The bone characteristics of white suckers, Catostomus commersoni, from four lakes in Maine were studied in relation to lake water quality and metal concentrations in fish. Green Lake had a neutral pH, high buffering capacity, and low aluminum concentrations, whereas the other three lakes had low pH, low buffering capacity, and elevated aluminum concentrations. The concentrations of aluminum in white suckers did not differ among the four lakes, but concentrations of cadmium, lead, and mercury were greater in fish from the three low-pH lakes. The vertebrae were weaker and more flexible in fish from the low-pH lakes than in those from neutral-pH Green Lake. The inferior mechanical properties of bone in fish from the low-pH lakes were probably a result of the significantly lower proline concentrations in collagen. Low pH of lake water or elevated whole-body concentrations of cadmium, lead, and mercury, either individually or combined, could have caused the inferior mechanical properties of bone of white suckers from the low-pH lakes.
","language":"English","publisher":"NRC Research Press","doi":"10.1139/f89-059","usgsCitation":"Hamilton, S., and Haines, T.A., 1989, Bone characteristics and metal concentrations in white suckers (Catostomus commersoni) from one neutral and three acidified lakes in Maine: Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, v. 46, no. 3, p. 440-446, https://doi.org/10.1139/f89-059.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"440","endPage":"446","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":330708,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"46","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"581c4cc6e4b09688d6e9101a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hamilton, Steven J.","contributorId":174108,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hamilton","given":"Steven J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":652964,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Haines, Terry A.","contributorId":59860,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haines","given":"Terry","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":652965,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70177044,"text":"70177044 - 1989 - Acute toxicity of selected herbicides and surfactants to larvae of the midge Chironomus riparius","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-10-17T10:58:45","indexId":"70177044","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":887,"text":"Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Acute toxicity of selected herbicides and surfactants to larvae of the midge Chironomus riparius","docAbstract":"The acute toxicities of eight commercial herbicides and two surfactants to early fourth instar larvae of the midgeChironomus riparius were determined under static conditions. The formulated herbicides tested were Eradicane® (EPTC), Fargo® (triallate), Lasso® (alachlor), ME4 Brominal® (bromoxynil), Ramrod® (propachlor), Rodeo® (glyphosate), Sencor®(metribuzin), and Sutan (+)® (butylate); the two surfactants were Activator N.F.® and Ortho X-77®. In addition, technical grade alachlor, metribuzin, propachlor, and triallate were tested for comparison with the formulated herbicides. The relative toxicity of the commercial formulations, based on percent active ingredient, varied considerably. The EC50 values ranged from 1.23 mg/L for Fargo® to 5,600 mg/L for Rodeo®. Fargo®, ME4 Brominal®, and Ramrod®were moderately toxic to midge larvae; Lasso®, Sutan (+)®, and Eradicane® were slightly toxic; and Sencor® and Rodeo® were practically non-toxic. The 48-hr EC50 values of the two surfactants were nearly identical and were considered moderately toxic to midges. For two of the herbicides in which the technical grade material was tested, the inert ingredients in the formulations had a significant effect on the toxicity of the active ingredients. Fargo® was twice as toxic as technical grade triallate, whereas Sencor® was considerably less toxic than technical grade metribuzin. A comparison of the slope function values indicated that the toxic action of all the compounds occurred within a relatively narrow range. Published acute toxicity data on these compounds for other freshwater biota were tabulated and compared with our results. In general, the relative order of toxicity toC. riparius was similar to those for other freshwater invertebrates and fish. Maximum concentrations of each herbicide in bulk runoff during a projected “critical” runoff event were calculated as a percentage of the application rate lost in a given volume of runoff. A comparison between estimated maximum herbicide concentrations in runoff and results of acute tests indicated that Ramrod®, ME4 Brominal®, and Lasso® pose the greatest direct risk to midge larvae during a storm event.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF01055019","usgsCitation":"Buhl, K.J., and Faerber, N.L., 1989, Acute toxicity of selected herbicides and surfactants to larvae of the midge Chironomus riparius: Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, v. 18, no. 4, p. 530-536, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01055019.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"530","endPage":"536","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":329632,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"18","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5805e350e4b0824b2d1c24dc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Buhl, Kevin J. 0000-0002-9963-2352 kevin_buhl@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9963-2352","contributorId":1396,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buhl","given":"Kevin","email":"kevin_buhl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":651117,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Faerber, Neil L.","contributorId":175406,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Faerber","given":"Neil","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":651118,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70177025,"text":"70177025 - 1989 - A system for reconstituting special water qualities for use in chronic toxicity studies","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-10-14T14:59:09","indexId":"70177025","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3716,"text":"Water Research","onlineIssn":"1879-2448","printIssn":"0043-1354","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A system for reconstituting special water qualities for use in chronic toxicity studies","docAbstract":"A water treatment system and procedure are described that are designed for preparing large quantities of reconstituted water with specific chemical and physical characteristics for use in chronic toxicity studies with fish and invertebrates. Water treatment units produce high-purity water in large quantities for storage in high-density cross-linked polyethylene tanks, where it is combined with various salts to reconstitute an appropriate experimental water quality that simulates potential environmental conditions for use as the test medium in an intermittent-flow proportional diluter. Several water quality characteristics for the source water and the receiving water, and respective flow rates must be considered when one calculates the chemical constituents that must be added to closely simulate the water in a potential environmental situation. The water treatment system and procedure have been used to produce four differently reconstituted experimental waters that were used in 60- to 90-day early life stage chronic toxicity studies with fish. Of the ten water quality characteristics measured in the experimental waters during the studies, eight had a coefficient of variation of <5%-indicating that the various physiochemical characteristics could be precisely reproduced throughout long-term exposure studies.