{"pageNumber":"459","pageRowStart":"11450","pageSize":"25","recordCount":36991,"records":[{"id":19192,"text":"ofr94471 - 1994 - Dissolved nutrient and suspended particulate matter data for the San Francisco Bay estuary, California, October 1991 through November 1993","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-08T14:09:28","indexId":"ofr94471","displayToPublicDate":"1995-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-471","title":"Dissolved nutrient and suspended particulate matter data for the San Francisco Bay estuary, California, October 1991 through November 1993","docAbstract":"<p>The U.S. Geological Survey conducted hydrologic investigations in San Francisco Bay between October 1991 and November 1993. Dissolved inorganic plant nutrients, nitrate, nitrite, ammonium, silica, and reactive phosphorus were measured in surface and in near-bottom waters at previously established locations in both northern and southern reaches of the bay. Salinity, turbidigy, and concentrations of suspended particulate matter also were measured. Additionally, concentratons of dissolved organic nitrogen and phosphorus were occasionally measured. This report presents the sampling and analytical methods, and the data for these studies. Data on the variability due to sampling and sample handling procedures, on the precision of the analytical methods, and on recoveries of known additions from samples are also presented.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Menlo Park, CA","doi":"10.3133/ofr94471","usgsCitation":"Hager, S.W., 1994, Dissolved nutrient and suspended particulate matter data for the San Francisco Bay estuary, California, October 1991 through November 1993: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-471, v, 53 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94471.","productDescription":"v, 53 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":152615,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0471/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":48657,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0471/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -122.52914428710938,\n              37.408346344484976\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.52914428710938,\n              38.146437584588824\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.71478271484375,\n              38.146437584588824\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.71478271484375,\n              37.408346344484976\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.52914428710938,\n              37.408346344484976\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a81e4b07f02db64a261","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hager, Stephen W.","contributorId":48935,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hager","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":180471,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":19251,"text":"ofr94343 - 1994 - Comparison of vertical discretization techniques in finite-difference models of ground-water flow; example from a hypothetical New England setting","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:31","indexId":"ofr94343","displayToPublicDate":"1995-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-343","title":"Comparison of vertical discretization techniques in finite-difference models of ground-water flow; example from a hypothetical New England setting","docAbstract":"Proper discretization of a ground-water-flow field is necessary for the accurate simulation of ground-water flow by models. Although discretiza- tion guidelines are available to ensure numerical stability, current guidelines arc flexible enough (particularly in vertical discretization) to allow for some ambiguity of model results. Testing of two common types of vertical-discretization schemes (horizontal and nonhorizontal-model-layer approach) were done to simulate sloping hydrogeologic units characteristic of New England. Differences of results of model simulations using these two approaches are small. Numerical errors associated with use of nonhorizontal model layers are small (4 percent). even though this discretization technique does not adhere to the strict formulation of the finite-difference method. It was concluded that vertical discretization by means of the nonhorizontal layer approach has advantages in representing the hydrogeologic units tested and in simplicity of model-data input. In addition, vertical distortion of model cells by this approach may improve the representation of shallow flow processes.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nUSGS Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr94343","usgsCitation":"Harte, P.T., 1994, Comparison of vertical discretization techniques in finite-difference models of ground-water flow; example from a hypothetical New England setting: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-343, iv, 25 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94343.","productDescription":"iv, 25 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":151427,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0343/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":48711,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0343/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ee4b07f02db6aa697","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harte, Philip T. 0000-0002-7718-1204 ptharte@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7718-1204","contributorId":1008,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harte","given":"Philip","email":"ptharte@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":405,"text":"NH/VT office of New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":180561,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":19236,"text":"ofr9368 - 1994 - Flood data for the Sacramento River and Butte Basin, Sacramento Valley, California, 1980-90","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-23T22:45:23.536219","indexId":"ofr9368","displayToPublicDate":"1995-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-68","title":"Flood data for the Sacramento River and Butte Basin, Sacramento Valley, California, 1980-90","docAbstract":"Floodflows and peak states of floods were measured and channel cross sections were surveyed at sites along the Sacramento River and in Butte Basin, Sacramento Valley, California, during 1980-90 to document magnitudes of flooding and channel changes. The study reach extends from rivermile 200 near Hamilton City to rivermile 134 near Meridian. Data were collected for each flood at about 70 sites that include streamf-flow gages, crest-stage gages, bridges and road overflows on State Highway 162 east of Butte City, and locations of historical high- water marks. Six cross sections of the river between rivermiles 193.7 near Big Chico Creek and 183.3 near Ordbend were surveyed annually during calendar years 1981-84, and 1986-90. Floodflows (peak flow 157,000 cubic feet per second) almost equaled the design flow capacity of the river at Butte City on March 2, 1983, when the peak stage of 93.0 feet was 5 feet below the top of the levee. This was the largest flood recorded at Butte City during 1980- 90. The most recent flood occurred February 18-19, 1986, when the peak stage in the river at Butte City was 92.0 feet and the peak flow was 145,000 cubic feet per second.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr9368","usgsCitation":"Harmon, J.G., 1994, Flood data for the Sacramento River and Butte Basin, Sacramento Valley, California, 1980-90: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-68, iv, 30 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9368.","productDescription":"iv, 30 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":411041,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_12616.