Much geologic and geophysical information that lies encoded within land surface form can be revealed by image processing large files of digitized elevations in fast machines and mapping the results. This convergence of computers, analytic software, data, and output devices has created exciting opportunities for automating the numerical and spatial study of topography. One recent result is the accompanying shaded relief map of the conterminous 48 states.
A shaded relief image of topography mimics a cloud-free monochrome aerial photograph taken at low Sun. Gray tones represent different terrain slopes and azimuths calculated from adjacent elevations stored in a uniform grid, or digital elevation model (DEM). Sun elevation and direction can be varied to generate complementary views of the same area. The synoptic coverage of these computer images is a major advantage; unlike a photograph, image extent is limited only by size of the elevation array. Shaded relief maps also are free of the distortion found in radar images and of the vegetation and cultural features that mask topographic form on Landsat and SPOT images.
Late Cretaceous and early Tertiary volcanic and plutonic rocks in western Alaska comprise a vast magmatic province extending from the Alaska Range north to the Arctic Circle, south to Bristol Bay, and west to the Bering Sea Shelf. The chemical and isotopic composition of five of these Late Cretaceous to early Tertiary volcanic fields in the north central part of this province were studied to determine if Paleozoic or older continental crust underlies the Yukon-Koyukuk province. Three of the fields, the Blackburn Hills, Yukon River, and Kanuti, occur within the Yukon-Koyukuk province and two, the Sischu and Nowitna, overlie bordering Precambrian and Paleozoic metamorphic terranes to the southeast. High initial 87Sr/86Sr of 0.7075–0.7079 and moderate initial 143Nd/144Nd of 0.51244–0.51247 of rhyolite, dacite, and high-silica andesite of the Sischu volcanic field indicate that the magmas have interacted with the underlying Paleozoic or older continental crust. The relatively limited variation of isotopic (initial 87Sr/86Sr = 0.7044–0.7051; initial 143Nd/144Nd = 0.51256–0.51257) and elemental compositions of andesites from the Nowitna field can be accounted for by assimilation of small amounts of Paleozoic or older continental crust during crystal fractionation of andesite parent magmas at crustal levels. The Blackburn Hills field, which consists of medium-K basalt, andesite, and rhyolite intruded by a small granitic pluton, has a large range in initial 87Sr/86Sr and initial 143Nd/144Nd that plot in the field for 60 Ma mantle, from near mid-ocean ridge basalts to near “bulk-earth” compositions (initial 87Sr/86Sr = 0.7033–0.7052; initial 143Nd/144Nd = 0.51253–0.51290). Andesites and basalts from the Blackburn Hills are divided into two group on the basis of rare earth element (REE) and isotopic composition. Isotopic variation in the more primitive group 1 is best explained by assimilation of the lower crust of the Jurassic to Early Cretaceous Koyukuk terrane by mantle-derived basalts during crystal fractionation, though part of the isotopic variation may be due to metasomatism of an oceanic island basalt type mantle source by fluids derived from subducted sediments. Group 2 andesites from the Blackburn Hills have lower heavy REE abundances and more enriched isotopic compositions. These group 2 andesites and dacites from the Kanuti field, which have (87Sr/86Sr)i = 0.7043–0.7048 and (143Nd/144Nd)i = 0.51248–0.51267, appear to have formed by partial melting of the lower crust of the Koyukuk terrane. The Yukon River field consists of basalt, andesite, dacite, and rhyolite having (87Sr/86Sr)i = 0.7037–0.7051 and (143Nd/144Nd)i = 0.51266–0.51280; its isotopic composition does not require the presence of Paleozoic or older continental crust under the volcanic field and may have formed by interaction between mantle-derived melts and the oceanic Angayucham/Tozitna or island arc Koyukuk terrane. Most of the intrusive rocks and rhyolite domes from the Blackburn Hills volcanic field have (87Sr/86Sr)i = 0.7038–0.7041 and dacites from the Kanuti volcanic field have (87Sr/86Sr)i = 0.7043–0.7048. Thus little or no old continental crust was involved in the genesis of the Late Cretaceous and early Tertiary rocks and therefore probably does not extend beneath this part of the Yukon-Koyukuk province. However, the ultimate source of the small volumes of enriched shoshonitic andesite (87Sr/86Sr = 0.7075, 143Nd/144Nd = 0.5125) erupted at 118 Ma in the Yukon-Koyukuk province may be continental lithosphere, which may have been thrust under this part of the Yukon-Koyukuk province during arc-continent collision in the Early Cretaceous.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB094iB11p15989","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Moll-Stalcup, E., and Arth, J.G., 1989, The nature of the crust in the Yukon-Koyukuk province as inferred from the chemical and isotopic composition of five Late Cretaceous to Early Tertiary volcanic fields in western Alaska: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 94, no. B11, p. 15989-16020, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB094iB11p15989.","productDescription":"32 p.","startPage":"15989","endPage":"16020","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223988,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"94","issue":"B11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bae05e4b08c986b323ebd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moll-Stalcup, E.","contributorId":84636,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moll-Stalcup","given":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370933,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Arth, Joseph G.","contributorId":104546,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arth","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370934,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70015100,"text":"70015100 - 1989 - Recorded seismic response of a base-isolated steel bridge carrying a steel water pipe","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:01","indexId":"70015100","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Recorded seismic response of a base-isolated steel bridge carrying a steel water pipe","docAbstract":"A set of strong motion records was obtained from the base-isolated Santa Ana River Pipeline Bridge during the magnitude 5.9 Whittier Narrows, California, earthquake of October 1, 1987. The analysis of the records show that the level of