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0043-1354(89)90039-0","usgsCitation":"Hamilton, S., Faerber, N.L., and Buhl, K.J., 1989, A system for reconstituting special water qualities for use in chronic toxicity studies: Water Research, v. 23, no. 2, p. 159-165, https://doi.org/10.1016/0043-1354(89)90039-0.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"159","endPage":"165","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":329616,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"23","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5801eec0e4b0824b2d18c443","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hamilton, Steven J.","contributorId":174108,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hamilton","given":"Steven J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":651029,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Faerber, Neil L.","contributorId":175406,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Faerber","given":"Neil","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":651030,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Buhl, Kevin J. 0000-0002-9963-2352 kevin_buhl@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9963-2352","contributorId":1396,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buhl","given":"Kevin","email":"kevin_buhl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":651031,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70015696,"text":"70015696 - 1989 - River Valley pluton, Ontario: A late-Archean/early-Proterozoic anorthositic intrusion in the Grenville Province","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-03T16:32:56.971299","indexId":"70015696","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"River Valley pluton, Ontario: A late-Archean/early-Proterozoic anorthositic intrusion in the Grenville Province","docAbstract":"The River Valley pluton is a ca. 100 km2 body of anorthositic and gabbroic rocks located about 50 km northeast of Sudbury, Ontario. The pluton is situated entirely within the Grenville Province, but its western margin is a series of imbricate thrust faults associated with the Grenville Front Tectonic Zone. It is dominated by coarse leuconorite and leucogabbro, with lesser anorthosite, gabbro, and rare ultramafics. Igneous textured rocks are abundant and consist of plagioclase (An60–70) charged with Fe-Ti oxide inclusions, low Ca pyroxene (orthopyroxene and/or inverted pigeonite) and augite. The most unfractionated rocks are minor olivine gabbros with Fo70–80. A variety of deformed and recrystallized equivalents of the igneous-textured rocks is also present, and these are composed largely of calcic plagioclase and hornblende.
Ten samples, including both igneous and deformed lithologies give a Pb-Pb whole-rock isochron of 2560±155Ma, which is our best estimate of the time of primary crystallization. The River Valley pluton is thus the oldest anorthositic intrusive yet reported from the Grenville Province, but is more calcic and augitic than typical massifs, and lacks their characteristic Fe-Ti oxide ore deposits. The River Valley body may be more akin to similar gabbro-anorthosite bodies situated at the boundary between the Archean Superior Province and Huronian supracrustal belt of the Southern Province west of the Grenville Front.
An Sm-Nd isochron from 3 igneous-textured leucogabbros and an augite mineral separate gives 2377 ± 68 Ma, implying slight disturbance of the Sm-Nd whole-rock-mineral system during later metamorphism. The Rb-Sr system has been substantially disturbed, giving an age of 2185 ± 105 Ma, which is similar to internal Pb-Pb isochron ages of 2165 ± 130 Ma and 2100 ± 35 Ma for two igneous-textured rocks. It is uncertain whether these ages correspond to a discrete event at this time or represent a partial resetting of the Rb-Sr and Pb-Pb systems from a younger event such as the Grenvillian orogeny of ca. 1.0 Ga. None of the isotopic systems we investigated, however, gives an age near 1.0 Ga, suggesting that neither the River Valley pluton, nor the immediately surrounding gneisses were strongly affected by metamorphism associated with the Grenvillian orogeny.
Initial isotopic ratios for the River Valley pluton correspond to single-stage model parameters of μ = 8.06, ϵNd = 0 to −3, and ISr = 0.7015 to 0.7021. Collectively, these suggest either an enriched mantle source or crustal contamination of a mantle-derived magma. The crustal component involved must have been older and more radiogenic than the majority of rocks exposed at the surface in the nearby Superior Province.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(89)90006-9","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Ashwal, L., and Wooden, J.L., 1989, River Valley pluton, Ontario: A late-Archean/early-Proterozoic anorthositic intrusion in the Grenville Province: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 53, no. 3, p. 633-641, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(89)90006-9.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"633","endPage":"641","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224169,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"53","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aad9ee4b0c8380cd86f2f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ashwal, L.D.","contributorId":82060,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ashwal","given":"L.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371546,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wooden, J. L.","contributorId":58678,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wooden","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371545,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70015608,"text":"70015608 - 1989 - A comparison of instrumental dewatering methods for the separation and concentration of suspended sediment for subsequent trace element analysis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-28T00:19:37.932914","indexId":"70015608","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1924,"text":"Hydrological Processes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A comparison of instrumental dewatering methods for the separation and concentration of suspended sediment for subsequent trace element analysis","docAbstract":"A comparison involving both field and laboratory trials was performed to evaluate the utility of two continuous-flow centrifuges and a tangential-flow filtration system for dewatering suspended sediments for subsequent trace element analysis. Although recovery efficiencies for the various devices differ, the analytical results from the separated suspended sediments indicate that any of the tested units can be used effectively and precisely for dewatering. Further, the three devices appear to concentrate and dewater suspended sediments in such a manner as to be equivalent to that which could be obtained by in-line filtration. Only the tangential-flow filtration system appears capable of providing both a dewatered sediment sample and a potentially usable effluent, which can be analysed for dissolved trace elements.
The continuous-flow centrifuges can process whole water at an influent feed rate of 41 per minute; however, when suspended sediment concentrations are low (<30mg−1), when small volumes of whole water are to be processed (30 to 401), or when suspended sediment mean grain size is very fine (<10 μm), influent feed rates of 21 per minute may be more efficient. Tangential-flow filtration can be used to process samples at the rate of 11 per minute.