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":48693,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0068/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":151747,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0068/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Sacramento River and Butte Basin, Sacramento Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -122.10488521812019,\n              39.76166300897259\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.10488521812019,\n              39.112698933014286\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.57970543046218,\n              39.112698933014286\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.57970543046218,\n              39.76166300897259\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.10488521812019,\n              39.76166300897259\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c7db","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harmon, Jerry G.","contributorId":30220,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harmon","given":"Jerry","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":180539,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":31818,"text":"ofr94529 - 1994 - Potentiometric surface of the intermediate aquifer system, west-central Florida, May 1994","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-21T18:36:38.336944","indexId":"ofr94529","displayToPublicDate":"1995-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-529","title":"Potentiometric surface of the intermediate aquifer system, west-central Florida, May 1994","docAbstract":"A map of the May 1994 potentiometric surface of the intermediate aquifer system in west-central Florida depicts water levels for the annual low water-level period. Water levels were generally lower than those reported for May 1993. In 135 wells with paired measurements, the May 1994 water levels averaged about 3.84 feet lower than May 1993 levels. The decrease in water leyels during this period was largely the result of below normal rainfall and an increase in demand for withdrawals of ground water.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr94529","usgsCitation":"Metz, P.A., and Brendle, D., 1994, Potentiometric surface of the intermediate aquifer system, west-central Florida, May 1994: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-529, 1 Plate: 25.00 × 34.00 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94529.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 25.00 × 34.00 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":160508,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":21643,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0529/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":407152,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_12552.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -83,\n              26.5\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.25,\n              26.5\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.25,\n              28.25\n            ],\n            [\n              -83,\n              28.25\n            ],\n            [\n              -83,\n              26.5\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad4e4b07f02db682e44","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Metz, P. A.","contributorId":68706,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Metz","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":207017,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brendle, D. L.","contributorId":68343,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brendle","given":"D. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":207016,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":19193,"text":"ofr94470 - 1994 - Particulate carbon and nitrogen and suspended particulate matter in the Sacramento River at Rio Vista, California, January 3 - May 26, 1983 and October 31, 1983 - November 29, 1984","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-08T14:13:32","indexId":"ofr94470","displayToPublicDate":"1995-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-470","title":"Particulate carbon and nitrogen and suspended particulate matter in the Sacramento River at Rio Vista, California, January 3 - May 26, 1983 and October 31, 1983 - November 29, 1984","docAbstract":"<p>Particulate matter was collected at Rio Vista, California, in two study periods; the first, from January 3 to May 26, 1983; the second from October 31, 1983 to November 29, 1984. Concentrations of suspended particulate matter were measured gravimetrically on silver membrane filters. The pooled standard deviation on replicated samples was 1.4 mg/L, giving a coefficient of variation of 5.7 percent. Concentrations of particulate carbon and nitrogen were measured during a Perkin-Elmer model 240C elemental analyzer to combust material collected on glass fiber filters. Refrigeration of samples prior to filtration was shown to be a likely influence on precision of duplicate analyses. Median deviations between duplicates for carbon were 5.4 percent during the first study period and 8.9 percent during the second. For nitrogen, median deviations were 4.9 percent and 7.2 percent, respectively. This report presents the data for concentrations of suspended particulate material, the duplicate analyses for particulate carbon and nitrogen, and the volumes of sample filtered for the particulate carbon and nitrogen analyses for both studies. Not all samples collected during the second study have been analyzed for particulate carbon and nitrogen.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Menlo Park, CA","doi":"10.3133/ofr94470","usgsCitation":"Hager, S.W., 1994, Particulate carbon and nitrogen and suspended particulate matter in the Sacramento River at Rio Vista, California, January 3 - May 26, 1983 and October 31, 1983 - November 29, 1984: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-470, iv, 35 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94470.","productDescription":"iv, 35 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology 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,{"id":19016,"text":"ofr94261 - 1994 - Temporal, spatial and petrologic variations of lava flows from the Mount Bachelor volcanic chain, central Oregon High Cascades","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-09-17T15:29:04","indexId":"ofr94261","displayToPublicDate":"1995-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-261","title":"Temporal, spatial and petrologic variations of lava flows from the Mount Bachelor volcanic chain, central Oregon High Cascades","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr94261","collaboration":"The USGS does not support this software or technical questions for the software associated with the publication.","usgsCitation":"Gardner, C.A., 1994, Temporal, spatial and petrologic variations of lava flows from the Mount Bachelor volcanic chain, central Oregon High Cascades: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-261, 100 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94261.","productDescription":"100 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":151649,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0261/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":21576,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0261/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":48427,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0261/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":277721,"type":{"id":4,"text":"Application