excitation was not strong enough to fully activate the base isolators. The dominant modes of the response are the translations of the abutment-bridge-pipe system in the longitudinal and transverse directions, and the bending of the steel truss between supports in the vertical direction.","largerWorkTitle":"American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Pressure Vessels and Piping Division (Publication) PVP","conferenceTitle":"Seismic Engineering - 1989: Design, Analysis, Testing, and Qualification Methods","conferenceDate":"23 July 1989 through 27 July 1989","conferenceLocation":"Honolulu, HI, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Publ by ASME","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, United States","issn":"0277027X","usgsCitation":"Safak, E., and Brady, A., 1989, Recorded seismic response of a base-isolated steel bridge carrying a steel water pipe, in American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Pressure Vessels and Piping Division (Publication) PVP, v. 162, Honolulu, HI, USA, 23 July 1989 through 27 July 1989, p. 137-144.","startPage":"137","endPage":"144","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223965,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"162","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e4a286e4b0e8fec6cdb635","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Safak, E.","contributorId":104070,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Safak","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370072,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brady, A. G.","contributorId":61794,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brady","given":"A. G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370071,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":19219,"text":"ofr87221 - 1989 - Hydrologic data of the Nashua and Souhegan River basins, Massachusetts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-08-25T21:22:12.813378","indexId":"ofr87221","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"87-221","title":"Hydrologic data of the Nashua and Souhegan River basins, Massachusetts","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr87221","usgsCitation":"Hansen, B.P., Brackley, R., and de Lima, V.A., 1989, Hydrologic data of the Nashua and Souhegan River basins, Massachusetts: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 87-221, Report: vi, 73 p.; 1 Plate: 41.60 x 49.41 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr87221.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 73 p.; 1 Plate: 41.60 x 49.41 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":420179,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_17163.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":48680,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/0221/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":48679,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/0221/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":151355,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/0221/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts","otherGeospatial":"Nashua and Souhegan River basins","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -71.458,\n 42.75\n ],\n [\n -72,\n 42.75\n ],\n [\n -72,\n 42.25\n ],\n [\n -71.458,\n 42.25\n ],\n [\n -71.458,\n 42.75\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a1be4b07f02db607411","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hansen, B. P.","contributorId":45332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hansen","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":180513,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brackley, R. A.","contributorId":16851,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brackley","given":"R. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":180512,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"de Lima, V. A.","contributorId":11638,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"de Lima","given":"V.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":180511,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70015414,"text":"70015414 - 1989 - Artificial recharge of groundwater and its role in water management","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-09-26T16:03:58.911106","indexId":"70015414","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1378,"text":"Desalination","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Artificial recharge of groundwater and its role in water management","docAbstract":"This paper summarizes and discusses the various aspects and methods of artificial recharge with particular emphasis on its uses and potential role in water management in the Arabian Gulf region.
Artificial recharge occurs when man's activities cause more water to enter an aquifer, either under pumping or non-pumping conditions, than otherwise would enter the aquifer. Use of artificial recharge can be a practical means of dealing with problems of overdraft of groundwater.
Methods of artificial recharge may be grouped under two broad types: (a) water spreading techniques, and (b) well-injection techniques. Successful use of artificial recharge requires a thorough knowledge of the physical and chemical characteristics of the aquifier system, and extensive onsite experimentation and tailoring of the artificial-recharge technique to fit the local or areal conditions.
In general, water spreading techniques are less expensive than well injection and large quantities of water can be handled. Water spreading can also result in significant improvement in quality of recharge waters during infiltration and movement through the unsaturated zone and the receiving aquifer. In comparison, well-injection techniques are often used for emplacement of fresh recharge water into saline aquifer zones to form a manageable lens of fresher water, which may later be partially withdrawn for use or continue to be maintained as a barrier against salt-water encroachment.
A major advantage in use of groundwater is its availability, on demand to wells, from a natural storage reservoir that is relatively safe from pollution and from damage by sabotage or other hostile action. However, fresh groundwater occurs only in limited quantities in most of the Arabian Gulf region; also, it is heavily overdrafted in many areas, and receives very little natural recharge. Good use could be made of artificial recharge by well injection in replenishing and managing aquifers in strategic locations if sources of freshwater could be made available for the artificial-recharge operations.