Intercepted intracell flow, especially if cell includes water table recharge and a stream ((sink), can result in significant model error if not accounted for. A procedure utilizing net flow per cell (Fn) that accounts for intercepted intracell flow can be used for both steady state and transient simulations. Germane to the procedure is the determination of the ratio of area of influence of the interior sink to the area of the cell (Ai/Ac). Ai is the area in which water table recharge has the potential to be intercepted by the sink. Determining Ai/Ac requires either a detailed water table map or observation of stream conditions within the cell. A proportioning parameter M, which is equal to 1 or slightly less and is a function of cell geometry, is used to determine how much of the water that has potential for interception is intercepted by the sink within the cell. Also germane to the procedure is the determination of the flow across the streambed (Fs), which is not directly a function of cell size, due to difference in head between the water level in the stream and the potentiometric surface of the aquifer underlying the streambed. The use of Fn for steady state simulations allows simulation of water levels without utilizing head-dependent or constant head boundary conditions which tend to constrain the model-calculated water levels, an undesirable result if a comparison of measured and calculated water levels is being made. Transient simulations of streams usually utilize a head-dependent boundary condition and a leakance value to model a stream. Leakance values for each model cell can be determined from a steady state simulation, which used the net flow per cell procedure. For transient simulation, Fn would not include Fs. Also, for transient simulation it is necessary to check Fn at different time intervals because M and Ai/Ac are not constant and change with time. The procedure was used successfully in two different models of the aquifer system in the Ozarks. The use of Fn was essential to the two model studies because most model cells in both models contained water table recharge and multiple sinks.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/WR025i004p00677","usgsCitation":"Jorgensen, D.G., Signor, D.C., and Imes, J.L., 1989, Accounting for intracell flow in models with emphasis on water table recharge and stream-aquifer interaction: 2. A procedure: Water Resources Research, v. 25, no. 4, p. 677-684, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR025i004p00677.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"677","endPage":"684","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224170,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"25","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e66ee4b0c8380cd47404","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jorgensen, Donald G.","contributorId":19537,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jorgensen","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371549,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Signor, Donald C.","contributorId":13220,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Signor","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371548,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Imes, Jeffrey L. jimes@usgs.gov","contributorId":2983,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Imes","given":"Jeffrey","email":"jimes@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":371547,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70015605,"text":"70015605 - 1989 - The separation of the Hartland Formation and Ravenswood Granodiorite from the Fordham Gneiss at Cameron's Line in the New York City area","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-06-11T11:22:23","indexId":"70015605","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2896,"text":"Northeastern Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The separation of the Hartland Formation and Ravenswood Granodiorite from the Fordham Gneiss at Cameron's Line in the New York City area","docAbstract":"Recent study of the rocks in City Water Tunnel Number 3 between Roosevelt Island and beneath 34th Street and the 63rd Street subway-rail tunnels at 41st Avenue in Long Island City, as well as study of drill core from other sites in western Queens, establishes that this area of New York City is underlain by the Ravenswood Granodiorite and the Hartland Formation. The Fordham Gneiss does not appear east of the East River at these sites. Cameron's Line can be traced down the east side of the East River, as learned from observations in the tunnels, separating the Middle Proterozoic Fordham Gneiss to the west from the Cambrian and Ordovician Hartland Formation and related Ravenswood Granodiorite to the east. The older, adequately defined, Ravenswood Granodiorite, Hartland Formation, and the Fordham Gneiss, are the rock units that make up the poorly defined Brooklyn gneiss or Brooklyn Injection Gneiss and thus appropriately should supersede these later classifications. -from Authors
","language":"English","usgsCitation":"Baskerville, C., and Mose, D., 1989, The separation of the Hartland Formation and Ravenswood Granodiorite from the Fordham Gneiss at Cameron's Line in the New York City area: Northeastern Geology, v. 11, no. 1, p. 22-28.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"22","endPage":"28","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224321,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"11","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb00de4b08c986b324bcf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Baskerville, C.A.","contributorId":63482,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baskerville","given":"C.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371345,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mose, D.G.","contributorId":33461,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mose","given":"D.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371344,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":93769,"text":"93769 - 1989 - Prescribed burning guidelines in the Northern Great Plains","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-16T10:51:38","indexId":"93769","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"title":"Prescribed burning guidelines in the Northern Great Plains","docAbstract":"The use of fire to manage grasslands for wildlife is a relatively new management option for resource managers in the Northern Great Plains (NGP). Nearly all of the burning during the past 20-25 years has been conducted without the aid of specific guidelines for the region. This state-of-the-art set of recommendations was compiled because of this void.Records of 902 grassland fires (primarily on U.S. Fish and Wildlife lands), personal experiences, and synopses of other published fire research were used in developing the guidelines in this manual.Fifty-two percent of the 902 fires were in native prairie grasslands with lesser amounts in tame and native grass plantings, wetlands, and woodlands.Prescription grassland fires averaged 31 ha (77 acres) per burn. The personnel needed to safely conduct a grassland fire depended on the size of the burn the kind of firebreaks, available equipment, and weather conditions. Costs and hours of effort to conduct fires were inversely related to burn area size. Cost ratios are extremely high for fires of less than 4 ha (10 acres). They are essentially the same for burns of 16 to 113 ha (40 to 280 acres).The two primary reasons for burning grasslands are wildlife habitat improvement and native prairie restoration. Fire use steadily increased between 1965 and 1984, but the greatest increase occurred following workshop instruction in 1978.These guidelines present a set of reasons, criteria, techniques, and examples of simple prescriptions which aid in the planning and execution of a safe and effective prescribed burning program for wildlife enhancement in grassland areas of the NGP.