Green Lake is the deepest natural inland lake in Wisconsin, USA, with a maximum depth of about 72 meters (m). In the early 1900’s, the lake was believed to have very good water quality (low nutrient concentrations and good water clarity), with low dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations only in the deepest part of the lake. Because of increased phosphorus (P) inputs from anthropogenic activities in its watershed, total phosphorus (TP) concentrations in the lake increased, which led to increased algal production and low DO concentrations not only occurring in its deepest areas but also in the middle of the water column (metalimnion). Routine monitoring of the lake and its tributaries has been conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey since 2004 and 1988, respectively. Results from this monitoring led to the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources (WDNR) listing the lake as impaired because of low DO concentrations in the metalimnion, with elevated TP concentrations identified as the cause of impairment.
As part of this study, comprehensive sampling of the lake and its tributaries was conducted in 2017–2018 to augment ongoing monitoring and further describe the low DO concentrations in the lake (especially in the metalimnion). Empirical and process-driven water quality models were then used to determine the causes of the low DO concentrations and the magnitude of P load reductions needed to improve the water quality of the lake to meet multiple water-quality goals, including the WDNR criteria for TP and DO.
Data from previous studies showed that DO concentrations in the metalimnion decreased slightly as summer progressed in the early 1900’s, but since the late 1970s have typically dropped below 5 milligrams per liter (mg/L), which is the WDNR criterion for impairment. During 2014–2018 (baseline period for this study), the near-surface geometric-mean TP concentration during June–September in the east side of the lake was 0.020 mg/L and in the west side was 0.016 mg/L (both were below the 0.015 mg/L WDNR criterion for the lake), and the minimum metalimnetic DO concentrations measured in August ranged from 1.0 to 4.7 mg/L. It was believed that the degradation in water quality was caused by excessive P inputs to the lake; therefore, the total P inputs to the lake were estimated. The mean annual external P load during 2014–2018 was estimated to be 8,980 kilograms per year (kg/yr), of which monitored and unmonitored tributary inputs contributed 84 percent, atmospheric inputs contributed 8 percent, waterfowl contributed 7 percent, and septic systems contributed 1 percent. At fall turnover, internal sediment recycling contributed an additional 7,040 kg that increased TP concentrations in shallow areas of the lake by about 0.020 mg/L. The elevated TP concentrations then persisted until the following spring. On an annual basis, however, there is a net deposition of P to the bottom sediments.
Empirical models were used to describe how the near-surface water quality of Green Lake would be expected to respond to changes in external P loading. Predictions from the models showed a relatively linear response between P loading and TP and chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) concentrations in the lake, with the changes in TP and Chl-a concentrations being less on a percentage basis (50–60 percent for TP and 30–70 percent for Chl-a) than the changes in P loading. Mean summer water clarity, indicated by Secchi disk depths, had a larger response to decreases in P loading than to increases in loading. Based on these relations, external P loading to the lake would need to be decreased from 8,980 kg/yr to about 5,460 kg/yr for the geometric mean June–September TP concentration on the east side of the lake, with higher TP concentrations than the west side, to reach the WDNR criterion of 0.015 mg/L. This reduction of 3,520 kg/yr equates to a 46-percent reduction in the potentially controllable external P sources (all external sources except precipitation, atmospheric deposition, and waterfowl) from that measured during water years (WYs) 2014–2018. The total external P loading would need to be decreased to 7,680 kg/yr (17-percent reduction in potentially controllable external P sources) for near-surface June–September TP concentrations in the west side of the lake to reach 0.015 mg/L. Total external P loading would need to be decreased to 3,870–5,320 kg/yr for the lake to be classified as oligotrophic, with a near-surface June-September TP concentration of 0.012 mg/L.
Results from the hydrodynamic water-quality model GLM-AED (General Lake Model coupled to the Aquatic Ecodynamics modeling library) indicated that metalimnetic DO minima are driven by external P loading and internal sediment recycling that lead to high TP concentrations during spring and early summer, which in turn lead to high phytoplankton production, high metabolism and respiration, and ultimately DO consumption in the upper, warmer areas of the metalimnion. GLM-AED results indicated that settling of organic material during summer may be slowed by the colder, denser, and more viscous water in the metalimnion and increase DO consumption. Based on empirical evidence comparing minimum metalimnetic DO concentrations with various meteorological, hydrologic, water quality, and in-lake physical factors, lower metalimnetic DO concentrations occurred when there was warmer metalimnetic water temperatures, higher near-surface Chl-a and TP concentrations, and lower Secchi depths during summer. GLM-AED results indicated that the external P load would need to be reduced to about 4,010 kg/yr, a 57-percent reduction from that measured in 2014–2018, to eliminate the occurrence of metalimnetic DO minima of less than 5 mg/L in over 75 percent of the years (the target provided by the WDNR).
Large reductions in external P loading are expected to have an immediate effect on the near-surface TP concentrations and metalimnetic DO concentrations in Green Lake. However, it may take several years for the full effects of the external load reduction to be observed because internal sediment recycling is an important source of P for the following spring.
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Non-perennial streams comprise the majority of global river length, thus we extended this paradigm to stream drying. Using 894 USGS gages, we isolated 25,207 drying events from 1979 to 2018, represented by a streamflow peak followed by no flow. We calculated hydrologic signatures for each drying event and using multivariate statistics, grouped events into drying regimes characterized by: (a) fast drying, (b) long no-flow duration, (c) prolonged drying following low antecedent flows, (d) drying without a distinctive hydrologic signature. 77% of gages had more than one drying regime at different times within the study period. Random forests revealed land cover/use are more important to how a river dries than climate or physiographic characteristics. Clustering stream drying behavior may allow practitioners to more systematically adapt water resource management practices to specific drying regimes or rivers.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2021GL093298","usgsCitation":"Price, A.N., Jones, C.N., Hammond, J., Zimmer, M., and Zipper, S., 2021, The drying regimes of non-perennial rivers and streams: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 48, no. 14, e2021GL093298, 12 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2021GL093298.","productDescription":"e2021GL093298, 12 p.","ipdsId":"IP-127641","costCenters":[{"id":41514,"text":"Maryland-Delaware-District of Columbia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":405993,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"48","issue":"14","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2021-07-16","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Price, Adam N. 0000-0002-7211-4758","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7211-4758","contributorId":295971,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Price","given":"Adam","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":27155,"text":"University of California Santa Cruz","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":850332,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jones, C. 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Hydroperiod—the number of days per year that a wetland is inundated—is often of primary ecological importance in these systems and can vary interannually depending on climate conditions. In this study we re-examined an existing hydrologic model to simulate daily water levels in Sinking Pond, a 35-hectare seasonally inundated karst-depression wetland in Tennessee, USA. We recalibrated the model using 22 years of climate and water-level observations and used the recalibrated model to reconstruct (hindcast) daily water levels over a 165-year period from 1855 to 2019. A trend analysis of the climatic data and reconstructed water levels over the hindcasting period indicated substantial increases in pond hydroperiod over time, apparently related to increasing regional precipitation. Wetland hydroperiod increased on average by 5.9 days per decade between 1920 and 2019, with a breakpoint around the year 1970. Hydroperiod changes of this magnitude may have profound consequences for wetland ecology, such as a transition from a forested wetland to a mostly open-water pond at the Sinking Pond site. More broadly, this study illustrates the needs for robust hydrologic models of depression wetlands and for consideration of model transferability in time (i.e., hindcasting and forecasting) under non-stationary hydroclimatic conditions. As climate change is expected to influence water cycles, hydrologic processes, and wetland ecohydrology in the coming decades, hydrologic model projections may become increasingly important to detect, anticipate, and potentially mitigate ecological impacts in depression wetland ecosystems.
The California Department of Transportation, commonly known as CalTrans, and other municipal separate storm sewer system permittees in California as well as other State departments of transportation nationwide need information about potential loads and yields (loads per unit area) of constituents of concern in stormwater runoff and discharges from stormwater best management practices (BMPs). Although its National Pollution Discharge Elimination System stormwater permit is focused on areas subject to total maximum daily load (TMDL) regulations, CalTrans builds and maintains BMPs to minimize the adverse effects of roadway runoff on receiving waters throughout the State. This report describes approaches used by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with CalTrans for using the Stochastic Empirical Loading and Dilution Model (SELDM) to assess long-term annual yields of highway and urban runoff in selected areas of California. In this study, a series of regional and local yields were simulated to provide statewide planning-level estimates and more refined TMDL-specific yield values. SELDM was used to analyze 368 State roadway and urban runoff yields for 53 runoff quality constituents. The analyses included 222 random-seed analyses, 60 regional State roadway-runoff analyses, 24 regional urban roadway-runoff analyses, and 62 focused TMDL-area analyses.