Three fragments of charcoal taken from different parts of the lowermost bed containing Aurignacian artifacts at El Castillo Cave yielded AMS dates of 37·7 (± 1·8) ka bp, 38·5 (± 1·8) ka bp, and 40·0 (± 2·1) ka bp (average 38·7 ± 1·9 ka bp). These dates are almost identical to new AMS dates from l'Arbreda cave in Catalunya on the same cultural horizon (average 38·5 ± 1·0 ka bp) and are significantly older than the earliest dates for Aurignacian industries in the Aquitaine and in other parts of Central and Western Europe.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0305-4403(89)90023-X","issn":"03054403","usgsCitation":"Valdes, V., and Bischoff, J.L., 1989, Accelerator 14C dates for early upper paleolithic (basal Aurignacian) at El Castillo Cave (Spain): Journal of Archaeological Science, v. 16, no. 6, p. 577-584, https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-4403(89)90023-X.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"577","endPage":"584","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224420,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"16","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e668e4b0c8380cd473d9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Valdes, V.C.","contributorId":66854,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Valdes","given":"V.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370889,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bischoff, J. L.","contributorId":28969,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bischoff","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370888,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70015415,"text":"70015415 - 1989 - Late Quaternary lacustrine paleoenvironments in the Cuenca de México","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-06-02T09:19:36","indexId":"70015415","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3219,"text":"Quaternary Science Reviews","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Late Quaternary lacustrine paleoenvironments in the Cuenca de México","docAbstract":"A late Quaternary paleolimnological history from the Mexican highlands has been obtained by diatom analysis of short cores and stratigraphic sections of lake and marsh sediments from the Cuenca de México, the large, endorheic, graben basin that holds Mexico City. The records, dated by radiocarbon and tephrochronologic methods, extend back to about 30 ka BP and document the presence of extensive, saline lakes in the basin until 25 ka BP. Thereafter, lake levels fell and marginal sites became shallow and fresh under the influence of surficial drainage and (especially) spring discharge. A shallow, saline lake existed 18 ka BP in Texcoco, the central and lowest basin in the system, reflecting moderately increased effective moisture at that time. By 16 ka BP, Lake Texcoco had become so shallow that diatoms were no longer preserved. However, marginal sites nourished by spring flow recorded changes in the local hydrologic balance resulting from increased infiltration at higher elevations. These changes appear to coincide with glacial advances between about 14 and 10 ka BP on the volcanic mountains surrounding the basin. Dry climates with reduced infiltration characterized the early Holocene, but by 5 ka BP a modest increase in precipitation established the modern climatic regime.
\nThese lacustrine records offer important insights for evaluating the paleoenvironmental history of the Cuenca de México based on other evidence. They confirm glaciological, stratigraphic and palynologic data that suggest dry climates and the absence of large pluvial lakes in the Cuenca de México during and after the full glacial, but document climates of significantly increased precipitation at least 10 ka prior to 18 ka BP.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0277-3791(89)90022-X","issn":"02773791","usgsCitation":"Bradbury, J., 1989, Late Quaternary lacustrine paleoenvironments in the Cuenca de México: Quaternary Science Reviews, v. 8, no. 1, p. 75-100, https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-3791(89)90022-X.","productDescription":"26 p.","startPage":"75","endPage":"100","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224419,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"8","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a452ee4b0c8380cd670cf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bradbury, J.P.","contributorId":14431,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradbury","given":"J.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370887,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70015417,"text":"70015417 - 1989 - Non-energy minerals and surficial geology of the continental margin of Maryland","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-10-09T11:10:37.6228","indexId":"70015417","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2667,"text":"Marine Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Non-energy minerals and surficial geology of the continental margin of Maryland","docAbstract":"Many Tertiary coals contain abundant fossilized remains of angiosperms, which commonly dominated the ancient peat-swamp environments; modern analogs of such swamps can be found in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Comparisons of angiospermous wood from Australian brown coal with similar wood buried in modern peat swamps of Indonesia have provided some new insights into coalification reactions. These comparisons were made by using solid-state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques and pyrolsis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (py-gc-ms). These two modern techniques are especially suited for detailed structural evaluation of the complex macromolecules in coal.
The earliest transformation (peatification) of organic matter in angiospermous wood is the degradation and removal of cellulosic components and the concomitant selective preservation of lignin-derived components. The angiospermous lignin that becomes enriched in wood as a result of cellulose degradation also is modified by coalification reactions; this modification, however, does not involve degradation and removal of the lignin. Rather, the early coalification process transforms the lignin phenols (guiacyl and syringyl) to eventually yield the aromatic structures typically found in brown coal. One such transformation, which is determined from NMR data, involves the cleavage of aryl-ether bonds that link guaiacyl and syringyl units in lignin, and this transformation leads to the formation of free lignin phenols. Another transformation, which is also determined from the NMR data, involves the loss of methoxyl groups, probably via demethylation, to produce catechol-like structures. Coincident with ether-cleavage and demethylation, the aromatic rings derived from lignin phenols become more carbon-substituted and cross linked, as determined by dipolar-dephasing NMR studies. This cross linking is probably responsible for preventing the lignin phenols, which are freed from the lignin macromolecule by ether cleavage, from being removed from the coal by dissolution. Pyrolysis data suggest that the syringyl units are altered more readily than are guaiacyl units, and this difference in resistance leads to an enrichment of the guaiacyl units in fossil angiospermous woods.
Many of the coalification reactions noted above occur to some degree in all angiospermous fossil wood examined; however, some significant differences are observed in the degree of coalification of the fossil wood samples from the same burial depth in the brown coal. These differences indicate that the depth and duration of burial are probably not entirely responsible for the variations in degree of coalification. Different rates of degradation in peat may have contributed to the variations in the apparent degree of coalification; some woods may have been altered more rapidly at the peat stage than others.