Site"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0261b/application.zip"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad9e4b07f02db685228","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gardner, Cynthia A. 0000-0002-6214-6182 cgardner@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6214-6182","contributorId":1959,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gardner","given":"Cynthia","email":"cgardner@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":180151,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":31829,"text":"ofr94658 - 1994 - Preliminary geologic map of the Sitka quadrangle and parts of the Sitka SW, Sugarloaf, and Trout Creek quadrangles, Clark County, Kansas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-12T19:56:03.183504","indexId":"ofr94658","displayToPublicDate":"1995-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-658","title":"Preliminary geologic map of the Sitka quadrangle and parts of the Sitka SW, Sugarloaf, and Trout Creek quadrangles, Clark County, Kansas","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr94658","usgsCitation":"Green, M.W., and Fairer, G., 1994, Preliminary geologic map of the Sitka quadrangle and parts of the Sitka SW, Sugarloaf, and Trout Creek quadrangles, Clark County, Kansas: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-658, 7 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94658.","productDescription":"7 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":108249,"rank":700,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_12577.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"12577"},{"id":60025,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0658/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":160200,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0658/report-thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"24000","country":"United States","state":"Kansas","county":"Clark County","otherGeospatial":"Sitka, Sitka SW, Sugarloaf, and Trout Creek quadrangles","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -99.75,\n              37\n            ],\n            [\n              -99.543,\n              37\n            ],\n            [\n              -99.543,\n              37.25\n            ],\n            [\n              -99.75,\n              37.25\n            ],\n            [\n              -99.75,\n              37\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac6e4b07f02db67abbb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Green, M. W.","contributorId":26686,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Green","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":207031,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fairer, G. M.","contributorId":99532,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fairer","given":"G. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":207032,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":19536,"text":"ofr94333 - 1994 - Historical land-use changes and potential effects on stream disturbance in the Ozark Plateaus, Missouri","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":19536,"text":"ofr94333 - 1994 - Historical land-use changes and potential effects on stream disturbance in the Ozark Plateaus, Missouri","indexId":"ofr94333","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"title":"Historical land-use changes and potential effects on stream disturbance in the Ozark Plateaus, Missouri"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":1965,"text":"wsp2484 - 1997 - Historical land-use changes and potential effects on stream disturbance in the Ozark Plateaus, Missouri","indexId":"wsp2484","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"title":"Historical land-use changes and potential effects on stream disturbance in the Ozark Plateaus, Missouri"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":1965,"text":"wsp2484 - 1997 - Historical land-use changes and potential effects on stream disturbance in the Ozark Plateaus, Missouri","indexId":"wsp2484","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"title":"Historical land-use changes and potential effects on stream disturbance in the Ozark Plateaus, Missouri"},"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-05T11:30:22","indexId":"ofr94333","displayToPublicDate":"1995-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-333","title":"Historical land-use changes and potential effects on stream disturbance in the Ozark Plateaus, Missouri","docAbstract":"<p>Land-use changes have been blamed for creating disturbance in the morphology of streams in the Ozark Plateaus, Missouri (hereafter referred to as the Ozarks). Historical evidence and stratigraphic observations document that streams have been aggraded by substantial quantities of gravel beginning sometime at or near the time of European settlement of the Ozarks. Before European settlement, streams were depositing a mixed sediment load of gravel bedload and silty over-bank sediment. Observations of early explorers conspicuously lack descriptions of extensive gravel bars; observations of geologists working during the middle to late 1800's before significant land-use disturbance, however, include descriptions of large quantities of gravel in stream banks and beds.</p><p>The first change in land cover as settlement progressed from the early 1800's to approximately 1880 was replacement of valley-bottom forest with cultivated fields and pastures. At the same time, suppression of wildfires in the uplands caused an increase of woodland with woody understory at the expense of grassland and oak savannah. Valley-bottom clearing probably initiated some direct disturbance of stream channels, but fire suppression would have decreased runoff and sediment yield from uplands.</p><p>Beginning sometime during 1870 to 1880 and continuing until 1920, commercial timber&nbsp;companies began large operations in the Ozarks harvesting shortleaf pine for sawlogs and oak for railroad ties. Selective cutting of large timber, use of livestock for skidding logs from the forest, and avoidance of the steeper slopes minimized the effect of this phase of logging on runoff and sediment supply of uplands and valley-side slopes. Continued decreases in the erosional resistance of valley bottoms through clearing and road building, and the incidence of extreme regional floods from 1895 to 1915, probably caused initiation of moderate stream disturbance. This hypothesis is supported by historical and oral-historical observations that stream instability began before the peak of upland destabilization from 1920 to 1960.</p><p>The post-Timber-boom period (1920 to 1960) included the institution of annual burning of uplands and cut-over valley-side slopes, increased grazing on open range, and increased use of marginal land for cultivated crops. Models for land-use controls on annual runoff, storm runoff, and soil erosion indicate this period should have been the most effective in creating stream disturbance. Written historical sources and oral-historical accounts indicate that erosion was notable mainly on lands in row-crop cultivation. Oral-history respondents consistently recall that smaller streams had more discharge for longer periods during 1920 to 1960 than during 1960 to 1993; many additionally observed that floods are \"flashier\" under present-day (1993) conditions. Changes in the timing of hydrographs probably relate to changes in upland and riparian zone vegetation that decreased storage and flow resistance. Probably the most destabilizing effect on Ozarks stream channels during this period was&nbsp;caused by livestock on the open range that concentrated in valley bottoms and destroyed riparian vegetation in the channels and on banks. Destruction of riparian vegetation in small valleys may have encouraged headward migration of channels, resulting in extension of the drainage network and accelerated release of gravel from storage in the small valleys. This hypothesis is supported by lack of other sources for the large quantity of gravel in Ozarks streams and oral-historical observations that gravel came out of the runs, rather than from slopes.