In a small watershed in the Shenandoah National Park, Virginia, the short-term dynamics of soluble aluminum in stream water sampled during rain events differed significantly from stream water sampled during base flow conditions. Three fractions of dissolved aluminum were measured. The inorganic monomeric fraction made up approximately two thirds of the total reactive aluminum at base flow, followed by the acid-soluble and organic monomeric fractions, respectively. Equilibrium modeling showed that hydroxide complexes were the most abundant form of inorganic monomeric aluminum followed by fluoride, free aluminum ion, and sulfate. The activity of inorganic monomeric aluminum at base flow appears to be in equilibrium with an Al(OH)3 phase with solubility intermediate between microcrystalline gibbsite and natural gibbsite. During two rain events, the concentration of all three aluminum fractions increased significantly. Available chemical evidence indicates that acidic soil water was the primary source of dissolved aluminum. As flow increased, the Al(OH)3 saturation index in the stream water increased significantly. The primary cause of the transient increase in the Al(OH)3 saturation index appears to have been the neutralization of excess H+ added by soil water through reaction with stream water HCO3− at a more rapid rate than excess inorganic monomeric aluminum could be removed from solution by hydroxide mineral precipitation. A soil water/stream water mixing model was developed based on measured changes of stream water alkalinity, silica concentration, and charge imbalance during the rain events. Model results indicate that a small amount of soil water (3–11%) was present in the stream at peak stage.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/WR025i007p01653","usgsCitation":"Burns, D.A., 1989, Speciation and equilibrium relations of soluble aluminum in a headwater stream at base flow and during rain events: Water Resources Research, v. 25, no. 7, p. 1653-1665, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR025i007p01653.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"1653","endPage":"1665","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223293,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Virginia","otherGeospatial":"Shenandoah National Park","volume":"25","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b94e7e4b08c986b31acac","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Burns, Douglas A. 0000-0001-6516-2869","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6516-2869","contributorId":29450,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burns","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372328,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70015560,"text":"70015560 - 1989 - Processing and attenuation of noise in deep seismic-reflection data from the Gulf of Maine","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:55","indexId":"70015560","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2668,"text":"Marine Geophysical Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Processing and attenuation of noise in deep seismic-reflection data from the Gulf of Maine","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey deep crustal studies reflection profile across the Gulf of Maine off southeastern New England was affected by three sources of noise: side-scattered noise, multiples, and 20-Hz whale sounds. The special processing most effective in minimizing this noise consisted of a combination of frequency-wavenumber (F-K) filtering, predictive deconvolution, and spectral whitening, each applied in the shot domain (prestack). Application of the F-K filter to remove side-scatter noise in the poststack domain resulted in a much poorer quality profile. The prestack noise suppression processing techniques resulted in a reflection profile with good signal-to-noise ratios and reliable strong reflections, especially at depths equivalent to the lower crust (24-34 km). Certain geologic features, such as a buried rift basin and a crustal fault are resolved much better within the upper crust after this processing. Finite difference migration of these data using realistic velocities produced excellent results. Migration was essential to distinguish between abundant dipping and subhorizontal reflections in the lower crust as well as to show an essentially transparent upper mantle. ?? 1989 Kluwer Academic Publishers.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Marine Geophysical Researches","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Kluwer Academic Publishers","doi":"10.1007/BF00286247","issn":"00253235","usgsCitation":"Hutchinson, D.R., and Lee, M.W., 1989, Processing and attenuation of noise in deep seismic-reflection data from the Gulf of Maine: Marine Geophysical Research, v. 11, no. 1, p. 51-67, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00286247.","startPage":"51","endPage":"67","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205474,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00286247"},{"id":224377,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"11","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a8dbee4b0c8380cd7edda","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hutchinson, D. R.","contributorId":31770,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hutchinson","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371224,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lee, Myung W.","contributorId":84358,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"Myung","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371225,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70015627,"text":"70015627 - 1989 - Surface faulting: A preliminary