1. Determining the detailed movements of individual animals often requires them to carry tracking devices, but tracking broad-scale movement of small bats (< 30g) has been limited by transmitter technology and long-term attachment methods. This limitation inhibits our understanding of bat dispersal and migration, particularly in the context of emerging conservation issues like fatalities at wind turbines and diseases. 2. We tested a novel method of attaching lightweight global positioning system (GPS) tags and geolocating data loggers to small bats. We used monofilament, synthetic, absorbable sutures to secure GPS tags and data loggers to the skin of anesthetized big brown bats (Eptesicus fuscus) in Colorado and hoary bats (Lasiurus cinereus) in California. 3. GPS tags and data loggers were sutured to 17 bats in this study. Three tagged bats were recaptured seven months after initial deployment, with tags still attached; none of these bats showed ill effects from the tag. No severe injuries were apparent upon recapture of 6 additional bats that carried tags up to 26 days after attachment, however one of the bats exhibited skin chafing. 4. Use of absorbable sutures to affix small tracking devices seems to be a safe, effective method for studying movements of bats over multiple months, although additional testing is warranted. This new attachment method has the potential to quickly advance our understanding of small bats, particularly as more-sophisticated miniature tracking devices (e.g., satellite tags) become available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/ece3.1584","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Wildlife Veterinary Consulting; U.S. Forest Service Pacific Southwest Research Station; Bat Conservation International","usgsCitation":"Castle, K.T., Weller, T.J., Cryan, P.M., Hein, C.D., and Schirmacher, M.R., 2015, Using sutures to attach miniature tracking tags to small bats for multimonth movement and behavioral studies: Ecology and Evolution, v. 5, no. 14, p. 2980-2989, https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.1584.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"2980","endPage":"2989","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"2014-08-01","temporalEnd":"2015-05-31","ipdsId":"IP-066197","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":471813,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.1584","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":307915,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"5","issue":"14","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-07-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55e9612ae4b0dacf699e7863","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Castle, Kevin T.","contributorId":90616,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Castle","given":"Kevin","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":571315,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Weller, Theodore J.","contributorId":105961,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Weller","given":"Theodore","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":13261,"text":"USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, Davis, California","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":571316,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cryan, Paul M. 0000-0002-2915-8894 cryanp@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2915-8894","contributorId":2356,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cryan","given":"Paul","email":"cryanp@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":547,"text":"Rocky Mountain Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":571314,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hein, Cris D.","contributorId":73910,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hein","given":"Cris","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":12591,"text":"Bat Conservation International","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":571317,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Schirmacher, Michael R.","contributorId":76635,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schirmacher","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":12591,"text":"Bat Conservation International","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":571318,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70157283,"text":"70157283 - 2015 - Estimation of river and stream temperature trends under haphazard sampling","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-06T12:15:55","indexId":"70157283","displayToPublicDate":"2015-09-03T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5006,"text":"Statistical Methods & Applications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimation of river and stream temperature trends under haphazard sampling","docAbstract":"Long-term temporal trends in water temperature in rivers and streams are typically estimated under the assumption of evenly-spaced space-time measurements. However, sampling times and dates associated with historical water temperature datasets and some sampling designs may be haphazard. As a result, trends in temperature may be confounded with trends in time or space of sampling which, in turn, may yield biased trend estimators and thus unreliable conclusions. We address this concern using multilevel (hierarchical) linear models, where time effects are allowed to vary randomly by day and date effects by year. We evaluate the proposed approach by Monte Carlo simulations with imbalance, sparse data and confounding by trend in time and date of sampling. Simulation results indicate unbiased trend estimators while results from a case study of temperature data from the Illinois River, USA conform to river thermal assumptions. We also propose a new nonparametric bootstrap inference on multilevel models that allows for a relatively flexible and distribution-free quantification of uncertainties. The proposed multilevel modeling approach may be elaborated to accommodate nonlinearities within days and years when sampling times or dates typically span temperature extremes.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer-Verlag","publisherLocation":"Heidelberg, Germany","doi":"10.1007/s10260-015-0334-7","usgsCitation":"Gray, B.R., Lyubchich, V., Gel, Y.R., Rogala, J.T., Robertson, D.M., and Wei, X., 2015, Estimation of river and stream temperature trends under haphazard sampling: Statistical Methods & Applications, v. 25, no. 1, p. 89-105, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10260-015-0334-7.","productDescription":"27 p.","startPage":"89","endPage":"105","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-062819","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":323862,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Illinois River","volume":"25","issue":"1","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":6,"text":"Columbus PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-09-03","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57651f33e4b07657d19c7896","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gray, Brian R. 0000-0001-7682-9550 brgray@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7682-9550","contributorId":2615,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gray","given":"Brian","email":"brgray@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":572585,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lyubchich, Vyacheslav","contributorId":147780,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lyubchich","given":"Vyacheslav","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":12956,"text":"Chesapeake Biological Laboratory, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":572586,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gel, Yulia R.","contributorId":147781,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gel","given":"Yulia","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":16934,"text":"Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":572587,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rogala, James T. 0000-0002-1954-4097 jrogala@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1954-4097","contributorId":2651,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rogala","given":"James","email":"jrogala@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":572588,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Robertson, Dale M. 0000-0001-6799-0596 dzrobert@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6799-0596","contributorId":150760,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robertson","given":"Dale","email":"dzrobert@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":572589,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Wei, Xiaoqiao","contributorId":147782,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wei","given":"Xiaoqiao","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":16935,"text":"3M Center, Saint Paul, MN","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":572590,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70155164,"text":"sir20155104 - 2015 - Flood-inundation Maps for the Deerfield River, Franklin County, Massachusetts, from the Confluence with the Cold River Tributary to the Connecticut River","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-11-04T12:23:52","indexId":"sir20155104","displayToPublicDate":"2015-09-02T14:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2015-5104","title":"Flood-inundation Maps for the Deerfield River, Franklin County, Massachusetts, from the Confluence with the Cold River Tributary to the Connecticut River","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey developed flood elevations in cooperation with the Federal Emergency Management Agency for a 30-mile reach of the Deerfield River from the confluence of the Cold River tributary to the Connecticut River in the towns of Charlemont, Buckland, Shelburne, Conway, Deerfield, and Greenfield in Franklin County, Massachusetts to assist land owners, and emergency management workers prepare for and recover from floods. Peak flows with 50-, 20-, 10-, 4-, 2-, 1-, 0.5-, and 0.2-percent annual exceedance probabilities were computed for the reach from updated flood-frequency analyses. These peak flows were routed through a one-dimensional step-backwater hydraulic model to obtain the corresponding peak water-surface elevations and to place the tropical storm Irene flood of August 28, 2011 into historical context. The hydraulic model was calibrated by using current [2015] stage-discharge relations at two U.S. Geological Survey streamgages in the study reach—Deerfield River at Charlemont, MA (01168500) and Deerfield River near West Deerfield, MA (01170000)—and from documented high-water marks from the tropical storm Irene flood, which had between a 1- and 0.2-percent AEP.
\nThe hydraulic model was used to compute water-surface profiles for flood stages referenced to the two streamgages. Two sets of flood-inundation map libraries were created from the modeled profiles. The library for the upstream, western portion of the modeled reach is 9.1 miles long, extends from just downstream of the confluence of the Deerfield River with the Cold River to just upstream of the confluence with Clesson Brook, and is calibrated to the Deerfield River at Charlemont, MA streamgage. The library for the downstream, eastern portion of the modeled reach is 8.9 miles long, extends from just downstream of the confluence of the Deerfield River with the South River to just upstream of the confluence with the Green River, and is calibrated to the Deerfield River near West Deerfield streamgage. Stages for mapped profiles of the upstream reach range from 8.7 feet (ft) at the local datum (525.6 ft when converted to the North American Vertical Datum of 1988 [NAVD 88]) to 25.7 ft (542.6 ft at NAVD 88) at the Charlemont streamgage, and stages for mapped profiles of the downstream reach range from 8.5 ft (165.2 ft at NAVD 88) to 29.0 ft (185.7 ft at NAVD 88) at the West Deerfield streamgage. The simulated water-surface profiles were combined with a geographic information system digital elevation model derived from 0.5-ft vertical accuracy light detection and ranging (lidar) data to create the two sets of flood-inundation maps.
\nThe availability of the flood-inundation maps at http://water.usgs.gov/osw/flood_inundation/, combined with information regarding current (near real-time) stage from the two U.S. Geological Survey streamgages in the study reach, can provide emergency management personnel and residents with information to aid in flood response activities, such as evacuations and road closures, and with postflood recovery efforts. The flood-inundation maps are nonregulatory, but provide Federal, State, and local agencies and the public with estimates of the potential extent of flooding during selected peak-flow events.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20155104","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Federal Emergency Management Agency","usgsCitation":"Lombard, P.J., and Bent, G.C., 2015, Flood-inundation maps for the Deerfield River, Franklin County, Massachusetts, from the confluence with the Cold River tributary to the Connecticut River: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2015–5104, 22 p., appendixes, https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/sir20155104.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 22 p.; 2 Appendixes; Metadata","numberOfPages":"32","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-061958","costCenters":[{"id":371,"text":"Maine Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":310302,"rank":6,"type":{"id":16,"text":"Metadata"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5104/downloads/sir20155104_flood-inundation_gis_charlemont.xml","text":"Charlemont flood inundation mapping GIS metadata (xml)","size":"12.3 KB","description":"SIR 2015-5104 - Metadata"},{"id":310303,"rank":7,"type":{"id":16,"text":"Metadata"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5104/downloads/sir20155104_flood-inundation_gis_wdeerfield.xml","text":"West Deerfield flood inundation mapping GIS metadata (xml)","size":"12.4 KB","description":"SIR 2015-5104 - Metadata"},{"id":310304,"rank":8,"type":{"id":23,"text":"Spatial Data"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5104/downloads/sir20155104_flood-inundation_gis_charlemont.zip","text":"Charlemont flood inundation mapping GIS","size":"27 MB","linkFileType":{"id":6,"text":"zip"},"description":"SIR 2015-5104 - Spatial Data"},{"id":310305,"rank":9,"type":{"id":23,"text":"Spatial Data"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5104/downloads/sir20155104_flood-inundation_gis_wdeerfield.zip","text":"West Deerfield flood inundation mapping GIS","size":"85.6 MB","linkFileType":{"id":6,"text":"zip"},"description":"SIR 2015-5104 - Spatial Data"},{"id":310306,"rank":10,"type":{"id":4,"text":"Application Site"},"url":"https://wimcloud.usgs.gov/apps/FIM/FloodInundationMapper.html","text":"Flood Inundation Mapper","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"SIR 2015-5104"},{"id":307531,"rank":5,"type":{"id":16,"text":"Metadata"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5104/downloads/sir20155104_app2metadata.xml","text":"Appendix 2 Metadata (xml)","size":"12.4 KB","description":"SIR 2015-5104 - Metadata"},{"id":307527,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5104/sir20155104.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.66MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2015-5104"},{"id":307526,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5104/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":307536,"rank":4,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5104/downloads/sir20155104_appendix2.zip","text":"Appendix 2","size":"350 KB","linkFileType":{"id":6,"text":"zip"},"description":"SIR 2015-5104 Appendix 2","linkHelpText":"Area of Flood Inundation for the 1- and 0.2-Percent Annual Exceedance Probability Flows Along the Deerfield River Study Reach in Franklin County, Massachusetts"},{"id":307528,"rank":3,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5104/downloads/sir20155104_appendix1.xlsx","text":"Appendix 1","size":"24 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"SIR 2015-5104 Appendix 1","linkHelpText":"Water-Surface Elevations at Modeled Cross Sections Along the Deerfield River, Franklin County, Massachusetts"}],"country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts","county":"Franklin County","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -72.35870361328125,\n 42.72280375732727\n ],\n [\n -72.3175048828125,\n 42.6895017559477\n ],\n [\n -72.24746704101562,\n 42.67839711889057\n ],\n [\n -72.22824096679688,\n 42.65214190481525\n ],\n [\n -72.22137451171874,\n 42.622844161937174\n ],\n [\n -72.26943969726562,\n 42.60465241823049\n ],\n [\n -72.28179931640625,\n 42.589488572714245\n ],\n [\n -72.2625732421875,\n 42.56521874494336\n ],\n [\n -72.24746704101562,\n 42.527784255084676\n ],\n [\n -72.27630615234375,\n 42.50551526821832\n ],\n [\n -72.30926513671875,\n 42.533856237848504\n ],\n [\n -72.32162475585938,\n 42.47310984904908\n ],\n [\n -72.333984375,\n 42.453861188491175\n ],\n [\n -72.322998046875,\n 42.42244277484678\n ],\n [\n -72.32437133789062,\n 42.3839083919257\n ],\n [\n -72.32025146484375,\n 42.34941019930749\n ],\n [\n -72.34634399414061,\n 42.3179394544685\n ],\n [\n -72.34634399414061,\n 42.33926006673673\n ],\n [\n -72.35458374023438,\n 42.39912215986002\n ],\n [\n -72.38616943359375,\n 42.45791402988027\n ],\n [\n -72.38204956054688,\n 42.42142901536395\n ],\n [\n -72.4822998046875,\n 42.39506551565123\n ],\n [\n -72.50564575195312,\n 42.420415239489934\n ],\n [\n -72.79266357421875,\n 42.382894009614056\n ],\n [\n -72.80502319335938,\n 42.445754718858524\n ],\n [\n -72.94235229492188,\n 42.49133996306382\n ],\n [\n -72.93960571289062,\n 42.55510352893436\n ],\n [\n -73.06182861328125,\n 42.58544425738491\n ],\n [\n -73.10440063476562,\n 42.742978093466434\n ],\n [\n -72.35870361328125,\n 42.72280375732727\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, New England Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
10 Bearfoot Road
Northborough, MA 01532
Or visit our Web site at
http://newengland.water.usgs.gov
Coagulation with metal-based salts is a practice commonly employed by drinking-water utilities to decrease particle and dissolved organic carbon concentrations in water. In addition to decreasing dissolved organic carbon concentrations, the effectiveness of iron- and aluminum-based coagulants for decreasing dissolved concentrations both of inorganic and monomethyl mercury in water was demonstrated in laboratory studies that used agricultural drainage water from the Sacramento–San Joaquin Delta of California. To test the effectiveness of this approach at the field scale, nine 15-by-40‑meter wetland cells were constructed on Twitchell Island that received untreated water from island drainage canals (control) or drainage water treated with polyaluminum chloride or ferric sulfate coagulants. Surface-water samples were collected approximately monthly during November 2012–September 2013 from the inlets and outlets of the wetland cells and then analyzed by the U.S. Geological Survey for total concentrations of mercury and monomethyl mercury in filtered (less than 0.3 micrometers) and suspended-particulate fractions and for concentrations of dissolved organic carbon.