Although preliminary, this systematic study of botanically related wood in peat and coal results in a more detailed differentiation of coalification reactions than have previous investigations. The combined use of solid-state 13C NMR and py-gc-ms has facilitated this detailed insight into the coalification of angiospermous wood.
Peat has been studied in several geologic settings: (1) glaciated terrain in cold temperate Maine and Minnesota, U.S.A.; (2) an island in the Atlantic Ocean off the coast of Maine, where sea level is rising; (3) the warm temperate U.S. Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains, where sea level has changed often; and (4) the tropical coast of Sarawak, Malaysia, and the tropical delta of the Batang Hari River, Sumatra, Indonesia. Most of these deposits are domed (ombrotrophic or partly ombrotrophic) bogs in which peat accumulation continued above the surface of the surrounding soil. However, the bogs of the U.S. Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains are comparatively not as domed, and many have almost level surfaces.
In some bogs, aquatic or semi-aquatic plant materials accumulated, replaced water in the depressions, and formed a surface on which marsh or swamp vegetation could subsequently live, die, and accumulate. In others, the plant materials accumulated initially on level silt or sand surfaces supporting marshes or swamps. As the peat dome formed, plants growing on it changed from luxuriant ones near the base of the dome, where nutrients were brought into the bog by surface and ground water, to stunted ones at the top of the dome, where the raised bogs are fed by nutrient-poor precipitation.
The physical and chemical changes that take place in the sequence of environments from the pond stage of deposit development, through the grassy marsh stage, through the forested swamp stage, and finally through the heath dome stage can be measured in terms of acidity and ash, volatile matter, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur and oxygen contents, as well as in the kind and distribution of trace elements. The organic and inorganic contents of the deposits relate to geomorphology, and geomorphology relates to their settings. As models of coal formation, some domed peat deposits may help in solving problems of distribution and character of ancient coal beds. But clearly not all peat deposits are precursors of coal. Most Holocene peat deposits are subject to destruction by erosion, fire and decomposition through microbial and chemical oxidation before burial. The best environments for coal precursors have biomass accumulation, a continuously rising water table within the mass, and minimum influx of clay and silt until preservation by burial. The most suitable settings for future economic coal deposits are domed bogs that accumulate thick, widespread peat having low ash and low sulfur contents.
The ombrotrophic peat deposits of tropical Sarawak and Sumatra are thick and extensive, contain low-ash and low-sulfur peat, and have high heating values. They are considered to be the best tropical coal analogs because of their extent and chances of preservation; the base of the peat is below adjacent river levels, and chemical and structural conditions are favorable for accumulation.
This work gives a clear picture of the geometry of aftershock seismicity in a large thrust earthquake. Interpretation of hypocenters and fault plane solutions, from the 1983 Coalinga, Coast Range California, earthquake sequence, in combination with the three-dimensional velocity structure shows that the active faulting beneath the fold primarily consists of a set of southwest dipping thrusts uplifting blocks of higher-velocity material. Above the main listric blind thrust there is a conjugate fault, steeply northeast dipping, that provides the western limit of the aftershocks within the Coalinga Anticline and that corresponds in location and spatial extent with the adjacent Pleasant Valley syncline. The character of the seismicity varies with the degree of previous deformation on each section of the anticline. Where the previous uplift was largest, the shallow seismicity shows secondary faulting on either side of the fold with orientations that correspond to the preexisting geologic structure. Diffuse seismicity characterizes the area with the least previous deformation. The mainshock rupture terminated where the fold trend was no longer uniform but had competing north and west trending features. The upward extent of the mainshock rupture ended at the approximate boundary between Franciscan and Great Valley Sequence rocks. Above that depth the main thrust appears to splay into a steeper segment and a near-horizontal segment. Thus the extent of rupture area is limited by the area of uniform structural orientation and by the variation in the type of material. With the three-dimensional velocity model each individual hypocenter moved slightly (0–2 km) in accord with the details of the surrounding velocity structure, so that secondary features in the seismicity pattern are more detailed than with a local one-dimensional model and station corrections. The overall character of the fault plane solutions was not altered by the three-dimensional model, but the more accurate ray paths did result in distinct changes. In particular, the mainshock has a fault plane dipping 30° southwest instead of the 23° obtained with the one-dimensional model.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB094iB11p15565","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Eberhart-Phillips, D., 1989, Active faulting and deformation of the Coalinga anticline as interpreted from three-dimensional velocity structure and seismicity: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 94, no. B11, p. 15565-15586, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB094iB11p15565.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"15565","endPage":"15586","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224424,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"94","issue":"B11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e6aae4b0c8380cd4758a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Eberhart-Phillips, D.","contributorId":80428,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eberhart-Phillips","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371119,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70015515,"text":"70015515 - 1989 - Transport of microspheres and indigenous bacteria through a sandy aquifer: Results of natural- and forced-gradient tracer experiments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-12T11:07:47","indexId":"70015515","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Transport of microspheres and indigenous bacteria through a sandy aquifer: Results of natural- and forced-gradient tracer experiments","docAbstract":"Transport of indigenous bacteria through sandy aquifer sediments was investigated in forced- and natural-gradient tracer teste. A diverse population of bacteria was collected and concentrated from groundwater at the site, stained with a DNA-specific fluorochrome, and injected back into the aquifer. Included with the injectate were a conservative tracer (Br- or Cl-) and bacteria-sized (0.2-1.3-??m) microspheres having carboxylated, carbonyl, or neutral surfaces. Transport of stained bacteria and all types and size classes of microspheres was evident. In the natural-gradient test, both surface characteristics and size of microspheres affected attenuation. Surface characteristics had the greatest effect upon retardation. Peak break-through of DAPI-stained bacteria (forced-gradient experiment) occurred well in advance of bromide at the more distal sampler. Transport behavior of bacteria was substantially different from that of carboxylated microspheres of comparable size.