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service; South Dakota State University Cooperative Extension Service","publisherLocation":"Brookings, SD","usgsCitation":"Higgins, K.F., Piehl, J.L., and Kruse, A.D., 1989, Prescribed burning guidelines in the Northern Great Plains, 38 p.","productDescription":"38 p.","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":127970,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":328612,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://openprairie.sdstate.edu/extension_circ/430/"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aaae4b07f02db668f01","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Higgins, Kenneth F.","contributorId":65032,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Higgins","given":"Kenneth","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":297896,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Piehl, James L.","contributorId":81833,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Piehl","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":297895,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kruse, Arnold D.","contributorId":59381,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kruse","given":"Arnold","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":297894,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":96355,"text":"96355 - 1989 - The least Bell's vireo in southern California: Protection and management of an endangered species","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:03:56","indexId":"96355","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":18,"text":"Abstract or summary"},"title":"The least Bell's vireo in southern California: Protection and management of an endangered species","docAbstract":"No abstract available at this time","language":"English","collaboration":"Ecology Seminar, U.C. Riverside","usgsCitation":"Kus, B., 1989, The least Bell's vireo in southern California: Protection and management of an endangered species.","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":127688,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a53e4b07f02db62b146","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kus, B.E.","contributorId":99492,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kus","given":"B.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":299492,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70015680,"text":"70015680 - 1989 - Introduction to the hydrogeochemical investigations within the International Stripa Project","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-03T16:43:47.659437","indexId":"70015680","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Introduction to the hydrogeochemical investigations within the International Stripa Project","docAbstract":"The International Stripa Project (1980-1990) has sponsored hydrogeochemical investigations at several subsurface drillholes in the granitic portion of an abandoned iron ore mine, central Sweden. The purpose has been to advance our understanding of geochemical processes in crystalline bedrock that may affect the safety assessment of high-level radioactive waste repositories. More than a dozen investigators have collected close to a thousand water and gas samples for chemical and isotopic analyses to develop concepts for the behavior of solutes in a granitic repository environment. The Stripa granite is highly radioactive and has provided an exceptional opportunity to study the behavior of natural radionuclides, especially subsurface production. Extensive microfracturing, low permeability with isolated fracture zones of high permeability, unusual water chemistry, and a typical granitic mineral assemblage with thin veins and fracture coatings of calcite, chlorite, seriate, epidote and quartz characterize the site. Preliminary groundwater flow modeling indicates that the mine has perturbed the flow environment to a depth of about 3 km and may have induced deep groundwaters to flow into the mine. ?? 1989.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(89)90293-7","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Nordstrom, D.K., Olsson, T., Carlsson, L., and Fritz, P., 1989, Introduction to the hydrogeochemical investigations within the International Stripa Project: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 53, no. 8, p. 1717-1726, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(89)90293-7.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"1717","endPage":"1726","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223783,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"53","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3dfce4b0c8380cd639f4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nordstrom, D. Kirk 0000-0003-3283-5136 dkn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3283-5136","contributorId":749,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nordstrom","given":"D.","email":"dkn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Kirk","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":371512,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Olsson, T.","contributorId":102636,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olsson","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371513,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Carlsson, L.","contributorId":28376,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carlsson","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371510,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Fritz, P.","contributorId":83673,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fritz","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371511,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":95272,"text":"95272 - 1989 - Serology for the microbiological examination of fish and shellfish","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:03:56","indexId":"95272","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Serology for the microbiological examination of fish and shellfish","docAbstract":"No abstract available at this time","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Methods for the Microbiological Examination of Fish and Shellfish","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"language":"English","publisher":"Ellis Horwood Limited","collaboration":"89-071/FH","usgsCitation":"Schill, W.B., Bullock, G.L., and Anderson, D.P., 1989, Serology for the microbiological examination of fish and shellfish, chap. of Methods for the Microbiological Examination of Fish and Shellfish, p. 98-140.","productDescription":"p. 98-140","startPage":"98","endPage":"140","numberOfPages":"43","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":127617,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fce4b07f02db5f5a74","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Austin, B.","contributorId":113268,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Austin","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":505463,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Austin, D.A.","contributorId":112111,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Austin","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":505462,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Schill, W. B.","contributorId":60146,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schill","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":298781,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bullock, G. L.","contributorId":69498,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bullock","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":298782,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Anderson, D. P.","contributorId":32469,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":298780,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":87298,"text":"87298 - 1989 - Gopherus agassizii: Desert tortoise","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-18T12:37:12","indexId":"87298","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Gopherus agassizii: Desert tortoise","docAbstract":"The desert tortoise is one of four allopatric North American tortoises. It occurs in the Mojave and Sonoran deserts of the southwestern United States and Mexico.
Auffenberg (1976) divided the genus Gopherus (consisting of four species, G. agassizi, G. berlandieri, G.flavomarginatus, and G. polyphemus) in two osteological groups. Bramble (1982), using morphological and palaeontological data, divided the genus Gopherus into two separate complexes, each with two species. He established a new genus, Scaptochelys, for agassizi and berlandieri, retaining Gopherus for polyphemus and flavomarginatus. Bour and Dubois (1984) noted that Xerobates Agassiz had priority over Scaptochelys Bramble. Using mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), Lamb et al. (1989) evaluated the evolutionary relationships of the North American tortoises, particularly the desert tortoise. They concluded that the mtDNA analysis provides strong support for generic recognition of the two distinct species groups described by Bramble (1982).