</p><p>From 1960 to 1993, cultivated fields and total improved land in farms decreased, but cattle populations continued to increase. This increase in grazing density has the potential to maintain runoff and sediment delivery to streams at rates higher than natural background rates. Whereas some riparian zones have been allowed to grow up into bottom-land forest, this stabilizing effect occurs on only a small part of valley-bottom land. Recovery processes aided by riparian vegetation are limited by channel instability and frequent, large floods.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr94333","usgsCitation":"Jacobson, R.B., and Primm, A.T., 1994, Historical land-use changes and potential effects on stream disturbance in the Ozark Plateaus, Missouri: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-333, 95 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94333.","productDescription":"95 p.","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":151452,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0333/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":359169,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0333/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Missouri","otherGeospatial":"Ozark Plateaus","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -92,\n              37\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.5,\n              37\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.5,\n              38\n            ],\n            [\n              -92,\n              38\n            ],\n            [\n              -92,\n              37\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae0e4b07f02db68855a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jacobson, Robert B. 0000-0002-8368-2064 rjacobson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8368-2064","contributorId":1289,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jacobson","given":"Robert","email":"rjacobson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":181082,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Primm, Alexander T.","contributorId":7688,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Primm","given":"Alexander","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":181083,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":31819,"text":"ofr94600B - 1994 - Preliminary determination of epicenters; monthly listing April-June 1994","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:03","indexId":"ofr94600B","displayToPublicDate":"1995-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-600","chapter":"B","title":"Preliminary determination of epicenters; monthly listing April-June 1994","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr94600B","usgsCitation":"National Earthquake Information Center, 1994, Preliminary determination of epicenters; monthly listing April-June 1994: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-600, 112 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94600B.","productDescription":"112 p. ","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":160191,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0600b/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":60018,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0600b/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db699e71","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"National Earthquake Information Center","contributorId":128066,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"National Earthquake Information Center","id":529299,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":31828,"text":"ofr94656 - 1994 - Preliminary geologic map of the Mount Jesus Quadrangle and parts of the Mount Jesus NW, Lexington, and Turkey Creek quadrangles, Clark County, Kansas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:04","indexId":"ofr94656","displayToPublicDate":"1995-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-656","title":"Preliminary geologic map of the Mount Jesus Quadrangle and parts of the Mount Jesus NW, Lexington, and Turkey Creek quadrangles, Clark County, Kansas","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr94656","usgsCitation":"Green, M.W., and Fairer, G., 1994, Preliminary geologic map of the Mount Jesus Quadrangle and parts of the Mount Jesus NW, Lexington, and Turkey Creek quadrangles, Clark County, Kansas: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-656, 8 p., 1 over-size sheet, scale 1:24,000 (1 inch = 2,000 feet). , https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94656.","productDescription":"8 p., 1 over-size sheet, scale 1:24,000 (1 inch = 2,000 feet). ","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":108247,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_12575.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"12575"},{"id":160199,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0656/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":60024,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0656/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"24000","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b01e4b07f02db69850a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Green, M. W.","contributorId":26686,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Green","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":207029,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fairer, G. M.","contributorId":99532,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fairer","given":"G. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":207030,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":20523,"text":"ofr94652A - 1994 - Bibliography of well-log applications, annual update; October 1, 1993 to September 30, 1994","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:43","indexId":"ofr94652A","displayToPublicDate":"1995-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-652","chapter":"A","title":"Bibliography of well-log applications, annual update; October 1, 1993 to September 30, 1994","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr94652A","usgsCitation":"Prensky, S.E., 1994, Bibliography of well-log applications, annual update; October 1, 1993 to September 30, 1994: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-652, ii, 150 p. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94652A.","productDescription":"ii, 150 p. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":153274,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0652a/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":50054,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0652a/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ee4b07f02db627cdb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Prensky, Stephen E.","contributorId":96703,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prensky","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":182800,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":20885,"text":"ofr94458 - 1994 - Guidelines for collecting and processing samples of stream bed sediment for analysis of trace elements and organic contaminants for the National Water-Quality Assessment Program","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:52","indexId":"ofr94458","displayToPublicDate":"1995-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-458","title":"Guidelines for collecting and processing samples of stream bed sediment for analysis of trace elements and organic contaminants for the National Water-Quality Assessment Program","docAbstract":"A major component of the U.S. Geological Survey's National Water-Quality Assessment program is to assess the occurrence and distribution of trace elements and organic contaminants in streams. The first phase of the strategy for the assessment is to analyze samples of bed sediments from depositional zones. Fine-grained particles deposited in these zones are natural accumulators of trace elements and hydrophobic organic compounds. For the information to be comparable among studies in many different parts of the Nation, strategies for selecting stream sites and depositional zones are critical. Fine-grained surficial sediments are obtained from several depositional zones within a stream reach and composited to yield a sample representing average conditions. Sample collection and processing must be done consistently and by procedures specifically designed to separate the fine material into fractions that yield uncontaminated samples for trace-level analytes in the laboratory. Special coring samplers and other instruments made of Teflon are used for collection. Samples are processed through a 2.0-millimeter stainless-steel mesh sieve for organic contaminate analysis and a 63-micrometer nylon-cloth sieve for trace-element analysis. Quality assurance is maintained by strict collection and processing procedures, duplicate samplings, and a rigid cleaning procedure.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nUSGS Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr94458","usgsCitation":"Shelton, L.R., and Capel, P.D., 1994, Guidelines for collecting and processing samples of stream bed sediment for analysis of trace elements and organic contaminants for the National Water-Quality Assessment Program: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-458, v, 20 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94458.","productDescription":"v, 20 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":154758,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0458/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":50480,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0458/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a6ce4b07f02db63e868","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shelton, Larry R.","contributorId":62237,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shelton","given":"Larry","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":183434,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Capel, Paul D. 0000-0003-1620-5185 capel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1620-5185","contributorId":1002,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Capel","given":"Paul","email":"capel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37778,"text":"WMA - Integrated Modeling and Prediction Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":183433,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":18092,"text":"ofr94334 - 1994 - Water-quality, lithologic, and water-level data for wells in Tulare Basin, Kings, Kern, and Tulare Counties, California, August 1990 to February 1993","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:15","indexId":"ofr94334","displayToPublicDate":"1995-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-334","title":"Water-quality, lithologic, and water-level data for wells in Tulare Basin, Kings, Kern, and Tulare Counties, California, August 1990 to February 1993","docAbstract":"Much of the Tulare Basin is characterized by saline shallow ground water containing elevated concen- trations of arsenic, selenium, and other trace elements. A comprehensive investigation of ground-water geochemist, and, to a limited extent, hydrology was initiated in response to concerns related to (1) adverse effects on migratory waterfowl of high concentrations of selenium in agricultural drainwater disposed of in evaporation ponds and (2) adverse effects on human health due to potential downward migration of ground water containing high concentrations of arsenic to regional aquifers used as drinking-water sources. This report presents data collected during the initial phase of this investigation. A total of 20 observation wells were installed at 5 locations in the basin. Four observation wells in a cluster were installed at each location at depths of about 20, 50, 100, and 200 feet. Water samples collected from each site were analyzed for major ions, trace elements (including arsenic and selenium), nutrients, and selected isotopes. Lithologic logs and well-construction information for each site and water-level measurements for each well measured periodically from August 1990 to February 1993 also are reported.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nUSGS Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr94334","usgsCitation":"Beard, S., Fujii, R., and Shanks, W.G., 1994, Water-quality, lithologic, and water-level data for wells in Tulare Basin, Kings, Kern, and Tulare Counties, California, August 1990 to February 1993: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-334, iv, 29 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94334.","productDescription":"iv, 29 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":149210,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0334/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":47451,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0334/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e3e4b07f02db5e5399","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Beard, Sherrill","contributorId":67098,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beard","given":"Sherrill","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":178532,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fujii, Roger rfujii@usgs.gov","contributorId":553,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fujii","given":"Roger","email":"rfujii@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":178530,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Shanks, W. Gary pshanks@usgs.gov","contributorId":61838,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shanks","given":"W.","email":"pshanks@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Gary","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":178531,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":19995,"text":"ofr94316 - 1994 - Simulation of the effects of ground-water withdrawals and recharge on ground-water flow in Cape Cod, Martha's Vineyard, and Nantucket Island basins, Massachusetts","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":19995,"text":"ofr94316 - 1994 - Simulation of the effects of ground-water withdrawals and recharge on ground-water flow in Cape Cod, Martha's Vineyard, and Nantucket Island basins, Massachusetts","indexId":"ofr94316","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"title":"Simulation of the effects of ground-water withdrawals and recharge on ground-water flow in Cape Cod, Martha's Vineyard, and Nantucket Island basins, Massachusetts"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":2223,"text":"wsp2447 - 1997 - Effects of simulated ground-water pumping and recharge on ground-water flow in Cape Cod, Martha's Vineyard, and Nantucket Island basins, Massachusetts","indexId":"wsp2447","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"title":"Effects of simulated ground-water pumping and recharge on