view","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-09-29T14:52:34.658721","indexId":"70015627","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1436,"text":"Earthquake Spectra","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Surface faulting: A preliminary view","docAbstract":"This description of surface faulting near Spitak, Armenia, is based on a field inspection made December 22-26, 1988. The surface rupture west of Spitak, displacement of the ground surface, pre-earthquake surface expressions of the fault, and photolineaments in landsat images are described and surface faulting is compared to aftershocks. It is concluded that the 2 meters of maximum surface displacement fits well within the range of reliably measured maximum surface offsets for historic reverse and oblique-reverse faulting events throughout the world. By contrast, the presently known length of surface rupture near Spitak, between 8 and 13 km, is shorter than any other reverse or oblique-reverse event of magnitude greater than 6.0. This may be a reason to suppose that additional surface rupture might remain unmapped.","language":"English","publisher":"Earthquake Engineering Research Institute","doi":"10.1193/1.1585232","usgsCitation":"Sharp, R.V., 1989, Surface faulting: A preliminary view: Earthquake Spectra, v. 5, no. 1_suppl, p. 13-22, https://doi.org/10.1193/1.1585232.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"13","endPage":"22","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223779,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"5","issue":"1_suppl","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1989-08-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9fabe4b08c986b31e77f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sharp, R. V.","contributorId":33692,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sharp","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371397,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70015675,"text":"70015675 - 1989 - Sensitive strata in Bootlegger Cove Formation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-01T11:03:23","indexId":"70015675","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2326,"text":"Journal of Geotechnical Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sensitive strata in Bootlegger Cove Formation","docAbstract":"Sensitivity magnitudes are interpreted from remolded strength values in recent subsurface geologic, geotechnical, and geochemical data from the Bootlegger Cove Formation adjacent to the Turnagain Heights Landslide. The results show that strata composed of highly sensitive clays occur in both the middle and lower zones of the formation, and that between these strata the clays are generally of low-to-medium sensitivity. The most sensitive stratum is in the middle zone between two sand layers, and its sensitivity increases from both clay-sand interfaces to a maximum at the center of the stratum. The pore fluid chemistry of the highly sensitive materials differs from that in the materials of low to medium sensitivity only in their concentrations of organic carbon, chloride, bicarbonate, and sulfate. The total dissolved solids concentration is low, and the ratio of monovalent to divalent cations is very high throughout the middle and lower zones of the formation. Of the known causes of high and extremely high sensitivities, only organic and/or anionic dispersants are consistent with these findings.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geotechnical Engineering","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"ASCE","doi":"10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1989)115:9(1239)","issn":"07339410","usgsCitation":"Olsen, H.W., 1989, Sensitive strata in Bootlegger Cove Formation: Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, v. 115, no. 9, p. 1239-1251, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1989)115:9(1239).","startPage":"1239","endPage":"1251","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223677,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":268622,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1989)115:9(1239)"}],"volume":"115","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8d1fe4b08c986b318281","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Olsen, Harold W.","contributorId":28985,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olsen","given":"Harold","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371497,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70015386,"text":"70015386 - 1989 - Source and origin of Roxana Silt and middle Wisconsinan midcontinent glacial activity","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-26T06:57:51","indexId":"70015386","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3218,"text":"Quaternary Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Source and origin of Roxana Silt and middle Wisconsinan midcontinent glacial activity","docAbstract":"Thick Roxana Silt (middle Wisconsinan) in central and southwestern Illinois traditionally has been interpreted as loess derived from valley-train deposits in the ancient Mississippi River valley. Winters et al. (H. A. Winters, J. J. Alford, and R. L. Rieck, Quaternary Research 29, 25-35, 1988) recently suggested that the Roxana was not directly related to glacial activity, but was derived from sediment produced by increased shoreline and spillway erosion associated with a fluctuating ancestral Lake Michigan. Because (1) paleoenvironmental and paleohydrologic conditions inferred in the hypothesis are unlikely for a loess depositional system and (2) loess did not accumulate during late Wisconsinan deglaciation under conditions similar to those hypothesized, we suggest the hypothesis should be rejected. Roxana distribution suggests the major source was drainage from the upper Mississippi River valley, and variations in loess thickness in Illinois can be explained by consideration of valley width, depth, orientation, and postdepositional erosion. Tills in the headwaters region of the ancient Mississippi drainage system in Minnesota and Wisconsin occur in the appropriate stratigraphic position and have colors and mineralogic compositions that suggest they could be the parent till of the Roxana. We believe a valley-train source for thick Roxana is most probable and urge continued consideration of middle Wisconsinan glaciation in the upper Great Lakes area. ?? 