Until a few decades ago, the desert tortoise was widespread at lower elevations throughout the Mojave and Sonoran deserts of the U.S.A. In the northern and western parts of the geographic range, large and relatively homogeneous populations with densities exceeding 1,000/sq km extended throughout parts of California, and probably into Nevada and Utah. In terms of biomass, the tortoise played an important role in the ecosystems. In most areas, numbers have declined dramatically and the extent of populations has been reduced. Most populations are now isolated and low in numbers. Conservation of the desert tortoise is a highly visible and political issue in the U.S.A., but not in Mexico.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"The conservation biology of tortoises","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"IUCN/SSC Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Group","publisherLocation":"Gland, Switzerland","isbn":"2-88032-986-8","usgsCitation":"Berry, K.H., 1989, Gopherus agassizii: Desert tortoise, chap. of The conservation biology of tortoises, p. 5-7.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"5","endPage":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":128363,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":341452,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/6487"}],"publicComments":"Occasional Papers of the IUCN Species Survival Commission (SSC) No. 5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abde4b07f02db673eeb","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Swingland, Ian Richard","contributorId":111924,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Swingland","given":"Ian","email":"","middleInitial":"Richard","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":504930,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Klemens, Michael W.","contributorId":112368,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Klemens","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":504931,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Berry, Kristen H.","contributorId":169040,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Berry","given":"Kristen","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":297608,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70015613,"text":"70015613 - 1989 - Influence of mineral weathering reactions on the chemical composition of soil water, springs, and ground water, Catoctin Mountains, Maryland","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-28T00:16:18.768185","indexId":"70015613","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1924,"text":"Hydrological Processes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Influence of mineral weathering reactions on the chemical composition of soil water, springs, and ground water, Catoctin Mountains, Maryland","docAbstract":"During 1983 and 1984, wet precipitation was primarily a solution of dilute sulphuric acid, whereas calcium and bicarbonate were the major ions in springs and ground water in two small watersheds with a deciduous forest cover in central Maryland. Dominant ions in soil water were calcium, magnesium, and sulphate. The relative importance of mineral weathering reactions on the chemical composition of these subsurface waters was compared to the contribution from wet precipitation, biological processes, and road deicing salts. Mineral reaction models, developed from geochemical mass-balance relationships, involved reactions of primary and secondary minerals in metabasalt and metarhyolite with hydrogen ion. Geochemical weathering reactions account for the majority of total ion equivalents in soil water (46 per cent), springs (51 per cent), and ground water (68 to 77 per cent). The net contribution of total ion equivalents from biological processes was 20 and 16 per cent for soil water and springs, respectively, but less than 10 per cent for ground water. The contribution of total ion equivalents from deicing salts (10 to 20 per cent) was related to proximity to roads. Strong acids in precipitation contributed 44 per cent of the total amount of hydrogen ions involved in mineral-weathering reactions for ground water in contact with metarhyolite compared to 25 per cent for ground water in contact with metabasalt, a less resistant rock type to weathering.
Natural resource managers have greatly increased the use of fire to manage grassland habitats during the past two decades in the northern Great Plains region of the United States and Canada. In support of these efforts, we have compiled this annotated bibliography to provide a condensed reference of fire literature for those managers with an interest in fire ecology. References are arranged alphabetically by author and year, numbered consecutively, and referenced by number in the author and subject indexes that follow the bibliography. The intent in compiling the bibliography and indexes is more to identify subject matter and to direct the reader to sources rather than to provide a digested interpretation of each manuscript.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service; South Dakota State University Cooperative Extension Service","publisherLocation":"Brookings, SD","usgsCitation":"Higgins, K.F., Fellows, D.P., Callow, J., Kruse, A.D., and Piehl, J.L., 1989, Annotated bibliography of fire literature relative to northern grasslands in south-central Canada and north-central United States: Circular 762, 20 p.","productDescription":"20 p.","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":11943,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://openprairie.sdstate.edu/extension_circ/428/"},{"id":128427,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada;United States","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -124.8,24.5 ], [ -124.8,60.0 ], [ -66.95,60.0 ], [ -66.95,24.5 ], [ -124.8,24.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac8e4b07f02db67bec4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Higgins, Kenneth F.","contributorId":65032,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Higgins","given":"Kenneth","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":297887,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fellows, David P.","contributorId":80607,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fellows","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":297888,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Callow, J. Mike","contributorId":6002,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Callow","given":"J. Mike","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":297885,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kruse, Arnold D.","contributorId":59381,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kruse","given":"Arnold","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":297886,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Piehl, James L.","contributorId":81833,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Piehl","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":297889,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":96343,"text":"96343 - 1989 - Preliminary results of a study to monitor Cirsium pitcheri in Great Lakes National Lakeshores. Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore Technical Report, Porter, Indiana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:03:54","indexId":"96343","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"title":"Preliminary results of a study to monitor Cirsium pitcheri in Great Lakes National Lakeshores. Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore Technical Report, Porter, Indiana","docAbstract":"No abstract available at this time","language":"English","usgsCitation":"McEachern, K., Magnuson, J., and Pavlovic, N., 1989, Preliminary results of a study to monitor Cirsium pitcheri in Great Lakes National Lakeshores. Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore Technical Report, Porter, Indiana.","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":127371,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b06e4b07f02db69a26e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McEachern, K.","contributorId":67438,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McEachern","given":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":299477,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Magnuson, J.","contributorId":42544,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Magnuson","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":299476,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pavlovic, N.","contributorId":13912,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pavlovic","given":"N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":299475,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70015417,"text":"70015417 - 1989 - Non-energy minerals and surficial geology of the continental margin of Maryland","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-10-09T11:10:37.6228","indexId":"70015417","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2667,"text":"Marine Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Non-energy minerals and surficial geology of the continental margin of Maryland","docAbstract":"Three fragments of charcoal taken from different parts of the lowermost bed containing Aurignacian artifacts at El Castillo Cave yielded AMS dates of 37·7 (± 1·8) ka bp, 38·5 (± 1·8) ka bp, and 40·0 (± 2·1) ka bp (average 38·7 ± 1·9 ka bp). These dates are almost identical to new AMS dates from l'Arbreda cave in Catalunya on the same cultural horizon (average 38·5 ± 1·0 ka bp) and are significantly older than the earliest dates for Aurignacian industries in the Aquitaine and in other parts of Central and Western Europe.