This report describes approaches and statistics used to analyze available hydrologic and runoff quality data in all analyses. Results for all analyses are provided in the model archive, but only a selected subset of results are presented as examples in this report. State roadway runoff, urban runoff, and BMP discharge yields for total suspended solids, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and total zinc were selected as examples because they are widespread constituents of concern with substantial amounts of State roadway and urban runoff monitoring data. In this report, a hypothetical basin was specified by using available geographic information to demonstrate use of the State roadway and urban runoff yields to estimate long-term annual stormwater loads from developed areas. Application of these yields to the hypothetical basin indicates that although State-roadway yields may be higher than urban-runoff yields for some constituents, State-roadway loads may be a small proportion of total stormwater loads because State roadways themselves are a small fraction of the total impervious area in such basins. Although application of results from this study may have considerable uncertainty for any particular stormwater outfall, the study does provide robust estimates to support basin-scale runoff-load analyses in California. These analyses also provide estimates for the 12 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency level III ecoregions that are completely or partially within the boundaries of the State of California.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20215043","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the California Department of Transportation","usgsCitation":"Granato, G.E., and Friesz, P.J., 2021, Approaches for assessing long-term annual yields of highway and urban runoff in selected areas of California with the Stochastic Empirical Loading and Dilution Model (SELDM): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2021–5043, 37 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20215043.","productDescription":"Report: vii, 37 p.; Data Release","numberOfPages":"37","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-124902","costCenters":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science 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\"}}]}","contact":"Director, New England Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
10 Bearfoot Road
Northborough, MA 01532
Little is known about the element composition of groundwater along flow paths between wetlands. What is known is based on a few major elements, such as Na and Ca. We examined the spatial and temporal variation of elements in a depressional-wetland, groundwater-flow system in the Prairie Pothole Region of North Dakota, USA. Wetlands of the region are characterized by their occurrence in hydrologically connected complexes, where those at higher elevations in the groundwater flow system often recharge groundwater (recharge wetlands), while those at lower elevations receive groundwater (discharge wetlands). The aim of our study was to get a better understanding of factors affecting the distribution of more than 30 elements in groundwater along a flow path between recharge and discharge wetlands. We found that oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) decreased as electrical conductivity (EC) increased along the flow path. As EC increased, so did the concentrations of major ions, such as Na, Ca, and Mg. That was already well known. Less known, however, was that concentrations of Cs, Sn, U and Zr increased along the flow path as well. Not reported before was that concentrations of Sn increased strongly as ORP decreased. The concentrations of most elements in groundwater increased with lower relative elevation in the groundwater flow system, but notable exceptions were Ba and Zn, which both showed opposite patterns. Our results contribute to a better understanding of element cycling in groundwater between wetlands, which in turn is important for our understanding of resultant influences on associated biogeochemistry and ecosystem services.
Landslide detection and warning systems are important tools for mitigation of potential hazards in landslide prone areas. Traditionally, warning systems for shallow landslides have been informed by rainfall intensity-duration thresholds. More recent advances have introduced the concept of hydrometeorological thresholds that are informed not only by rainfall, but also by subsurface hydrological measurements. Previously, hydrometeorological thresholds have been shown to improve capabilities for forecasting shallow landslides, and they may ultimately be adapted to more generalized landslide forecasting. We present HydroMet, a code developed in Python by the U.S. Geological Survey, which allows users to guide the automated estimation of hydrometeorological thresholds for a site or area of interest, with the flexibility to select preferred threshold variables for the antecedent hydrologic conditions and the triggering meteorological conditions. Users can import hydrologic time-series data, including rainfall, soil-water content, and pore-water pressure, along with the times of known landslide occurrences, and then conduct objective optimization of warning thresholds using receiver operating characteristics. HydroMet presents many additional options, including selecting the threshold formula, the timescale of possible threshold variables, and the skill statistics used for optimization. Users can develop dual-stage thresholds for watch and warning alerts, with a lower, risk-averse threshold to avoid missed alarms and a less conservative threshold to minimize false alarms. Users may also choose to split their inventory data into calibration and evaluation subsets to independently evaluate the performance of optimized thresholds. We present output and applications of HydroMet using monitoring data from landslide-prone areas in the U.S. to demonstrate its utility and ability to produce thresholds with limited missed and false alarms for informing the next generation of reliable landslide warning systems.
","language":"English","publisher":"MDPI","doi":"10.3390/w13131752","usgsCitation":"Conrad, J.L., Morphew, M.D., Baum, R.L., and Mirus, B.B., 2021, HydroMet: A new code for automated objective optimization of hydrometeorological thresholds for landslide initiation: Water, v. 13, no. 3, 1752, 17 p., https://doi.org/10.3390/w13131752.","productDescription":"1752, 17 p.","ipdsId":"IP-129944","costCenters":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":451750,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/w13131752","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":386788,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"13","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2021-06-25","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Conrad, Jacob L. 0000-0001-8112-5355","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8112-5355","contributorId":260658,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Conrad","given":"Jacob","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":818377,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Morphew, Michael D. 0000-0003-0072-1652","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0072-1652","contributorId":207959,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Morphew","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":37668,"text":"USGS, Student- Colorado School of Mines","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":818378,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Baum, Rex L. 0000-0001-5337-1970 baum@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5337-1970","contributorId":1288,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baum","given":"Rex","email":"baum@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":818379,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mirus, Benjamin B. 0000-0001-5550-014X bbmirus@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5550-014X","contributorId":4064,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mirus","given":"Benjamin","email":"bbmirus@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":5061,"text":"National Cooperative Geologic Mapping and Landslide Hazards","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5077,"text":"Northwest Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":818380,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70221576,"text":"sir20215059 - 2021 - Borehole analysis, single-well aquifer testing, and water quality for the Burnpit well, Mount Rushmore National Memorial, South Dakota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-06-25T11:51:29.973079","indexId":"sir20215059","displayToPublicDate":"2021-06-24T10:38:00","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2021-5059","displayTitle":"Borehole Analysis, Single-Well Aquifer Testing, and Water Quality for the Burnpit Well, Mount Rushmore National Memorial, South Dakota","title":"Borehole analysis, single-well aquifer testing, and water quality for the Burnpit well, Mount Rushmore National Memorial, South Dakota","docAbstract":"Mount Rushmore National Memorial (hereafter referred to as “the memorial”), in western South Dakota, is maintained by the National Park Service (NPS) and includes 1,278 acres of land in the east-central part of the Black Hills. An ongoing challenge for NPS managers at the memorial is providing water from sustainable and reliable sources for operations, staff, and the increasing number of visitors. In 2020, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and NPS completed a hydrological study of the Burnpit well (well 5), a 580-foot-deep open hole groundwater well completed in metamorphic (crystalline) rock at the memorial. The purpose of this study was to estimate the geological and hydraulic properties of the aquifer supplying the well and to determine the water quality of the groundwater from the well. The study provides NPS staff and managers background information for assessing future uses for the well. Methods for data collection and analysis for the study included borehole and video camera analysis in 2020, aquifer testing by the NPS in 2009 and the USGS in 2020, and water-quality sampling in 2020.
Borehole camera video generally matched the lithology recorded in the well log. Fractures recorded in the well log and observed with the borehole camera, including more than 20 less prominent fractures and rough sidewall areas, indicated a fractured aquifer. The fractures are the primary conduits for groundwater flow through the rock and into the well.
Transmissivity was estimated for the upper and lower water-level drawdown zones at the Burnpit well with data from the NPS and USGS using the Theis and Cooper-Jacob methods. Transmissivity for the NPS test using the Theis method was 9.0 and 11 feet squared per day (ft2/d) for the upper and lower drawdown zones, respectively. Using the Cooper-Jacob method, the transmissivity was 22 and 14 ft2/d for the upper and lower drawdown zones of the aquifer, respectively. Transmissivity estimates from data from the USGS test were similar. The Theis method, applied to the upper and lower drawdown zones of the aquifer, produced transmissivity estimates of 7.7 and 10 ft2/d, and the Cooper-Jacob method produced estimates of 9.7 and 12 ft2/d, respectively.