1989.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Quaternary Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/0033-5894(89)90040-9","issn":"00335894","usgsCitation":"Johnson, W., and Follmer, L., 1989, Source and origin of Roxana Silt and middle Wisconsinan midcontinent glacial activity: Quaternary Research, v. 31, no. 3, p. 319-331, https://doi.org/10.1016/0033-5894(89)90040-9.","startPage":"319","endPage":"331","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223934,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":266519,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0033-5894(89)90040-9"}],"volume":"31","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-01-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b931de4b08c986b31a2cf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, W.H.","contributorId":44297,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"W.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370821,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Follmer, L.R.","contributorId":19294,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Follmer","given":"L.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370820,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70015987,"text":"70015987 - 1989 - Acceleration spectra for subduction zone earthquakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-29T16:40:16.09538","indexId":"70015987","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":6453,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Acceleration spectra for subduction zone earthquakes","docAbstract":"We estimate the source spectra of shallow earthquakes from digital recordings of teleseismic P wave groups, that is, P + pP + sP, by making frequency dependent corrections for the attenuation and for the interference of the free surface. The correction for the interference of the free surface assumes that the earthquake radiates energy from a range of depths. We apply this spectral analysis to a set of 12 subduction zone earthquakes which range in size from MS = 6.2 to 8.1, obtaining corrected P wave acceleration spectra on the frequency band from 0.01 to 2.0 Hz. Seismic moment estimates from surface waves and normal modes are used to extend these P wave spectra to the frequency band from 0.001 to 0.01 Hz. The acceleration spectra of moderate subduction zone earthquakes, that is, earthquakes whose seismic moments are less than 1027 dyn cm, exhibit ω-square or Brune-type spectra, while the acceleration spectra of large subduction zone earthquakes, that is, earthquakes whose seismic moments are greater than 1027 dyn cm, exhibit intermediate slopes where ü(ω) ∝ ω5/4 for frequencies from 0.005 to 0.05 Hz. For this set of earthquakes, spectral shape appears to be a discontinuous function of seismic moment. Using reasonable assumptions for the phase characteristics, we transform the spectral shape observed for large earthquakes into the time domain to fit Ekström's (1987) moment rate functions for the MS = 8.1 Michoacan earthquake of September 19, 1985, and the MS = 7.6 Michoacan aftershock of September 21, 1985.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB094iB11p15541","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Boatwright, J., and Choy, G.L., 1989, Acceleration spectra for subduction zone earthquakes: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 94, no. B11, p. 15541-15553, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB094iB11p15541.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"15541","endPage":"15553","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222932,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"94","issue":"B11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e668e4b0c8380cd473d5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Boatwright, J.","contributorId":87297,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boatwright","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372261,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Choy, G. L. 0000-0002-0217-5555","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0217-5555","contributorId":78322,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Choy","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372260,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70015761,"text":"70015761 - 1989 - A hybrid fast Hankel transform algorithm for electromagnetic modeling","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-06-11T11:12:37","indexId":"70015761","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1808,"text":"Geophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A hybrid fast Hankel transform algorithm for electromagnetic modeling","docAbstract":"A hybrid fast Hankel transform algorithm has been developed that uses several complementary features of two existing algorithms: Anderson's digital filtering or fast Hankel transform (FHT) algorithm and Chave's quadrature and continued fraction algorithm. A hybrid FHT subprogram (called HYBFHT) written in standard Fortran-77 provides a simple user interface to call either subalgorithm. The hybrid approach is an attempt to combine the best features of the two subalgorithms to minimize the user's coding requirements and to provide fast execution and good accuracy for a large class of electromagnetic problems involving various related Hankel transform sets with multiple arguments. Special cases of Hankel transforms of double-order and double-argument are discussed, where use of HYBFHT is shown to be advantageous for oscillatory kernel functions.