","language":"English","publisher":"ACS","doi":"10.1021/es00178a005","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Harvey, R., George, L., Smith, R.L., and LeBlanc, D., 1989, Transport of microspheres and indigenous bacteria through a sandy aquifer: Results of natural- and forced-gradient tracer experiments: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 23, no. 1, p. 51-56, https://doi.org/10.1021/es00178a005.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"51","endPage":"56","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":224425,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"23","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb752e4b08c986b3271c4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harvey, R.W. 0000-0002-2791-8503","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2791-8503","contributorId":11757,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harvey","given":"R.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371120,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"George, L.H.","contributorId":97256,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"George","given":"L.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371123,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Smith, R. L.","contributorId":93904,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":371122,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"LeBlanc, D.R.","contributorId":87141,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LeBlanc","given":"D.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371121,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":2001383,"text":"2001383 - 1989 - Systemic noninfectious granulomatoses of fishes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-07-10T15:05:29","indexId":"2001383","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":22,"text":"Fish Disease Leaflet","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"79","title":"Systemic noninfectious granulomatoses of fishes","docAbstract":"No abstract available at this time","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","collaboration":"89-021/FH","usgsCitation":"Herman, R.L., 1989, Systemic noninfectious granulomatoses of fishes: Fish Disease Leaflet 79, 4 p.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"0","endPage":"4","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":199030,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a08e4b07f02db5fa521","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Herman, R. L.","contributorId":21101,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herman","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":325626,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":2001374,"text":"2001374 - 1989 - Enteric redmouth disease","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:56","indexId":"2001374","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":23,"text":"Fish Health Bulletin","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"4","title":"Enteric redmouth disease","docAbstract":"No abstract available at this time","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","collaboration":"90-027/FH","usgsCitation":"Bullock, G.L., 1989, Enteric redmouth disease: Fish Health Bulletin 4.","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":198935,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa8e4b07f02db6674c1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bullock, G. L.","contributorId":69498,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bullock","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":325610,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70185834,"text":"70185834 - 1989 - Solubility of jarosite solid solutions precipitated from acid mine waters, Iron Mountain, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-10-17T16:40:10","indexId":"70185834","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5350,"text":"Science Geological Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Solubility of jarosite solid solutions precipitated from acid mine waters, Iron Mountain, California","docAbstract":"Because of the common occurrence of 15 to 25 mole percent hydronium substitution on the alkali site in jarosites, it is necessary to consider the hydronium content of jarosites in any attempt at rigorous evaluation of jarosite solubility or of the saturation state of natural waters with respect to jarosite. A Gibbs free energy of 3293.5±2.1 kJ mol-1 is recommended for a jarosite solid solution of composition K.77Na.03(H3O).20Fe3(SO4)2(OH)6. Solubility determinations for a wider range of natural and synthetic jarosite solid solutions will be necessary to quantify the binary and ternary mixing parameters in the (K-Na-H3O) system. In the absence of such studies, molar volume data for endmember minerals indicate that the K-H3O substitution in jarosite is probably closer to ideal mixing than either the Na-K or Na-H3O substitution.
A rank series consisting of twelve vitrinite concentrates and companion whole-coal samples from mined coal beds in the eastern United States, England, and Australia were analyzed for C, H, N, O, ash, and 47 trace and minor elements by standard elemental, instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA), and direct-current-arc spectrographic (DCAS) techniques. The reflectance of vitrinite, atomic H:C and O:C, and ash-free carbon data were used to determine ranks that range from high-volatile C bituminous coal to meta-anthracite. A van Krevelen (atomic H:C vs. O:C) diagram of the vitrinite concentrates shows a smooth curve having its lowest point at H:C = 0.18 and O:C = 0.01. This improves the van Krevelen diagram by the addition of our vitrinite concentrate from meta-anthracite from the Narragansett basin of New England.
Boron content (400–450 ppm) in two Illinois basin vitrinite concentrates was about an order of magnitude higher than B contents in other concentrates analyzed. We attribute this to marine origin or hydrothermal activity. The alkaline-earth elements Ca, Mg and Ba (DCAS) have higher concentrations in our vitrinite concentrates from bituminous coals of the Appalachian basin, than they do in vitrinite concentrates from the marine-roofed bituminous coals of the Illinois basin; therefore, a nonmarine origin for these alkaline-earth elements is postulated for the Appalachian basin coals. An ion-exchange mechanism due to high concentrations of these elements as ions in diagenetic water, but probably not recent ground water, may be responsible for the relatively high values of these elements in Appalachian concentrates. Higher concentrations of Ni and Cr in one of the English vitrinite concentrates and of Zr in the Australian concentrate probably indicate organic association and detrital influence, respectively.