Storativity (specific yield) estimated using the Theis method for the NPS aquifer-test data was 0.85 and 0.92 for the upper and lower drawdown zones of the aquifer, respectively. The Cooper-Jacob method applied to the NPS aquifer-test data produced storativity estimates of 0.11 and 0.50 for the upper and lower drawdown zones, respectively. The Theis method applied to the USGS aquifer-test data estimated storativity values of 0.77 and 1.0 for the upper and lower drawdown zones, respectively. The Cooper-Jacob method estimated storativity of 0.50 and 0.60 for the upper and lower drawdown zones of the USGS aquifer test, respectively. The estimated storativity values from the NPS and USGS aquifer tests for the upper and lower drawdown zones were higher than expected for limestones and schists.
The hypothetical equilibrium drawdown for the Burnpit well was estimated after the NPS test in 2009 at no more, and possibly less, than 35 gallons per minute. The NPS noted that the sustainable yield likely was overestimated because the water level did not stabilize during the NPS aquifer test. The specific capacity for the NPS aquifer test in 2009 was 0.16 gallon per minute per foot ([gal/min]/ft) of drawdown at 3 hours, and the specific capacity for the USGS aquifer test in 2020 was 0.13 (gal/min)/ft of drawdown at 3 hours. The rate of water-level recovery after pumping ceased was 0.017 and 0.013 (gal/min)/ft for the NPS and USGS aquifer tests, respectively. The water-level recovery rate was nearly an order of magnitude less than the specific capacity estimated during pumping, indicating that water levels in the Burnpit well may not recover quickly enough during pumping to provide for a continuous source of water.
Water-quality samples were collected at the Burnpit well on June 24 and July 23, 2020, and analyzed for field-measured properties, major ions, metals, nutrients, and perchlorate. Iron, zinc, and lithium concentrations for unfiltered samples in the well were at least three times greater than the mean filtered sample concentrations reported for crystalline aquifers in the Black Hills. Manganese concentrations were less than the mean concentration for crystalline aquifers but exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) secondary drinking-water standards. The iron concentration from the June 24 sample was about 11 times greater than the EPA secondary drinking-water standards and mean concentrations from crystalline aquifers in the Black Hills. Arsenic concentrations in Burnpit well samples collected in 2020 were greater than the EPA primary drinking-water standard and the mean concentration for crystalline aquifers in the Black Hills. Arsenic occurs naturally in the rock of crystalline aquifers, and concentrations from samples in the Black Hills commonly exceed the EPA primary drinking-water standard of 10 micrograms per liter. High concentrations of arsenic, iron, and manganese metals in the Burnpit well make groundwater from the well in its natural state unusable as a drinking-water source, and water treatment would be necessary to reduce the trace element concentrations to less than the EPA primary and secondary drinking-water standards. However, if the memorial has immediate nonpotable water requirements, such as for construction and fire suppression, groundwater from the Burnpit well could provide water without causing additional stress to current (2021) drinking-water sources.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20215059","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the National Park Service","usgsCitation":"Eldridge, W.G., Hoogestraat, G.K., and Rice, S.E., 2021, Borehole analysis, single-well aquifer testing, and water quality for the Burnpit well, Mount Rushmore National Memorial, South Dakota: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2021–5059, 29 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20215059.","productDescription":"Report: vii, 29 p.; Data Release; Dataset","numberOfPages":"40","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-126498","costCenters":[{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":386673,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P98OZQN9","text":"USGS data release","description":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Borehole video and aquifer test data for the Burnpit well, Mount Rushmore National Memorial, South Dakota, 2020"},{"id":386672,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2021/5059/sir20215059.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2.83 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2021–5059"},{"id":386674,"rank":4,"type":{"id":28,"text":"Dataset"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/F7P55KJN","text":"U.S. Geological Survey National Water Information System database","description":"USGS dataset","linkHelpText":"— USGS water data for the Nation"},{"id":386671,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2021/5059/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"South Dakota","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -104.0625,\n 43.40903821777055\n ],\n [\n -103.2440185546875,\n 43.40903821777055\n ],\n [\n -103.2440185546875,\n 44.52392653654213\n ],\n [\n -104.0625,\n 44.52392653654213\n ],\n [\n -104.0625,\n 43.40903821777055\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Dakota Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
821 East Interstate Avenue
Bismarck, ND 58503
1608 Mountain View Road
Rapid City, SD 57702
The Albuquerque Basin, located in central New Mexico, is about 100 miles long and 25–40 miles wide. The basin is hydrologically defined as the extent of consolidated and unconsolidated deposits of Tertiary and Quaternary age that encompasses the structural Rio Grande Rift between San Acacia to the south and Cochiti Lake to the north. A 20-percent population increase in the basin from 1990 to 2000 and a 22-percent population increase from 2000 to 2010 resulted in an increased demand for water in areas within the basin. Drinking-water supplies throughout the basin were obtained solely from groundwater resources until December 2008, when the Albuquerque Bernalillo County Water Utility Authority (ABCWUA) began treatment and distribution of surface water from the Rio Grande through the San Juan-Chama Drinking Water Project.
An initial network of wells was established by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) in cooperation with the City of Albuquerque from April 1982 through September 1983 to monitor changes in groundwater levels throughout the Albuquerque Basin. In 1983, this network consisted of 6 wells with analog-to-digital recorders and 27 wells where water levels were measured monthly. As of 2020, the network consisted of 120 wells and piezometers. A piezometer is a specialized well open to a specific depth in the aquifer, often of small diameter and nested with other piezometers screened at different depths. The USGS, in cooperation with the ABCWUA, the New Mexico Office of the State Engineer, and Bernalillo County, measures water levels from the wells and piezometers in the network; this report, prepared in cooperation with the ABCWUA, presents water-level data collected by USGS personnel at the sites through water year 2020 (October 1, 2019, through September 30, 2020). Water levels that were collected from discontinued wells in previous water years were published in previous USGS reports.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ds1139","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Albuquerque Bernalillo County Water Utility Authority","usgsCitation":"Jurney, E.R., and Bell, M.T., 2021, Water-level data for the Albuquerque Basin and adjacent areas, central New Mexico, period of record through September 30, 2020: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 1139, 40 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ds1139.","productDescription":"iv, 40 p.","numberOfPages":"48","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-128111","costCenters":[{"id":472,"text":"New Mexico Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":386657,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/1139/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":386658,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/1139/ds1139.pdf","text":"Report","size":"6.24 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":386659,"rank":3,"type":{"id":34,"text":"Image Folder"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/1139/images"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Mexico","otherGeospatial":"Albuquerque Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -107.3583984375,\n 34.261756524459805\n ],\n [\n -106.14990234375,\n 34.261756524459805\n ],\n [\n -106.14990234375,\n 35.65729624809628\n ],\n [\n -107.3583984375,\n 35.65729624809628\n ],\n [\n -107.3583984375,\n 34.261756524459805\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, New Mexico Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
6700 Edith Blvd. NE
Albuquerque, NM 87113
Understanding of morphodynamic processes associated with large-scale floods has recently improved following significant advances of modern technologies. Nevertheless, a clear link between flood discharge and in-channel sedimentation processes remains to be resolved. The hydrological and geomorphological data available for the meandering Powder River (Montana, USA) since 1977 makes it a perfect laboratory to investigate connections between flood discharge and point-bar sedimentation processes. This study focuses on a point-bar that accreted laterally ca 70 m during a 50-year recurrence flood, which lasted about 14 days in May 1978. In September 2018, a trench ca 2 m deep and 70 m long was excavated through the axial point-bar deposits, and the 1978 flood deposits were delineated based on georeferenced pre-flood and post-flood cross-section surveys. Sedimentological data show that point-bar deposits accumulated at the early and late flood stages, when the flow was confined to the channel, and have similarities with classical facies models in terms of palaeocurrent patterns and vertical grain-size trend. However, during high-stage flood conditions, when the flow overtopped the bar, cross-cutting of the bar and armouring were typical processes. Integration of sedimentological and palaeo-hydrological data highlight that the relation between channel cross-sectional area and flood discharge play a key role in preserving bar deposits. The integrated approach adopted here provides a basis for advancing palaeoflood hydrology beyond the stage of estimating peak discharges to the next stage of estimating palaeoflood hydrographs.