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Exploration Geophysicists","doi":"10.1190/1.1442650","issn":"00168033","usgsCitation":"Anderson, W., 1989, A hybrid fast Hankel transform algorithm for electromagnetic modeling: Geophysics, v. 54, no. 2, p. 263-266, https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1442650.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"263","endPage":"266","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224224,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"54","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e425e4b0c8380cd46443","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Anderson, W.L.","contributorId":54584,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"W.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371705,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70015750,"text":"70015750 - 1989 - Dune migration in a steep, coarse-bedded stream","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-21T13:01:51","indexId":"70015750","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Dune migration in a steep, coarse-bedded stream","docAbstract":"During 1986 and 1987, migrating bed forms composed of coarse sand and fine gravel (d50=1.8 to 9.1 mm) were documented in the North Fork Toutle River at Kid Valley, Washington, at flow velocities ranging from 1.6 to 3.4 m s−1 and depths of 0.8 to 2.2 m. The bed forms (predominantly lower regime dunes) were studied with a sonic depth sounder transducer suspended in the river at a stationary point. Twelve temporal depth-sounding records were collected during storm runoff and nearly steady, average streamflow, with record durations ranging from 37 to 261 min. Waveform height was defined by dune front heights, which ranged from 12 to 70 cm. A weak correlation between flow depth and the standard deviation of bed elevation was noted. Dune front counts and spectral analyses of the temporal records showed that dune crests passed the observation point every 2 to 5 min. Dunes were often superposed on larger bed forms with wave periods between 10 and 30 min. Gradual changes in waveform height and periodicity occurred over several hours during storm runoff. The processes of dune growth and decay were both time-dependent and affected by changes in streamflow. Rates of migration for typical dunes were estimated to be 3 cm s−1, and dune wavelengths were estimated to be 6 to 7 m.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/WR025i005p00911","usgsCitation":"Dinehart, R.L., 1989, Dune migration in a steep, coarse-bedded stream: Water Resources Research, v. 25, no. 5, p. 911-923, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR025i005p00911.","productDescription":"13p.","startPage":"911","endPage":"923","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224115,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","city":"Kid Valley","otherGeospatial":"North Fork Toutle River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.66132354736328,\n 46.326068311712596\n ],\n [\n -122.51094818115233,\n 46.326068311712596\n ],\n [\n -122.51094818115233,\n 46.40590683633536\n ],\n [\n -122.66132354736328,\n 46.40590683633536\n ],\n [\n -122.66132354736328,\n 46.326068311712596\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"25","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0416e4b0c8380cd5078f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dinehart, Randy L.","contributorId":68341,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dinehart","given":"Randy","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371681,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70015440,"text":"70015440 - 1989 - Land drainage and estuarine salinity response","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:57","indexId":"70015440","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Land drainage and estuarine salinity response","docAbstract":"An investigation is being conducted to (1) quantify the short-term effects of freshwater agricultural drainage on salinity in a tidal creek and (2) evaluate the off-site effects of water-control structures on flow and water quality in channels that drain cropland in the Albemarle-Pamlico region of North Carolina. A continuous record of velocity is being obtained in three canals. Salinity is being recorded at two locations in the receiving water, and water-surface elevations are being measured in the canals and at two receiving-water sites. These data should provide insight into the mechanisms responsible for salinity fluctuations in the tidal creeks that receive artificial drainage.","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the 1989 National Conference on Hydraulic Engineering","conferenceDate":"14 August 1989 through 18 August 1989","conferenceLocation":"New Orleans, LA, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Publ by ASCE","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, United States","isbn":"0872627195","usgsCitation":"Bales, J.D., 1989, Land drainage and estuarine salinity response, Proceedings of the 1989 National Conference on Hydraulic Engineering, New Orleans, LA, USA, 14 August 1989 through 18 August 1989, p. 