ground-water flow in Cape Cod, Martha's Vineyard, and Nantucket Island basins, Massachusetts"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":2223,"text":"wsp2447 - 1997 - Effects of simulated ground-water pumping and recharge on ground-water flow in Cape Cod, Martha's Vineyard, and Nantucket Island basins, Massachusetts","indexId":"wsp2447","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"title":"Effects of simulated ground-water pumping and recharge on ground-water flow in Cape Cod, Martha's Vineyard, and Nantucket Island basins, Massachusetts"},"lastModifiedDate":"2020-10-06T21:22:42.54828","indexId":"ofr94316","displayToPublicDate":"1995-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-316","title":"Simulation of the effects of ground-water withdrawals and recharge on ground-water flow in Cape Cod, Martha's Vineyard, and Nantucket Island basins, Massachusetts","docAbstract":"The effects of changing patterns of ground-water pumping and aquifer recharge on the surface-water and ground-water hydrologic systems were determined for the Cape Cod, Martha's Vineyard, and Nantucket Island Basins. Three-dimensional, transient, ground-water-flow modelS that simulate both freshwater and saltwater flow were developed for the f1ow cells of Cape Cod which currently have large-capacity public-supply wells. Only the freshwater-flow system was simulated for the Cape Cod flow cells where public-water supply demands are satisfied by small-capacity domestic wells. Two- dimensional, finite-difference, change models were developed for Martha's Vineyard and Nantucket Island to determine the projected drawdowns in response to projected in-season pumping rates for 180 days of no aquifer recharge. Results of the simulations indicate very little change in the position of the freshwater-saltwater interface from predevelopment flow conditions to projected ground-water pumping and recharge rates for Cape Cod in the year 2020. Results of change model simulations for Martha's Vineyard and Nantucket Island indicate that the greatest impact in response to projected in-season ground-water pumping occurs at the pumping centers and the magnitude of the drawdowns are minimal with respect to the total thickness of the aquifers.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr94316","usgsCitation":"Masterson, J., and Barlow, P.M., 1994, Simulation of the effects of ground-water withdrawals and recharge on ground-water flow in Cape Cod, Martha's Vineyard, and Nantucket Island basins, Massachusetts: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-316, Report: vi, 80 p.; 1 Plate: 30.12 x 35.16 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94316.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 80 p.; 1 Plate: 30.12 x 35.16 inches","costCenters":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":152469,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0316/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":379134,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0316/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":379135,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0316/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts","otherGeospatial":"Cape Cod, Martha's Vineyard, Nantucket","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -71.01837158203125,\n              41.36238012945531\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.56793212890625,\n              41.15384235711447\n            ],\n            [\n              -69.9224853515625,\n              41.151774298444984\n            ],\n            [\n              -69.91424560546874,\n              42.14304156290939\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.762939453125,\n              42.14304156290939\n            ],\n            [\n              -71.01837158203125,\n              41.36238012945531\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac7e4b07f02db67b149","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Masterson, John P. 0000-0003-3202-4413 jpmaster@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3202-4413","contributorId":1865,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Masterson","given":"John P.","email":"jpmaster@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":181872,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Barlow, Paul M. 0000-0003-4247-6456 pbarlow@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4247-6456","contributorId":1200,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barlow","given":"Paul","email":"pbarlow@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":181871,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":19835,"text":"ofr9431 - 1994 - Ground-water quality and geochemistry, Carson Desert, western Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:41","indexId":"ofr9431","displayToPublicDate":"1995-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-31","title":"Ground-water quality and geochemistry, Carson Desert, western Nevada","docAbstract":"Aquifers in the Carson Desert are the primary source of drinking water, which is highly variable in chemical composition. In the shallow basin-fill aquifers, water chemistyr varies from a dilute calcium bicarbonate-dominated water beneath the irrigated areas to a saline sodium chloride- dominated water beneath unirrigated areas. Water samples from the shallow aquifers commonly have dissolved solids, chloride, magnesium, sulfate, arsenic, and manganese concentrations that exceed State of Nevada drinking-water standards. Water in the intermediante basin-fill aquifers is a dilute sodium bicarbonate type in the Fallon area and a distinctly more saline sodium chloride type in the Soda Lake-Upsal Hogback area. Dissolved solids, chloride, arsenic, fluoride, and manganese concen- trations commonly exceed drinking-water standards. The basalt aquifer contains a dilute sodium bicarbonate chloride water. Arsenic concentrations exceed standards in all sampled wells. The concen- trations of major constituents in ground water beneath the southern Carson Desert are the result of evapotranspiration and natural geochemical reactions with minerals derived mostly from igneous rocks. Water with higher concentrations of iron and manganese is near thermodynamic equilibrium with siderite and rhodochrosite and indicates that these elements may be limited by the solubility of their respective carbonate minerals. Naturally occurring radionuclides (uranium and radon-222) are present in ground water from the Carson Desert in concen- tratons higher than proposed drinking-water standards. High uranium concentrations in the shallow aquifers may be caused by evaporative concentration and the release of uranium during dissolution of iron and manganese oxides or the oxidation of sedimentary organic matter that typically has elevated uranium concentrations. Ground water in the Carson Desert does not appear to have be contaminated by synthetic organic chemicals.