The U.S. Geological Survey has begun a research project to improve understanding of the mobilization, transport, and fate of petroleum contaminants in the shallow subsurface and to use this understanding to develop predictive models of contaminant behavior.
\nThe project site is near Bemidji in northern Minnesota where an accidental spill of 10,500 barrels of crude oil occurred when a pipeline broke on August 20, 1979. Regulatory and remedial actions have been completed. The site is in a remote area with neither man-made hydraulic stresses nor other anthropogenic sources of the compounds of interest. The spill is in the recharge area of a local flow system that discharges to a small closed lake approximately 1,000 feet down the hydraulic gradient. The aquifer is pitted outwash dissected by younger glacial channels and is underlain by poorly permeable till at a depth of about 80 feet. Ground water dissolves oil floating on the water table under the spill site and moves toward the lake. At the water table, ground water enters the lake through lacustrine sediments; at depth, flow may be underneath the lake through the outwash. Contaminant transport has been as rapid as 4 feet per day based on the rate of movement of contaminants monitored through wells installed within a few days of the spill, but average rates are undoubtedly much less.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"St. Paul, MN","doi":"10.3133/wri844188","usgsCitation":"1984, Ground-water contamination by crude oil at the Bemidji, Minnesota, research site; US Geological Survey Toxic Waste--ground-water contamination study: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 84-4188, x, 107 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri844188.","productDescription":"x, 107 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":58984,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4188/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":119476,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4188/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","city":"Bemidji","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -95.09074687957764,\n 47.57481758275047\n ],\n [\n -95.08894443511963,\n 47.57376082974435\n ],\n [\n -95.0900387763977,\n 47.57295015544948\n ],\n [\n -95.09201288223267,\n 47.57392006786331\n ],\n [\n -95.09074687957764,\n 47.57481758275047\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aafe4b07f02db66d04b","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Hult, M. F.","contributorId":29817,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hult","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":629067,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":35379,"text":"b1529A - 1984 - Stratigraphic nomenclature for the upper Devonian and lower Mississippian(?) Kanayut conglomerate, Brooks Range, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:44","indexId":"b1529A","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1529","chapter":"A","title":"Stratigraphic nomenclature for the upper Devonian and lower Mississippian(?) Kanayut conglomerate, Brooks Range, Alaska","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O.,","doi":"10.3133/b1529A","usgsCitation":"Nilsen, T.H., and Moore, M., 1984, Stratigraphic nomenclature for the upper Devonian and lower Mississippian(?) Kanayut conglomerate, Brooks Range, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1529, iv, p. A1-A64, ill., maps ;23 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/b1529A.","productDescription":"iv, p. A1-A64, ill., maps ;23 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":167354,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1529a/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":63233,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1529a/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b25e4b07f02db6af347","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nilsen, Tor Helge","contributorId":89864,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nilsen","given":"Tor","email":"","middleInitial":"Helge","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":214541,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moore, M.E.","contributorId":16445,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"M.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":214540,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":25874,"text":"wri844133 - 1984 - Hydrogeologic reconnaissance of the San Miguel River basin, southwestern Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:31","indexId":"wri844133","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"84-4133","title":"Hydrogeologic reconnaissance of the San Miguel River basin, southwestern Colorado","docAbstract":"The San Miguel River Basin encompasses 4,130 square kilometers of which about two-thirds is in the southeastern part of the Paradox Basin. The Paradox Basin is a part of the Colorado Plateaus that is underlain by a thick sequence of evaporite beds of Pennsylvanian age. The rock units that underlie the area have been grouped into hydrogeologic units based on their water-transmitting ability. Evaporite beds of mostly salt are both overlain and underlain by confining beds. Aquifers are present above and below the confining-bed sequence. The principal element of ground-water outflow from the upper aquifer is flow to the San Miguel River and its tributaries; this averages about 90 million cubic meters per year. A water budget for the lower aquifer has only two equal, unestimated elements, subsurface outflow and recharge from precipitation. The aquifers are generally isolated from the evaporite beds by the bounding confining beds; as a result, most ground water has little if any contact with the evaporites. No brines have been sampled and no brine discharges have been identified in the basin. Salt water has been reported for petroleum-exploration wells, but no active salt solution has been identified. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri844133","usgsCitation":"Ackerman, D.J., and Rush, F., 1984, Hydrogeologic reconnaissance of the San Miguel River basin, southwestern Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 84-4133, iv, 25 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri844133.","productDescription":"iv, 25 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123778,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4133/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54626,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4133/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":54627,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4133/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":54628,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4133/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adbe4b07f02db68613b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ackerman, D. J.","contributorId":53380,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ackerman","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195405,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rush, F. E.","contributorId":56234,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rush","given":"F. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195406,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1971,"text":"wsp2252 - 1984 - Use of the routing procedure to study dye and gas transport in the West Fork Trinity River, Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:24","indexId":"wsp2252","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2252","title":"Use of the routing procedure to study dye and gas transport in the West Fork Trinity River, Texas","docAbstract":"Rhodamine-WT dye, ethylene, and propane were injected at three sites along a 21.6-kilometer reach of the West Fork Trinity River below Fort Worth, Texas. Complete dye concentration versus time curves and peak gas concentrations were measured at three cross sections below each injection. The peak dye concentrations were located and samples were collected at about three-hour intervals for as many as six additional cross sections. These data were analyzed to determine the longitudinal dispersion coefficients as well as the gas desorption coefficients using both standard techniques and a numerical routing procedure. \r\n\r\nThe routing procedure, using a Lagrangian transport model to minimize numerical dispersion, provided better estimates of the dispersion coefficient than did the method of moments. At a steady flow of about 0.76 m2/s, the dispersion coefficient varied from about 0.7 m2/s in a reach contained within a single deep pool to about 2.0 m2/s in a reach containing riffles and small pools. \r\n\r\nThe bulk desorption coefficients computed using the routing procedure and the standard peak method were essentially the same. The liquid film coefficient could also be obtained using the routing procedure. Both the bulk desorption coefficient and the liquid film coefficient were much smaller in the pooled reach than in the reaches containing riffles.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp2252","usgsCitation":"Jobson, H.E., and Rathbun, R.E., 1984, Use of the routing procedure to study dye and gas transport in the West Fork Trinity River, Texas: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2252, iv, 21 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2252.","productDescription":"iv, 21 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":138297,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2252/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":27347,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2252/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a08e4b07f02db5fa28e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jobson, Harvey E.","contributorId":27032,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jobson","given":"Harvey","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144455,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rathbun, R. E.","contributorId":61796,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rathbun","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144456,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":2675,"text":"wsp2212 - 1984 - Water quality in the New River from Calexico to the Salton Sea, Imperial County, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-12T21:58:23.002753","indexId":"wsp2212","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2212","title":"Water quality in the New River from Calexico to the Salton Sea, Imperial County, California","docAbstract":"The New River enters the United States at Calexico, Calif., after it crosses the international boundary. Water-quality data from routine collection indicated that the New River was degraded by high organic and bacterial content. Intensive sampling for chemical and physical constituents and properties of the river was done May 9-13, 1977, to quantify the chemical composition of the water and to identify water-quality problems. \r\n\r\nConcentrations of total organic carbon in the New River at Calexico ranged from 80 to 161 milligrams per liter and dissolved organic carbon ranged from 34 to 42 milligrams per liter; the maximum chemical oxygen demand was 510 milligrams per liter. Intensive sampling for chemical and biological characteristics was done in the New River from May 1977 to June 1978 to determine the occurrence of the organic material and its effects on downstream water quality. \r\n\r\nDissolved-oxygen concentration was measured along longitudinal profiles of the river from Calexico to the Salton Sea. A dissolved-oxygen sag downstream from the Calexico gage varied seasonally. The sag extended