200-205.","startPage":"200","endPage":"205","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223989,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a41aae4b0c8380cd656d0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bales, Jerad D. 0000-0001-8398-6984 jdbales@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8398-6984","contributorId":683,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bales","given":"Jerad","email":"jdbales@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":5058,"text":"Office of the Chief Scientist for Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":370935,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70177022,"text":"70177022 - 1989 - A multiple testing approach for hazard evaluation of complex mixtures in the aquatic environment: the use of diesel oil as a model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-10-14T13:48:43","indexId":"70177022","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1555,"text":"Environmental Pollution","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A multiple testing approach for hazard evaluation of complex mixtures in the aquatic environment: the use of diesel oil as a model","docAbstract":"Traditional single species toxicity tests and multiple component laboratory-scaled microcosm assays were combined to assess the toxicological hazard of diesel oil, a model complex mixture, to a model aquatic environment. The immediate impact of diesel oil dosed on a freshwater community was studied in a model pond microcosm over 14 days: a 7-day dosage and a 7-day recovery period. A multicomponent laboratory microcosm was designed to monitor the biological effects of diesel oil (1·0 mg litre−1) on four components: water, sediment (soil + microbiota), plants (aquatic macrophytes and algae), and animals (zooplanktonic and zoobenthic invertebrates). To determine the sensitivity of each part of the community to diesel oil contamination and how this model community recovered when the oil dissipated, limnological, toxicological, and microbiological variables were considered. Our model revealed these significant occurrences during the spill period: first, a community production and respiration perturbation, characterized in the water column by a decrease in dissolved oxygen and redox potential and a concomitant increase in alkalinity and conductivity; second, marked changes in microbiota of sediments that included bacterial heterotrophic dominance and a high heterotrophic index (0·6), increased bacterial productivity, and the marked increases in numbers of saprophytic bacteria (10 x) and bacterial oil degraders (1000 x); and third, column water acutely toxic (100% mortality) to two model taxa: Selenastrum capricornutum and Daphnia magna. Following the simulated clean-up procedure to remove the oil slick, the recovery period of this freshwater microcosm was characterized by a return to control values. This experimental design emphasized monitoring toxicological responses in aquatic microcosm; hence, we proposed the term ‘toxicosm’ to describe this approach to aquatic toxicological hazard evaluation. The toxicosm as a valuable toxicological tool for screening aquatic contaminants was demonstrated using diesel oil as a model complex mixture.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0269-7491(89)90066-3","usgsCitation":"Johnson, B., 1989, A multiple testing approach for hazard evaluation of complex mixtures in the aquatic environment: the use of diesel oil as a model: Environmental Pollution, v. 58, no. 2-3, p. 221-235, https://doi.org/10.1016/0269-7491(89)90066-3.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"221","endPage":"235","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":329613,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"58","issue":"2-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5801eec1e4b0824b2d18c445","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, B. Thomas","contributorId":105101,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"B. Thomas","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":651017,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70015534,"text":"70015534 - 1989 - Heat capacities and entropies from 8 to 1000 K of langbeinite (K2Mg2(SO4)3), anhydrite (CaSO4) and of gypsum (CaSO4·2H2O)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-06-02T09:31:37","indexId":"70015534","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3595,"text":"Thermochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Heat capacities and entropies from 8 to 1000 K of langbeinite (K2Mg2(SO4)3), anhydrite (CaSO4) and of gypsum (CaSO4·2H2O)","docAbstract":"Heat capacities of K2Mg2(SO4)3 (langbeinite) and CaSO4 (anhydrite) were measured from approximately 8 to 1000 K by combined adiabatic shield calorimetry (8-365 K) and differential scanning calorimetry (350-1000 K). Heat capacities were also measured on natural crystals of gypsum (CaSO4 · 2H2O) between 8.1 and 323.5 K. The molar entropies at 298.15 K, Smo(298.15 K), are 378.8 ± 0.6, 107.4 ± 0.2 and 193.8 ± 0.3 J K−1 mol−1 for langbeinite, anhydrite and gypsum, respectively. The heat capacity in J K−1 mol−1 of langbeinite can be represented by the equation Cp,mo(K2Mg2(SO4)3T) = 535.9 + 0.11011T-1.0200 × 106/T2-4.909 × 10−5T2 -4040.2/T0.5 between 300 and 1000 K with an average deviation of ± 0.4%. For anhydrite the heat capacity between 300 and 1000 K is given by Cp,mo(CaSO4,T) = 372.8 - 0.1574 T +1.695 × 106/T2 + 7.993 × 10−5T2 - 4330.8/T0.5 with an average deviation of ±0.4%.
\nCombining our heat-capacity and entropy data with the solution calorimetric results of Kelley et al. (U.S. Bur. Mines Tech. Paper, 625, 1941) yields an equilibrium temperature for the reaction gypsum → anhydrite + 2 water of 314.7 K (41.5 ° C).