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nUSGS Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr9431","usgsCitation":"Lico, M.S., and Seiler, R.L., 1994, Ground-water quality and geochemistry, Carson Desert, western Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-31, v, 91 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9431.","productDescription":"v, 91 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":153446,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0031/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":49319,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0031/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4822e4b07f02db4e20d8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lico, Michael S.","contributorId":75897,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lico","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":181599,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Seiler, R. L.","contributorId":87546,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seiler","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":181600,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":16758,"text":"ofr94624A - 1994 - ALK.BIB : a selected bibliography of alkaline igneous rocks and related mineral deposits, with an emphasis on western North America","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:02","indexId":"ofr94624A","displayToPublicDate":"1995-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-624","chapter":"A","title":"ALK.BIB : a selected bibliography of alkaline igneous rocks and related mineral deposits, with an emphasis on western North America","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr94624A","usgsCitation":"Mutschler, F.E., Johnson, D.C., and Mooney, T.C., 1994, ALK.BIB : a selected bibliography of alkaline igneous rocks and related mineral deposits, with an emphasis on western North America: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-624, 222 p. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94624A.","productDescription":"222 p. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":147647,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0624a/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":45825,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0624a/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b15e4b07f02db6a493a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mutschler, Felix E.","contributorId":79893,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mutschler","given":"Felix","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":173461,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnson, D. Chad","contributorId":15635,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"Chad","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":173459,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mooney, Thomas C.","contributorId":18010,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mooney","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":173460,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":20209,"text":"ofr94452 - 1994 - Water resources activities of the Mississippi District, 1993-94","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:39","indexId":"ofr94452","displayToPublicDate":"1995-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-452","title":"Water resources activities of the Mississippi District, 1993-94","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr94452","usgsCitation":"Moss, C.P., 1994, Water resources activities of the Mississippi District, 1993-94: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-452, iii, 24 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94452.","productDescription":"iii, 24 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":152383,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0452/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":49755,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0452/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a07e4b07f02db5f96ed","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moss, Carol P.","contributorId":13970,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moss","given":"Carol","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":182253,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":31823,"text":"ofr94605B - 1994 - Earthquake data report, May 1994","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:03","indexId":"ofr94605B","displayToPublicDate":"1995-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-605","chapter":"B","title":"Earthquake data report, May 1994","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr94605B","usgsCitation":"National Earthquake Information Center, 1994, Earthquake data report, May 1994: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-605, Five 5 1/4 inch diskettes , https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94605B.","productDescription":"Five 5 1/4 inch diskettes ","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":160195,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4af3e4b07f02db69198d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"National Earthquake Information Center","contributorId":128066,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"National Earthquake Information Center","id":529303,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":31825,"text":"ofr94606B - 1994 - Earthquake data report, June 1994","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:04","indexId":"ofr94606B","displayToPublicDate":"1995-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-606","chapter":"B","title":"Earthquake data report, June 1994","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr94606B","usgsCitation":"National Earthquake Information Center, 1994, Earthquake data report, June 1994: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-606, Four 5 1/4 inch diskettes. , https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94606B.","productDescription":"Four 5 1/4 inch diskettes. ","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":160179,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a52e4b07f02db62a8cb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"National Earthquake Information Center","contributorId":128066,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"National Earthquake Information Center","id":529305,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":20026,"text":"ofr94367 - 1994 - Assessment of the hydrologic interaction between Imikpuk Lake and the adjacent airstrip site near Barrow, Alaska, 1993","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:45","indexId":"ofr94367","displayToPublicDate":"1995-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-367","title":"Assessment of the hydrologic interaction between Imikpuk Lake and the adjacent airstrip site near Barrow, Alaska, 1993","docAbstract":"Imikpuk Lake serves as the drinking water source for the Ukpeagvik Inupiat Corporation-National Arctic Research Laboratory (UIC-NARL), formerly known as the Naval Arctic Research Laboratory, near Barrow, Alaska. During the 1970's and 1980's, accidental releases of more than 1,300 cubic meters of various types of fuel occurred at the airstrip site adjacent to the lake. To aid an assessment of the potential risk 10 the quality of water in the lake posed by fuel remaining in the subsurface, the hydrologic interaction between the lake and ground water at the airstrip site was examined. The study area lies within the region of continuous permafrost where hydrologic processes are largely controlled by the short annual thaw season and the presence of near-surface permafrost. Runoff occurs for only a short period each year, typically from early or mid-June to late September, and a shallow ground- water system develops during approximately the same period as a result of shallow thawing of the subsurface. During the spring and summer of 1993, snowpack and surface-water data were collected throughout the Imikpuk Lake basin, and subsurface- flow-system data were collected at the airstrip site. The total annual inflow to the lake was estimated 10 be approximately 300,000 cubic meters per year, based on four methods of estimation. The ground-water flow system at the airstrip site is complex, primarily because of variations in local land-surface topography. Subsurface frost-elevation data indicate that a permafrost ridge exists beneath one of the elevated building pads at the site. Similar ridges beneath elevated roadways at the site may act as impediments to ground-water flow, reducing the flux of subsurface water to Imikpuk Lake. However, on the basis of the assumption that such impediments do not reduce flux substantially, the ground-water flux from the airstrip site was estimated to be approximately 173 cubic meters per year--less than 0.1 percent of the estimated annual inflow to Imikpuk Lake.