\nIn the control wetland cells, total mercury concentrations in filtered water samples ranged from 0.94 to 2.47 nanograms per liter (ng/L) at the control inlets and from 0.84 to 2.63 ng/L at the control outlets, and particulate total mercury concentrations in water ranged from 0.27 to 1.49 ng/L at the control inlets and from 0.17 to 1.11 ng/L at the control outlets. Monomethyl mercury concentrations in filtered water ranged from 0.16 to 0.88 ng/L at the control inlets and from 0.13 to 1.30 ng/L at the control outlets; particulate monomethyl mercury concentrations in water ranged from 0.03 to 0.24 ng/L at the control inlets and from 0.03 to 0.23 ng/L at the control outlets. Dissolved organic carbon concentrations in water ranged from 7.9 to 26.7 milligrams per liter at the control inlets and from 8.5 to 28.0 milligrams per liter at the control outlets.
\nFollowing coagulation, but prior to passage through the wetland cells, coagulation treatments transferred dissolved mercury and carbon to the particulate fraction relative to untreated source water: at the wetland cell inlets, the coagulation treatments decreased concentrations of filtered total mercury by 59–76 percent, filtered monomethyl mercury by 40–70 percent, and dissolved organic carbon by 65–86 percent. Passage through the wetland cells decreased the particulate fraction of mercury in wetland cells that received coagulant-treated water. Changes in total mercury, monomethyl mercury, and dissolved organic carbon concentrations resulting from wetland passage varied both by treatment and season. Despite increased monomethyl mercury in the filtered fraction during wetland passage between March and August, the coagulation-wetland systems generally decreased total mercury (filtered plus particulate) and monomethyl mercury (filtered plus particulate) concentrations relative to source water. Coagulation—either alone or in association with constructed wetlands—could be an effective way to decrease concentrations of mercury and dissolved organic carbon in surface water as well as the bioavailability of mercury in the Sacramento–San Joaquin Delta.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ds950","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the California Department of Water Resources","usgsCitation":"Stumpner, E.B., Kraus, T.E.C., Fleck, J.A., Hansen, A.M., Bachand, S.M., Horwath, W.R., DeWild, J.F., Krabbenhoft, D.P., and Bachand, P.A.M., 2015, Mercury, monomethyl mercury, and dissolved organic carbon concentrations in surface water entering and exiting constructed wetlands treated with metal-based coagulants, Twitchell Island, California: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 950, 26 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ds950.","productDescription":"vi, 26 p.","numberOfPages":"36","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-064756","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":307801,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/0950/ds950.pdf","text":"Report","size":"8.47 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"DS 950"},{"id":307800,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/0950/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Twitchell Island","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -121.66465759277344,\n 38.18584706613636\n ],\n [\n -121.69967651367188,\n 38.12969560730616\n ],\n [\n -121.70860290527342,\n 38.1080873807306\n ],\n [\n -121.68663024902344,\n 38.085391861792274\n ],\n [\n -121.63993835449219,\n 38.08485140639173\n ],\n [\n -121.59049987792969,\n 38.08809407886681\n ],\n [\n -121.56097412109375,\n 38.0907961960593\n ],\n [\n -121.55479431152344,\n 38.108627664321276\n ],\n [\n -121.55136108398436,\n 38.12861534784239\n ],\n [\n -121.51908874511717,\n 38.16641491595218\n ],\n [\n -121.49848937988281,\n 38.19232329797254\n ],\n [\n -121.48818969726561,\n 38.213906578463856\n ],\n [\n -121.48338317871094,\n 38.23656213571519\n ],\n [\n -121.497802734375,\n 38.267836780226276\n ],\n [\n -121.56509399414061,\n 38.24680876017446\n ],\n [\n -121.57882690429688,\n 38.21552506654349\n ],\n [\n -121.59805297851561,\n 38.19232329797254\n ],\n [\n -121.63169860839845,\n 38.18692647809604\n ],\n [\n -121.66465759277344,\n 38.18584706613636\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, California Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
6000 J Street, Placer Hall
Sacramento, California 95819
http://ca.water.usgs.gov
Understanding the efficacy of revised watershed management methods is important to mitigating the impacts of urbanization on streamflow. We evaluated the influence of land use change, primarily as urbanization, and stormwater control measures on the relationship between precipitation and stream discharge over an 8-year period for five catchments near Clarksburg, Montgomery County, Maryland, USA. A unit-hydrograph model based on a temporal transfer function was employed to account for and standardize temporal variation in rainfall pattern, and properly apportion rainfall to streamflow at different time lags. From these lagged relationships, we quantified a correction to the precipitation time series to achieve a hydrograph that showed good agreement between precipitation and discharge records. Positive corrections appeared to include precipitation events that were of limited areal extent and therefore not captured by our rain gages. Negative corrections were analysed for potential causal relationships. We used mixed-model statistical techniques to isolate different sources of variance as drivers that mediate the rainfall–runoff dynamic before and after management. Seasonal periodicity mediated rainfall–runoff relationships, and land uses (i.e. agriculture, natural lands, wetlands and stormwater control measures) were statistically significant predictors of precipitation apportionment to stream discharge. Our approach is one way to evaluate actual effectiveness of management efforts in the face of complicating circumstances and could be paired with cost data to understand economic efficiency or life cycle aspects of watershed management. Published 2015. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/hyp.10505","usgsCitation":"Rhea, L., Jarnagin, T., Hogan, D.M., Loperfido, J., and Shuster, W., 2015, Effects of urbanization and stormwater control measures on streamflows in the vicinity of Clarksburg, Maryland, USA: Hydrological Processes, v. 29, no. 20, p. 4413-4426, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.10505.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"4413","endPage":"4426","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"1998-01-01","temporalEnd":"2010-12-31","ipdsId":"IP-053400","costCenters":[{"id":242,"text":"Eastern Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":307802,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Maryland","county":"Montgomery County","otherGeospatial":"Clarksburg","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -77.32315063476562,\n 39.17771552084858\n ],\n [\n -77.32315063476562,\n 39.32101883236063\n ],\n [\n -77.16865539550781,\n 39.32101883236063\n ],\n [\n -77.16865539550781,\n 39.17771552084858\n ],\n [\n -77.32315063476562,\n 39.17771552084858\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"29","issue":"20","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-05-11","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55e80f98e4b0dacf699e663a","chorus":{"doi":"10.1002/hyp.10505","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hyp.10505","publisher":"Wiley-Blackwell","authors":"Rhea Lee, Jarnagin Taylor, Hogan Dianna, Loperfido J. V., Shuster William","journalName":"Hydrological Processes","publicationDate":"5/11/2015","auditedOn":"7/24/2015"},"contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rhea, Lee","contributorId":147260,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rhea","given":"Lee","affiliations":[{"id":16813,"text":"Sustainable Environments Branch, National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, EPA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":570900,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jarnagin, Taylor","contributorId":131140,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jarnagin","given":"Taylor","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":7258,"text":"Landscape Ecology Branch, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":570901,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hogan, Dianna M. 0000-0003-1492-4514 dhogan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1492-4514","contributorId":131137,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hogan","given":"Dianna","email":"dhogan@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":5064,"text":"Southeast Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":242,"text":"Eastern Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":570899,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Loperfido, J. V. jloperfido@usgs.gov","contributorId":131139,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Loperfido","given":"J. V.","email":"jloperfido@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":242,"text":"Eastern Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":570902,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Shuster, William","contributorId":147261,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Shuster","given":"William","affiliations":[{"id":16813,"text":"Sustainable Environments Branch, National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, EPA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":570903,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70159967,"text":"70159967 - 2015 - Predicting the resilience and recovery of aquatic systems: a framework for model evolution within environmental observatories","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-12-04T14:47:17","indexId":"70159967","displayToPublicDate":"2015-09-02T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Predicting the resilience and recovery of aquatic systems: a framework for model evolution within environmental observatories","docAbstract":"Maintaining the health of aquatic systems is an essential component of sustainable catchmentmanagement, however, degradation of water quality and aquatic habitat continues to challenge scientistsand policy-makers. To support management and restoration efforts aquatic system models are requiredthat are able to capture the often complex trajectories that these systems display in response to multiplestressors. This paper explores the abilities and limitations of current model approaches in meeting this chal-lenge, and outlines a strategy based on integration of flexible model libraries and data from observationnetworks, within a learning framework, as a means to improve the accuracy and scope of model predictions.The framework is comprised of a data assimilation component that utilizes diverse data streams from sensornetworks, and a second component whereby model structural evolution can occur once the model isassessed against theoretically relevant metrics of system function. Given the scale and transdisciplinarynature of the prediction challenge, network science initiatives are identified as a means to develop and inte-grate diverse model libraries and workflows, and to obtain consensus on diagnostic approaches to modelassessment that can guide model adaptation. We outline how such a framework can help us explore thetheory of how aquatic systems respond to change by bridging bottom-up and top-down lines of enquiry,and, in doing so, also advance the role of prediction in aquatic ecosystem management.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/2015WR017175","usgsCitation":"Hipsey, M., Hamilton, D., Hanson, P.C., Carey, C.C., Coletti, J.Z., Read, J.S., Ibelings, B.W., Valensini, F.J., and Brookes, J.D., 2015, Predicting the resilience and recovery of aquatic systems: a framework for model evolution within environmental observatories: Water Resources Research, v. 51, no. 9, p. 7023-7043, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015WR017175.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"7023","endPage":"7043","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-063945","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":471816,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/2015wr017175","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":311939,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"51","issue":"9","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":6,"text":"Columbus PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-09-02","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5662c758e4b06a3ea36c67c7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hipsey, Matthew R.","contributorId":80968,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hipsey","given":"Matthew R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":581334,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hamilton, David P.","contributorId":18633,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hamilton","given":"David P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":581335,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hanson, Paul C.","contributorId":35634,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hanson","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":12951,"text":"Center for Limnology, University of Wisconsin Madison","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":581336,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Carey, Cayelan C.","contributorId":130969,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Carey","given":"Cayelan","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":7185,"text":"Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":581337,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Coletti, Janaine Z","contributorId":150282,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Coletti","given":"Janaine","email":"","middleInitial":"Z","affiliations":[{"id":17958,"text":"Aquatic Ecodynamics, School of Earth and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":581338,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Read, Jordan S. 0000-0002-3888-6631 jread@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3888-6631","contributorId":4453,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Read","given":"Jordan","email":"jread@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5054,"text":"Office of Water Information","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":160,"text":"Center for Integrated Data Analytics","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":581339,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Ibelings, Bas W","contributorId":130973,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ibelings","given":"Bas","email":"","middleInitial":"W","affiliations":[{"id":7189,"text":"Institut F.A. Forel, Versoix, Switzerland","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":581340,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Valensini, Fiona J","contributorId":150283,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Valensini","given":"Fiona","email":"","middleInitial":"J","affiliations":[{"id":17959,"text":"Centre for Fish and Fisheries Research, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":581341,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Brookes, Justin D","contributorId":130984,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Brookes","given":"Justin","email":"","middleInitial":"D","affiliations":[{"id":7196,"text":"Water Research Centre, The Environment Institute, School of Earth and Environmental Science, University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":581342,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":70157231,"text":"70157231 - 2015 - Climate change and physical disturbance cause similar community shifts in biological soil crusts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-05T16:04:25","indexId":"70157231","displayToPublicDate":"2015-09-01T12:30:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2982,"text":"PNAS","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Climate change and physical disturbance cause similar community shifts in biological soil crusts","docAbstract":"Biological soil crusts (biocrusts)—communities of mosses, lichens, cyanobacteria, and heterotrophs living at the soil surface—are fundamental components of drylands worldwide, and destruction of biocrusts dramatically alters biogeochemical processes, hydrology, surface energy balance, and vegetation cover. While there has been long-standing concern over impacts of 5 physical disturbances on biocrusts (e.g., trampling by livestock, damage from vehicles), there is also increasing concern over the potential for climate change to alter biocrust community structure. Using long-term data from the Colorado Plateau, USA, we examined the effects of 10 years of experimental warming and altered precipitation (in full-factorial design) on biocrust communities, and compared the effects of altered climate with those of long-term physical 10 disturbance (>10 years of replicated human trampling). Surprisingly, altered climate and physical disturbance treatments had similar effects on biocrust community structure. Warming, altered precipitation frequency [an increase of small (1.2 mm) summer rainfall events], and physical disturbance from trampling all promoted early successional community states marked by dramatic declines in moss cover and increased cyanobacteria cover, with more variable effects 15 on lichens. While the pace of community change varied significantly among treatments, our results suggest that multiple aspects of climate change will affect biocrusts to the same degree as physical disturbance. This is particularly disconcerting in the context of warming, as temperatures for drylands are projected to increase beyond those imposed by the climate treatments used in our study.