farther downstream and had lower concentrations of dissolved oxygen during the summer months than during the winter months. The sag of zero dissolved-oxygen concentration extended 26 miles in July 1977. In December 1976, the sag extended 20 miles but the minimum dissolved-oxygen concentration was 2.5 milligrams per liter. The greatest diel (24-hour) variation in dissolved-oxygen concentration occurred in the reach from the Calexico gage to Lyons Crossing, 8.8 miles downstream. High concentrations of organic material were detected as far as Highway 80, 19.5 miles downstream from the international boundary. \r\n\r\nBiological samples analyzed for benthic invertebrates showed that water at the Calexico and Lyons Crossing sites, nearest the international boundary, was of such poor quality that very few bottom-dwelling organisms could survive. Although the water was of poor quality at Keystone Road, 36 miles downstream, it was able to support a benthic community. The April sample had more than 9,150 organisms on a multiplate sampler, 8,770 of which were of one species. Farther downstream at the Westmorland gage, the water quality, as indicated by the number and diversity of organisms, had improved over that at the Keystone site. The Alamo River at its outlet to the Salton Sea--the control site--had the greatest diversity of all the study sites. This diversity, when compared with the diversity at the Westmorland gage, indicated that the effects of the degraded water quality observed at the New River at Calexico are detected as far as 62 miles downstream. Standard bacteria indicator tests indicate that fecal contamination exists in the New River. Counts of fecal coliform bacteria ranged from 180,000 to 2,800,000 colonies per 100 milliliters for the 20-mile reach from Calexico to Highway 80, and fecal streptococcal bacteria ranged from 5,000 to 240,000 colonies per 100 milliliters.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wsp2212","usgsCitation":"Setmire, J.G., 1984, Water quality in the New River from Calexico to the Salton Sea, Imperial County, California: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2212, iv, 42 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2212.","productDescription":"iv, 42 p.","numberOfPages":"46","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":410325,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_25472.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":138262,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2212/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":29025,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2212/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"Calexico","otherGeospatial":"New River, Salton Sea","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -115.76476950261613,\n 33.20524890046873\n ],\n [\n -115.76476950261613,\n 32.6695879689143\n ],\n [\n -115.37091000447533,\n 32.6695879689143\n ],\n [\n -115.37091000447533,\n 33.20524890046873\n ],\n [\n -115.76476950261613,\n 33.20524890046873\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a14e4b07f02db602b29","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Setmire, James G.","contributorId":105284,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Setmire","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145595,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":2539,"text":"wsp2208 - 1984 - Streamflow augmentation at Fosters Brook, Long Island, New York — A hydraulic feasibility study","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-14T20:41:00.979324","indexId":"wsp2208","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2208","title":"Streamflow augmentation at Fosters Brook, Long Island, New York — A hydraulic feasibility study","docAbstract":"A 27-day streamflow augmentation test was conducted in December 1979 at Fosters Brook, near the south shore of Long Island, to investigate the hydraulic feasibility of pumping ground water to supply flow to an ephemeral stream during dry periods. \r\n\r\nMeasurements of soil moisture in the unsaturated zone beneath the streambed indicate that infiltration rate and soil-moisture content are interrelated. Initial infiltration was measured with a neutron logger; the wetting front traversed the unsaturated zone at an average of 11.2 inches per hour and reached the water table in 5.5 hours. Soil moisture in the unsaturated zone ranged from 20 percent at the start of the test to nearly 41 percent, nearly the saturation point, 20 days later. \r\n\r\nStream discharge was measured at four sites along the stream channel, and the augmentation rate was monitored continuously at the starting point. Infiltration rates increased steadily in all reaches during the first 12 days of the test, but from the 12th to the 20th day, when discharge was increased by 50 percent, infiltration rates decreased along the two upstream reaches but continued to increase along the three downstream reaches. Infiltration rates remained constant from days 20 through 26. \r\n\r\nDuring the first 24 hours of the test, the stream reached a maximum length of 2,050 feet, but after 13 days, it had shortened to 1,300 feet as a result of seepage losses. The relationship between discharge and stream length was linear within the range of discharge investigated (0.54-1.63 cubic feet per second). \r\n\r\nGround-water levels rose in response to flow augmentation and reached a maximum rise of about 6.5 feet in a well situated 14 feet from the center of the streambed and 225 feet downstream from the start of the flow. Measured water-level response was compared to levels predicted by a one-dimensional analytical model and a three-dimensional mathematical model; results indicate that ground-water response is determined principally by streambed characteristics and soil-moisture content in the unsaturated zone. \r\n\r\nVariations in water temperature and in streambed composition had significant effects upon infiltration rates. Changes in water temperature, amount of vegetation, soil-moisture content, and stream stage, combined with local variations in streambed permeability and aquifer conductivity, make accurate prediction of seepage rates virtually impossible at present. Data from this study suggest that site-specific investigations are necessary wherever streamflow augmentation is planned.