Coal beds are considered to be a major source of nonassociated gas in the Rocky Mountain basins of the United States. In the San Juan basin of northwestern New Mexico and southwestern Colorado, significant quantities of natural gas are being produced from coal beds of the Upper Cretaceous Fruitland Formation and from adjacent sandstone reservoirs. Analysis of gas samples from the various gas-producing intervals provided a means of determining their origin and of evaluating coal beds as source rocks.
The rank of coal beds in the Fruitland Formation in the central part of the San Juan basin, where major gas production occurs, increases to the northeast and ranges from high-volatile B bituminous coal to medium-volatile bituminous coal (Rm values range from 0.70 to 1.45%). On the basis of chemical, isotopic and coal-rank data, the gases are interpreted to be thermogenic. Gases from the coal beds show little isotopic variation (δ13C1 values range −43.6 to −40.5 ppt), are chemically dry (C1/C1–5 values are > 0.99), and contain significant amounts of CO2 (as much as 6%). These gases are interpreted to have resulted from devolatilization of the humic-type bituminous coal that is composed mainly of vitrinite. The primary products of this process are CH4, CO2 and H2O.
The coal-generated, methane-rich gas is usually contained in the coal beds of the Fruitland Formation, and has not been expelled and has not migrated into the adjacent sandstone reservoirs. In addition, the coal-bed reservoirs produce a distinctive bicarbonate-type connate water and have higher reservoir pressures than adjacent sandstones. The combination of these factors indicates that coal beds are a closed reservoir system created by the gases, waters, and associated pressures in the micropore coal structure.
In contrast, gases produced from overlying sandstones in the Fruitland Formation and underlying Pictured Cliffs Sandstone have a wider range of isotopic values (δ13C1 values range from −43.5 to −38.5 ppt), are chemically wetter (C1/C1–5 values range from 0.85 to 0.95), and contain less CO2 (< 2%). These gases are interpreted to have been derived from type III kerogen dispersed in marine shales of the underlying Lewis Shale and nonmarine shales of the Fruitland Formation.
In the underlying Upper Cretaceous Dakota Sandstone and Tocito Sandstone Lentil of the Mancos Shale, another gas type is produced. This gas is associated with oil at intermediate stages of thermal maturity and is isotopically lighter and chemically wetter at the intermediate stage of thermal maturity as compared with gases derived from dispersed type III kerogen and coal; this gas type is interpreted to have been generated from type II kerogen.
Organic matter contained in coal beds and carbonaceous shales of the Fruitland Formation has hydrogen indexes from Rock-Eval pyrolysis between 100 and 350, and atomic H:C ratios between 0.8 and 1.2. Oxygen indexes and atomic O:C values are less than 24 and 0.3, respectively. Extractable hydrocarbon yields are as high as 7,000 ppm. These values indicate that the coal beds and carbonaceous shales have good potential for the generation of liquid hydrocarbons. Voids in the coal filled with a fluorescent material that is probably bitumen is evidence that liquid hydrocarbon generation has taken place. Preliminary oil-source rock correlations based on gas chromatography and stable carbon isotope ratios of C15+ hydrocarbons indicate that the coals and (or) carbonaceous shales in the Fruitland Formation may be the source of minor amounts of condensate produced from the coal beds at relatively low levelsof thermal maturity (Rm=0.7).
Accessory minerals commonly occur attached to or included in the major crystalline phases of felsic and some intermediate igneous rocks. Apatite is particularly common as inclusions, but Fe-Ti oxides, pyrrhotite, zircon, monazite, chevkinite and xenotime are also known from silicic rocks. Accessories may nucleate near the host crystal/ liquid interface as a result of local saturation owing to formation of a differentiated chemical boundary layer in which accessory mineral solubility would be lower than in the surrounding liquid. Differentiation of this boundary layer would be greatest adjacent to ferromagnesian phenocrysts, especially Fe-Ti oxides; it is with oxides that accessories are most commonly associated in rocks. A boundary layer may develop if the crystal grows more rapidly than diffusion can transport incorporated and rejected elements to and from the phenocryst. Diffusion must dominate over convection as a mode of mass transfer near the advancing crystal/liquid interface in order for a boundary layer to exist. Accumulation of essential structural constituent elements of accessory minerals owing to their slow diffusion in evolved silicate melt also may force local saturation, but this is not a process that applies to all cases. Local saturation is an attractive mechanism for enhancing fractionation during crystallization differentiation. If accessory minerals attached to or included in phenocrysts formed because of local saturation, their host phenocrysts must have grown rapidly when accessories nucleated in comparison to lifetimes of magma reservoirs. Some inconsistencies remain in a local saturation origin for accessory phases that cannot be evaluated without additional information.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(89)90210-X","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Bacon, C., 1989, Crystallization of accessory phases in magmas by local saturation adjacent to phenocrysts: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 53, no. 5, p. 1055-1066, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(89)90210-X.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"1055","endPage":"1066","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":223723,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"53","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fd02e4b0c8380cd4e594","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bacon, C. R. 0000-0002-2165-5618","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2165-5618","contributorId":21522,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bacon","given":"C. R.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":371158,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":2002125,"text":"2002125 - 1989 - Wilderness and the protection of genetic diversity","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:55","indexId":"2002125","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":32,"text":"General Technical Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"SE-51","title":"Wilderness and the protection of genetic diversity","docAbstract":"No abstract available at this time","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Wilderness Bench mark 1988: Proceedings of the National Wilderness Colloquium","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Forest Service, Southeastern Forest Experiment Station","publisherLocation":"Asheville, NC","usgsCitation":"Schonewald-Cox, C., and Stohlgren, T., 1989, Wilderness and the protection of genetic diversity: General Technical Report SE-51, p. 83-91.","productDescription":"p. 83-91","startPage":"83","endPage":"91","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":198556,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e1e4b07f02db5e4808","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schonewald-Cox, C.","contributorId":91433,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schonewald-Cox","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":326012,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stohlgren, T.J.","contributorId":7217,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stohlgren","given":"T.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":326011,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70168712,"text":"70168712 - 1989 - Earthquakes, January-February 1989","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-25T16:13:18","indexId":"70168712","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1437,"text":"Earthquakes & Volcanoes (USGS)","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Earthquakes, January-February 1989","docAbstract":"there were no major earthquakes (7.0-7.9) during the first 2 months of the year. the USSR was the only country reporting earthquake-related deaths during this period.