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0305-4403(89)90023-X","issn":"03054403","usgsCitation":"Valdes, V., and Bischoff, J.L., 1989, Accelerator 14C dates for early upper paleolithic (basal Aurignacian) at El Castillo Cave (Spain): Journal of Archaeological Science, v. 16, no. 6, p. 577-584, https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-4403(89)90023-X.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"577","endPage":"584","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224420,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"16","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e668e4b0c8380cd473d9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Valdes, V.C.","contributorId":66854,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Valdes","given":"V.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370889,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bischoff, J. L.","contributorId":28969,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bischoff","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370888,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70140597,"text":"70140597 - 1989 - Terrain, vegetation, and landscape evolution of the R4D research site, Brooks Range Foothills, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-10T15:09:08","indexId":"70140597","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3869,"text":"Holarctic Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Terrain, vegetation, and landscape evolution of the R4D research site, Brooks Range Foothills, Alaska","docAbstract":"Maps of the vegetation and terrain of a 22 km2 area centered on the Department of Energy (DOE) R4D (Response, Resistance, Resilience to and Recovery from Disturbance in Arctic Ecosystems) study site in the Southern Foothills Physiographic Province of Alaska were made using integrated geobotanical mapping procedures and a geographic-information system. Typical land forms and surface f orms include hillslope water tracks, Sagavanirktok-age till deposits, nonsorted stone stripes, and colluvial-basin deposits. Thirty-two plant communities are described; the dominant vegetation (51% of the mapped area) is moist tussock-sedge, dwarf-shrub tundra dominated by Eriophorum vaginatum or Carex bigelowii. Much of the spatial variation in the mapped geobotanical characters reflects different-aged glaciated surfaces. Shannon-Wienerin dices indicate that the more mature landscapes, represented by retransported hillslope deposits and basin colluvium, are less heterogeneous than newer landscapes such as surficial till deposits and floodplains. A typical toposequence on a mid-Pleistocene-age surface is discussed with respect to evolution of the landscape. Thick Sphagnum moss layers occur on lower hillslopes, and the patterns of moss-layer development, heat flux, active layer thickness, and ground-ice are seen as keys to developing thermokarst-susceptibility maps.
","language":"English","publisher":"Nordic Society Oikos","usgsCitation":"Walker, D., Binnian, E.F., Evans, B.M., Lederer, N., Nordstrand, E., and Webber, P., 1989, Terrain, vegetation, and landscape evolution of the R4D research site, Brooks Range Foothills, Alaska: Holarctic Ecology, v. 12, no. 3, p. 238-261.","productDescription":"24 p.","startPage":"238","endPage":"261","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":297881,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":336825,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3682732"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Brooks Range","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -159.345703125,\n 66.79190947341796\n ],\n [\n -140.712890625,\n 66.79190947341796\n ],\n [\n -140.712890625,\n 69.51914693717981\n ],\n [\n -159.345703125,\n 69.51914693717981\n ],\n [\n -159.345703125,\n 66.79190947341796\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"12","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54dd2c68e4b08de9379b37a5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Walker, D.A.","contributorId":82484,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Walker","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":540218,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Binnian, Emily F.","contributorId":34090,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Binnian","given":"Emily","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":540219,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Evans, B. M.","contributorId":107872,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Evans","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":540220,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lederer, N.D.","contributorId":139151,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lederer","given":"N.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":540221,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Nordstrand, E.A.","contributorId":139152,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Nordstrand","given":"E.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":540222,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Webber, P.J.","contributorId":25351,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Webber","given":"P.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":540223,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70189291,"text":"70189291 - 1989 - Performance and utility of satellite telemetry during field studies of free-ranging polar bears in Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-06T11:03:20","indexId":"70189291","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"chapter":"7","title":"Performance and utility of satellite telemetry during field studies of free-ranging polar bears in Alaska","docAbstract":"Satellite telemetry technology has been used during field studies of polar bears in Alaska since 1985. A total of 109 Platform Transmitter Terminals (PTT) have been deployed on free-ranging female polar bears that seasonally inhabit waters adjacent to the Alaskan coast. The PTTs transmitted locational and sensor data to TIROS-N polar-orbiting satellites during a duty cycle of 12 hours on/60 hours off in 1985, 1986, and 1987. Expected battery life was 13.8 months, and collars were normally removed and replaced with new or refurbished PTTs at 11-13 month intervals. Duty cycles were altered to 7-8 hours on/64-65 hours off in 1988 to prolong expected battery life to 19-21 months. Sensor data transmitted included PTT internal temperature, short term activity counts recorded at 60 second intervals, and long term activity counts for the preceding 24 or 72-hour period. Early failures of PTTs to fix location (less than 75% of expected battery life) were as high as 53% during 198501986. Subsequent improvements in battery design, including better shock insulation, improved electronic, and an improved battery system have reduced early failures to 27% in 1987-1988. The harsh environment and the degree of abuse observed in recovered collars indicate that an unavoidable failure rate of 8-10% is inherent within 60 days after deployment on polar bears. A total of 18,000 locations and 201,000 sensor messages were received from female polar bears between May 1985 and June 1988. Polar bears that were marked in Alaskan waters have been located as far south as 60°N 168°W, and as far east as 70°N 127°W in the Beaufort Sea. Polar bears in the Beaufort Sea are shared with Canada, while polar bears in the Chukchi and Bering seas are shared with the Soviet Union. The international ranges of the two hypothesized populations have been documented. Satellite telemetry has detailed the large movement patterns of polar bear over these vast areas that were previously not available using other techniques.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Biotelemetry X: Proceedings of the 10th international symposium on biotelemetry","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"10th International Symposium on Biotelemetry","conferenceDate":"July 31 - August 6, 1988","conferenceLocation":"Fayetteville, AR","language":"English","publisher":"University of Arkansas Press","publisherLocation":"Fayetteville, AK","isbn":"1-55728-082-7","usgsCitation":"Garner, G.W., Amstrup, S.C., Douglas, D., and Gardner, C.L., 1989, Performance and utility of satellite telemetry during field studies of free-ranging polar bears in Alaska, in Biotelemetry X: Proceedings of the 10th international symposium on biotelemetry, Fayetteville, AR, July 31 - August 6, 1988, p. 66-76.