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wsp2208","usgsCitation":"Prince, K.R., 1984, Streamflow augmentation at Fosters Brook, Long Island, New York — A hydraulic feasibility study: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2208, iv, 43 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2208.","productDescription":"iv, 43 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":28780,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2208/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":138638,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2208/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":392882,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_25440.htm"}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","otherGeospatial":"Fosters Brook, Long Island","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -73.676,\n 40.69\n ],\n [\n -73.664,\n 40.69\n ],\n [\n -73.664,\n 40.701\n ],\n [\n -73.676,\n 40.701\n ],\n [\n -73.676,\n 40.69\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b15e4b07f02db6a4e87","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Prince, Keith R. krprince@usgs.gov","contributorId":1413,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prince","given":"Keith","email":"krprince@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":145370,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":2221,"text":"wsp2197 - 1984 - Ground-water monitoring at Santa Barbara, California: Phase 2 — Effects of pumping on water levels and on water quality in the Santa Barbara ground-water basin","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":10186,"text":"ofr82366 - 1982 - Ground-water monitoring at Santa Barbara, California; Phase 2-effects of pumping on water levels and water quality in the Santa Barbara ground-water basins","indexId":"ofr82366","publicationYear":"1982","noYear":false,"title":"Ground-water monitoring at Santa Barbara, California; Phase 2-effects of pumping on water levels and water quality in the Santa Barbara ground-water basins"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":2221,"text":"wsp2197 - 1984 - Ground-water monitoring at Santa Barbara, California: Phase 2 — Effects of pumping on water levels and on water quality in the Santa Barbara ground-water basin","indexId":"wsp2197","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"title":"Ground-water monitoring at Santa Barbara, California: Phase 2 — Effects of pumping on water levels and on water quality in the Santa Barbara ground-water basin"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-04T20:05:24.878393","indexId":"wsp2197","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2197","title":"Ground-water monitoring at Santa Barbara, California: Phase 2 — Effects of pumping on water levels and on water quality in the Santa Barbara ground-water basin","docAbstract":"From July 1978 to January 1980, water levels in the southern part of the Santa Barbara ground-water basin declined more than 100 feet. These water-level declines resulted from increases in municipal pumping since July 1978. The increase in municipal pumping was part of a basin-testing program designed to determine the usable quantity of ground water in storage. The pumping, centered in the city less than 1 mile from the coast, has caused water-level declines to altitudes below sea level in the main water-bearing zones. As a result, the ground-water basin would be subject to saltwater intrusion if the study-period pumpage were maintained or increased. \r\n\r\nData indicate that saltwater intrusion has degraded the quality of the water yielded from six coastal wells. During the study period, the six coastal wells all yielded water with chloride concentrations in excess of 250 milligrams per liter, and four of the wells yielded water with chloride concentrations in excess of 1,000 milligrams per liter. \r\n\r\nPrevious investigators believed that saltwater intrusion was limited to the shallow part of the aquifer, directly adjacent to the coast. The possibility of saltwater intrusion into the deeper water-bearing deposits in the aquifer was thought to be remote because an offshore fault truncates these deeper deposits so that they lie against consolidated rocks on the seaward side of the fault. Results of this study indicate, however, that ocean water has intruded the deeper water-bearing deposits, and to a much greater extent than in the shallow part of the aquifer. Apparently the offshore fault is not an effective barrier to saltwater intrusion. \r\n\r\nNo physical barriers are known to exist between the coast and the municipal well field. Therefore, if the pumping rate maintained during the basin-testing program were continued, the degraded water along the coast could move inland and contaminate the municipal supply wells. The time required for the degraded water to move from the coast to the nearest supply well is estimated, using Darcy's equation, to be about 20 years. \r\n\r\nManagement alternatives for controlling saltwater intrusion in the Santa Barbara area include (1) decreasing municipal pumping, (2) increasing the quantity of water available for recharge by releasing surplus water from surface reservoirs to Mission Creek, (3) artificially recharging the basin using injection wells, and (4) locating municipal supply wells farther from the coast and spacing them farther apart in order to minimize drawdown. Continued monitoring of water levels and water quality would enable assessment of the effectiveness of the control measures employed.