","language":"English","publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.1073/pnas.1509150112","usgsCitation":"Ferrenberg, S., Reed, S.C., and Belnap, J., 2015, Climate change and physical disturbance cause similar community shifts in biological soil crusts: PNAS, v. 112, no. 39, p. 12116-12121, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1509150112.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"12116","endPage":"12121","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-066539","costCenters":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":471818,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1509150112","text":"External Repository"},{"id":308199,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"112","issue":"39","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-09-14","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55fa92b1e4b05d6c4e501a60","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ferrenberg, Scott 0000-0002-3542-0334 sferrenberg@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3542-0334","contributorId":147684,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ferrenberg","given":"Scott","email":"sferrenberg@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":572329,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reed, Sasha C. 0000-0002-8597-8619 screed@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8597-8619","contributorId":462,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reed","given":"Sasha","email":"screed@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":572330,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Belnap, Jayne 0000-0001-7471-2279 jayne_belnap@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7471-2279","contributorId":1332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belnap","given":"Jayne","email":"jayne_belnap@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":572331,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70157377,"text":"70157377 - 2015 - Landscape-scale distribution and density of raptor populations wintering in anthropogenic-dominated desert landscapes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-24T18:08:55","indexId":"70157377","displayToPublicDate":"2015-09-01T12:15:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1006,"text":"Biodiversity and Conservation","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Landscape-scale distribution and density of raptor populations wintering in anthropogenic-dominated desert landscapes","docAbstract":"Anthropogenic development has great potential to affect fragile desert environments. Large-scale development of renewable energy infrastructure is planned for many desert ecosystems. Development plans should account for anthropogenic effects to distributions and abundance of rare or sensitive wildlife; however, baseline data on abundance and distribution of such wildlife are often lacking. We surveyed for predatory birds in the Sonoran and Mojave Deserts of southern California, USA, in an area designated for protection under the “Desert Renewable Energy Conservation Plan”, to determine how these birds are distributed across the landscape and how this distribution is affected by existing development. We developed species-specific models of resight probability to adjust estimates of abundance and density of each individual common species. Second, we developed combined-species models of resight probability for common and rare species so that we could make use of sparse data on the latter. We determined that many common species, such as red-tailed hawks, loggerhead shrikes, and especially common ravens, are associated with human development and likely subsidized by human activity. Species-specific and combined-species models of resight probability performed similarly, although the former model type provided higher quality information. Comparing abundance estimates with past surveys in the Mojave Desert suggests numbers of predatory birds associated with human development have increased while other sensitive species not associated with development have decreased. This approach gave us information beyond what we would have collected by focusing either on common or rare species, thus it provides a low-cost framework for others conducting surveys in similar desert environments outside of California.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s10531-015-0916-6","usgsCitation":"Duerr, A.E., Miller, T., Cornell Duerr, K.L., Lanzone, M.J., Fesnock-Parker, A., and Katzner, T., 2015, Landscape-scale distribution and density of raptor populations wintering in anthropogenic-dominated desert landscapes: Biodiversity and Conservation, v. 24, no. 10, p. 2365-2381, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-015-0916-6.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"2365","endPage":"2381","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-061915","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":308435,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Mojave Desert, Sonoran Desert","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -118.63037109375,\n 37.97884504049713\n ],\n [\n -114.6533203125,\n 35.04798673426734\n ],\n [\n -114.60937499999999,\n 34.867904962568744\n ],\n [\n -114.45556640625,\n 34.687427949314845\n ],\n [\n -114.345703125,\n 34.452218472826566\n ],\n [\n -114.19189453125,\n 34.361576287484176\n ],\n [\n -114.3017578125,\n 34.125447565116126\n ],\n [\n -114.43359375,\n 33.99802726234877\n ],\n [\n -114.43359375,\n 33.8521697014074\n ],\n [\n -114.58740234375,\n 33.63291573870476\n ],\n [\n -114.71923828124999,\n 33.43144133557529\n ],\n [\n -114.71923828124999,\n 33.22949814144951\n ],\n [\n -114.6533203125,\n 33.119150226768866\n ],\n [\n -114.5654296875,\n 33.04550781490999\n ],\n [\n -114.54345703125,\n 32.879587173066305\n ],\n [\n -114.697265625,\n 32.713355353177555\n ],\n [\n -116.49902343749999,\n 32.62087018318113\n ],\n [\n -116.60888671874999,\n 32.97180377635759\n ],\n [\n -116.806640625,\n 33.61461929233378\n ],\n [\n -117.1142578125,\n 33.925129700072\n ],\n [\n -117.6416015625,\n 34.052659421375964\n ],\n [\n -118.23486328125,\n 34.23451236236987\n ],\n [\n -118.564453125,\n 34.56085936708387\n ],\n [\n -118.740234375,\n 34.75966612466248\n ],\n [\n -118.71826171875,\n 35.28150065789119\n ],\n [\n -118.91601562499999,\n 36.50963615733049\n ],\n [\n -118.7841796875,\n 37.78808138412046\n ],\n [\n -118.63037109375,\n 37.97884504049713\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"24","issue":"10","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":12,"text":"Tacoma PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-04-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5603cd46e4b03bc34f544b17","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Duerr, Adam E.","contributorId":102324,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duerr","given":"Adam","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":572915,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Miller, Tricia A.","contributorId":64790,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"Tricia A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":572916,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cornell Duerr, Kerri L","contributorId":147850,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cornell Duerr","given":"Kerri","email":"","middleInitial":"L","affiliations":[{"id":16946,"text":"Westminster College","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":572917,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lanzone, Michael J.","contributorId":147851,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lanzone","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":13392,"text":"Cellular Tracking Technologies","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":572918,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Fesnock-Parker, Amy","contributorId":140129,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fesnock-Parker","given":"Amy","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":7217,"text":"Bureau of Land Management","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":true,"id":572919,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Katzner, Todd E. 0000-0003-4503-8435 tkatzner@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4503-8435","contributorId":5979,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Katzner","given":"Todd E.","email":"tkatzner@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":572914,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70157110,"text":"70157110 - 2015 - Trends in pesticide concentrations and use for major rivers of the United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-10-12T20:02:17","indexId":"70157110","displayToPublicDate":"2015-09-01T12:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3352,"text":"Science of the Total Environment","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Trends in pesticide concentrations and use for major rivers of the United States","docAbstract":"Trends in pesticide concentrations in 38 major rivers of the United States were evaluated in relation to use trends for 11 commonly occurring pesticide compounds. Pesticides monitored in water were analyzed for trends in concentration in three overlapping periods, 1992–2001, 1997–2006, and 2001–2010 to facilitate comparisons among sites with variable sample distributions over time and among pesticides with changes in use during different periods and durations. Concentration trends were analyzed using the SEAWAVE-Q model, which incorporates intra-annual variability in concentration and measures of long-term, mid-term, and short-term streamflow variability. Trends in agricultural use within each of the river basins were determined using interval-censored regression with high and low estimates of use.
\nPesticides strongly dominated by agricultural use (cyanazine, alachlor, atrazine and its degradate deethylatrazine, metolachlor, and carbofuran) had widespread agreement between concentration trends and use trends. Pesticides with substantial use in both agricultural and nonagricultural applications (simazine, chlorpyrifos, malathion, diazinon, and carbaryl) had concentration trends that were mostly explained by a combination of agricultural-use trends, regulatory changes, and urban use changes inferred from concentration trends in urban streams. When there were differences, concentration trends usually were greater than use trends (increased more or decreased less). These differences may occur because of such factors as unaccounted pesticide uses, delayed transport to the river through groundwater, greater uncertainty in the use data, or unquantified land use and management practice changes.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier Pub. Co.","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam","doi":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.06.095","usgsCitation":"Ryberg, K.R., and Gilliom, R.J., 2015, Trends in pesticide concentrations and use for major rivers of the United States: Science of the Total Environment, v. 538, p. 431-444, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.06.095.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"431","endPage":"444","numberOfPages":"14","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-059356","costCenters":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":307996,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"538","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":4,"text":"Rolla PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55f15834e4b0dacf699eb987","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ryberg, Karen R. 0000-0002-9834-2046 kryberg@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9834-2046","contributorId":1172,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ryberg","given":"Karen","email":"kryberg@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":571688,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gilliom, Robert J. rgilliom@usgs.gov","contributorId":488,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gilliom","given":"Robert","email":"rgilliom@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":571689,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70159958,"text":"70159958 - 2015 - Shifts in the eruptive styles at Stromboli in 2010–2014 revealed by ground-based InSAR data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-12-04T16:11:07","indexId":"70159958","displayToPublicDate":"2015-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3358,"text":"Scientific Reports","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Shifts in the eruptive styles at Stromboli in 2010–2014 revealed by ground-based InSAR data","docAbstract":"Ground-Based Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (GBInSAR) is an efficient technique for capturing short, subtle episodes of conduit pressurization in open vent volcanoes like Stromboli (Italy), because it can detect very shallow magma storage, which is difficult to identify using other methods. This technique allows the user to choose the optimal radar location for measuring the most significant deformation signal, provides an exceptional geometrical resolution, and allows for continuous monitoring of the deformation. Here, we present and model ground displacements collected at Stromboli by GBInSAR from January 2010 to August 2014. During this period, the volcano experienced several episodes of intense volcanic activity, culminated in the effusive flank eruption of August 2014. Modelling of the deformation allowed us to estimate a source depth of 482 ± 46 m a.s.l. The cumulative volume change was 4.7 ± 2.6 × 105 m3. The strain energy of the source was evaluated 3–5 times higher than the surface energy needed to open the 6–7 August eruptive fissure. The analysis proposed here can help forecast shifts in the eruptive style and especially the onset of flank eruptions at Stromboli and at similar volcanic systems (e.g. Etna, Piton de La Fournaise, Kilauea).
","language":"English","publisher":"Nature Publishing Group (NPG)","doi":"10.1038/srep13569","usgsCitation":"Di Traglia, F., Battaglia, M., Nolesini, T., Lagomarsino, D., and Casaglia, N., 2015, Shifts in the eruptive styles at Stromboli in 2010–2014 revealed by ground-based InSAR data: Scientific Reports, no. 5, 11 p., https://doi.org/10.1038/srep13569.","productDescription":"11 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-064541","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":471838,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/srep13569","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":311951,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":311915,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/srep13569"}],"country":"Italy","otherGeospatial":"Stromboli","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 15.213661193847658,\n 38.81189098781871\n ],\n [\n 15.190315246582033,\n 38.79771102715645\n ],\n [\n 15.184478759765627,\n 38.790753788294424\n ],\n [\n 15.191688537597654,\n 38.7800490179011\n ],\n [\n 15.201988220214846,\n 38.77656962147866\n ],\n [\n 15.215721130371096,\n 38.77041335043523\n ],\n [\n 15.226364135742188,\n 38.77442837007637\n ],\n [\n 15.232543945312498,\n 38.78459874169886\n ],\n [\n 15.240097045898438,\n 38.79450007821985\n ],\n [\n 15.24421691894531,\n 38.80573776659133\n ],\n [\n 15.228080749511719,\n 38.812426025416734\n ],\n [\n 15.216751098632812,\n 38.81296105899589\n ],\n [\n 15.213661193847658,\n 38.81189098781871\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","issue":"5","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-09-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5662c759e4b06a3ea36c67cb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Di Traglia, Federico","contributorId":150264,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Di Traglia","given":"Federico","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":17947,"text":"Università di Firenze","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":581188,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Battaglia, Maurizio mbattaglia@usgs.gov","contributorId":139631,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Battaglia","given":"Maurizio","email":"mbattaglia@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":581187,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nolesini, Teresa","contributorId":150265,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Nolesini","given":"Teresa","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":17947,"text":"Università di Firenze","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":581189,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lagomarsino, Daniela","contributorId":150266,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lagomarsino","given":"Daniela","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":17947,"text":"Università di Firenze","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":581190,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Casaglia, Nicola","contributorId":150267,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Casaglia","given":"Nicola","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":17947,"text":"Università di Firenze","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":581191,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70156131,"text":"70156131 - 2015 - Estimating annualized earthquake losses for the conterminous United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-06-29T13:19:16","indexId":"70156131","displayToPublicDate":"2015-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1436,"text":"Earthquake Spectra","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimating annualized earthquake losses for the conterminous United States","docAbstract":"We make use of the most recent National Seismic Hazard Maps (the years 2008 and 2014 cycles), updated census data on population, and economic exposure estimates of general building stock to quantify annualized earthquake loss (AEL) for the conterminous United States. The AEL analyses were performed using the Federal Emergency Management Agency's (FEMA) Hazus software, which facilitated a systematic comparison of the influence of the 2014 National Seismic Hazard Maps in terms of annualized loss estimates in different parts of the country. The losses from an individual earthquake could easily exceed many tens of billions of dollars, and the long-term averaged value of losses from all earthquakes within the conterminous U.S. has been estimated to be a few billion dollars per year. This study estimated nationwide losses to be approximately $4.5 billion per year (in 2012$), roughly 80% of which can be attributed to the States of California, Oregon and Washington. We document the change in estimated AELs arising solely from the change in the assumed hazard map. The change from the 2008 map to the 2014 map results in a 10 to 20% reduction in AELs for the highly seismic States of the Western United States, whereas the reduction is even more significant for Central and Eastern United States.