Director, Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
Box 25046, MS-980
Denver, CO 80225-0046
The mangrove forests across the Federated States of Micronesia provide critical resources and contribute to climate resilience. Locally, mangrove forests provide habitat for fish and wildlife, timber, and other cultural resources. Mangrove forests also protect Micronesian communities from tropical cyclones and tsunamis, providing a buffer against powerful waves and winds. Mangrove forests in Micronesia can store 700–1,800 metric tons of carbon per hectare (Donato and others, 2011), contributing to the estimated 5–10 billion metric tons of carbon stored by mangroves around the world (Alongi, 2018). This carbon storage is essential for global climate resilience.
Mangrove forests and the benefits these ecosystems provide are threatened by accelerating sea-level rise and human activities. Healthy mangrove forests are resilient systems and have kept pace with some amounts of sea-level rise, but rapid sea-level rise could outpace the mangroves’ ability to adapt. Degraded mangroves are at greater risk where natural processes have been altered. Overharvest and clearing of timber, infrastructure development, and altered hydrology are just a few of the human activities that can damage mangrove forests.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20213030","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Agriculture-U.S. Forest Service, Micronesia Conservation Trust, Conservation Society of Pohnpei, Pacific Island Climate Adaptation Science Center, and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Thorne, K.M., and Buffington, K.J., 2021, Sea-level rise vulnerability of mangrove forests on the Micronesian Island of Pohnpei: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2021-3030, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20213030","productDescription":"4 p.","numberOfPages":"4","ipdsId":"IP-122163","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":386653,"rank":4,"type":{"id":34,"text":"Image Folder"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2021/3030/images"},{"id":386652,"rank":3,"type":{"id":31,"text":"Publication XML"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2021/3030/fs20213030.xml"},{"id":386651,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2021/3030/fs20213030.pdf","text":"Report","size":"5.5 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":386650,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2021/3030/covrthb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Island of Pohnpei","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 158.06442260742188,\n 6.770988820924266\n ],\n [\n 158.38577270507812,\n 6.770988820924266\n ],\n [\n 158.38577270507812,\n 7.027297875479451\n ],\n [\n 158.06442260742188,\n 7.027297875479451\n ],\n [\n 158.06442260742188,\n 6.770988820924266\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director,
Western Ecological Research Center
U.S. Geological Survey
3020 State University Drive East
Sacramento, California 95819
Annual winter water level drawdown (WD) is a common lake management strategy to maintain recreational value by controlling nuisance macrophytes and preventing ice damage to shoreline infrastructure in lakes of the northeastern United States. The state of Massachusetts provides general guidelines for lake managers to implement and practice WDs. However, WD management reporting is not required and as such empirical water level records are scarce, making it difficult to assess guideline adherence and link these management actions to littoral habitat conditions. We monitored water levels bihourly in 18 lakes with ongoing WD regimes and 3 non-drawdown lakes over 3–4 yr. Our results show an interlake drawdown magnitude gradient of 0.07–2.66 m with intralake consistency across years. Corresponding WD magnitudes generated exposure of 1.3–37.6% for entire lakebeds and 9.2–71.1% for littoral zones. WD durations averaged 171 d and ranged widely from 5 to 246 d. Longer recession and refill phase durations and faster recession rates were moderately to strongly correlated with drawdown magnitudes. WDs were predominantly initiated prior to the state of Massachusetts 1 November starting guideline (83.1%) and refilled to summer reference levels after the recommended date of 1 April (70.6%). To minimize ecological impacts while still meeting recreational goals, WD performance guidelines may require a more fine-scale approach that integrates local hydrogeomorphic features and the presence of WD-sensitive littoral biotic assemblages. However, climate change model projections of warmer and wetter winters in the Northeast indicate increasing uncertainty for WD as an effective and worthwhile macrophyte control tool.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/10402381.2021.1927268","usgsCitation":"Carmignani, J., Roy, A.H., Stolarski, J., and Richards, T., 2021, Hydrology of annual winter water level drawdown regimes in recreational lakes of Massachusetts, United States: Lake and Reservoir Management, v. 37, no. 4, p. 339-359, https://doi.org/10.1080/10402381.2021.1927268.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"339","endPage":"359","ipdsId":"IP-117681","costCenters":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":451781,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10402381.2021.1927268","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":395898,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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\"}}]}","volume":"37","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2021-06-22","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carmignani, Jason R.","contributorId":276347,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Carmignani","given":"Jason R.","affiliations":[{"id":36396,"text":"University of Massachusetts","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":834779,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Roy, Allison H. 0000-0002-8080-2729 aroy@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8080-2729","contributorId":4240,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roy","given":"Allison","email":"aroy@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":834778,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stolarski, Jason","contributorId":276348,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stolarski","given":"Jason","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":51525,"text":"Massachusetts Division of Fish and Wildlife","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":834780,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Richards, Todd","contributorId":276349,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Richards","given":"Todd","affiliations":[{"id":51525,"text":"Massachusetts Division of Fish and Wildlife","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":834781,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70221665,"text":"70221665 - 2021 - Demography of the Oregon spotted frog along a hydrologically modified river","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-06-28T13:11:52.477181","indexId":"70221665","displayToPublicDate":"2021-06-21T08:07:13","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1475,"text":"Ecosphere","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Demography of the Oregon spotted frog along a hydrologically modified river","docAbstract":"Altered flow regimes can contribute to dissociation between life history strategies and environmental conditions, leading to reduced persistence reported for many wildlife populations inhabiting regulated rivers. The Oregon spotted frog (Rana pretiosa) is a threatened species occurring in floodplains, ponds, and wetlands in the Pacific Northwest with a core range in Oregon, USA. All life stages of R. pretiosa are reliant on aquatic habitats, and inundation patterns across the phenological timeline can have implications for population success. We conducted capture–mark–recapture (CMR) sampling of adult and subadult R. pretiosa at three sites along the Deschutes River downstream from two dams that regulate flows. We related the seasonal extent of inundated habitat at each site to monthly survival probabilities using a robust design CMR model. We also developed matrix projection models to simulate population dynamics into the future under current river flows. Monthly survival was strongly associated with the extent and variability of inundated habitat, suggesting some within-season fluctuations at higher water levels could be beneficial. Seasonal survival was lowest in the winter for all three sites, owing to limited water availability and the greater number of months within this season relative to other seasons. Population growth for the two river-connected sites was most strongly linked to adult survival, whereas population growth at the river-disconnected site was most strongly tied to survival in juvenile stages. This research identifies population effects of seasonally limited water and highlights conservation potential of enhancing survival of particularly influential life stages.