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nUSGS Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr94367","usgsCitation":"McCarthy, K.A., Solin, G.L., and Trabant, D., 1994, Assessment of the hydrologic interaction between Imikpuk Lake and the adjacent airstrip site near Barrow, Alaska, 1993: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-367, iv, 27 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94367.","productDescription":"iv, 27 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":153135,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0367/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":49555,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0367/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abae4b07f02db671ce7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McCarthy, Kathleen A. mccarthy@usgs.gov","contributorId":1159,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCarthy","given":"Kathleen","email":"mccarthy@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":181925,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Solin, Gary L. glsolin@usgs.gov","contributorId":5675,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Solin","given":"Gary","email":"glsolin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":181926,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Trabant, Dennis","contributorId":99990,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trabant","given":"Dennis","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":181927,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":31814,"text":"ofr94225A - 1994 - Preliminary bedrock geologic map of the Plymouth quadrangle and eastern portion of the Killington Peak quadrangle, Windsor and Rutland Counties, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-23T14:45:40.370567","indexId":"ofr94225A","displayToPublicDate":"1995-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-225","chapter":"A","title":"Preliminary bedrock geologic map of the Plymouth quadrangle and eastern portion of the Killington Peak quadrangle, Windsor and Rutland Counties, Vermont","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr94225A","usgsCitation":"Walsh, G.J., and Ratcliffe, N.M., 1994, Preliminary bedrock geologic map of the Plymouth quadrangle and eastern portion of the Killington Peak quadrangle, Windsor and Rutland Counties, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-225, Report: 36 p.; 1 Plate: 25.00 × 37.00 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94225A.","productDescription":"Report: 36 p.; 1 Plate: 25.00 × 37.00 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":397785,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_19316.htm"},{"id":60017,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0225a/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":21564,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0225a/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":160307,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0225a/report-thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"24000","country":"United States","state":"Vermont","county":"Rutland County, Windsor County","otherGeospatial":"Killington Peak quadrangle, Plymouth quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -72.792,\n              43.625\n            ],\n            [\n              -72.625,\n              43.625\n            ],\n            [\n              -72.625,\n              43.5\n            ],\n            [\n              -72.792,\n              43.5\n            ],\n            [\n              -72.792,\n              43.625\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b06e4b07f02db69a132","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Walsh, Gregory J. 0000-0003-4264-8836 gwalsh@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4264-8836","contributorId":873,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walsh","given":"Gregory","email":"gwalsh@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":207004,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ratcliffe, Nicholas M. 0000-0002-7922-5784 nratclif@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7922-5784","contributorId":4167,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ratcliffe","given":"Nicholas","email":"nratclif@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":207005,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
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,{"id":18577,"text":"ofr94362 - 1994 - Methods of analysis and quality-assurance practices of the U.S. Geological Survey organic laboratory, Sacramento, California: Determination of pesticides in water by solid-phase extraction and capillary-column gas chromatography/mass spectrometry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-04-12T14:20:44.14214","indexId":"ofr94362","displayToPublicDate":"1995-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-362","title":"Methods of analysis and quality-assurance practices of the U.S. Geological Survey organic laboratory, Sacramento, California: Determination of pesticides in water by solid-phase extraction and capillary-column gas chromatography/mass spectrometry","docAbstract":"<p>Analytical method and quality-assurance practices were developed for a study of the fate and transport of pesticides in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta and the Sacramento and San Joaquin River. Water samples were filtered to remove suspended parti- culate matter and pumped through C-8 solid-phase extraction cartridges to extract the pesticides. The cartridges were dried with carbon dioxide, and the pesticides were eluted with three 2-milliliter aliquots of hexane:diethyl ether (1:1). The eluants were analyzed using capillary-column gas chromatography/mass spectrometry in full-scan mode. Method detection limits for analytes determined per 1,500-milliliter samples ranged from 0.006 to 0.047 microgram per liter. Recoveries ranged from 47 to 89 percent for 12 pesticides in organic-free, Sacramento River and San Joaquin River water samples fortified at 0.05 and 0.26 microgram per liter. The method was modified to improve the pesticide recovery by reducing the sample volume to 1,000 milliliters. Internal standards were added to improve quantitative precision and accuracy. The analysis also was expanded to include a total of 21 pesticides. The method detection limits for 1,000-milliliter samples ranged from 0.022 to 0.129 microgram per liter. Recoveries ranged from 38 to 128 percent for 21 pesticides in organic-free, Sacramento River and San Joaquin River water samples fortified at 0.10 and 0.75 microgram per liter.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr94362","usgsCitation":"Crepeau, K.L., Domagalski, J.L., and Kuivila, K., 1994, Methods of analysis and quality-assurance practices of the U.S. Geological Survey organic laboratory, Sacramento, California: Determination of pesticides in water by solid-phase extraction and capillary-column gas chromatography/mass spectrometry: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-362, iv, 17 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94362.","productDescription":"iv, 17 p. 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