","language":"English","publisher":"Earthquake Engineering Research Institute","publisherLocation":"Berkeley","doi":"10.1193/010915EQS005M","usgsCitation":"Jaiswal, K.S., Bausch, D., Chen, R., Bouabid, J., and Seligson, H., 2015, Estimating annualized earthquake losses for the conterminous United States: Earthquake Spectra, v. 31, no. S1, p. 221-243, https://doi.org/10.1193/010915EQS005M.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"221","endPage":"243","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-068268","costCenters":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":471831,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1193/010915eqs005m","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":310768,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -97.18505859374999,\n 25.97779895546436\n ],\n [\n -97.42675781249999,\n 25.878994400196202\n ],\n [\n -98.2177734375,\n 26.115985925333536\n ],\n [\n -99.0966796875,\n 26.47057302237511\n ],\n [\n -99.580078125,\n 27.625140335093324\n ],\n [\n -100.283203125,\n 28.265682390146477\n ],\n [\n -100.83251953125,\n 29.305561325527698\n ],\n [\n -101.27197265625,\n 29.592565403314087\n ],\n [\n -101.49169921875,\n 29.80251790576445\n ],\n [\n -102.67822265625,\n 29.76437737516313\n ],\n [\n -103.11767578124999,\n 29.036960648558267\n ],\n [\n -104.47998046875,\n 29.611670115197377\n ],\n [\n -104.7216796875,\n 29.973970240516614\n ],\n [\n -104.69970703125,\n 30.20211367909724\n ],\n [\n -104.9853515625,\n 30.675715404167743\n ],\n [\n -106.12792968749999,\n 31.44741029142872\n ],\n [\n -106.45751953125,\n 31.80289258670676\n ],\n [\n -108.21533203125,\n 31.784216884487385\n ],\n [\n -108.204345703125,\n 31.344254455668054\n ],\n [\n -110.98388671874999,\n 31.3348710339506\n ],\n [\n -114.82910156249999,\n 32.52828936482526\n ],\n [\n -114.7412109375,\n 32.731840896865684\n ],\n [\n -117.13623046874999,\n 32.54681317351514\n ],\n [\n -117.3779296875,\n 33.211116472416855\n ],\n [\n -118.23486328125,\n 33.779147331286474\n ],\n [\n -118.564453125,\n 34.043556504127444\n ],\n [\n -118.94897460937499,\n 34.052659421375964\n ],\n [\n -119.2236328125,\n 34.161818161230386\n ],\n [\n -119.66308593749999,\n 34.470335121217495\n ],\n [\n -120.44311523437499,\n 34.45221847282654\n ],\n [\n -120.640869140625,\n 34.56990638085636\n ],\n [\n -120.673828125,\n 35.137879119634185\n ],\n [\n -121.9482421875,\n 36.4566360115962\n ],\n [\n -121.83837890625,\n 36.721273880045004\n ],\n [\n -121.88232421875,\n 36.949891786813296\n ],\n [\n -122.05810546875,\n 36.96744946416931\n ],\n [\n -122.40966796874999,\n 37.23032838760387\n ],\n [\n -122.56347656249999,\n 37.71859032558816\n ],\n [\n -122.67333984374999,\n 37.90953361677018\n ],\n [\n -123.00292968749999,\n 37.996162679728116\n ],\n [\n -123.02490234375,\n 38.238180119798635\n ],\n [\n -123.74999999999999,\n 38.92522904714054\n ],\n [\n -123.85986328124999,\n 39.757879992021756\n ],\n [\n -124.365234375,\n 40.27952566881291\n ],\n [\n -124.4091796875,\n 40.463666324587685\n ],\n [\n -124.18945312500001,\n 41.07935114946899\n ],\n [\n -124.0576171875,\n 41.60722821271717\n ],\n [\n -124.29931640625,\n 42.00032514831621\n ],\n [\n -124.49707031249999,\n 42.827638636242284\n ],\n [\n -124.16748046874999,\n 43.83452678223684\n ],\n [\n -124.03564453125,\n 45.058001435398296\n ],\n [\n -124.03564453125,\n 46.30140615437332\n ],\n [\n -124.25537109375,\n 47.41322033016902\n ],\n [\n -124.62890625,\n 47.91634204016118\n ],\n [\n -124.69482421875,\n 48.4146186174932\n ],\n [\n -123.96972656249999,\n 48.188063481211415\n ],\n [\n -123.134765625,\n 48.17341248658084\n ],\n [\n -122.78320312499999,\n 48.246625590713826\n ],\n [\n -122.81616210937499,\n 48.42920055556841\n ],\n [\n -123.18969726562499,\n 48.50204750525715\n ],\n [\n -123.24462890625,\n 48.69096039092549\n ],\n [\n -122.728271484375,\n 48.77067246880509\n ],\n [\n -122.82714843749999,\n 49.001843917978526\n ],\n [\n -95.174560546875,\n 49.01625665778159\n ],\n [\n -95.152587890625,\n 49.38237278700955\n ],\n [\n -94.81201171875,\n 49.31796095602274\n ],\n [\n -94.669189453125,\n 48.777912755501845\n ],\n [\n -93.834228515625,\n 48.63290858589532\n ],\n [\n -93.8232421875,\n 48.516604348867475\n ],\n [\n -93.44970703125,\n 48.56752037390827\n ],\n [\n -93.33984375,\n 48.66194284607008\n ],\n [\n -92.59277343749999,\n 48.531157010976706\n ],\n [\n -92.08740234375,\n 48.37084770238363\n ],\n [\n -91.4501953125,\n 48.06339653776211\n ],\n [\n -91.07666015625,\n 48.19538740833338\n ],\n [\n -90.8349609375,\n 48.23930899024905\n ],\n [\n -90.791015625,\n 48.10743118848039\n ],\n [\n -89.62646484375,\n 48.019324184801185\n ],\n [\n -89.3463134765625,\n 47.98256841921402\n ],\n [\n -88.3795166015625,\n 48.31973404047173\n ],\n [\n -84.847412109375,\n 46.897739085507\n ],\n [\n -84.55078125,\n 46.464349400461124\n ],\n [\n -84.4134521484375,\n 46.49839225859763\n ],\n [\n -84.19921875,\n 46.53619267489863\n ],\n [\n -84.1058349609375,\n 46.51351558059737\n ],\n [\n -84.122314453125,\n 46.320378031062354\n ],\n [\n -84.00146484374999,\n 46.15700496290803\n ],\n [\n -83.95751953125,\n 46.06560846138691\n ],\n [\n -83.81469726562499,\n 46.11132565729796\n ],\n [\n -83.6334228515625,\n 46.11894150610708\n ],\n [\n -83.42468261718749,\n 46.0007775685566\n ],\n [\n -83.583984375,\n 45.82497145796607\n ],\n [\n -82.518310546875,\n 45.32897866218559\n ],\n [\n -82.12280273437499,\n 43.57243174740972\n ],\n [\n -82.40295410156249,\n 43.000629854450025\n ],\n [\n -82.474365234375,\n 42.79136972365016\n ],\n [\n -82.5732421875,\n 42.5611728553181\n ],\n [\n -82.8533935546875,\n 42.370720143531955\n ],\n [\n -83.07861328125,\n 42.32200108060303\n ],\n [\n -83.12255859375,\n 42.14304156290942\n ],\n [\n -83.14453125,\n 42.04521345501039\n ],\n [\n -83.07861328125,\n 41.86956082699455\n ],\n [\n -82.6776123046875,\n 41.68111756290652\n ],\n [\n -82.3974609375,\n 41.68111756290652\n ],\n [\n -81.243896484375,\n 42.21224516288584\n ],\n [\n -80.09033203125,\n 42.39506551565123\n ],\n [\n -78.9532470703125,\n 42.827638636242284\n ],\n [\n -78.91754150390625,\n 42.95039177450287\n ],\n [\n -79.06585693359375,\n 43.092960677116295\n ],\n [\n -79.06036376953125,\n 43.26120612479979\n ],\n [\n -79.19769287109375,\n 43.45291889355465\n ],\n [\n -78.6895751953125,\n 43.632099415557754\n ],\n [\n -76.7999267578125,\n 43.64005063334694\n ],\n [\n -76.4483642578125,\n 44.11125397357153\n ],\n [\n -75.7781982421875,\n 44.51609322284931\n ],\n [\n -75.30029296875,\n 44.84029065139799\n ],\n [\n -74.827880859375,\n 45.02695045318546\n ],\n [\n -71.510009765625,\n 45.02695045318546\n ],\n [\n -71.3232421875,\n 45.29034662473615\n ],\n [\n -70.653076171875,\n 45.42158812329091\n ],\n [\n -70.68603515625,\n 45.537136680398596\n ],\n [\n -70.301513671875,\n 45.920587344733654\n ],\n [\n -70.2685546875,\n 46.240651955001695\n ],\n [\n -70.059814453125,\n 46.40756396630067\n ],\n [\n -69.993896484375,\n 46.694667307773116\n ],\n [\n -69.246826171875,\n 47.46523622438362\n ],\n [\n -69.01611328125,\n 47.4355191531953\n ],\n [\n -69.0380859375,\n 47.26432008025478\n ],\n [\n -68.93920898437499,\n 47.19717795172789\n ],\n [\n -68.35693359375,\n 47.36115300722623\n ],\n [\n -67.763671875,\n 47.06263847995432\n ],\n [\n -67.78564453125,\n 45.706179285330855\n ],\n [\n -67.423095703125,\n 45.5679096098613\n ],\n [\n -67.423095703125,\n 45.22074260255366\n ],\n [\n -67.17041015625,\n 45.174292524076726\n ],\n [\n -66.961669921875,\n 44.85586880735725\n ],\n [\n -67.24731445312499,\n 44.63739123445585\n ],\n [\n -68.236083984375,\n 44.308126684886126\n ],\n [\n -68.258056640625,\n 44.20583500104184\n ],\n [\n -69.06005859375,\n 44.04811573082351\n ],\n [\n -69.80712890625,\n 43.73935207915473\n ],\n [\n -70.048828125,\n 43.78695837311561\n ],\n [\n -70.2081298828125,\n 43.73538317799622\n ],\n [\n -70.191650390625,\n 43.58039085560786\n ],\n [\n -70.587158203125,\n 43.25320494908846\n ],\n [\n -70.81787109374999,\n 42.89206418807337\n ],\n [\n -70.76568603515625,\n 42.70060440808085\n ],\n [\n -70.68603515625,\n 42.66426107379467\n ],\n [\n -70.63934326171875,\n 42.69051116998241\n ],\n [\n -70.59814453125,\n 42.65416193033991\n ],\n [\n -70.6585693359375,\n 42.589488572714245\n ],\n [\n -70.8782958984375,\n 42.54498667313236\n ],\n [\n -70.83984375,\n 42.508552415528634\n ],\n [\n -70.9771728515625,\n 42.44372793752476\n ],\n [\n -70.97442626953125,\n 42.391008609205045\n ],\n [\n -70.8343505859375,\n 42.26917949243506\n ],\n [\n -70.75469970703125,\n 42.24681856113825\n ],\n [\n -70.64208984375,\n 42.07783959017503\n ],\n [\n -70.5487060546875,\n 41.92680320648791\n ],\n [\n -70.53497314453125,\n 41.820455096140314\n ],\n [\n -70.42785644531249,\n 41.74672584176937\n ],\n [\n -70.21636962890625,\n 41.73852846935917\n ],\n [\n -70.0323486328125,\n 41.781552998900345\n ],\n [\n -70.0103759765625,\n 41.85319643776675\n ],\n [\n -70.0762939453125,\n 41.90432124806034\n ],\n [\n -70.09277343749999,\n 42.02889410108475\n ],\n [\n -70.16143798828125,\n 42.05948945192712\n ],\n [\n -70.1751708984375,\n 42.01869237684385\n ],\n [\n -70.24932861328125,\n 42.06356771883277\n ],\n [\n -70.22186279296875,\n 42.07987816698549\n ],\n [\n -70.13946533203124,\n 42.07580094787543\n ],\n [\n -70.02960205078125,\n 42.02889410108475\n ],\n [\n -69.96917724609375,\n 41.916585116228354\n ],\n [\n -69.93072509765625,\n 41.7856490686444\n ],\n [\n -69.93072509765625,\n 41.6770148220322\n ],\n [\n -69.971923828125,\n 41.61338889474735\n ],\n [\n -69.949951171875,\n 41.253032440653186\n ],\n [\n -70.11199951171875,\n 41.23238023874142\n ],\n [\n -70.279541015625,\n 41.304634388885916\n ],\n [\n -70.44158935546875,\n 41.347948493443546\n ],\n [\n -70.675048828125,\n 41.3500103516271\n ],\n [\n -70.7684326171875,\n 41.31494988250963\n ],\n [\n -70.7958984375,\n 41.29844430929419\n ],\n [\n -71.03759765625,\n 41.49623534616764\n ],\n [\n -71.10076904296875,\n 41.50034959128928\n ],\n [\n -71.180419921875,\n 41.46125371076149\n ],\n [\n -71.3616943359375,\n 41.45507852101139\n ],\n [\n -71.44683837890625,\n 41.43654942411456\n ],\n [\n -71.4935302734375,\n 41.36031866306708\n ],\n [\n -71.531982421875,\n 41.16004614168688\n ],\n [\n -71.97967529296874,\n 41.01928287604565\n ],\n [\n -72.86956787109375,\n 40.724364221722716\n ],\n [\n -73.33099365234375,\n 40.61812224225511\n ],\n [\n -73.75946044921875,\n 40.58267063809529\n ],\n [\n -73.92425537109375,\n 40.543026009954986\n ],\n [\n -73.9874267578125,\n 40.46993497635153\n ],\n [\n -73.96820068359375,\n 40.319325896602095\n ],\n [\n -74.07806396484375,\n 39.928694653732364\n ],\n [\n -74.1357421875,\n 39.631076770083666\n ],\n [\n -74.3994140625,\n 39.364032338047984\n ],\n [\n -74.6356201171875,\n 39.21948715423953\n ],\n [\n -74.8004150390625,\n 38.96795115401593\n ],\n [\n -74.96520996093749,\n 38.929502416386605\n ],\n [\n -75.07507324218749,\n 38.775499003812946\n ],\n [\n -75.0421142578125,\n 38.47939467327645\n ],\n [\n -75.16845703124999,\n 38.004819966413194\n ],\n [\n -75.574951171875,\n 37.65773212628274\n ],\n [\n -75.882568359375,\n 37.16907157713011\n ],\n [\n -75.9814453125,\n 36.88840804313823\n ],\n [\n -75.706787109375,\n 36.16448788632064\n ],\n [\n -75.443115234375,\n 35.7019167328534\n ],\n [\n -75.52001953125,\n 35.22767235493586\n ],\n [\n -76.00341796875,\n 35.10193405724606\n ],\n [\n -76.519775390625,\n 34.6241677899049\n ],\n [\n -76.783447265625,\n 34.66935854524543\n ],\n [\n -77.2119140625,\n 34.58799745550482\n ],\n [\n -77.596435546875,\n 34.37064492478658\n ],\n [\n -77.87109375,\n 34.043556504127444\n ],\n [\n -77.93701171875,\n 33.797408767572485\n ],\n [\n -78.167724609375,\n 33.87041555094183\n ],\n [\n -78.662109375,\n 33.8430453147447\n ],\n [\n -79.013671875,\n 33.568861182555565\n ],\n [\n -79.156494140625,\n 33.32134852669881\n ],\n [\n -79.1455078125,\n 33.201924189778936\n ],\n [\n -79.69482421875,\n 32.7872745269555\n ],\n [\n -80.43090820312499,\n 32.47269502206151\n ],\n [\n -80.44189453125,\n 32.32427558887655\n ],\n [\n -80.83740234375,\n 32.0732655510424\n ],\n [\n -81.265869140625,\n 31.42866311735861\n ],\n [\n -81.419677734375,\n 30.760718908944472\n ],\n [\n -81.34277343749999,\n 29.99300228455108\n ],\n [\n -80.936279296875,\n 29.1233732108192\n ],\n [\n -80.52978515625,\n 28.488005204159457\n ],\n [\n -80.606689453125,\n 28.372068829631633\n ],\n [\n -80.474853515625,\n 27.848790459862073\n ],\n [\n -80.068359375,\n 26.95145308349826\n ],\n [\n -80.079345703125,\n 26.2145910237943\n ],\n [\n -80.167236328125,\n 25.37380917154398\n ],\n [\n -80.79345703125,\n 24.87646991083154\n ],\n [\n -80.9033203125,\n 24.856534339310674\n ],\n [\n -81.177978515625,\n 25.21488107113259\n ],\n [\n -81.2548828125,\n 25.54244147012483\n ],\n [\n -81.551513671875,\n 25.878994400196202\n ],\n [\n -81.67236328125,\n 25.86910939099931\n ],\n [\n -81.89208984375,\n 26.441065564038418\n ],\n [\n -82.11181640625,\n 26.43122806450644\n ],\n [\n -82.298583984375,\n 26.833874515058554\n ],\n [\n -82.63916015625,\n 27.371767300523047\n ],\n [\n -82.869873046875,\n 27.89734922968426\n ],\n [\n -82.72705078125,\n 28.391400375817753\n ],\n [\n -82.7490234375,\n 29.046565622728846\n ],\n [\n -83.023681640625,\n 29.180941290001776\n ],\n [\n -83.8916015625,\n 30.0405664305846\n ],\n [\n -84.3310546875,\n 30.097613277217132\n ],\n [\n -84.320068359375,\n 29.907329376851553\n ],\n [\n -85.05615234375,\n 29.592565403314087\n ],\n [\n -85.36376953125,\n 29.66896252599253\n ],\n [\n -86.02294921875,\n 30.29701788337205\n ],\n [\n -87.03369140625,\n 30.372875188118016\n ],\n [\n -88.17626953125,\n 30.221101852485987\n ],\n [\n -89.27490234375,\n 30.240086360983426\n ],\n [\n -89.31884765624999,\n 29.76437737516313\n ],\n [\n -89.47265625,\n 29.554345125748267\n ],\n [\n -88.9013671875,\n 29.267232865200878\n ],\n [\n -89.27490234375,\n 28.8831596093235\n ],\n [\n -89.69238281249999,\n 29.209713225868185\n ],\n [\n -90.2197265625,\n 29.075375179558346\n ],\n [\n -91.01074218749999,\n 29.0945770775118\n ],\n [\n -91.4501953125,\n 29.34387539941801\n ],\n [\n -92.46093749999999,\n 29.53522956294847\n ],\n [\n -93.44970703125,\n 29.726222319395504\n ],\n [\n -94.52636718749999,\n 29.477861195816843\n ],\n [\n -95.2294921875,\n 29.05616970274342\n ],\n [\n -96.064453125,\n 28.5941685062326\n ],\n [\n -96.767578125,\n 28.16887518006332\n ],\n [\n -97.27294921875,\n 27.68352808378776\n ],\n [\n -97.3388671875,\n 26.980828590472107\n ],\n [\n -97.18505859374999,\n 25.97779895546436\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"31","issue":"S1","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-12-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5633433ae4b048076347eec4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jaiswal, Kishor S. kjaiswal@usgs.gov","contributorId":146444,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jaiswal","given":"Kishor","email":"kjaiswal@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":567898,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bausch, Douglas","contributorId":115258,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bausch","given":"Douglas","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":567899,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Chen, Rui","contributorId":78250,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chen","given":"Rui","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":567900,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bouabid, Jawhar","contributorId":146445,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bouabid","given":"Jawhar","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":590,"text":"U.S. Army Corps of Engineers","active":false,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":567901,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Seligson, Hope","contributorId":65564,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seligson","given":"Hope","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":567902,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70174875,"text":"70174875 - 2015 - Model averaging and muddled multimodel inferences","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-04T10:07:30","indexId":"70174875","displayToPublicDate":"2015-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1465,"text":"Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Model averaging and muddled multimodel inferences","docAbstract":"Three flawed practices associated with model averaging coefficients for predictor variables in regression models commonly occur when making multimodel inferences in analyses of ecological data. Model-averaged regression coefficients based on Akaike information criterion (AIC) weights have been recommended for addressing model uncertainty but they are not valid, interpretable estimates of partial effects for individual predictors when there is multicollinearity among the predictor variables. Multicollinearity implies that the scaling of units in the denominators of the regression coefficients may change across models such that neither the parameters nor their estimates have common scales, therefore averaging them makes no sense. The associated sums of AIC model weights recommended to assess relative importance of individual predictors are really a measure of relative importance of models, with little information about contributions by individual predictors compared to other measures of relative importance based on effects size or variance reduction. Sometimes the model-averaged regression coefficients for predictor variables are incorrectly used to make model-averaged predictions of the response variable when the models are not linear in the parameters. I demonstrate the issues with the first two practices using the college grade point average example extensively analyzed by Burnham and Anderson. I show how partial standard deviations of the predictor variables can be used to detect changing scales of their estimates with multicollinearity. Standardizing estimates based on partial standard deviations for their variables can be used to make the scaling of the estimates commensurate across models, a necessary but not sufficient condition for model averaging of the estimates to be sensible. A unimodal distribution of estimates and valid interpretation of individual parameters are additional requisite conditions. The standardized estimates or equivalently the tstatistics on unstandardized estimates also can be used to provide more informative measures of relative importance than sums of AIC weights. Finally, I illustrate how seriously compromised statistical interpretations and predictions can be for all three of these flawed practices by critiquing their use in a recent species distribution modeling technique developed for predicting Greater Sage-Grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) distribution in Colorado, USA. These model averaging issues are common in other ecological literature and ought to be discontinued if we are to make effective scientific contributions to ecological knowledge and conservation of natural resources.