Peatlands within the northern permafrost region cover approximately 2 million km2 and are characterized by organic soils that can be several meters thick, and a fine-scale mosaic of permafrost and non-permafrost landforms interspersed by shallow ponds and lakes. Ongoing permafrost thaw is transforming these peatlands, causing abrupt changes to their morphology, hydrology, ecology, and biogeochemistry. In this review we show how changes to individual peatlands depend on both their Holocene developmental history and their location within current permafrost zones. Permafrost thaw in peatlands often leads to land surface collapse between 0.5 and 5 m, the so-called thermokarst. Thermokarst in peatlands can lead to the development of ice-wedge troughs, waterlogged thermokarst bogs and fens, and the initiation, expansion, and drainage of thermokarst lakes. Permafrost thaw in peatlands can thus completely alter vegetation composition and shift patterns of landscape inundation and hydrological connectivity. These changes in turn have implications for magnitude and timing of runoff, downstream water quality, habitat suitability for birds and larger mammals, traditional land-use, and the exchange of greenhouse gases with the atmosphere. Ongoing permafrost thaw is largely irreversible at relevant human time-scales, and peatland thermokarst has been accelerating over the last few decades. Complete permafrost loss is expected this century for peatlands in relatively warmer permafrost zones, and all peatlands in the northern permafrost region will be profoundly transformed by permafrost thaw.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ecosystem collapse and climate change","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/978-3-030-71330-0_3","usgsCitation":"Olefeldt, D., Hefferman, L., Jones, M.C., Sannel, A.B., Treat, C.C., and Turetsky, M.R., 2021, Permafrost thaw in northern peatlands: Rapid changes in ecosystem and landscape functions, chap. of Ecosystem collapse and climate change, p. 27-67, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-71330-0_3.","productDescription":"41 p.","startPage":"27","endPage":"67","ipdsId":"IP-112928","costCenters":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":386702,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2021-06-20","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Olefeldt, David","contributorId":169408,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Olefeldt","given":"David","affiliations":[{"id":32365,"text":"Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":818208,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hefferman, Liam","contributorId":260626,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hefferman","given":"Liam","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":818223,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jones, Miriam C. 0000-0002-6650-7619","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6650-7619","contributorId":257239,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"Miriam","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":818209,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sannel, A. Britta","contributorId":260622,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sannel","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"Britta","affiliations":[{"id":24562,"text":"Stockholm University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":818210,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Treat, Claire C.","contributorId":150798,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Treat","given":"Claire","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":18105,"text":"University of New Hampshire, Durham","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":818211,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Turetsky, Merritt R.","contributorId":169398,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Turetsky","given":"Merritt","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":12660,"text":"University of Guelph","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":818212,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70224953,"text":"70224953 - 2021 - Assessment of a conservative mixing model for the evaluation of constituent behavior below river confluences, Elqui River Basin, Chile","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-10-11T16:22:31.831914","indexId":"70224953","displayToPublicDate":"2021-06-17T11:17:59","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3301,"text":"River Research and Applications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Assessment of a conservative mixing model for the evaluation of constituent behavior below river confluences, Elqui River Basin, Chile","docAbstract":"Fate and transport modeling of water-borne contaminants is a data demanding and costly endeavor, requiring considerable expes such, it becomes important to know when a complex modeling approach is required, and when a simpler approach is adequate. This is the main objective herein, where a conservative mixing model is used to characterize the transport of As, Cu, Fe, and SO4. The study area is divided into three sectors, corresponding to the upstream, middle, and downstream portions of the Elqui River Basin, Chile. In Sector 1, acidic conditions result in the conservative transport of constituents that are sourced from acid rock drainage. In Sector 2, pH increases and transport is influenced by pH-dependent reactions and the subsequent settling of the particulate phase. In Sector 3, there are no additional constituent inputs, and the constituents are conservatively transported downstream. Conservative transport within Sector 3 is confirmed through the development of a regression model that provides monthly estimates of SO4 load. Whereas SO4 and Cu concentrations are adequately approximated by the conservative mixing model, estimates of As and Fe concentrations exhibit larger errors, due to the more reactive behavior of these constituents. The fact that the simple, conservative mixing model describes SO4 transport is a valuable result, as this constituent is known to be one of the primary indicators of mining-related contamination in rivers. The approach could also be a useful starting point for further evaluations of the effects of climate change and hydrological variability on the water quality of rivers.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/rra.3823","usgsCitation":"Rossi, C., Oyarzun, J., Pasten, P., Runkel, R.L., Núñez, J., Duhalde, D., Maturana, H., Rojas, E., Arumí, J., Castillo, D., and Oyarzun, R., 2021, Assessment of a conservative mixing model for the evaluation of constituent behavior below river confluences, Elqui River Basin, Chile: River Research and Applications, v. 37, no. 7, p. 967-978, https://doi.org/10.1002/rra.3823.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"967","endPage":"978","ipdsId":"IP-117538","costCenters":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":390393,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Chile","otherGeospatial":"Elqui River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -71.4605712890625,\n -30.741835717889778\n ],\n [\n -68.8348388671875,\n -30.741835717889778\n ],\n [\n -68.8348388671875,\n -29.176145182559758\n ],\n [\n -71.4605712890625,\n -29.176145182559758\n ],\n [\n -71.4605712890625,\n -30.741835717889778\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"37","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2021-06-17","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rossi, Catalina","contributorId":267243,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rossi","given":"Catalina","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":55453,"text":"U. 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La Serena","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":824828,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pasten, Pablo","contributorId":267245,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pasten","given":"Pablo","affiliations":[{"id":55454,"text":"Pontificia Universidad Católica","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":824829,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Runkel, Robert L. 0000-0003-3220-481X runkel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3220-481X","contributorId":685,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Runkel","given":"Robert","email":"runkel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":824830,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Núñez, Jorge","contributorId":267246,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Núñez","given":"Jorge","affiliations":[{"id":55453,"text":"U. 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La Serena","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":824834,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Arumí, José L.","contributorId":267250,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Arumí","given":"José L.","affiliations":[{"id":49667,"text":"Universidad de Concepción","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":824835,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Castillo, Daniela","contributorId":267251,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Castillo","given":"Daniela","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":55455,"text":"Universidad de La Serena","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":824837,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Oyarzun, Ricardo","contributorId":267252,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Oyarzun","given":"Ricardo","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":55455,"text":"Universidad de La Serena","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":824838,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11}]}} ,{"id":70221586,"text":"70221586 - 2021 - Enhanced terrestrial runoff during Oceanic Anoxic Event 2 on the North Carolina Coastal Plain, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-06-24T14:41:03.659695","indexId":"70221586","displayToPublicDate":"2021-06-17T09:29:01","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1250,"text":"Climate of the Past","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Enhanced terrestrial runoff during Oceanic Anoxic Event 2 on the North Carolina Coastal Plain, USA","docAbstract":"A global increase in the strength of the hydrologic cycle drove an increase in the flux of terrigenous sediments into the ocean during the Cenomanian–Turonian Oceanic Anoxic Event 2 (OAE2) and was an important mechanism driving nutrient enrichment and thus organic carbon burial. This global change is primarily known from isotopic records, but global average data do not tell us anything about changes at any particular location. Reconstructions of local terrigenous flux can help us understand the role of regional shifts in precipitation in driving these global trends. The proto-North Atlantic basin was one of the epicenters of enhanced organic carbon burial during OAE2, so constraining terrigenous flux is particularly important in this region; however, few local records exist. Here, we present two new OAE2 records from the Atlantic Coastal Plain of North Carolina, USA, recognized with calcareous nannoplankton biostratigraphy and organic carbon isotopes. We use carbon
Accurate maps of regional surface water features are integral for advancing ecologic, atmospheric and land development studies. The only comprehensive surface water feature map of Alaska is the National Hydrography Dataset (NHD). NHD features are often digitized representations of historic topographic map blue lines and may be outdated. Here we test deep learning methods to automatically extract surface water features from airborne interferometric synthetic aperture radar (IfSAR) data to update and validate Alaska hydrographic databases. U-net artificial neural networks (ANN) and high-performance computing (HPC) are used for supervised hydrographic feature extraction within a study area comprised of 50 contiguous watersheds in Alaska. Surface water features derived from elevation through automated flow-routing and manual editing are used as training data. Model extensibility is tested with a series of 16 U-net models trained with increasing percentages of the study area, from about 3 to 35 percent. Hydrography is predicted by each of the models for all watersheds not used in training. Input raster layers are derived from digital terrain models, digital surface models, and intensity images from the IfSAR data. Results indicate about 15 percent of the study area is required to optimally train the ANN to extract hydrography when F1-scores for tested watersheds average between 66 and 68. Little benefit is gained by training beyond 15 percent of the study area. Fully connected hydrographic networks are generated for the U-net predictions using a novel approach that constrains a D-8 flow-routing approach to follow U-net predictions. This work demonstrates the ability of deep learning to derive surface water feature maps from complex terrain over a broad area.
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Shaowen","contributorId":198966,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wang","given":"Shaowen","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":888403,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Jiang, Zhe","contributorId":267317,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jiang","given":"Zhe","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":36730,"text":"University of Alabama","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":888404,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Usery, E. Lynn 0000-0002-2766-2173","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2766-2173","contributorId":204684,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Usery","given":"E. Lynn","affiliations":[{"id":5074,"text":"Center for Geospatial Information Science (CEGIS)","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":423,"text":"National Geospatial Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":888405,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Moak, Evan","contributorId":331666,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Moak","given":"Evan","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":37501,"text":"Missouri University of Science and Technology","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":888406,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Duffy, Alexander","contributorId":331667,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Duffy","given":"Alexander","affiliations":[{"id":37501,"text":"Missouri University of Science and Technology","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":888407,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Schott, Joel","contributorId":331668,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schott","given":"Joel","affiliations":[{"id":37501,"text":"Missouri University of Science and Technology","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":888408,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70221472,"text":"sir20215032 - 2021 - Permeable groundwater pathways and tritium migration patterns from the HANDLEY underground nuclear test, Pahute Mesa, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-06-17T10:26:00.248996","indexId":"sir20215032","displayToPublicDate":"2021-06-16T13:00:45","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2021-5032","displayTitle":"Permeable Groundwater Pathways and Tritium Migration Patterns from the HANDLEY Underground Nuclear Test, Pahute Mesa, Nevada","title":"Permeable groundwater pathways and tritium migration patterns from the HANDLEY underground nuclear test, Pahute Mesa, Nevada","docAbstract":"The HANDLEY nuclear test was detonated at about 2,700 feet below the water table on March 26, 1970, in Pahute Mesa, south-central Nevada. Measured tritium concentrations in boreholes ER-20-12 and PM-3 indicate that a shallow tritium plume has migrated more than 1 mile (mi) downgradient from the HANDLEY test within a semi-perched aquifer and deeper tritium plumes have migrated 4.5 miles (mi) within underlying regional aquifers. Boreholes ER-20-12 and PM-3 are in an area of moderate-to-low transmissivity, but observation of tritium moving 4.5 mi within 40 years of the detonation indicates that high-transmissivity intervals exist. However, the location of these permeable pathways is unknown.