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wsp2197","usgsCitation":"Martin, P., 1984, Ground-water monitoring at Santa Barbara, California: Phase 2 — Effects of pumping on water levels and on water quality in the Santa Barbara ground-water basin: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2197, iv, 31 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2197.","productDescription":"iv, 31 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":27970,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2197/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":137671,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2197/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":393873,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_25353.htm"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"Santa Barbara","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -119.82376098632814,\n 34.3955786154917\n ],\n [\n -119.52713012695314,\n 34.3955786154917\n ],\n [\n -119.52713012695314,\n 34.513346401475786\n ],\n [\n -119.82376098632814,\n 34.513346401475786\n ],\n [\n -119.82376098632814,\n 34.3955786154917\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9ee4b07f02db66078d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Martin, Peter pmmartin@usgs.gov","contributorId":799,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martin","given":"Peter","email":"pmmartin@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":144841,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":4466,"text":"cir934 - 1984 - Worldwide directory of national earth-science agencies and related international organizations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:43","indexId":"cir934","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"934","title":"Worldwide directory of national earth-science agencies and related international organizations","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O.,","doi":"10.3133/cir934","usgsCitation":"Tinsley, E.J., and Hollander, J., 1984, Worldwide directory of national earth-science agencies and related international organizations: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 934, iv, 102 p. :maps ;26 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir934.","productDescription":"iv, 102 p. :maps ;26 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":118450,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1984/0934/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":31546,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1984/0934/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49d6e4b07f02db5de7ca","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tinsley, Elizabeth J. (compiler)","contributorId":104887,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tinsley","given":"Elizabeth","suffix":"(compiler)","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":149284,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hollander, J.P.","contributorId":106885,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hollander","given":"J.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":149285,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1696,"text":"wsp2192 - 1984 - Appearance and water quality of turbidity plumes produced by dredging in Tampa Bay, Florida","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":9187,"text":"ofr81541 - 1981 - Appearance and water quality of turbidity plumes created by dredging in Tampa Bay, Florida","indexId":"ofr81541","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"title":"Appearance and water quality of turbidity plumes created by dredging in Tampa Bay, Florida"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":1696,"text":"wsp2192 - 1984 - Appearance and water quality of turbidity plumes produced by dredging in Tampa Bay, Florida","indexId":"wsp2192","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"title":"Appearance and water quality of turbidity plumes produced by dredging in Tampa Bay, Florida"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:15","indexId":"wsp2192","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2192","title":"Appearance and water quality of turbidity plumes produced by dredging in Tampa Bay, Florida","docAbstract":"Turbidity plumes in Tampa Bay, Florida, produced during ship-channel dredging operations from February 1977 to August 1978, were monitored in order to document plume appearance and water quality, evaluate plume influence on the characteristics of Tampa Bay water, and provide a data base for comparison with other areas that have similar sediment, dredge, placement, containment, and tide conditions. The plumes investigated originated from the operation of one hopper dredge and three cutterhead-pipeline dredges. \r\n\r\nComposition of bottom sediment was found to vary from 85 percent sand and shell fragments to 60 percent silt and clay. Placement methods for dredged sediment included beach nourishment, stationary submerged discharge, oscillating surface discharge, and construction of emergent dikes. Tidal currents ranged from slack water to flow velocities of 0.60 meter per second. \r\n\r\nPlumes were monitored simultaneously by (1) oblique and vertical 35-millimeter aerial photography and (2) water-quality sampling to determine water clarity and concentrations of nutrients, metals, pesticides, and industrial compounds. Forty-nine photographs depict plumes ranging in length from a few tens of meters to several kilometers and ranging in turbidity level from <10 to 200,000 nephelometric turbidity units. \r\n\r\nThe most visible turbidity plumes were produced by surface discharge of material with high sand content into unconfined placement areas during times of strong tidal currents. The least