","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.1890/14-1639.1","usgsCitation":"Cade, B.S., 2015, Model averaging and muddled multimodel inferences: Ecology, v. 96, no. 9, p. 2370-7382, https://doi.org/10.1890/14-1639.1.","startPage":"2370","endPage":"7382","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-051478","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":325441,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"96","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"578f4f2fe4b0ad6235cf002e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cade, Brian S. 0000-0001-9623-9849 cadeb@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9623-9849","contributorId":1278,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cade","given":"Brian","email":"cadeb@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":642943,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70187291,"text":"70187291 - 2015 - Monitoring landscape-level distribution and migration Phenology of Raptors using a volunteer camera-trap network","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-27T09:18:57","indexId":"70187291","displayToPublicDate":"2015-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3779,"text":"Wildlife Society Bulletin","onlineIssn":"1938-5463","printIssn":"0091-7648","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Monitoring landscape-level distribution and migration Phenology of Raptors using a volunteer camera-trap network","docAbstract":"Conservation of animal migratory movements is among the most important issues in wildlife management. To address this need for landscape-scale monitoring of raptor populations, we developed a novel, baited photographic observation network termed the “Appalachian Eagle Monitoring Program” (AEMP). During winter months of 2008–2012, we partnered with professional and citizen scientists in 11 states in the United States to collect approximately 2.5 million images. To our knowledge, this represents the largest such camera-trap effort to date. Analyses of data collected in 2011 and 2012 revealed complex, often species-specific, spatial and temporal patterns in winter raptor movement behavior as well as spatial and temporal resource partitioning between raptor species. Although programmatic advances in data analysis and involvement are needed, the continued growth of the program has the potential to provide a long-term, cost-effective, range-wide monitoring tool for avian and terrestrial scavengers during the winter season. Perhaps most importantly, by relying heavily on citizen scientists, AEMP has the potential to improve long-term interest and support for raptor conservation and serve as a model for raptor conservation programs in other portions of the world.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/wsb.571","usgsCitation":"Jachowski, D.S., Katzner, T., Rodrigue, J.L., and Ford, W.M., 2015, Monitoring landscape-level distribution and migration Phenology of Raptors using a volunteer camera-trap network: Wildlife Society Bulletin, v. 39, no. 3, p. 553-563, https://doi.org/10.1002/wsb.571.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"553","endPage":"563","ipdsId":"IP-057779","costCenters":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":500021,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://doaj.org/article/cb007dbfa04643b9ad65dc256e614b86","text":"External Repository"},{"id":340544,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"39","issue":"3","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-08-11","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59030327e4b0e862d230f737","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jachowski, David S.","contributorId":82966,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jachowski","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":693291,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Katzner, Todd E. 0000-0003-4503-8435 tkatzner@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4503-8435","contributorId":191353,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Katzner","given":"Todd E.","email":"tkatzner@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":693223,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rodrigue, Jane L.","contributorId":150352,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rodrigue","given":"Jane","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":693292,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ford, W. Mark wford@usgs.gov","contributorId":3858,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ford","given":"W.","email":"wford@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Mark","affiliations":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":693222,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70187759,"text":"70187759 - 2015 - The Centennial Trends Greater Horn of Africa precipitation dataset","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-27T13:07:34","indexId":"70187759","displayToPublicDate":"2015-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3907,"text":"Scientific Data","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The Centennial Trends Greater Horn of Africa precipitation dataset","docAbstract":"East Africa is a drought prone, food and water insecure region with a highly variable climate. This complexity makes rainfall estimation challenging, and this challenge is compounded by low rain gauge densities and inhomogeneous monitoring networks. The dearth of observations is particularly problematic over the past decade, since the number of records in globally accessible archives has fallen precipitously. This lack of data coincides with an increasing scientific and humanitarian need to place recent seasonal and multi-annual East African precipitation extremes in a deep historic context. To serve this need, scientists from the UC Santa Barbara Climate Hazards Group and Florida State University have pooled their station archives and expertise to produce a high quality gridded ‘Centennial Trends’ precipitation dataset. Additional observations have been acquired from the national meteorological agencies and augmented with data provided by other universities. Extensive quality control of the data was carried out and seasonal anomalies interpolated using kriging. This paper documents the CenTrends methodology and data.
","language":"English","publisher":"Nature","doi":"10.1038/sdata.2015.50","usgsCitation":"Funk, C., Nicholson, S.E., Landsfeld, M.F., Klotter, D., Peterson, P.J., and Harrison, L., 2015, The Centennial Trends Greater Horn of Africa precipitation dataset: Scientific Data, v. 2, Article 150050; 15 p., https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2015.50.","productDescription":"Article 150050; 15 p.","ipdsId":"IP-064132","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":471834,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2015.50","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":341428,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Africa","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 24,\n -12\n ],\n [\n 53,\n -12\n ],\n [\n 53,\n 15\n ],\n [\n 24,\n 15\n ],\n [\n 24,\n -12\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-09-29","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"593e26bee4b0764e6c61b759","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Funk, Chris 0000-0002-9254-6718 cfunk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9254-6718","contributorId":167070,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Funk","given":"Chris","email":"cfunk@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":695508,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nicholson, Sharon E.","contributorId":192112,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Nicholson","given":"Sharon","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":695509,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Landsfeld, Martin F.","contributorId":89806,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Landsfeld","given":"Martin","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":695510,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Klotter, Douglas","contributorId":192113,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Klotter","given":"Douglas","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":695511,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Peterson, Pete J.","contributorId":32453,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterson","given":"Pete","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":695512,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Harrison, Laura","contributorId":78859,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harrison","given":"Laura","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":695513,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70187117,"text":"70187117 - 2015 - Global patterns and environmental controls of perchlorate and nitrate co-occurrence in arid and semi-arid environments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-04T16:28:10","indexId":"70187117","displayToPublicDate":"2015-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Global patterns and environmental controls of perchlorate and nitrate co-occurrence in arid and semi-arid environments","docAbstract":"Natural perchlorate (ClO4−) is of increasing interest due to its wide-spread occurrence on Earth and Mars, yet little information exists on the relative abundance of ClO4− compared to other major anions, its stability, or long-term variations in production that may impact the observed distributions. Our objectives were to evaluate the occurrence and fate of ClO4− in groundwater and soils/caliche in arid and semi-arid environments (southwestern United States, southern Africa, United Arab Emirates, China, Antarctica, and Chile) and the relationship of ClO4− to the more well-studied atmospherically deposited anions NO3−and Cl− as a means to understand the prevalent processes that affect the accumulation of these species over various time scales. ClO4− is globally distributed in soil and groundwater in arid and semi-arid regions on Earth at concentrations ranging from 10−1to 106 μg/kg. Generally, the ClO4− concentration in these regions increases with aridity index, but also depends on the duration of arid conditions. In many arid and semi-arid areas, NO3− and ClO4− co-occur at molar ratios (NO3−/ClO4−) that vary between ∼104and 105. We hypothesize that atmospheric deposition ratios are largely preserved in hyper-arid areas that support little or no biological activity (e.g. plants or bacteria), but can be altered in areas with more active biological processes including N2 fixation, N mineralization, nitrification, denitrification, and microbial ClO4− reduction, as indicated in part by NO3− isotope data. In contrast, much larger ranges of Cl−/ClO4− and Cl−/NO3−ratios indicate Cl− varies independently from both ClO4− and NO3−. The general lack of correlation between Cl− and ClO4− or NO3− implies that Cl− is not a good indicator of co-deposition and should be used with care when interpreting oxyanion cycling in arid systems. The Atacama Desert appears to be unique compared to all other terrestrial locations having a NO3−/ClO4− molar ratio ∼103. The relative enrichment in ClO4−compared to Cl− or NO3− and unique isotopic composition of Atacama ClO4− may reflect either additional in-situ production mechanism(s) or higher relative atmospheric production rates in that specific region or in the geological past. Elevated concentrations of ClO4− reported on the surface of Mars, and its enrichment with respect to Cl− and NO3−, could reveal important clues regarding the climatic, hydrologic, and potentially biologic evolution of that planet. Given the highly conserved ratio of NO3−/ClO4− in non-biologically active areas on Earth, it may be possible to use alterations of this ratio as a biomarker on Mars and for interpreting major anion cycles and processes on both Mars and Earth, particularly with respect to the less-conserved NO3− pool terrestrially.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.gca.2015.05.016","usgsCitation":"Jackson, W., Bohlke, J., Andraski, B.J., Fahlquist, L.S., Bexfield, L.M., Eckardt, F.D., Gates, J.B., Davila, A.F., McKay, C.P., Rao, B., Sevanthi, R., Rajagopalan, S., Estrada, N., Sturchio, N.C., Hatzinger, P.B., Anderson, T.A., Orris, G.J., Betancourt, J.L., Stonestrom, D.A., Latorre, C., Li, Y., and Harvey, G.J., 2015, Global patterns and environmental controls of perchlorate and nitrate co-occurrence in arid and semi-arid environments: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 164, p. 502-522, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2015.05.016.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"502","endPage":"522","ipdsId":"IP-065217","costCenters":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":488634,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://americanae.aecid.es/americanae/es/registros/registro.do?tipoRegistro=MTD&idBib=3271287","text":"External Repository"},{"id":340174,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"164","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58ff0ea2e4b006455f2d61d8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jackson, W Andrew","contributorId":191265,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jackson","given":"W Andrew","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":692539,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bohlke, J.K. 0000-0001-5693-6455 jkbohlke@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5693-6455","contributorId":191103,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bohlke","given":"J.K.","email":"jkbohlke@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":36183,"text":"Hydro-Ecological Interactions Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":692538,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Andraski, Brian J. 0000-0002-2086-0417 andraski@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2086-0417","contributorId":168800,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andraski","given":"Brian","email":"andraski@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":38175,"text":"Toxics Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":692540,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Fahlquist, Lynne S. 0000-0002-4993-4037 lfahlqst@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4993-4037","contributorId":1051,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fahlquist","given":"Lynne","email":"lfahlqst@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":692541,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Bexfield, Laura M. 0000-0002-1789-654X bexfield@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1789-654X","contributorId":1273,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bexfield","given":"Laura","email":"bexfield@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":472,"text":"New Mexico Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":692542,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Eckardt, Frank D.","contributorId":21800,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eckardt","given":"Frank","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":692543,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Gates, John B.","contributorId":177625,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gates","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":692544,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Davila, Alfonso F.","contributorId":16282,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davila","given":"Alfonso","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":692545,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"McKay, Christopher P.","contributorId":58156,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McKay","given":"Christopher","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":692546,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Rao, Balaji","contributorId":191111,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rao","given":"Balaji","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":692547,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Sevanthi, Ritesh","contributorId":191112,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sevanthi","given":"Ritesh","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":692548,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Rajagopalan, Srinath","contributorId":191269,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rajagopalan","given":"Srinath","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":692549,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Estrada, Nubia","contributorId":176622,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Estrada","given":"Nubia","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":692550,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Sturchio, Neil