This report integrates geologic, hydrologic, and tritium data to infer the location of permeable pathways near and downgradient from the HANDLEY test. Numerical groundwater-flow and tritium-transport models were developed to estimate hydraulic and transport properties between the HANDLEY test and boreholes ER-20-12 and PM-3. Recharge, hydraulic-conductivity, specific-yield, specific-storage, and effective-porosity distributions were estimated with the numerical models by fitting simulated water-level altitudes, vertical-head differences, aquifer-test transmissivities, tritium concentrations, and drawdowns in wells PM-3-1 and PM-3-2 to measured equivalents. Drawdowns were estimated in wells PM-3-1 and PM-3-2 in response to groundwater withdrawals during the drilling of borehole ER-20-12. A modified hydrostratigraphic framework model (mHFM) was developed that incorporates hydrostratigraphic units (HSUs) from the Pahute Mesa–Oasis Valley hydrostratigraphic framework model (PMOV HFM). HSUs in the mHFM were modified from the PMOV HFM by grouping HSUs that, conceptually, are hydraulically similar and splitting HSUs based on water-level, aquifer-test, and tritium data.
Shallow and deeper tritium plumes have migrated to borehole ER-20-12 from the HANDLEY test. The shallow plume migrated from the HANDLEY test through the Timber Mountain welded tuff aquifer, whereas the deeper plumes moved through the Belted Range aquifer (BRA) and modified pre-Belted Range lava flow aquifer (mPBRLFA). Simulated tritium concentrations indicate that the leading edges of tritium plumes reached borehole ER-20-12 by 1990. From 1970 to 2020, the simulated tritium load mostly occurs between borehole ER-20-12 and the HANDLEY test.
An unmapped permeable feature was simulated between borehole ER-20-12 and the downgradient Ribbon Cliff structural zone. This permeable feature hydraulically connects the BRA and mPBRLFA with the Tiva Canyon aquifer (TCA). The TCA is the most transmissive unit in the study area. Simulated tritium from the deeper plumes moves through the permeable feature downgradient from borehole ER-20-12 and then migrates toward well PM-3-1 through the TCA. The leading edge of the deeper simulated tritium plumes reaches well PM-3-1 by 2010.
The mHFM and PMOV HFM do not include a permeable HSU at the water table near borehole PM-3, which is necessary for numerical flow and transport models to match measured water levels, transmissivities, and tritium concentrations in well PM-3-2. Consistently higher measured tritium concentrations in shallow well PM-3-2, compared to deeper well PM-3-1, and a downward vertical gradient between these wells indicate that a permeable feature exists near the water table that causes faster tritium migration toward the shallow well. Reevaluation of the PMOV HFM and geologic investigations, such as drilling another well, are needed to more precisely understand the shallow permeable pathway from the Handley test to well PM-3-2.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20215032","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Energy, National Nuclear Security Administration Nevada Site Office, Office of Environmental Management, under Interagency Agreement DE-EM0004969","usgsCitation":"Jackson, T.R., 2021, Permeable groundwater pathways and tritium migration patterns from the HANDLEY underground nuclear test, Pahute Mesa, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2021–5032, 49 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20215032.","productDescription":"Report: vii, 49 p.; Data Release","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-120498","costCenters":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":386552,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2021/5032/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":386553,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2021/5032/sir20215032.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2.8 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2021-5032"},{"id":386554,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9YRDQSN","text":"USGS data release","description":"USGS data release.","linkHelpText":"MODFLOW-2005 and MT3DMS models and supplemental data used to simulate groundwater flow and tritium transport from the HANDLEY underground nuclear test, Pahute Mesa, southern Nevada"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Pahute Mesa","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -117.333984375,\n 36.491973470593685\n ],\n [\n -115.79589843749999,\n 36.491973470593685\n ],\n [\n -115.79589843749999,\n 37.94419750075404\n ],\n [\n -117.333984375,\n 37.94419750075404\n ],\n [\n -117.333984375,\n 36.491973470593685\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Nevada Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
2730 N. Deer Run Road
Carson City, Nevada 89701
Infiltration-induced landslides threaten transportation infrastructure around the world, and impose both direct costs through repair and remediation work and indirect costs through lost economic activity. Therefore, finding the most cost-effective techniques to mitigate slope failures that can impact critical infrastructure links is desirable. The Straight Creek landslide, which affects a segment of Interstate 70 in Summit County, Colorado (USA), has experienced seasonal failure driven by rapid springtime snowmelt infiltration since the early 1970s, allowing changes in its stability to be studied. Past studies have established that seasonal failure is driven by pore-water pressure increase caused by the rapid infiltration of snowmelt and the hydraulic conductivity contrast between upper slope materials and the highway embankment. Two remediation designs have been applied to the site, including lightweight caissons beneath the highway surface in 2011 and 2012, and horizontal drains near the slide toe in 2012. The effects of the lightweight caissons and horizontal drains, as well as an alternative drain design that would extend into the hillslope above the highway embankment, are evaluated within a rigorous hydro-mechanical simulation framework along with a method to generate a field of local factor of safety. Model results show that the effect of the lightweight caissons on the factor of safety is no more than 1% during times of critical instability, as they do not affect the seasonal changes in hydrology that cause destabilizing decreases in effective stress along the failure surface. Horizontal drains are intended to reduce pore-water pressures, but the location of existing drains limit their efficacy due to the low hydraulic conductivity of subsurface materials underneath the highway. Model results indicate that these drains are only partially responsible for a reduction in movement rate since their installation, which is also due to lower annual cumulative snowmelt infiltration levels since 2012. Results also show that an alternative drain design could result in increased stability during critical periods by intercepting downslope subsurface flow before it arrives at the hydraulic conductivity contrast at the embankment.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2021.106240","usgsCitation":"Hinds, E., Lu, N., Mirus, B.B., Godt, J.W., and Wayllace, A., 2021, Evaluation of techniques for mitigating snowmelt infiltration-induced landsliding in a highway embankment: Engineering Geology, v. 291, 106240, 11 p., https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2021.106240.","productDescription":"106240, 11 p.","ipdsId":"IP-117388","costCenters":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":451867,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2021.106240","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":386641,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Straight Creek slide","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -105.9521484375,\n 39.75471275080197\n ],\n [\n -105.79147338867188,\n 39.75471275080197\n ],\n [\n -105.79147338867188,\n 39.930800820752765\n ],\n [\n -105.9521484375,\n 39.930800820752765\n ],\n [\n -105.9521484375,\n 39.75471275080197\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"291","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hinds, Eric","contributorId":218084,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hinds","given":"Eric","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6606,"text":"Colorado School of Mines","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":818027,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lu, Ning","contributorId":191360,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lu","given":"Ning","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":12620,"text":"U.S. Army Corp. of Engineers","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":818028,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mirus, Benjamin B. 0000-0001-5550-014X bbmirus@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5550-014X","contributorId":4064,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mirus","given":"Benjamin","email":"bbmirus@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5077,"text":"Northwest Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5061,"text":"National Cooperative Geologic Mapping and Landslide Hazards","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":818029,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Godt, Jonathan W. 0000-0002-8737-2493 jgodt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8737-2493","contributorId":1166,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Godt","given":"Jonathan","email":"jgodt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":508,"text":"Office of the AD Hazards","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":818030,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Wayllace, Alexandra","contributorId":203213,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wayllace","given":"Alexandra","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6606,"text":"Colorado School of Mines","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":818031,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70223270,"text":"70223270 - 2021 - Land use change influences ecosystem function in headwater streams of the Lowland Amazon Basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-08-19T16:00:46.724126","indexId":"70223270","displayToPublicDate":"2021-06-15T11:00:15","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3709,"text":"Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Land use change influences ecosystem function in headwater streams of the Lowland Amazon Basin","docAbstract":"Intensive agriculture alters headwater streams, but our understanding of its effects is limited in tropical regions where rates of agricultural expansion and intensification are currently greatest. Riparian forest protections are an important conservation tool, but whether they provide adequate protection of stream function in these areas of rapid tropical agricultural development has not been well studied. To address these gaps, we conducted a study in the lowland Brazilian Amazon, an area undergoing rapid cropland expansion, to assess the effects of land use change on organic matter dynamics (OM), ecosystem metabolism, and nutrient concentrations and uptake (nitrate and phosphate) in 11 first order streams draining forested (n = 4) or cropland (n = 7) watersheds with intact riparian forests. We found that streams had similar terrestrial litter inputs, but OM biomass was lower in cropland streams. Gross primary productivity was low and not different between land uses, but ecosystem respiration and net ecosystem production showed greater seasonality in cropland streams. Although we found no difference in stream concentrations of dissolved nutrients, phosphate uptake exceeded nitrate uptake in all streams and was higher in cropland than forested streams. This indicates that streams will be more retentive of phosphorus than nitrogen and that if fertilizer nitrogen reaches streams, it will be exported in stream networks. Overall, we found relatively subtle differences in stream function, indicating that riparian buffers have thus far provided protection against major functional shifts seen in other systems. However, the changes we did observe were linked to watershed scale shifts in hydrology, water temperature, and light availability resulting from watershed deforestation. This has implications for the conservation of tens of thousands of stream kilometers across the expanding Amazon cropland region.