\nOur observations are in agreement with the conclusions of Speer and Salje (Phys. Chem. Miner., 13 (1986) 17); we see no evidence in our heat capacity measurements for the transformation of cubic langbeinite (P213) to a low temperature orthorhombic (P212121) form as is seen in the isostructural Co, Zn, Ca, Mn and Cd langbeinites.
\nAlthough Bond (Bell Sys. Tech. J., 22 (1943) 145) reported that langbeinite was piezoelectric at room temperature, we found no evidence in our Cpo measurements for a Curie temperature above which langbeinite would no longer be piezoelectric.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0040-6031(89)87010-8","issn":"00406031","usgsCitation":"Robie, R.A., Russell-Robinson, S., and Hemingway, B., 1989, Heat capacities and entropies from 8 to 1000 K of langbeinite (K2Mg2(SO4)3), anhydrite (CaSO4) and of gypsum (CaSO4·2H2O): Thermochimica Acta, v. 139, p. 67-81, https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-6031(89)87010-8.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"67","endPage":"81","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223885,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"139","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2fe7e4b0c8380cd5d1c0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Robie, Richard A.","contributorId":92235,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robie","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371173,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Russell-Robinson, Susan srussell@usgs.gov","contributorId":2139,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Russell-Robinson","given":"Susan","email":"srussell@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":371172,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hemingway, Bruce S.","contributorId":13689,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hemingway","given":"Bruce S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371171,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70016031,"text":"70016031 - 1989 - Structures associated with strike-slip faults that bound landslide elements","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-16T13:40:06.57394","indexId":"70016031","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1517,"text":"Engineering Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Structures associated with strike-slip faults that bound landslide elements","docAbstract":"Large landslides are bounded on their flanks and on elements within the landslides by structures analogous to strike-slip faults. We observed the formation of thwse strike-slip faults and associated structures at two large landslides in central Utah during 1983-1985. The strike-slip faults in landslides are nearly vertical but locally may dip a few degrees toward or away from the moving ground. Fault surfaces are slickensided, and striations are subparallel to the ground surface. Displacement along strike-slip faults commonly produces scarps; scarps occur where local relief of the failure surface or ground surface is displaced and becomes adjacent to higher or lower ground, or where the landslide is thickening or thinning as a result of internal deformation. Several types of structures are formed at the ground surface as a strike-slip fault, which is fully developed at some depth below the ground surface, propagates upward in response to displacement. The simplest structure is a tension crack oriented at 45?? clockwise or counterclockwise from the trend of an underlying right- or left-lateral strike-slip fault, respectively. The tension cracks are typically arranged en echelon with the row of cracks parallel to the trace of the underlying strike-slip fault. Another common structure that forms above a developing strike-slip fault is a fault segment. Fault segments are discontinuous strike-slip faults that contain the same sense of slip but are turned clockwise or counterclockwise from a few to perhaps 20?? from the underlying strike-slip fault. The fault segments are slickensided and striated a few centimeters below the ground surface; continued displacement of the landslide causes the fault segments to open and a short tension crack propagates out of one or both ends of the fault segments. These structures, open fault segments containing a short tension crack, are termed compound cracks; and the short tension crack that propagates from the tip of the fault segment is typically oriented 45?? to the trend of the underlying fault. Fault segments are also typically arranged en echelon above the upward-propagating strike-slip fault. Continued displacement of the landslide causes the ground to buckle between the tension crack portions of the compound cracks. Still more displacement produces a thrust fault on one or both limbs of the buckle fold. These compressional structures form at right angles to the short tension cracks at the tips of the fault segments. Thus, the compressional structures are bounded on their ends by one face of a tension crack and detached from underlying material by thrusting or buckling. The tension cracks, fault segments, compound cracks, folds, and thrusts are ephemeral; they are created and destroyed with continuing displacement of the landslide. Ultimately, the structures are replaced by a throughgoing strike-slip fault. At one landslide, we observed the creation and destruction of the ephemeral structures as the landslide enlarged. Displacement of a few centimeters to about a decimeter was sufficient to produce scattered tension cracks and fault segments. Sets of compound cracks with associated folds and thrusts were produced by displacements of up to 1 m, and 1 to 2 m of displacement was required to produce a throughgoing strike-slip fault. The type of first-formed structure above an upward-propagating strike-slip fault is apparently controlled by the rheology of the material. Brittle material such as dry topsoil or the compact surface of a gravel road produces echelon tension cracks and sets of tension cracks and compressional structures, wherein the cracks and compressional structures are normal to each other and 45?? to the strike-slip fault at depth. First-formed structures in more ductile material such as moist cohesive soil are fault segments. In very ductile material such as soft clay and very wet soil in swampy areas, the first-formed structure is a throughgoing strike-slip fault.