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"66","endPage":"76","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":343491,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, Soviet Union, United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Beaufort Sea, Bering Sea, Chukchi Sea","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59634098e4b0d1f9f059d812","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Amlaner, Charles J. Jr.","contributorId":111465,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Amlaner","given":"Charles","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":703973,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Garner, Gerald W.","contributorId":149918,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Garner","given":"Gerald","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":13117,"text":"Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":703969,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Amstrup, Steven C.","contributorId":67034,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Amstrup","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":13182,"text":"Polar Bears International","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":703970,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Douglas, David C. 0000-0003-0186-1104 ddouglas@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0186-1104","contributorId":150115,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Douglas","given":"David C.","email":"ddouglas@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":703971,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gardner, Craig L.","contributorId":65259,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gardner","given":"Craig","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":703972,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":1001560,"text":"1001560 - 1989 - Duck harvest on public hunting areas in California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:45","indexId":"1001560","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1153,"text":"California Fish and Game","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Duck harvest on public hunting areas in California","docAbstract":"We summarized hunter visits and success, and the magnitude and species composition of the duck harvest recorded on California public hunting areas (PHAs) during 1950-87. Hunter visits and harvest increased during 1950-74 as new PHAs were added, then declined concurrently with duck populations. Of six geographic regions, the Sacramento Valley, with numerous PHAs and the largest duck concentrations, accounted for the largest portion of PHA hunter visits (28%) and harvest (35%). Duck population levels, regulations, and hunter numbers affected PHA hunter success. Success was highest during 1955-59 but declined with no consistent trend after 1960. Species vulnerability, abundance, distribution, and hunter preference affected harvest composition. Northern pintails, Anas acuta, averaged 27% of the PHA harvest but declined in importance after 1974. Green-winged teal, A. crecca, the most important species in southern regions, averaged 21% of the PHA harvest. Mallards, A. platyrhynchos, averaged 16% of the PHA harvest but increased in importance after 1974 to become the most common duck bagged after 1983. PHA harvest comprised a small (4-16%) portion of the total state harvest. However, this portion increased from 1950-70 because of increased hunter visits to new PHAs and after 1970 because hunter success on PHAs did not decline as on other areas. PHA hunters tended to harvest fewer preferred species and more vulnerable species, as proportions of total bag, than did other hunters. The continued decline in numbers of waterfowl hunters presents important challenges for management of waterfowl areas in California.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"California Fish and Game","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Gilmer, D., Hicks, J., Fleskes, J., and Connelly, D., 1989, Duck harvest on public hunting areas in California: California Fish and Game, v. 75, no. 3, p. 155-168.","productDescription":"p. 155-168","startPage":"155","endPage":"168","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":133609,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"75","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4de4b07f02db62726f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gilmer, D.S.","contributorId":22270,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gilmer","given":"D.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311250,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hicks, J.M.","contributorId":62544,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hicks","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311252,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fleskes, J. P.","contributorId":98661,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fleskes","given":"J. P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311253,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Connelly, D.P.","contributorId":30166,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Connelly","given":"D.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311251,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70015336,"text":"70015336 - 1989 - Age distribution of Serra Geral (Paraná) flood basalts, southern Brazil","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-06-02T10:02:59","indexId":"70015336","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2462,"text":"Journal of South American Earth Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Age distribution of Serra Geral (Paraná) flood basalts, southern Brazil","docAbstract":"We evaluated 193 K-Ar ages (10 newly determined) of basaltic and differentiated rocks of the Serra Geral (Paraná) flood-basalt province for indications of magmatism occurring systematically with progressive rifting and complete separation ( ≈130-105 Ma) of South America from Africa. The K-Ar ages represent basalt emplacement between 35° and 19°S covering about 1,200,000 km2. We note that volcanism appears ubiquitous across the province between about 140 and 115 Ma, and that there are no significant age differences within that relate directly to progressive south-to-north tectonism. On the other hand, the oldest samples, about 140–160 Ma, are among those nearest the Brazil coastline (rift margin), perhaps suggesting migration of activity away from the rift with time. Studies of other flood-basalt provinces now indicate short (<3 m.y.) eruption periods, thereby pointing to the need for re-examination of Serra Geral ages by 40Ar-39Ar incremental heating techniques.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0895-9811(89)90012-6","issn":"08959811","usgsCitation":"Fodor, R., McKee, E., and Roisenberg, A., 1989, Age distribution of Serra Geral (Paraná) flood basalts, southern Brazil: Journal of South American Earth Sciences, v. 2, no. 4, p. 343-349, https://doi.org/10.1016/0895-9811(89)90012-6.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"343","endPage":"349","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223981,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"2","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e8ebe4b0c8380cd47f8c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fodor, R.V.","contributorId":106638,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fodor","given":"R.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370673,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McKee, E.H.","contributorId":20736,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McKee","given":"E.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370671,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Roisenberg, A.","contributorId":91636,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roisenberg","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370672,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70015344,"text":"70015344 - 1989 - State and local response to damaging land subsidence in United States urban areas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-14T15:33:11","indexId":"70015344","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1517,"text":"Engineering Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"State and local response to damaging land subsidence in United States urban areas","docAbstract":"Land subsidence caused by man-induced depressuring of underground reservoirs has occurred in at least nine urban areas in the United States. Significant efforts to control it have been made in three areas: Long Beach, California; Houston-Galveston, Texas; and Santa Clara Valley, California. In these areas coastal flooding and its control cost more than $300 million. Institutional changes were required in each area to ameliorate its subsidence problem.