","language":"English","publisher":"MDPI","doi":"10.3390/w13121667","usgsCitation":"Jankowski, K.J., Deegan, L.A., Neill, C., Sullivan, H.L., Ilha, P., Maracahipes-Santos, L., Marques, N.C., and Macedo, M., 2021, Land use change influences ecosystem function in headwater streams of the Lowland Amazon Basin: Water, v. 13, no. 12, 1667, 25 p., https://doi.org/10.3390/w13121667.","productDescription":"1667, 25 p.","ipdsId":"IP-106176","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":451868,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/w13121667","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":436306,"rank":0,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P97KFMQ9","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Land cover, discharge, terrestrial litterfall, organic matter, and nutrient concentrations of headwater streams in Mato Grosso, Brazil"},{"id":388156,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Brazil","otherGeospatial":"Tanguro Ranch","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -52.75,\n -13.25\n ],\n [\n -52.00,\n -13.25\n ],\n [\n -52.00,\n -12.5\n ],\n [\n -52.75,\n -12.5\n ],\n [\n -52.75,\n -13.25\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"13","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2021-06-15","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jankowski, Kathi Jo 0000-0002-3292-4182","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3292-4182","contributorId":207429,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jankowski","given":"Kathi","email":"","middleInitial":"Jo","affiliations":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":821558,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Deegan, Linda A.","contributorId":34094,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Deegan","given":"Linda","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":27818,"text":"The Ecosystems Center, Marine Biological Laboratory. Woods Hole, MA 02543.","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":821563,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Neill, Christopher","contributorId":218247,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Neill","given":"Christopher","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":821560,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sullivan, HIllary L.","contributorId":264497,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sullivan","given":"HIllary","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":821593,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Ilha, Paulo","contributorId":264462,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ilha","given":"Paulo","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":52936,"text":"Instituto de Pesquisa Ambiental da Amazonia","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":821557,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Maracahipes-Santos, Leonardo 0000-0002-8402-1399","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8402-1399","contributorId":264463,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Maracahipes-Santos","given":"Leonardo","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":52936,"text":"Instituto de Pesquisa Ambiental da Amazonia","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":821559,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Marques, Nubia C.S. 0000-0001-9183-9335","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9183-9335","contributorId":261625,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Marques","given":"Nubia","email":"","middleInitial":"C.S.","affiliations":[{"id":52936,"text":"Instituto de Pesquisa Ambiental da Amazonia","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":821562,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Macedo, Marcia N.","contributorId":218934,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Macedo","given":"Marcia N.","affiliations":[{"id":16705,"text":"Woods Hole Research Center","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":821561,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70222498,"text":"70222498 - 2021 - Movement of sediment through a burned landscape: Sediment volume observations and model comparisons in the San Gabriel Mountains, California, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-07-30T12:53:39.663168","indexId":"70222498","displayToPublicDate":"2021-06-15T07:51:13","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2312,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Movement of sediment through a burned landscape: Sediment volume observations and model comparisons in the San Gabriel Mountains, California, USA","docAbstract":"Post-wildfire changes to hydrologic and geomorphic systems can lead to widespread sediment redistribution. Understanding how sediment moves through a watershed is crucial for assessing hazards, developing debris flow inundation models, engineering sediment retention solutions, and quantifying the role that disturbances play in landscape evolution. In this study, we used terrestrial and airborne lidar to measure sediment redistribution in the 2016 Fish Fire, in the San Gabriel Mountains in southern California, USA. The lidar areas are in two adjacent watersheds, at spatial scales of 900 m2 to 4 km2, respectively. Terrestrial lidar data were acquired prior to rainfall, and two subsequent surveys show erosional change after rainstorms. Two airborne lidar flights occurred (1) 7 months before, and (2) 14 months after the fire ignition, capturing the erosional effects after rainfall. We found hillslope erosion dominated the overall sediment budget in the first rainy season after wildfire. Only 7% of the total erosion came from the active channel bed and channel banks, and the remaining 93% of eroded sediment was derived from hillslopes. Within the channelized portion of the watershed erosion/deposition could be generally described with topographic metrics used in a stream power equation. Observed sediment volumes were compared with four empirical models and one process-based model. We found that the best predictions of sediment volume were obtained from an empirical model developed in the same physiographic region. Moreover, this study showed that post-wildfire erosion rates in the San Gabriel Mountains attain the same magnitude as millennial time scale bedrock erosion rates.
Landscape change in Tuolumne Meadows, Yosemite National Park, California, was characterized using data derived from four lidar surveys: one airborne survey in 2006 and three terrestrial surveys in 2016, 2017, and 2018. These surveys were used to generate a better quantitative understanding of changes associated with fluvial processes along the reach of the Tuolumne River within Tuolumne Meadows. This research was performed to provide a scientific basis for restoration and management decisions made by the National Park Service in accordance with the Tuolumne Wild and Scenic River Final Comprehensive Management Plan. A total of 15 reaches of the streambanks along the Tuolumne River in Tuolumne Meadows were subject to measurable streambank erosion between 2006 and 2018. In these areas, streambank retreat rates ranged between 0 and 2.7 meters per year (m/yr), recorded as an average retreat distance along the length of changing streambank position, with most retreat rates being less than 0.50 m/yr. The highest streambank retreat rates are associated with a year of high spring streamflow in 2017. Based on the data available, it was concluded that deposition on channel and point bars balances streambank erosion over a period of 12 years along the Tuolumne River in Tuolumne Meadows. As such, the river could be considered to be in a state of dynamic equilibrium during this period; erosion and sedimentation occur in distinct pulses in response to hydrological forcing but it is not clear that there is a trend towards sediment accumulation or removal in Tuolumne Meadows nor is there an obvious trend toward channel widening or narrowing. The existence of visible paleochannels in the meadow are an indication that more dramatic channel planform geometry changes have occurred in Tuolumne Meadows over an undetermined period and may occur again in the future. Geomorphic change rates relate to hydrology; during the study period, the high water in 2017 led to the highest rates of geomorphic change. Land managers should anticipate that floods with discharge rates greater than the peak flow in 2017 may cause more substantial landscape change than what was observed in this study, but erosion resulting from these events may be balanced by channel and point-bar deposition over a period of years.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20215025","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with National Park Service","usgsCitation":"DeLong, S.B., Pickering, A.J., and Kuhn, T., 2021, Streambank erosion and related geomorphic change in Tuolumne Meadows, Yosemite National Park, California: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2021–5025, 87 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20215025.","productDescription":"viii, 87 p.","numberOfPages":"87","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-118934","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":386473,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2021/5025/sir20215025.pdf","text":"Report","size":"45 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":386472,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2021/5025/covrthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -120.03936767578124,\n 37.461778479617465\n ],\n [\n -118.85284423828124,\n 37.461778479617465\n ],\n [\n -118.85284423828124,\n 38.0091482264894\n ],\n [\n -120.03936767578124,\n 38.0091482264894\n ],\n [\n -120.03936767578124,\n 37.461778479617465\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Earthquake Science Center—Menlo Park, Calif. Office
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Globally, anthrax outbreaks pose a serious threat to people, livestock, and wildlife. Furthermore, environmental change can exacerbate these outbreak dynamics by altering the host–pathogen relationship. However, little is known about how the quantitative spatial dynamics of host movement and environmental change may affect the spread of Bacillus anthracis, the causative agent of anthrax. Here, we use real-time observations and high-resolution tracking data from a population of common hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius) in Tanzania to explore the relationship between river hydrology, H. amphibius movement, and the spatiotemporal dynamics of an active anthrax outbreak. We found that extreme river drying, a consequence of anthropogenic disturbances to our study river, indirectly facilitated the spread of B. anthracis by modulating H. amphibius movements. Our findings reveal that anthrax spread upstream in the Great Ruaha River (~3.5 km over a 9-day period), which followed the movement patterns of infected H. amphibius, who moved upstream as the river dried in search of remaining aquatic refugia. These upstream movements can result in large aggregations of H. amphibius. However, despite these aggregations, the density of H. amphibius in river pools did not influence the number of B. anthracis-induced mortalities. Moreover, infection by B. anthracis did not appear to influence H. amphibius movement behaviors, which suggests that infected individuals can vector B. anthracis over large distances right up until their death. Finally, we show that contact rates between H. amphibius- and B. anthracis-infected river pools are highly variable and the frequency and duration of contacts could potentially increase the probability of mortality. While difficult to obtain, the quantitative insights that we gathered during a real-time anthrax outbreak are critical to better understand, predict, and manage future outbreaks.