\nIn the United States a magnitude 5.0 earthquake in southern California on Januray 19 caused several injuries and minor damage.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Person, W., 1989, Earthquakes, January-February 1989: Earthquakes & Volcanoes (USGS), v. 21, no. 3, p. 125-127.","startPage":"125","endPage":"127","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":318385,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"21","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56d033cfe4b015c306ee0e94","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Person, W. J.","contributorId":91472,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Person","given":"W. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":621370,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70015343,"text":"70015343 - 1989 - Retention and transport of nutrients in a third-order stream in northwestern California; hyporheic processes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-27T11:38:00","indexId":"70015343","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1465,"text":"Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Retention and transport of nutrients in a third-order stream in northwestern California; hyporheic processes","docAbstract":"Chloride and nitrate were coinjected into the surface waters of a third—order stream for 20 d to examine solute retention, and the fate of nitrate during subsurface transport. A series of wells (shallow pits) 0.5—10 m from the adjacent channel were sampled to estimate the lateral interflow of water. Two subsurface return flows beneath the wetted channel were also examined. The conservative tracer (chloride) was hydrologically transported to all wells. Stream water was >88% of flow in wells <4 m from the wetted channel. The lowest percentage of stream water was 47% at a well 10 m perpendicular to the stream. Retention of solutes was greater in the hyporheic zone than in the channel under summer low—flow conditions. Nominal travel time (the interval required for chloride concentration to reach 50% of the plateau concentration) was variable by well location, indicating different flow paths and presumably permeability differences in subsurface gravels. Nominal travel time was M 24 h for wells <5 m from the wetted channel. Coinjected nitrate was not conservative. Two wells were significantly (P < .05) higher in nitrate—N than would be predicted from chloride, while four were significantly lower. Wells 2.0—4.0 m from the wetted channel tended to have higher nitrate concentration than predicted, whereas nitrate sink locations tended to have transport distances >4.3 m. The capacity of the hyporheic zone for transient solute storage and as potential biological habitat varies with channel morphology, bed roughness, and permeability. A conceptual model that considers the groundwater—stream water interface as the fluvial boundary is proposed. Emerging paradigms of the riverine network should consider the hyporheic zone and associated nutrient cycling as an integral component of fluvial structure and function.
","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.2307/1938120","issn":"00129658","usgsCitation":"Triska, F., Kennedy, V.C., Avanzino, R., Zellweger, G.W., and Bencala, K., 1989, Retention and transport of nutrients in a third-order stream in northwestern California; hyporheic processes: Ecology, v. 70, no. 6, p. 1893-1905, https://doi.org/10.2307/1938120.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"1893","endPage":"1905","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":224089,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"70","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1989-12-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aac04e4b0c8380cd86aeb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Triska, F.J.","contributorId":69560,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Triska","given":"F.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370694,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kennedy, V. C.","contributorId":46080,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kennedy","given":"V.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370692,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Avanzino, R.J.","contributorId":37336,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Avanzino","given":"R.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370691,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Zellweger, G. W.","contributorId":55445,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zellweger","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370693,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Bencala, K.E.","contributorId":105312,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bencala","given":"K.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370695,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70015344,"text":"70015344 - 1989 - State and local response to damaging land subsidence in United States urban areas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-14T15:33:11","indexId":"70015344","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1517,"text":"Engineering Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"State and local response to damaging land subsidence in United States urban areas","docAbstract":"Land subsidence caused by man-induced depressuring of underground reservoirs has occurred in at least nine urban areas in the United States. Significant efforts to control it have been made in three areas: Long Beach, California; Houston-Galveston, Texas; and Santa Clara Valley, California. In these areas coastal flooding and its control cost more than $300 million. Institutional changes were required in each area to ameliorate its subsidence problem.