visible turbidity plumes were produced by discharge of material with high silt and clay content into areas enclosed by floating turbidity barriers during times of weak tidal currents. Beach nourishment from hopper-dredge unloading operations also produced plumes of low visibility. \r\n\r\nPrimary turbidity plumes were produced directly by dredging and placement operations; secondary plumes were produced indirectly by resuspension of previously deposited material. Secondary plumes were formed both by erosion, in areas of high-velocity tidal currents, and by turbulence from vessels passing over fine material deposited in shallow areas. \r\n\r\nWhere turbidity barriers were not used, turbidity plumes visible at the surface were good indicators of the location of turbid water at depth. Where turbidity barriers were used, turbid bottom water was found at locations having no visible surface plumes.\r\n\r\nA region of rapidly accelerating then decelerating flow near the mouth of Tampa Bay produced a two-part or separated plume. Flow acceleration contracted the width of the visible plume, and subsequent flow deceleration caused plume expansion. The two wide segments of the plume appeared to be separated from each other because of the intervening narrow part. \r\n\r\nWaters ambient to the plumes were tested for clarity in two sections of Tampa Bay. Ambient-water transparency in Tampa Bay was about three times greater near its mouth, in South Tampa Bay, than near its head, in Hillsborough Bay. Two other measures of water clarity, turbidity and suspended solids, showed no statistically significant difference between the two areas, however, indicating that transparency is a more sensitive measure of ambient water clarity than either turbidity or suspended solids. \r\n\r\nThe nutrient and metal concentrations for samples of plume water and water ambient to the plumes in Tampa Bay were statistically equivalent, indicating no detectable changes due to dredging. The concentrations of dissolved copper, lead, mercury, and total mercury, however, were greater in plumes in Hillsborough Bay than in South Tampa Bay. In Hillsborough Bay, six occurrences of the herbicide 2,4-D at concentrations near the detection limit, 0.01 to 0.05 micrograms per liter, were unrelated to dredging activity. \r\n\r\nData recorded for longer than the study period indicate that from 1976 through 1979 few average turbidity characteristics in South Tampa and Hillsborough Bays can be directly attributed to dredging operation","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp2192","usgsCitation":"Goodwin, C., and Michaelis, D., 1984, Appearance and water quality of turbidity plumes produced by dredging in Tampa Bay, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2192, vi, 66 p. :ill. (some col.), maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2192.","productDescription":"vi, 66 p. :ill. (some col.), maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":137051,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2192/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":26778,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2192/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac7e4b07f02db67add0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Goodwin, Carl R.","contributorId":76284,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goodwin","given":"Carl R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143983,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Michaelis, D.M.","contributorId":44896,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Michaelis","given":"D.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143982,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":3241,"text":"cir923 - 1984 - Acid precipitation; an annotated bibliography","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:21","indexId":"cir923","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"923","title":"Acid precipitation; an annotated bibliography","docAbstract":"This collection of 1660 bibliographies references on the causes and environmental effects of acidic atmospheric deposition was compiled from computerized literature searches of earth-science and chemistry data bases. Categories of information are (1) atmospheric chemistry (gases and aerosols), (2) precipitation chemistry, (3) transport and deposition (wet and dry), (4) aquatic environments (biological and hydrological), (5) terrestrial environments, (6) effects on materials and structures, (7) air and precipitation monitoring and data collection, and (8) modeling studies. References date from the late 1800 's through December 1981. The bibliography includes short summaries of most documents. Omitted are unpublished manuscripts, publications in press, master 's theses and doctoral dissertations, newspaper articles, and book reviews. Coauthors and subject indexes are included. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/cir923","usgsCitation":"Wiltshire, D.A., and Evans, M.L., 1984, Acid precipitation; an annotated bibliography: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 923, 282 p. ;26 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir923.","productDescription":"282 p. ;26 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":117773,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1984/0923/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":30237,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1984/0923/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b04e4b07f02db69928c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wiltshire, Denise A.","contributorId":78717,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wiltshire","given":"Denise","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":146495,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Evans, Margaret