","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.1002/ecs2.3540","usgsCitation":"Stears, K., Schmitt, M.H., Turner, W.C., McCauley, D., Muse, E.A., Kiwango, H., Matheyo, D., and Mutayoba, B.M., 2021, Hippopotamus movements structure the spatiotemporal dynamics of an active anthrax outbreak: Ecosphere, v. 12, no. 6, e03540, 14 p., https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.3540.","productDescription":"e03540, 14 p.","ipdsId":"IP-121950","costCenters":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":451887,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.3540","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":396541,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Tanzania","otherGeospatial":"Ruaha National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 33.95874023437499,\n -8.697784143504906\n ],\n [\n 34.87884521484374,\n -8.697784143504906\n ],\n [\n 34.87884521484374,\n -7.917793352627911\n ],\n [\n 33.95874023437499,\n -7.917793352627911\n ],\n [\n 33.95874023437499,\n -8.697784143504906\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"12","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2021-06-14","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stears, Keenan","contributorId":287054,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stears","given":"Keenan","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":16936,"text":"University of California Santa Barbara","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":836456,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schmitt, Melissa H.","contributorId":287055,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schmitt","given":"Melissa","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":16936,"text":"University of California Santa Barbara","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":836457,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Turner, Wendy Christine 0000-0002-0302-1646","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0302-1646","contributorId":287053,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Turner","given":"Wendy","email":"","middleInitial":"Christine","affiliations":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":836455,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"McCauley, Douglas J.","contributorId":287056,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McCauley","given":"Douglas J.","affiliations":[{"id":16936,"text":"University of California Santa Barbara","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":836458,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Muse, Epaphras A.","contributorId":287060,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Muse","given":"Epaphras","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":61455,"text":"Tanzania National Parks","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":836459,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Kiwango, Halima","contributorId":287062,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kiwango","given":"Halima","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":61455,"text":"Tanzania National Parks","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":836460,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Matheyo, Daniel","contributorId":287063,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Matheyo","given":"Daniel","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":61455,"text":"Tanzania National Parks","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":836461,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Mutayoba, Benezeth M.","contributorId":287064,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mutayoba","given":"Benezeth","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":61457,"text":"Sokoine University of Agriculture","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":836462,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70221514,"text":"70221514 - 2021 - Use of the MODFLOW 6 water mover package to represent natural and managed hydrologic connections","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-09-16T15:57:58.719957","indexId":"70221514","displayToPublicDate":"2021-06-14T07:32:02","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3825,"text":"Groundwater","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Use of the MODFLOW 6 water mover package to represent natural and managed hydrologic connections","docAbstract":"The latest release of MODFLOW 6, the current core version of the MODFLOW groundwater modeling software, debuted a new package dubbed the “mover” (MVR). Using a generalized approach, MVR facilitates the transfer of water among any arbitrary combination of simulated features (i.e., pumping wells, stream, drains, lakes, etc.) within a MODFLOW 6 simulation. Four “rules” controlling the amount of water transferred from a providing feature to a receiving feature are currently available. In this way, MVR can represent natural connections between features, for example streams entering or exiting lakes, and perhaps more interestingly, it also can transfer water among simulated features to more accurately simulate water management. An example model representative of an agricultural setting demonstrates some of the available MVR connections. For example, an irrigation event that transfers surface water from an irrigation delivery ditch to multiple cropped areas demonstrates a “one-to-many” connection that is possible within MVR. Conversely, irrigation or precipitation runoff from multiple fields may be routed to a particular stream segment using “many-to-one” MVR connections. MVR supports many additional connection types, several of which are demonstrated by the included example problem.
The impact of permafrost thaw on hydrologic, thermal, and biotic processes remains uncertain, in part due to limitations in subsurface measurement capabilities. To better understand subsurface processes in thermokarst environments, we collocated geophysical and biogeochemical instruments along a thaw gradient between forested permafrost and collapse-scar bogs at the Alaska Peatland Experiment (APEX) site near Fairbanks, Alaska. Ambient seismic noise monitoring provided continuous high-temporal resolution measurements of water and ice saturation changes. Maps of seismic velocity change identified areas of large summertime velocity reductions nearest the youngest bog, indicating potential thaw and expansion at the bog margin. These results corresponded well with complementary borehole nuclear magnetic resonance measurements of unfrozen water content with depth, which showed permafrost soils nearest the bog edges contained the largest amount of unfrozen water along the study transect, up to 25% by volume. In situ measurements of methane within permafrost soils revealed high concentrations at these bog-edge locations, up to 30% soil gas. Supra-permafrost talik zones were observed at the bog margins, indicating talik formation and perennial liquid water may drive lateral bog expansion and enhanced permafrost carbon losses preceding thaw. Comparison of seismic monitoring with wintertime surface carbon dioxide fluxes revealed differential responses depending on time and proximity to the bogs, capturing the controlling influence of subsurface water and ice on microbial activity and surficial emissions. This study demonstrates a multidisciplinary approach for gaining new understanding of how subsurface physical properties influence greenhouse gas production, emissions, and thermokarst development.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2021JF006104","usgsCitation":"James, S.R., Minsley, B.J., McFarland, J., Euskirchen, E.S., Edgar, C.W., and Waldrop, M., 2021, The biophysical role of water and ice within permafrost nearing collapse: Insights from novel geophysical observations: JGR Earth Surface, v. 126, no. 6, e2021JF006104, 21 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JF006104.","productDescription":"e2021JF006104, 21 p.","ipdsId":"IP-129192","costCenters":[{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":451931,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2021jf006104","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":436316,"rank":0,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9455D1K","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Permafrost greenhouse gas and microbial data from the Alaska Peatland Experiment (APEX) 2017 to 2019"},{"id":386697,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","city":"Fairbanks","otherGeospatial":"Alaska Peatland Experiment (APEX) site","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -149.293212890625,\n 64.35893097894458\n ],\n [\n -147.667236328125,\n 64.35893097894458\n ],\n [\n -147.667236328125,\n 64.88160222555004\n ],\n [\n -149.293212890625,\n 64.88160222555004\n ],\n [\n -149.293212890625,\n 64.35893097894458\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"126","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2021-06-25","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"James, Stephanie R. 0000-0001-5715-253X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5715-253X","contributorId":260620,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"James","given":"Stephanie","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":818202,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Minsley, Burke J. 0000-0003-1689-1306","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1689-1306","contributorId":248573,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Minsley","given":"Burke","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":818203,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McFarland, Jack 0000-0001-9672-8597","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9672-8597","contributorId":214819,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McFarland","given":"Jack","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":818204,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Euskirchen, Eugenie S. 0000-0002-0848-4295","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0848-4295","contributorId":173730,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Euskirchen","given":"Eugenie","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":7211,"text":"University of Alaska, Fairbanks","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":818205,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Edgar, Colin W. 0000-0002-7026-8358","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7026-8358","contributorId":260621,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Edgar","given":"Colin","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":6752,"text":"University of Alaska Fairbanks","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":818206,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Waldrop, Mark 0000-0003-1829-7140","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1829-7140","contributorId":216758,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waldrop","given":"Mark","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":818207,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ]}