small clutches on or near the ground. Edge habitats and forest openings attract cowbirds and predators. The edge species of birds, which are mostly permanent residents or short-distance migrants, are well adapted to survive and reproduce in small isolated woodlands without the benefit of special habitat management. The obligate forest interior species, on the other hand, are decreasing in those parts of North America where extensive forests are being replaced by isolated woodlands. If we are to preserve ecosystems intact for the benefit of future generations, and maintain a viable gene pool for the scarcer species, we must think in terms of retaining large, unbroken tracts of forest and of limiting disturbance in the more remote portions of these tracts.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":" Proceedings of the Workshop on Management of Nongame Species and Ecological Communities","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"Department of Forestry, University of Kentucky","publisherLocation":"Lexington","collaboration":"workshop held June 11-12, 1984","usgsCitation":"Robbins, C., 1984, Management to conserve forest ecosystems, chap. of Proceedings of the Workshop on Management of Nongame Species and Ecological Communities, p. 101-107.","productDescription":"vi, 404","startPage":"101","endPage":"107","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":200680,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a81e4b07f02db64a594","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"McComb, William C.","contributorId":113578,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McComb","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506512,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Robbins, C.S.","contributorId":53907,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robbins","given":"C.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":328508,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5210333,"text":"5210333 - 1984 - Linear regression--A useful tool in analyzing banding results","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:19","indexId":"5210333","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:17","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Linear regression--A useful tool in analyzing banding results","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"An Introduction to Statistics for Bird Banders","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"Eastern Bird Banding Association","publisherLocation":"[Hellertown, Pennsylvania]","usgsCitation":"Robbins, C., 1984, Linear regression--A useful tool in analyzing banding results, chap. of An Introduction to Statistics for Bird Banders, p. 39-49.","productDescription":"iii, 88","startPage":"39","endPage":"49","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":201201,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b15e4b07f02db6a5033","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Schneider, Kathryn J.","contributorId":112134,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schneider","given":"Kathryn","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506296,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Robbins, C.S.","contributorId":53907,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robbins","given":"C.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":328216,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5210415,"text":"5210415 - 1984 - Ecological considerations for the use of dispersants in oil spill response","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-19T20:15:32","indexId":"5210415","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"seriesNumber":"840","title":"Ecological considerations for the use of dispersants in oil spill response","docAbstract":"A multidisciplinary task force with membership from government agencies, academia, and industry is developing ecologically based guidelines for dispersant use in marine and estuarine environments. 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The percentage of wells with fluoride, nitrate, or dissolved-solids concentrations exceeding U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Primary and Secondary Drinking Water Regulations were about 1, about 3, and about 3, respectively. Most high concentrations occurred in widely separated wells. Two exceptions were: high concentrations of nitrate and dissolved solids in wells on the Hanford Department of Energy Facility and high concentrations of nitrate in the lower Yakima River basin. 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