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0013-7952(89)90031-8","issn":"00137952","usgsCitation":"Fleming, R.W., and Johnson, A., 1989, Structures associated with strike-slip faults that bound landslide elements: Engineering Geology, v. 27, no. 1-4, p. 39-114, https://doi.org/10.1016/0013-7952(89)90031-8.","productDescription":"76 p.","startPage":"39","endPage":"114","numberOfPages":"76","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222883,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"27","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9c7fe4b08c986b31d413","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fleming, R. W.","contributorId":89110,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fleming","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372384,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnson, A. M.","contributorId":48903,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"A. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372383,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70015397,"text":"70015397 - 1989 - Removing volatile contaminants from the unsaturated zone by inducing advective air-phase transport","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-10-17T16:32:58","indexId":"70015397","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2233,"text":"Journal of Contaminant Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Removing volatile contaminants from the unsaturated zone by inducing advective air-phase transport","docAbstract":"Organic liquids inadvertently spilled and then distributed in the unsaturated zone can pose a long-term threat to ground water. Many of these substances have significant volatility, and thereby establish a premise for contaminant removal from the unsaturated zone by inducing advective air-phase transport with wells screened in the unsaturated zone. In order to focus attention on the rates of mass transfer from liquid to vapour phases, sand columns were partially saturated with gasoline and vented under steady air-flow conditions. The ability of an equilibrium-based transport model to predict the hydrocarbon vapor flux from the columns implies an efficient rate of local phase transfer for reasonably high air-phase velocities. Thus the success of venting remediations will depend primarily on the ability to induce an air-flow field in a heterogeneous unsaturated zone that will intersect the distributed contaminant. To analyze this aspect of the technique, a mathematical model was developed to predict radially symmetric air flow induced by venting from a single well. This model allows for in-situ determinations of air-phase permeability, which is the fundamental design parameter, and for the analysis of the limitations of a single well design. A successful application of the technique at a site once contaminated by gasoline supports the optimism derived from the experimental and modeliing phases of this study, and illustrates the well construction and field methods used to document the volatile contaminant recovery.
Theories based upon thermal contraction of cooling oceanic lithosphere provide a successful basis for correlating seafloor bathymetry and heat flow. The horizontal components of the contraction of the lithosphere as it cools potentially give rise to large thermal stresses. Current methods to calculate these stresses assume that on the time scales of cooling, the lithosphere initially behaves as an inviscid fluid and instantly freezes into an elastic solid at some critical temperature. These instant-freezing methods inaccurately predict transient thermal stresses in rapidly cooling silicate glass plates because of the temperature dependent rheology of the material. The temperature dependent rheology of the lithosphere may affect the transient thermal stress distribution in a similar way, and for this reason we use a thermoviscoelastic model to estimate thermal stresses in young oceanic lithosphere. This theory is formulated here for linear creep processes that have an Arrhenius rate dependence on temperature. Our results show that the stress differences between instant freezing and linear thermoviscoelastic theory are most pronounced at early times (0–20 m.y.) when the instant freezing stresses may be twice as large. The solutions for the two methods asymptotically approach the same solution with time. A comparison with intraplate seismicity shows that both methods underestimate the depth of compressional stresses inferred from the seismicity in a systematic way.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB094iB01p00744","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Denlinger, R., and Savage, W.Z., 1989, Thermal stresses due to cooling of a viscoelastic oceanic lithosphere: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 94, no. B1, p. 744-752, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB094iB01p00744.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"744","endPage":"752","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222977,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"94","issue":"B1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb25de4b08c986b32576a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Denlinger, R.P.","contributorId":49367,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Denlinger","given":"R.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372022,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Savage, W. Z.","contributorId":106481,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Savage","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"Z.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372023,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1014299,"text":"1014299 - 1989 - Tolerance of lake trout, Salvelinus namaycush (Walbaum), sac fry to dissolved gas supersaturation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-01T23:58:00.699818","indexId":"1014299","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2286,"text":"Journal of Fish Diseases","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Tolerance of lake trout, Salvelinus namaycush (Walbaum), sac fry to dissolved gas supersaturation","docAbstract":"The tolerance of sac fry of lake trout, Salvelinus namaycush (Walbaum), to the acute effects of gas supersaturation, from hatching to swim-up, was tested using six gas levels, ranging from ΔP 8 to 148. Although many fish were moribund by the time the yolk was nearly absorbed, mortality during the 40-day study was negligible; survival to swim-up was 96–99%, including 99% survival at ΔP 148. Of fish examined at ΔP 42, 40% showed bubble formation around the rim of the eye. Signs of trauma were greatest at ΔP 119 and 148, and included intestinal bubbles, a distended abdomen, and bubbles around the eye, in the mouth and in jaw tissues.