C.","contributorId":149375,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sturchio","given":"Neil","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":15289,"text":"University of Illinois, Ven Te Chow Hydrosystems Laboratory","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":692551,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Hatzinger, Paul B.","contributorId":149376,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hatzinger","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":17721,"text":"Shaw Environmental, Princeton, NJ","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":692552,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15},{"text":"Anderson, Todd A.","contributorId":191110,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Anderson","given":"Todd","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":692553,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":16},{"text":"Orris, Greta J. 0000-0002-2340-9955 greta@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2340-9955","contributorId":3472,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Orris","given":"Greta","email":"greta@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":662,"text":"Western Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":692554,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":17},{"text":"Betancourt, Julio L. 0000-0002-7165-0743 jlbetanc@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7165-0743","contributorId":3376,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Betancourt","given":"Julio","email":"jlbetanc@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":554,"text":"Science and Decisions Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":692555,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":18},{"text":"Stonestrom, David A. 0000-0001-7883-3385 dastones@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7883-3385","contributorId":2280,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stonestrom","given":"David","email":"dastones@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":692556,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":19},{"text":"Latorre, Claudio","contributorId":191270,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Latorre","given":"Claudio","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":692557,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":20},{"text":"Li, Yanhe","contributorId":191271,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Li","given":"Yanhe","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":692558,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":21},{"text":"Harvey, Gregory J.","contributorId":48640,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harvey","given":"Gregory","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":692559,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":22}]}} ,{"id":70186566,"text":"70186566 - 2015 - Development of twelve microsatellite loci in the red tree corals Primnoa resedaeformis and Primnoa pacifica","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-05T15:57:17","indexId":"70186566","displayToPublicDate":"2015-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1325,"text":"Conservation Genetics Resources","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Development of twelve microsatellite loci in the red tree corals Primnoa resedaeformis and Primnoa pacifica","docAbstract":"A suite of tetra-, penta-, and hexa-nucleotide microsatellite loci were developed from Roche 454 pyrosequencing data for the cold-water octocorals Primnoa resedaeformis and P. pacifica. Twelve of 98 primer sets tested consistently amplified in 30 P. resedaeformis samples from Baltimore Canyon (western North Atlantic Ocean) and in 24 P. pacifica samples (Shutter Ridge, eastern Gulf of Alaska). The loci displayed moderate levels of allelic diversity (average 7.5 alleles/locus) and heterozygosity (average 47 %). Levels of genetic diversity were sufficient to produce unique multi-locus genotypes and to distinguish species. These common species are long-lived (hundreds of years) and provide essential fish habitat (P. pacifica), yet populations are provided little protection from human activities. These loci will be used to determine regional patterns of population connectivity to inform effective marine spatial planning and ecosystem-based fisheries management.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s12686-015-0455-1","usgsCitation":"Morrison, C.L., Springmann, M.J., Shroades, K., and Stone, R.P., 2015, Development of twelve microsatellite loci in the red tree corals Primnoa resedaeformis and Primnoa pacifica: Conservation Genetics Resources, v. 7, no. 3, p. 763-765, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12686-015-0455-1.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"763","endPage":"765","ipdsId":"IP-061828","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":339267,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"7","issue":"3","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":10,"text":"Baltimore PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-02-21","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58e60273e4b09da6799ac685","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Morrison, Cheryl L. 0000-0001-9425-691X cmorrison@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9425-691X","contributorId":146488,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morrison","given":"Cheryl","email":"cmorrison@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":689603,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Springmann, Marcus J. mspringmann@usgs.gov","contributorId":4372,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Springmann","given":"Marcus","email":"mspringmann@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":689604,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Shroades, Kelsey kshroades@usgs.gov","contributorId":190568,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shroades","given":"Kelsey","email":"kshroades@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":689605,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Stone, Robert P.","contributorId":190569,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stone","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":689606,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70192652,"text":"70192652 - 2015 - Optimal population prediction of sandhill crane recruitment based on climate-mediated habitat limitations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-08T15:46:00","indexId":"70192652","displayToPublicDate":"2015-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2158,"text":"Journal of Animal Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Optimal population prediction of sandhill crane recruitment based on climate-mediated habitat limitations","docAbstract":"Numerous submarine canyons along the United States middle Atlantic continental margin support enhanced productivity, diverse and unique habitats, active fisheries, and are vulnerable to various anthropogenic disturbances. During two cruises (15 Aug–2 Oct 2012 and 30 Apr–27 May 2013), Baltimore and Norfolk canyons and nearby areas (including two cold seeps) were intensively surveyed to determine demersal fish distributions and habitat associations. Overall, 34 ROV dives (234–1612 m) resulted in 295 h of bottom video observations and numerous collections. These data were supplemented by 40, 30-min bottom trawl samples. Fish observations were assigned to five general habitat designations: 1) sand-mud (flat), 2) sloping sand-mud with burrows, 3) low profile gravel, rock, boulder, 4) high profile, canyon walls, rocks or ridges, and 5) seep-mixed hard and soft substrata, the later subdivided into seven habitats based on amounts of dead mussel and rock cover. The influence of corals, sponges and live mussels (seeps only) on fish distributions was also investigated. Both canyon areas supported abundant and diverse fish communities and exhibited a wide range of habitats, including extensive areas of deep-sea corals and sponges and two nearby methane seeps (380–430 m, 1455–1610 m). All methods combined yielded a total of 123 species of fishes, 12 of which are either new records for this region or have new range data. Depth was a major factor that separated the fish faunas into two zones with a boundary around 1400 m. Fishes defining the deeper zone included Lycodes sp.,Dicrolene introniger, Gaidropsaurus ensis, Hydrolagus affinis, Antimora rostrata, andAldrovandia sp. Fishes in the deep zone did not exhibit strong habitat affinities, despite the presence of a quite rugged, extensive methane seep. We propose that habitat specificity decreases with increasing depth. Fishes in the shallower zone, characterized by Laemonema sp., Phycis chesteri, Nezumia bairdii, Brosme brosme, and Helicolenus dactylopterus, exhibited a variety of habitat use patterns. In general, fish assemblages in the soft substrata areas (dominated by P. chesteri, N. bairdii, Glyptocephalus cynoglossus, Lophius americanus, Merluccius albidus) were different from those in more complex habitats (dominated by Laemonema spp., Hoplostethus spp., B. brosme,Benthocometes robustus, L. americanus, Dysommina rugosa). Although, when present, the dense coral and sponge cover did not statistically affect general fish assemblage patterns in hard bottom habitats, these sessile organisms markedly increased habitat complexity, and some fish species exhibited close association with them. Fish species compositions in the two canyons were not substantially different from the surrounding slopes. However, the diversity of habitats within both the canyons and seeps exerted an important influence on assemblage structure. At least for some species (e.g., B. brosme) canyon and seep environments may be a refuge from intensive bottom fishing activities. We frequently observed evidence of commercial and recreational fishing activity (lost gear on bottom and fishing boats in the area) throughout the canyons and some resulting habitat damage. Conservation measures for the unique and more vulnerable areas (seep and coral habitats) have recently been approved.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.dsr.2015.06.004","collaboration":"UNCW","usgsCitation":"Ross, S., Rhode, M., and Quattrini, A.M., 2015, Demersal fish distribution and habitat use within and near Baltimore and Norfolk Canyons, U.S. Middle Atlantic Slope: Deep-Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers, v. 103, p. 137-154, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2015.06.004.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"137","endPage":"154","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-064238","costCenters":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":310313,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Baltimore Canyon, Norfolk Canyon","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -74.0478515625,\n 35.0120020431607\n ],\n [\n -74.0478515625,\n 39.774769485295465\n ],\n [\n -67.34619140625,\n 39.774769485295465\n ],\n [\n -67.34619140625,\n 35.0120020431607\n ],\n [\n -74.0478515625,\n 35.0120020431607\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"103","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":8,"text":"Raleigh PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"562a08b9e4b011227bf1fd42","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ross, Steve W.","contributorId":41134,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ross","given":"Steve W.","affiliations":[{"id":32398,"text":"University of North Carolina Wilmington","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":578037,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rhode, Mike","contributorId":149348,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rhode","given":"Mike","affiliations":[{"id":17714,"text":"UNCW","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":578038,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Quattrini, Andrea M. aquattrini@usgs.gov","contributorId":149346,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Quattrini","given":"Andrea","email":"aquattrini@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":566,"text":"Southeast Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":578036,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70159739,"text":"70159739 - 2015 - Re-colonization by common eiders Somateria mollissima in the Aleutian Archipelago following removal of introduced arctic foxes Vulpes lagopus","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-09-01T16:05:43.950398","indexId":"70159739","displayToPublicDate":"2015-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2190,"text":"Journal of Avian Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Re-colonization by common eiders Somateria mollissima in the Aleutian Archipelago following removal of introduced arctic foxes Vulpes lagopus","title":"Re-colonization by common eiders Somateria mollissima in the Aleutian Archipelago following removal of introduced arctic foxes Vulpes lagopus","docAbstract":"Islands provide refuges for populations of many species where they find safety from predators, but the introduction of predators frequently results in elimination or dramatic reductions in island-dwelling organisms. When predators are removed, re-colonization for some species occurs naturally, and inter-island phylogeographic relationships and current movement patterns can illuminate processes of colonization. We studied a case of re-colonization of common eiders Somateria mollissima following removal of introduced arctic foxes Vulpes lagopus in the Aleutian Archipelago, Alaska. We expected common eiders to resume nesting on islands cleared of foxes and to re-colonize from nearby islets, islands, and island groups. We thus expected common eiders to show limited genetic structure indicative of extensive mixing among island populations. Satellite telemetry was used to record current movement patterns of female common eiders from six islands across three island groups. We collected genetic data from these and other nesting common eiders at 14 microsatellite loci and the mitochondrial DNA control region to examine population genetic structure, historical fluctuations in population demography, and gene flow. Our results suggest recent interchange among islands. Analysis of microsatellite data supports satellite telemetry data of increased dispersal of common eiders to nearby areas and little between island groups. Although evidence from mtDNA is suggestive of female dispersal among island groups, gene flow is insufficient to account for recolonization and rapid population growth. Instead, near-by remnant populations of common eiders contributed substantially to population expansion, without which re-colonization would have likely occurred at a much lower rate. Genetic and morphometric data of common eiders within one island group two and three decades after re-colonization suggests reduced movement of eiders among islands and little movement between island groups after populations were re-established. We predict that re-colonization of an island group where all common eiders are extirpated could take decades.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/jav.00626","usgsCitation":"Petersen, M.R., Sonsthagen, S.A., and Sexson, M.G., 2015, Re-colonization by common eiders Somateria mollissima in the Aleutian Archipelago following removal of introduced arctic foxes Vulpes lagopus: Journal of Avian Biology, v. 46, no. 5, p. 538-549, https://doi.org/10.1111/jav.00626.