In Long Beach and Houston Galveston, efforts were made to mitigate subsidence only after significant flood damage had occurred. To arrest subsidence at Long Beach, the city lobbied for a special state law, the California Subsidence Act, that required unitization and repressuring of the Wilmington oil field. In the Houston-Galveston region, the Texas State Legislature authorized formation of the Harris-Galveston Coastal Subsidence District with authority to regulate groundwater pumping by permit. This solution, which was achieved through efforts of entities affected by subsidence, was the product of a series of compromises necessitated by political fragmentation and disjointed water planning in the region. Amelioration of subsidence in the Santa Clara Valley was a collateral benefit from the effort by water users to curtail ground-water overdraft in the valley. Importation of surface water and a tax on ground-water pumpage reduced ground-water use, thereby allowing the recovery of water level and the arresting of subsidence.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0013-7952(89)90041-0","issn":"00137952","usgsCitation":"Holzer, T., 1989, State and local response to damaging land subsidence in United States urban areas: Engineering Geology, v. 27, no. 1-4, p. 449-466, https://doi.org/10.1016/0013-7952(89)90041-0.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"449","endPage":"466","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224147,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona, California, Georgia, Louisiana, Nevada, Texas","city":"Baldwin Hills, Baton Rouge, Houston-Galveston, Las Vegas, Long Beach, New Orleans, Phoenix, Santa Clara Valley, Savannah","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -82.891845703125,\n 32.50049648924482\n ],\n [\n -90.3076171875,\n 31.316101383495624\n ],\n [\n -93.6474609375,\n 30.44867367928756\n ],\n [\n -97.734375,\n 30.44867367928756\n ],\n [\n -106.34765625,\n 33.17434155100208\n ],\n [\n -113.02734374999999,\n 35.24561909420681\n ],\n [\n -115.3564453125,\n 37.87485339352928\n ],\n [\n -116.74072265625,\n 38.28993659801203\n ],\n [\n -119.72900390625001,\n 38.8225909761771\n ],\n [\n -120.73974609374999,\n 38.75408327579141\n ],\n [\n -121.57470703125,\n 38.53097889440024\n ],\n [\n -122.23388671874999,\n 38.25543637637947\n ],\n [\n -122.51953124999999,\n 37.87485339352928\n ],\n [\n -122.51953124999999,\n 37.50972584293751\n ],\n [\n -122.32177734375,\n 37.19533058280065\n ],\n [\n -121.904296875,\n 37.020098201368114\n ],\n [\n -122.03613281249999,\n 36.527294814546245\n ],\n [\n -121.46484375,\n 36.01356058518153\n ],\n [\n -120.84960937499999,\n 35.191766965947394\n ],\n [\n -119.35546875000001,\n 34.34343606848294\n ],\n [\n -111.24755859375,\n 32.676372772089834\n ],\n [\n -106.45751953125,\n 31.840232667909365\n ],\n [\n -105.88623046874999,\n 31.409912194070973\n ],\n [\n -102.3486328125,\n 30.107117887092357\n ],\n [\n -97.31689453125,\n 28.34306490482549\n ],\n [\n -95.712890625,\n 28.420391085674304\n ],\n [\n -93.7353515625,\n 29.34387539941801\n ],\n [\n -89.27490234375,\n 28.806173508854776\n ],\n [\n -88.6376953125,\n 29.11377539511439\n ],\n [\n -88.72558593749999,\n 30.06909396443887\n ],\n [\n -87.5390625,\n 30.996445897426373\n ],\n [\n -85.3857421875,\n 31.015278981711266\n ],\n [\n -84.13330078125,\n 30.95876857077987\n ],\n [\n -81.97998046875,\n 30.826780904779774\n ],\n [\n -81.474609375,\n 30.65681556429287\n ],\n [\n -80.980224609375,\n 31.325486676506983\n ],\n [\n -80.68359375,\n 31.89621446335144\n ],\n [\n -80.88134765625,\n 32.287132632616384\n ],\n [\n -81.40869140625,\n 32.80574473290688\n ],\n [\n -82.891845703125,\n 32.50049648924482\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"27","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b96c6e4b08c986b31b6dc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Holzer, T.L.","contributorId":35739,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holzer","given":"T.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370696,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70015334,"text":"70015334 - 1989 - Improved dating of the Pliocene of the eastern South Atlantic using graphic correlation: implications for paleobiogeography and paleoceanography","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:56","indexId":"70015334","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2735,"text":"Micropaleontology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Improved dating of the Pliocene of the eastern South Atlantic using graphic correlation: implications for paleobiogeography and paleoceanography","docAbstract":"Graphic correlation of foraminifer and nannofossil events establishes a high resolution chronology for the Pliocene at Deep Sea Drilling Project Site 532. Coarsely sampled magnetic inclination data are reinterpreted to indicate a complete Pliocene section. The age model suggests mean accumulation rates of 9.5 cm 10-3 yr for the first half of the early Pliocene and 5.8 cm 10-3 yr throughout the later part of the early Pliocene - early Pleistocene. Major upwelling began at the location of Site 532 at 3.2 Ma. Time series analysis indicated a 41 ky cyclicity to the CaCO3 record between 2 and 4.5 Ma. Data support ages of 1.9 Ma for the first appearance of Globorotalia truncatulinoides and approximately isochronous southern hemisphere first appearances for Globorotalia crassaformis (4.70 Ma), Globorotalia puncticulata (4.77 Ma), and Globorotalia inflata (3.68 Ma). -Author","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Micropaleontology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00262803","usgsCitation":"Dowsett, H., 1989, Improved dating of the Pliocene of the eastern South Atlantic using graphic correlation: implications for paleobiogeography and paleoceanography: Micropaleontology, v. 35, no. 3, p. 279-292.","startPage":"279","endPage":"292","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223979,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"35","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3955e4b0c8380cd618ab","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dowsett, H.J. 0000-0003-1983-7524","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1983-7524","contributorId":87924,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dowsett","given":"H.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370666,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}