Immunosuppression was demonstrated in sections of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss (formerly Salmo gairdneri) spleens immunized in vitro and exposed in culture to different concentrations of copper chloride. The sections were immunized with dinitrophenyl-Ficoll and cultured in Eagle's minimum essential medium with 2% fetal calf serum; half of the medium was withdrawn and replaced every other day. The passive hemolytic plaque assay was used to determine the number of antibody-producing cells 10 d after injection. In the sections cultured with the high copper concentration (100 μg/mL), all cells died; at copper concentrations of 0.1–10 μg/mL, leukocytes remained viable, but fewer antibody-producing cells were present than in organ sections cultured in medium without copper. This in vitro method reduces the number of animals needed and the length of time required to determine toxicity and immunosuppression, and it provides information on the effects of certain environmental pollutants on fish.
Seismicity is correlated in space and time with production from some oil and gas fields where pore pressures have declined by several tens of megapascals. Reverse faulting has occurred both above and below petroleum reservoirs, and normal faulting has occurred on the flanks of at least one reservoir. The theory of poroelasticity requires that fluid extraction locally alter the state of stress. Calculations with simple geometries predict stress perturbations that are consistent with observed earthquake locations and focal mechanisms. Measurements of surface displacement and strain, pore pressure, stress, and poroelastic rock properties in such areas could be used to test theoretical predictions and improve our understanding of earthquake mechanics.
Serologic relatedness of the two life stages of the salmonid whirling disease parasite Myxosoma cerebralis Hofer, 1903 — myxosporean spores from fish cartilage and actinosporean triactinomyxon spores from aquatic tubificids — were investigated. When the direct fluorescent antibody technique was used, anti-triactinomyxon and anti-M. cerebralis rabbit sera conjugated with fluorescein isothiocyanate cross-reacted with the respective heterologous life stage. Both stages showed similar locations of specific fluorescence with conjugates of either homologous or heterologous serum. Thus, serology supports the relatedness of the myxosporean M. cerebralis and the actinosporean triactinomyxon stages.
The severe rainstorm of January 3, 4 and 5, 1982, in the San Francisco Bay area, California, produced numerous landslides, many of which transformed into damaging debris flows. The process of transformation was studied in detail at one site where only part of a landslide mobilized into several episodes of debris flow. The focus of our investigation was to learn whether the landslide debris dilated or contracted during the transformation from slide to flow.
The landslide debris consisted of sandy colluvium that was separable into three soil horizons that occupied the axis of a small topographic swale. Failure involved the entire thickness of colluvium; however, over parts of the landslide, the soil A-horizon failed separately from the remainder of the colluvium.
Undisturbed samples were taken for density measurements from outside the landslide, from the failure zone and overlying material from the part of the landslide that did not mobilize into debris flows, and from the debris-flow deposits. The soil A-horizon was contractive and mobilized to flows in a process analogous to liquefaction of loose, granular soils during earthquakes. The soil B- and C-horizons were dilative and underwent 2 to 5% volumetric expansion during landslide movement that permitted mobilization of debris-flow episodes.
Several criteria can be used in the field to differentiate between contractive and dilative behavior including lag time between landsliding and mobilization of flow, episodic mobilization of flows, and partial or complete transformation of the landslide.