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"538","endPage":"549","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-054807","costCenters":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":311558,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Andreanof Islands, Near Islands, Rat Islands,","volume":"46","issue":"5","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":12,"text":"Tacoma PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-05-12","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"564f00c9e4b064dd1d09558c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Petersen, Margaret R. 0000-0001-6082-3189 mrpetersen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6082-3189","contributorId":167729,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Petersen","given":"Margaret","email":"mrpetersen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":580290,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sonsthagen, Sarah A. 0000-0001-6215-5874 ssonsthagen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6215-5874","contributorId":3711,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sonsthagen","given":"Sarah","email":"ssonsthagen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":580291,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sexson, Matthew G. 0000-0002-1078-0835 msexson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1078-0835","contributorId":5544,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sexson","given":"Matthew","email":"msexson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":580292,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70159325,"text":"70159325 - 2015 - Groundwater availability in the United States: the value of quantitative regional assessments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-01T15:36:33","indexId":"70159325","displayToPublicDate":"2015-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1923,"text":"Hydrogeology Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Groundwater availability in the United States: the value of quantitative regional assessments","docAbstract":"The sustainability of water resources is under continued threat from the challenges associated with a growing population, competing demands, and a changing climate. Freshwater scarcity has become a fact in many areas. Much of the United States surface-water supplies are fully apportioned for use; thus, in some areas the only potential alternative freshwater source that can provide needed quantities is groundwater. Although frequently overlooked, groundwater serves as the principal reserve of freshwater in the US and represents much of the potential supply during periods of drought. Some nations have requirements to monitor and characterize the availability of groundwater such as the European Union’s Water Framework Directive (EPCEU 2000). In the US there is no such national requirement. Quantitative regional groundwater availability assessments, however, are essential to document the status and trends of groundwater availability for the US and make informed water-resource decisions possible now and in the future. Barthel (2014) highlighted that the value of regional groundwater assessments goes well beyond just quantifying the resource so that it can be better managed. The tools and techniques required to evaluate these unique regional systems advance the science of hydrogeology and provide enhanced methods that can benefit local-scale groundwater investigations. In addition, a significant, yet under-utilized benefit is the digital spatial and temporal data sets routinely generated as part of these studies. Even though there is no legal or regulatory requirement for regional groundwater assessments in the US, there is a logical basis for their implementation. The purpose of this essay is to articulate the rationale for and reaffirm the value of regional groundwater assessments primarily in the US; however, the arguments hold for all nations. The importance of the data sets and the methods and model development that occur as part of these assessments is stressed. These high-value data sets and models should be available in readily accessible formats for use today and in the future. Examples of advances in and accomplishments of two regional groundwater assessments are presented to demonstrate their function, relevance, and value for determining the sustainability of the groundwater resources of the US.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s10040-015-1307-5","usgsCitation":"Dennehy, K.F., Reilly, T.E., and Cunningham, W.L., 2015, Groundwater availability in the United States: the value of quantitative regional assessments: Hydrogeology Journal, v. 23, no. 8, p. 1629-1632, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-015-1307-5.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"1629","endPage":"1632","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-057964","costCenters":[{"id":509,"text":"Office of the Associate Director for Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":471829,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-015-1307-5","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":310347,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"MultiPolygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[[-66.28243,18.51476],[-65.7713,18.42668],[-65.591,18.22803],[-65.84716,17.97591],[-66.59993,17.98182],[-67.18416,17.94655],[-67.24243,18.37446],[-67.10068,18.5206],[-66.28243,18.51476]]],[[[-155.54211,19.08348],[-155.68817,18.91619],[-155.93665,19.05939],[-155.90806,19.33888],[-156.07347,19.70294],[-156.02368,19.81422],[-155.85008,19.97729],[-155.91907,20.17395],[-155.86108,20.26721],[-155.78505,20.2487],[-155.40214,20.07975],[-155.22452,19.99302],[-155.06226,19.8591],[-154.80741,19.50871],[-154.83147,19.45328],[-155.22217,19.23972],[-155.54211,19.08348]]],[[[-156.07926,20.64397],[-156.41445,20.57241],[-156.58673,20.783],[-156.70167,20.8643],[-156.71055,20.92676],[-156.61258,21.01249],[-156.25711,20.91745],[-155.99566,20.76404],[-156.07926,20.64397]]],[[[-156.75824,21.17684],[-156.78933,21.06873],[-157.32521,21.09777],[-157.25027,21.21958],[-156.75824,21.17684]]],[[[-157.65283,21.32217],[-157.70703,21.26442],[-157.7786,21.27729],[-158.12667,21.31244],[-158.2538,21.53919],[-158.29265,21.57912],[-158.0252,21.71696],[-157.94161,21.65272],[-157.65283,21.32217]]],[[[-159.34512,21.982],[-159.46372,21.88299],[-159.80051,22.06533],[-159.74877,22.1382],[-159.5962,22.23618],[-159.36569,22.21494],[-159.34512,21.982]]],[[[-94.81758,49.38905],[-94.64,48.84],[-94.32914,48.67074],[-93.63087,48.60926],[-92.61,48.45],[-91.64,48.14],[-90.83,48.27],[-89.6,48.01],[-89.27292,48.01981],[-88.37811,48.30292],[-87.43979,47.94],[-86.46199,47.55334],[-85.65236,47.22022],[-84.87608,46.90008],[-84.77924,46.6371],[-84.54375,46.53868],[-84.6049,46.4396],[-84.3367,46.40877],[-84.14212,46.51223],[-84.09185,46.27542],[-83.89077,46.11693],[-83.61613,46.11693],[-83.46955,45.99469],[-83.59285,45.81689],[-82.55092,45.34752],[-82.33776,44.44],[-82.13764,43.57109],[-82.43,42.98],[-82.9,42.43],[-83.12,42.08],[-83.142,41.97568],[-83.02981,41.8328],[-82.69009,41.67511],[-82.43928,41.67511],[-81.27775,42.20903],[-80.24745,42.3662],[-78.93936,42.86361],[-78.92,42.965],[-79.01,43.27],[-79.17167,43.46634],[-78.72028,43.62509],[-77.73789,43.62906],[-76.82003,43.62878],[-76.5,44.01846],[-76.375,44.09631],[-75.31821,44.81645],[-74.867,45.00048],[-73.34783,45.00738],[-71.50506,45.0082],[-71.405,45.255],[-71.08482,45.30524],[-70.66,45.46],[-70.305,45.915],[-69.99997,46.69307],[-69.23722,47.44778],[-68.905,47.185],[-68.23444,47.35486],[-67.79046,47.06636],[-67.79134,45.70281],[-67.13741,45.13753],[-66.96466,44.8097],[-68.03252,44.3252],[-69.06,43.98],[-70.11617,43.68405],[-70.64548,43.09024],[-70.81489,42.8653],[-70.825,42.335],[-70.495,41.805],[-70.08,41.78],[-70.185,42.145],[-69.88497,41.92283],[-69.96503,41.63717],[-70.64,41.475],[-71.12039,41.49445],[-71.86,41.32],[-72.295,41.27],[-72.87643,41.22065],[-73.71,40.9311],[-72.24126,41.11948],[-71.945,40.93],[-73.345,40.63],[-73.982,40.628],[-73.95232,40.75075],[-74.25671,40.47351],[-73.96244,40.42763],[-74.17838,39.70926],[-74.90604,38.93954],[-74.98041,39.1964],[-75.20002,39.24845],[-75.52805,39.4985],[-75.32,38.96],[-75.07183,38.78203],[-75.05673,38.40412],[-75.37747,38.01551],[-75.94023,37.21689],[-76.03127,37.2566],[-75.72205,37.93705],[-76.23287,38.31921],[-76.35,39.15],[-76.54272,38.71762],[-76.32933,38.08326],[-76.99,38.23999],[-76.30162,37.91794],[-76.25874,36.9664],[-75.9718,36.89726],[-75.86804,36.55125],[-75.72749,35.55074],[-76.36318,34.80854],[-77.39763,34.51201],[-78.05496,33.92547],[-78.55435,33.86133],[-79.06067,33.49395],[-79.20357,33.15839],[-80.30132,32.50935],[-80.86498,32.0333],[-81.33629,31.44049],[-81.49042,30.72999],[-81.31371,30.03552],[-80.98,29.18],[-80.53558,28.47213],[-80.53,28.04],[-80.05654,26.88],[-80.08801,26.20576],[-80.13156,25.81677],[-80.38103,25.20616],[-80.68,25.08],[-81.17213,25.20126],[-81.33,25.64],[-81.71,25.87],[-82.24,26.73],[-82.70515,27.49504],[-82.85526,27.88624],[-82.65,28.55],[-82.93,29.1],[-83.70959,29.93656],[-84.1,30.09],[-85.10882,29.63615],[-85.28784,29.68612],[-85.7731,30.15261],[-86.4,30.4],[-87.53036,30.27433],[-88.41782,30.3849],[-89.18049,30.31598],[-89.59383,30.15999],[-89.41373,29.89419],[-89.43,29.48864],[-89.21767,29.29108],[-89.40823,29.15961],[-89.77928,29.30714],[-90.15463,29.11743],[-90.88022,29.14854],[-91.62678,29.677],[-92.49906,29.5523],[-93.22637,29.78375],[-93.84842,29.71363],[-94.69,29.48],[-95.60026,28.73863],[-96.59404,28.30748],[-97.14,27.83],[-97.37,27.38],[-97.38,26.69],[-97.33,26.21],[-97.14,25.87],[-97.53,25.84],[-98.24,26.06],[-99.02,26.37],[-99.3,26.84],[-99.52,27.54],[-100.11,28.11],[-100.45584,28.69612],[-100.9576,29.38071],[-101.6624,29.7793],[-102.48,29.76],[-103.11,28.97],[-103.94,29.27],[-104.45697,29.57196],[-104.70575,30.12173],[-105.03737,30.64402],[-105.63159,31.08383],[-106.1429,31.39995],[-106.50759,31.75452],[-108.24,31.75485],[-108.24194,31.34222],[-109.035,31.34194],[-111.02361,31.33472],[-113.30498,32.03914],[-114.815,32.52528],[-114.72139,32.72083],[-115.99135,32.61239],[-117.12776,32.53534],[-117.29594,33.04622],[-117.944,33.62124],[-118.4106,33.74091],[-118.51989,34.02778],[-119.081,34.078],[-119.43884,34.34848],[-120.36778,34.44711],[-120.62286,34.60855],[-120.74433,35.15686],[-121.71457,36.16153],[-122.54747,37.55176],[-122.51201,37.78339],[-122.95319,38.11371],[-123.7272,38.95166],[-123.86517,39.76699],[-124.39807,40.3132],[-124.17886,41.14202],[-124.2137,41.99964],[-124.53284,42.76599],[-124.14214,43.70838],[-124.02053,44.6159],[-123.89893,45.52341],[-124.07963,46.86475],[-124.39567,47.72017],[-124.68721,48.18443],[-124.5661,48.37971],[-123.12,48.04],[-122.58736,47.096],[-122.34,47.36],[-122.5,48.18],[-122.84,49],[-120,49],[-117.03121,49],[-116.04818,49],[-113,49],[-110.05,49],[-107.05,49],[-104.04826,48.99986],[-100.65,49],[-97.22872,49.0007],[-95.15907,49],[-95.15609,49.38425],[-94.81758,49.38905]]],[[[-153.00631,57.11584],[-154.00509,56.73468],[-154.5164,56.99275],[-154.67099,57.4612],[-153.76278,57.81657],[-153.22873,57.96897],[-152.56479,57.90143],[-152.14115,57.59106],[-153.00631,57.11584]]],[[[-165.57916,59.90999],[-166.19277,59.75444],[-166.84834,59.94141],[-167.45528,60.21307],[-166.46779,60.38417],[-165.67443,60.29361],[-165.57916,59.90999]]],[[[-171.73166,63.78252],[-171.11443,63.59219],[-170.49111,63.69498],[-169.68251,63.43112],[-168.68944,63.29751],[-168.77194,63.1886],[-169.52944,62.97693],[-170.29056,63.19444],[-170.67139,63.37582],[-171.55306,63.31779],[-171.79111,63.40585],[-171.73166,63.78252]]],[[[-155.06779,71.14778],[-154.34417,70.69641],[-153.90001,70.88999],[-152.21001,70.82999],[-152.27,70.60001],[-150.73999,70.43002],[-149.72,70.53001],[-147.61336,70.21403],[-145.68999,70.12001],[-144.92001,69.98999],[-143.58945,70.15251],[-142.07251,69.85194],[-140.98599,69.712],[-140.9925,66.00003],[-140.99777,60.3064],[-140.013,60.27684],[-139.039,60.00001],[-138.34089,59.56211],[-137.4525,58.905],[-136.47972,59.46389],[-135.47583,59.78778],[-134.945,59.27056],[-134.27111,58.86111],[-133.35555,58.41029],[-132.73042,57.69289],[-131.70781,56.55212],[-130.00778,55.91583],[-129.97999,55.285],[-130.53611,54.80275],[-131.08582,55.17891],[-131.96721,55.49778],[-132.25001,56.37],[-133.53918,57.17889],[-134.07806,58.12307],[-135.03821,58.18771],[-136.62806,58.21221],[-137.80001,58.5],[-139.86779,59.53776],[-140.82527,59.72752],[-142.57444,60.08445],[-143.95888,59.99918],[-145.92556,60.45861],[-147.11437,60.88466],[-148.22431,60.67299],[-148.01807,59.97833],[-148.57082,59.91417],[-149.72786,59.70566],[-150.60824,59.36821],[-151.71639,59.15582],[-151.85943,59.74498],[-151.40972,60.7258],[-150.34694,61.03359],[-150.62111,61.28442],[-151.89584,60.7272],[-152.57833,60.06166],[-154.01917,59.35028],[-153.28751,58.86473],[-154.23249,58.14637],[-155.30749,57.72779],[-156.30833,57.42277],[-156.5561,56.97998],[-158.11722,56.46361],[-158.43332,55.99415],[-159.60333,55.56669],[-160.28972,55.64358],[-161.22305,55.36473],[-162.23777,55.02419],[-163.06945,54.68974],[-164.78557,54.40417],[-164.94223,54.57222],[-163.84834,55.03943],[-162.87,55.34804],[-161.80417,55.89499],[-160.5636,56.00805],[-160.07056,56.41806],[-158.68444,57.01668],[-158.4611,57.21692],[-157.72277,57.57],[-157.55027,58.32833],[-157.04167,58.91888],[-158.19473,58.6158],[-158.51722,58.78778],[-159.05861,58.42419],[-159.71167,58.93139],[-159.98129,58.57255],[-160.35527,59.07112],[-161.355,58.67084],[-161.96889,58.67166],[-162.05499,59.26693],[-161.87417,59.63362],[-162.51806,59.98972],[-163.81834,59.79806],[-164.66222,60.26748],[-165.34639,60.5075],[-165.35083,61.0739],[-166.12138,61.50002],[-165.73445,62.075],[-164.91918,62.63308],[-164.56251,63.14638],[-163.75333,63.21945],[-163.06722,63.05946],[-162.26056,63.54194],[-161.53445,63.45582],[-160.77251,63.76611],[-160.95834,64.2228],[-161.51807,64.40279],[-160.77778,64.7886],[-161.39193,64.77724],[-162.45305,64.55944],[-162.75779,64.33861],[-163.54639,64.55916],[-164.96083,64.44695],[-166.42529,64.68667],[-166.845,65.0889],[-168.11056,65.67],[-166.70527,66.08832],[-164.47471,66.57666],[-163.65251,66.57666],[-163.7886,66.07721],[-161.67777,66.11612],[-162.48971,66.73557],[-163.71972,67.11639],[-164.43099,67.61634],[-165.39029,68.04277],[-166.76444,68.35888],[-166.20471,68.88303],[-164.43081,68.91554],[-163.16861,69.37111],[-162.93057,69.85806],[-161.9089,70.33333],[-160.9348,70.44769],[-159.03918,70.89164],[-158.11972,70.82472],[-156.58082,71.35776],[-155.06779,71.14778]]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"United States\"}}]}","volume":"23","issue":"8","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-09-18","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"562a08cee4b011227bf1fd6c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dennehy, Kevin F. kdennehy@usgs.gov","contributorId":1128,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dennehy","given":"Kevin","email":"kdennehy@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":509,"text":"Office of the Associate Director for Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":578013,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reilly, Thomas E. tereilly@usgs.gov","contributorId":1660,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reilly","given":"Thomas","email":"tereilly@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":578014,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cunningham, William L. wcunning@usgs.gov","contributorId":1198,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cunningham","given":"William","email":"wcunning@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":578015,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70192438,"text":"70192438 - 2015 - The climate space of fire regimes in north-western North America","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-10-26T14:10:10","indexId":"70192438","displayToPublicDate":"2015-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2193,"text":"Journal of Biogeography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The climate space of fire regimes in north-western North America","docAbstract":"Aim. Studies of fire activity along environmental gradients have been undertaken, but the results of such studies have yet to be integrated with fire-regime analysis. We characterize fire-regime components along climate gradients and a gradient of human influence.
Location. We focus on a climatically diverse region of north-western North America extending from northern British Columbia, Canada, to northern Utah and Colorado, USA.
Methods. We used a multivariate framework to collapse 12 climatic variables into two major climate gradients and binned them into 73 discrete climate domains. We examined variation in fire-regime components (frequency, size, severity, seasonality and cause) across climate domains. Fire-regime attributes were compiled from existing databases and Landsat imagery for 1897 large fires. Relationships among the fire-regime components, climate gradients and human influence were examined through bivariate regressions. The unique contribution of human influence was also assessed.
Results. A primary climate gradient of temperature and summer precipitation and a secondary gradient of continentality and winter precipitation in the study area were identified. Fire occupied a distinct central region of such climate space, within which fire-regime components varied considerably. We identified significant interrelations between fire-regime components of fire size, frequency, burn severity and cause. The influence of humans was apparent in patterns of burn severity and ignition cause.
Main conclusions. Wildfire activity is highest where thermal and moisture gradients converge to promote fuel production, flammability and ignitions. Having linked fire-regime components to large-scale climate gradients, we show that fire regimes – like the climate that controls them – are a part of a continuum, expanding on models of varying constraints on fire activity. The observed relationships between fire-regime components, together with the distinct role of climatic and human influences, generate variation in biotic communities. Thus, future changes to climate may lead to ecological changes through altered fire regimes.