L.","contributorId":40968,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Evans","given":"Margaret","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":146494,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":43557,"text":"ofr84197 - 1984 - Land use and land cover and associated maps for Havre, Montana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:00","indexId":"ofr84197","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"84-197","title":"Land use and land cover and associated maps for Havre, Montana","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr84197","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1984, Land use and land cover and associated maps for Havre, Montana: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 84-197, 4 sheets :photocopy ;45 x 60 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr84197.","productDescription":"4 sheets :photocopy ;45 x 60 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":169004,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b28e4b07f02db6b1290","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":531241,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":25126,"text":"cir930B - 1984 - International strategic minerals inventory summary report; chromium","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-05T10:20:12","indexId":"cir930B","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"930","chapter":"B","title":"International strategic minerals inventory summary report; chromium","docAbstract":"Major world resources of chromium, a strategic mineral commodity, are described in this summary report of information in the International Strategic Minerals Inventory {ISMI}. ISMI is a cooperative data-collection effort of earth-science and mineral-resource agencies in Australia, Canada, the Federal Republic of Germany, the Republic of South Africa, and the United States of America. This report, designed to be of benefit to policy analysts, contains two parts. Part I presents an overview of the resources and potential supply of chromium on the basis of inventory information. Part II contains tables of some of the geologic information and mineral-resource and production data that were collected by ISMI participants.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/cir930B","usgsCitation":"DeYoung, J., Lee, M.P., and Lipin, B., 1984, International strategic minerals inventory summary report; chromium: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 930, v. :ill. ;26 cm.; 41 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir930B.","productDescription":"v. :ill. ;26 cm.; 41 p.","costCenters":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":54106,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1984/0930b/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":122560,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1984/0930b/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49dbe4b07f02db5e0829","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"DeYoung, J.H. Jr.","contributorId":86367,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeYoung","given":"J.H.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193259,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lee, M. P.","contributorId":40198,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193257,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lipin, B. R.","contributorId":61031,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lipin","given":"B. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193258,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":60972,"text":"mf1694 - 1984 - Seismicity map of the state of Colorado","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":60972,"text":"mf1694 - 1984 - Seismicity map of the state of Colorado","indexId":"mf1694","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"title":"Seismicity map of the state of Colorado"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":60973,"text":"mf2036 - 1988 - Seismicity map of the state of Colorado","indexId":"mf2036","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"title":"Seismicity map of the state of Colorado"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":60973,"text":"mf2036 - 1988 - Seismicity map of the state of Colorado","indexId":"mf2036","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"title":"Seismicity map of the state of Colorado"},"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-11T13:48:00","indexId":"mf1694","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":325,"text":"Miscellaneous Field Studies Map","code":"MF","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1694","title":"Seismicity map of the state of Colorado","docAbstract":"The data shown on this map and listed in table 1 are for earthquakes that were originally included in a study of seismic risk in the United States (Algermissen, 1969). This data file has been recompiled and updated through 1981. Some revisions of epicenters and intensities in the original file have been made, and intensities have been assigned to earthquakes that previously had none assigned. Only earthquakes that had epicenters within the boundary of the state are listed in table 1, even though earthquakes that had epicenters in bordering states or countries may have been felt or may have caused damage in the state. Intensity values were updated from data sources that were not available at the time or original compilation. Some epicenters were relocated on the basis of new information. The data shown in table 1 represent best estimates of the epicenter, magnitude, and intensity of each earthquake on the basis of historical and current information. Some of the aftershocks from large earthquakes are listed, but not all, especially for the earthquakes that occurred before seismic instruments were universally used.
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