In Long Beach and Houston Galveston, efforts were made to mitigate subsidence only after significant flood damage had occurred. To arrest subsidence at Long Beach, the city lobbied for a special state law, the California Subsidence Act, that required unitization and repressuring of the Wilmington oil field. In the Houston-Galveston region, the Texas State Legislature authorized formation of the Harris-Galveston Coastal Subsidence District with authority to regulate groundwater pumping by permit. This solution, which was achieved through efforts of entities affected by subsidence, was the product of a series of compromises necessitated by political fragmentation and disjointed water planning in the region. Amelioration of subsidence in the Santa Clara Valley was a collateral benefit from the effort by water users to curtail ground-water overdraft in the valley. Importation of surface water and a tax on ground-water pumpage reduced ground-water use, thereby allowing the recovery of water level and the arresting of subsidence.
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","language":"English","publisher":"American Journal of Science","doi":"10.2475/ajs.289.8.945","usgsCitation":"Dickerson, R.P., and Holdaway, M.J., 1989, Acadian metamorphism associated with the Lexington batholith, Bingham, Maine: American Journal of Science, v. 289, no. 8, p. 945-974, https://doi.org/10.2475/ajs.289.8.945.","productDescription":"30 p.","startPage":"945","endPage":"974","numberOfPages":"30","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":489726,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.2475/ajs.289.8.945","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":223982,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Maine","city":"Bingham","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -69.98600112301835,\n 45.113400893092034\n ],\n [\n -69.98600112301835,\n 45.015851085917774\n ],\n [\n -69.78843257851253,\n 45.015851085917774\n ],\n [\n -69.78843257851253,\n 45.113400893092034\n ],\n [\n -69.98600112301835,\n 45.113400893092034\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"289","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e665e4b0c8380cd473ba","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dickerson, Robert P.","contributorId":6461,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dickerson","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370674,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Holdaway, M. J.","contributorId":98047,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Holdaway","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370675,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70015336,"text":"70015336 - 1989 - Age distribution of Serra Geral (Paraná) flood basalts, southern Brazil","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-06-02T10:02:59","indexId":"70015336","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2462,"text":"Journal of South American Earth Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Age distribution of Serra Geral (Paraná) flood basalts, southern Brazil","docAbstract":"We evaluated 193 K-Ar ages (10 newly determined) of basaltic and differentiated rocks of the Serra Geral (Paraná) flood-basalt province for indications of magmatism occurring systematically with progressive rifting and complete separation ( ≈130-105 Ma) of South America from Africa. The K-Ar ages represent basalt emplacement between 35° and 19°S covering about 1,200,000 km2. We note that volcanism appears ubiquitous across the province between about 140 and 115 Ma, and that there are no significant age differences within that relate directly to progressive south-to-north tectonism. On the other hand, the oldest samples, about 140–160 Ma, are among those nearest the Brazil coastline (rift margin), perhaps suggesting migration of activity away from the rift with time. Studies of other flood-basalt provinces now indicate short (<3 m.y.) eruption periods, thereby pointing to the need for re-examination of Serra Geral ages by 40Ar-39Ar incremental heating techniques.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0895-9811(89)90012-6","issn":"08959811","usgsCitation":"Fodor, R., McKee, E., and Roisenberg, A., 1989, Age distribution of Serra Geral (Paraná) flood basalts, southern Brazil: Journal of South American Earth Sciences, v. 2, no. 4, p. 343-349, https://doi.org/10.1016/0895-9811(89)90012-6.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"343","endPage":"349","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223981,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"2","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e8ebe4b0c8380cd47f8c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fodor, R.V.","contributorId":106638,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fodor","given":"R.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370673,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McKee, E.H.","contributorId":20736,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McKee","given":"E.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370671,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Roisenberg, A.","contributorId":91636,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roisenberg","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370672,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70015342,"text":"70015342 - 1989 - Compaction of basin sediments: Modeling based on time-temperature history","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-30T16:01:16.524023","indexId":"70015342","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":6453,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Compaction of basin sediments: Modeling based on time-temperature history","docAbstract":"Porosity decrease of sandstones, carbonates, and shales during burial is modeled here in terms of time-temperature exposure rather than in terms of depth. Loss of porosity (ϕ) in the subsurface is represented by a power function, ϕ = A(M)B, where A and B are constants and M is a measure of integrated time-temperature history. Regression lines of carbonate and sandstone porosity upon Lopatin's time-temperature index of thermal maturity (TTI) generally fall within a rather narrow envelope whose axis is approximated by ϕ = 30(TTI)−0.33. This equation is useful for regional modeling of carbonate and sandstone compaction. Dependence of porosity upon integrated time-temperature history implies that basin sediments are not in equilibrium but compact through geologic time. Calculations show that subsidence resulting from the loss of porosity with increasing time-temperature exposure (as opposed to deeper burial) can produce a second-stage, passively formed basin containing many hundreds of meters of sediments.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB094iB06p07379","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Schmoker, J., and Gautier, D.L., 1989, Compaction of basin sediments: Modeling based on time-temperature history: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 94, no. B6, p. 7379-7386, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB094iB06p07379.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"7379","endPage":"7386","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224088,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"94","issue":"B6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f80de4b0c8380cd4ce5a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schmoker, J. W.","contributorId":69964,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmoker","given":"J. W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370689,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gautier, D. L.","contributorId":69996,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gautier","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370690,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}