After 3 years of mild gases emissions, the Ubinas volcano entered in a new eruptive phase on September 2nd, 2013. The MIROVA system (a space-based volcanic hot-spot detection system), allowed us to detect in near real time the thermal emissions associated with the eruption and provided early evidence of magma extrusion within the deep summit crater. By combining IR data with plume height, sulfur emissions, hot spring temperatures and seismic activity, we interpret the thermal output detected over Ubinas in terms of extrusion rates associated to the eruption. We suggest that the 2013–2014 eruptive crisis can be subdivided into three main phases: (i) shallow magma intrusion inside the edifice, (ii) extrusion and growing of a lava plug at the bottom of the summit crater coupled with increasing explosive activity and finally, (iii) disruption of the lava plug and gradual decline of the explosive activity. The occurrence of the 8.2 Mw Iquique (Chile) earthquake (365 km away from Ubinas) on April 1st, 2014, may have perturbed most of the analyzed parameters, suggesting a prompt interaction with the ongoing volcanic activity. In particular, the analysis of thermal and seismic datasets shows that the earthquake may have promoted the most intense thermal and explosive phase that culminated in a major explosion on April 19th, 2014.
These results reveal the efficiency of space-based thermal observations in detecting the extrusion of hot magma within deep volcanic craters and in tracking its evolution. We emphasize that, in combination with other geophysical and geochemical datasets, MIROVA is an essential tool for monitoring remote volcanoes with rather difficult accessibility, like those of the Andes that reach remarkably high altitudes.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2015.07.005","usgsCitation":"Coppola, D., Macedo, O., Ramos, D., Finizola, A., Delle Donne, D., del Carpio, J., White, R.A., McCausland, W., Centeno, R., Rivera, M., Apaza, F., Ccallata, B., Chilo, W., Cigolini, C., Laiolo, M., Lazarte, I., Machaca, R., Masias, P., Ortega, M., Puma, N., and Taipe, E., 2015, Magma extrusion during the Ubinas 2013–2014 eruptive crisis based on satellite thermal imaging (MIROVA) and ground-based monitoring: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 302, p. 199-210, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2015.07.005.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"199","endPage":"210","ipdsId":"IP-065049","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":471840,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://hal.univ-reunion.fr/hal-01390796","text":"External Repository"},{"id":339763,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"302","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":12,"text":"Tacoma PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58f1e0cae4b08144348b7e0c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Coppola, Diego","contributorId":190919,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Coppola","given":"Diego","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":691082,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Macedo, Orlando","contributorId":190920,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Macedo","given":"Orlando","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":691083,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ramos, Domingo","contributorId":190921,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ramos","given":"Domingo","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":691084,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Finizola, Anthony","contributorId":190922,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Finizola","given":"Anthony","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":691085,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Delle Donne, Dario","contributorId":190923,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Delle Donne","given":"Dario","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":691086,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"del Carpio, Jose","contributorId":190924,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"del Carpio","given":"Jose","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":691087,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"White, Randall A. 0000-0003-4074-8577 rwhite@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4074-8577","contributorId":1993,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"Randall","email":"rwhite@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":691088,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"McCausland, Wendy wmccausland@usgs.gov","contributorId":5497,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCausland","given":"Wendy","email":"wmccausland@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":691081,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Centeno, Riky","contributorId":190925,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Centeno","given":"Riky","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":691089,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Rivera, Marco","contributorId":190926,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rivera","given":"Marco","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":691090,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Apaza, Fredy","contributorId":190927,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Apaza","given":"Fredy","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":691091,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Ccallata, Beto","contributorId":190928,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ccallata","given":"Beto","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":691092,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Chilo, Wilmer","contributorId":190929,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Chilo","given":"Wilmer","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":691093,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Cigolini, Corrado","contributorId":190930,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cigolini","given":"Corrado","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":691094,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Laiolo, Marco","contributorId":190931,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Laiolo","given":"Marco","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":691095,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15},{"text":"Lazarte, Ivonne","contributorId":190932,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lazarte","given":"Ivonne","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":691096,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":16},{"text":"Machaca, Roger","contributorId":190933,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Machaca","given":"Roger","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":691097,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":17},{"text":"Masias, Pablo","contributorId":190934,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Masias","given":"Pablo","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":691098,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":18},{"text":"Ortega, Mayra","contributorId":190935,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ortega","given":"Mayra","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":691099,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":19},{"text":"Puma, Nino","contributorId":190936,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Puma","given":"Nino","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":691100,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":20},{"text":"Taipe, Edu","contributorId":190937,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Taipe","given":"Edu","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":691101,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":21}]}} ,{"id":70176710,"text":"70176710 - 2015 - Camera traps and mark-resight models: The value of ancillary data for evaluating assumptions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-10-03T13:56:41","indexId":"70176710","displayToPublicDate":"2015-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Camera traps and mark-resight models: The value of ancillary data for evaluating assumptions","docAbstract":"Unbiased estimators of abundance and density are fundamental to the study of animal ecology and critical for making sound management decisions. Capture–recapture models are generally considered the most robust approach for estimating these parameters but rely on a number of assumptions that are often violated but rarely validated. Mark-resight models, a form of capture–recapture, are well suited for use with noninvasive sampling methods and allow for a number of assumptions to be relaxed. We used ancillary data from continuous video and radio telemetry to evaluate the assumptions of mark-resight models for abundance estimation on a barrier island raccoon (Procyon lotor) population using camera traps. Our island study site was geographically closed, allowing us to estimate real survival and in situ recruitment in addition to population size. We found several sources of bias due to heterogeneity of capture probabilities in our study, including camera placement, animal movement, island physiography, and animal behavior. Almost all sources of heterogeneity could be accounted for using the sophisticated mark-resight models developed by McClintock et al. (2009b) and this model generated estimates similar to a spatially explicit mark-resight model previously developed for this population during our study. Spatially explicit capture–recapture models have become an important tool in ecology and confer a number of advantages; however, non-spatial models that account for inherent individual heterogeneity may perform nearly as well, especially where immigration and emigration are limited. Non-spatial models are computationally less demanding, do not make implicit assumptions related to the isotropy of home ranges, and can provide insights with respect to the biological traits of the local population.","language":"English","publisher":"The Wildlife Society","doi":"10.1002/jwmg.931","usgsCitation":"Parsons, A.W., Simons, T.R., Pollock, K.H., Stoskopf, M.K., Stocking, J.J., and O’Connell, A.F., 2015, Camera traps and mark-resight models: The value of ancillary data for evaluating assumptions: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 79, no. 7, p. 1163-1172, https://doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.931.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"1163","endPage":"1172","ipdsId":"IP-057828","costCenters":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":329240,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Carolina","otherGeospatial":"Cape Lookout National Seashore","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -76.5252685546875,\n 34.56085936708384\n ],\n [\n -75.45135498046875,\n 35.247862157399915\n ],\n [\n -75.5804443359375,\n 35.32184842037683\n ],\n [\n -76.0308837890625,\n 35.160336728130346\n ],\n [\n -76.2835693359375,\n 34.92197103616377\n ],\n [\n -76.48956298828125,\n 34.7461262752594\n ],\n [\n -76.59942626953125,\n 34.615126683462194\n ],\n [\n -76.5252685546875,\n 34.56085936708384\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"79","issue":"7","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":8,"text":"Raleigh PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-08-13","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57f7ee36e4b0bc0bec09e911","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Parsons, Arielle W.","contributorId":91383,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parsons","given":"Arielle","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":649973,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Simons, Theodore R. 0000-0002-1884-6229 tsimons@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1884-6229","contributorId":2623,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simons","given":"Theodore","email":"tsimons@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":649974,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pollock, Kenneth H.","contributorId":8590,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pollock","given":"Kenneth","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":649975,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Stoskopf, Michael K.","contributorId":83817,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stoskopf","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":649976,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Stocking, Jessica J.","contributorId":68626,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stocking","given":"Jessica","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":649977,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"O’Connell, Allan F. 0000-0001-7032-7023 aoconnell@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7032-7023","contributorId":471,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Connell","given":"Allan","email":"aoconnell@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":649978,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70173609,"text":"70173609 - 2015 - Linking resource selection and mortality modeling for population estimation of mountain lions in Montana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-06-22T14:34:22","indexId":"70173609","displayToPublicDate":"2015-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1458,"text":"Ecological Modelling","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Linking resource selection and mortality modeling for population estimation of mountain lions in Montana","docAbstract":"To be most effective, the scale of wildlife management practices should match the range of a particular species’ movements. For this reason, combined with our inability to rigorously or regularly census mountain lion populations, several authors have suggested that mountain lions be managed in a source-sink or metapopulation framework. We used a combination of resource selection functions, mortality estimation, and dispersal modeling to estimate cougar population levels in Montana statewide and potential population level effects of planned harvest levels. Between 1980 and 2012, 236 independent mountain lions were collared and monitored for research in Montana. From these data we used 18,695 GPS locations collected during winter from 85 animals to develop a resource selection function (RSF), and 11,726 VHF and GPS locations from 142 animals along with the locations of 6343 mountain lions harvested from 1988–2011 to validate the RSF model. Our RSF model validated well in all portions of the State, although it appeared to perform better in Montana Fish, Wildlife and Parks (MFWP) Regions 1, 2, 4 and 6, than in Regions 3, 5, and 7. Our mean RSF based population estimate for the total population (kittens, juveniles, and adults) of mountain lions in Montana in 2005 was 3926, with almost 25% of the entire population in MFWP Region 1. Estimates based on a high and low reference population estimates produce a possible range of 2784 to 5156 mountain lions statewide. Based on a range of possible survival rates we estimated the mountain lion population in Montana to be stable to slightly increasing between 2005 and 2010 with lambda ranging from 0.999 (SD = 0.05) to 1.02 (SD = 0.03). We believe these population growth rates to be a conservative estimate of true population growth. Our model suggests that proposed changes to female harvest quotas for 2013–2015 will result in an annual statewide population decline of 3% and shows that, due to reduced dispersal, changes to harvest in one management unit may affect population growth in neighboring units where smaller or even no changes were made. Uncertainty regarding dispersal levels and initial population density may have a significant effect on predictions at a management unit scale (i.e. 2000 km2), while at a regional scale (i.e. 50,000 km2) large differences in initial population density result in relatively small changes in population growth rate, and uncertainty about dispersal may not be as influential. Doubling the presumed initial density from a low estimation of 2.19 total animals per 100 km2 resulted in a difference in annual population growth rate of only 2.6% statewide when compared to high density of 4.04 total animals per 100 km2 (low initial population estimate λ = 0.99, while high initial population estimate λ = 1.03). We suggest modeling tools such as this may be useful in harvest planning at a regional and statewide level.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2015.05.013","usgsCitation":"Robinson, H.S., Ruth, T.K., Gude, J., Choate, D., DeSimone, R., Hebblewhite, M., Matchett, M.R., Mitchell, M.S., Murphy, K., and Williams, J., 2015, Linking resource selection and mortality modeling for population estimation of mountain lions in Montana: Ecological Modelling, v. 312, p. 11-25, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2015.05.013.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"11","endPage":"25","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-057281","costCenters":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":324240,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"312","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":12,"text":"Tacoma PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"576bb6b7e4b07657d1a228f1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Robinson, Hugh S.","contributorId":139243,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Robinson","given":"Hugh","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":640394,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ruth, Toni K.","contributorId":43657,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ruth","given":"Toni","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":640395,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gude, Justin A.","contributorId":95780,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gude","given":"Justin A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":640396,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Choate, David","contributorId":172339,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Choate","given":"David","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":640397,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"DeSimone, Rich","contributorId":99451,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeSimone","given":"Rich","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":640398,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Hebblewhite, Mark","contributorId":69455,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hebblewhite","given":"Mark","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":640399,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Matchett, Marc R.","contributorId":35581,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Matchett","given":"Marc","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":640400,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Mitchell, Michael S. 0000-0002-0773-6905 mmitchel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0773-6905","contributorId":3716,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mitchell","given":"Michael","email":"mmitchel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":637398,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Murphy, Kerry","contributorId":172340,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Murphy","given":"Kerry","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":640401,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Williams, Jim","contributorId":172341,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Williams","given":"Jim","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":640402,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}} ,{"id":70157535,"text":"70157535 - 2015 - An evaluation of a bed instability index as an indicator of habitat quality in mountain streams of the northwestern United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-09-28T10:09:49","indexId":"70157535","displayToPublicDate":"2015-08-31T21:15:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1552,"text":"Environmental Monitoring and Assessment","onlineIssn":"1573-2959","printIssn":"0167-6369","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An evaluation of a bed instability index as an indicator of habitat quality in mountain streams of the northwestern United States","docAbstract":"Managers of aquatic resources benefit from indices of habitat quality that are reproducible and easy to measure, demonstrate a link between habitat quality and biota health, and differ between human-impacted (i.e., managed) and reference (i.e., nonimpacted or minimally impacted) conditions. The instability index (ISI) is an easily measured index that describes the instability of a streambed by relating the tractive force of a stream at bankfull discharge to the median substrate size. Previous studies have linked ISI to biological condition but have been limited to comparisons of sites within a single stream or among a small number of streams. We tested ISI as an indicator of human impact to habitat and biota in mountain streams of the northwestern USA. Among 1428 sites in six northwestern states, ISI was correlated with other habitat measures (e.g., residual pool depth, percent fine sediment) and indices of biotic health (e.g., number of intolerant macroinvertebrate taxa, fine sediment biotic index) and differed between managed and reference sites across a range of stream types and ecoregions. While ISI could be useful in mountain streams throughout the world, this index may be of particular interest to aquatic resource managers in the northwestern USA where a large dataset, from which ISI can be calculated, exists.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","publisherLocation":"Berlin, Germany","doi":"10.1007/s10661-015-4714-0","collaboration":"Paul C. Kusnierz; David L. Feldman","usgsCitation":"Kusnierz, P.C., Holbrook, C., and Feldman, D.L., 2015, An evaluation of a bed instability index as an indicator of habitat quality in mountain streams of the northwestern United States: Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, no. 187, 19 p., https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-015-4714-0.","productDescription":"19 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-066568","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":308650,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana, Idaho, Utah, Nevada, Oregon, Washington","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -121.81640624999999,\n 41.27780646738183\n ],\n [\n -121.81640624999999,\n 48.96579381461063\n ],\n [\n -110.23681640625,\n 48.96579381461063\n ],\n [\n -110.23681640625,\n 41.27780646738183\n ],\n [\n -121.81640624999999,\n 41.27780646738183\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","issue":"187","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":6,"text":"Columbus PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-07-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"560a64b2e4b058f706e536b7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kusnierz, Paul C.","contributorId":13881,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kusnierz","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":573480,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Holbrook, Christopher M. 0000-0001-8203-6856 cholbrook@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8203-6856","contributorId":139681,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holbrook","given":"Christopher","email":"cholbrook@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":573479,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Feldman, David L.","contributorId":25689,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Feldman","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":573481,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ]}