Title III of the Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act (ANILCA, 1980) established the Selawik National Wildlife Refuge (SNWR). Section 304 of the Act requires the Secretary of Interior to \"prepare, and from time to time revise, a comprehensive conservation plan\" for the refuge. Before developing a plan for the refuge, the Secretary shall \"identify and describe--a) the populations and habitats of the fish and wildlife resources of the refuge; b) the special values of the refuge as well as any other archeological, cultural, ecological, geological, historical, palentological, scenic, or wilderness value of the refuge; c) areas within the refuge that are suitable for use as administrative sites or visitor facilities...; d) present the potential requirements for access with respect to the refuge...; and e) significant problems which may adversely affect the populations and habitats of fish and wildlife identified and described...\" (ANILCA, 1980). Vegetation, water, and terrain (elevation, slope, and aspect) are the components of habitat and can be used in the determination of the above requirements.
\nThe U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service (USFWS) has the responsibility for collecting the resource information to address the research, management, development and planning requirements identified in Section 304. Because of the brief period provided by the Act for data collection, habitat mapping, and habitat assessment, the USFWS in cooperation with the U.S. Geological Survey's EROS Field Office, used digital Landsat multispectral scanner (MSS) data and digital terrain data to produce land cover and terrain maps. A computer assisted digital analysis of Landsat MSS data was used because coverage by aerial photographs was incomplete for the refuge and because the level of detail obtained from Landsat data was adequate to meet most USFWS research, management and planning needs. Relative cost and time requirements were also factors in the decision to use the digital analysis approach.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/70159184","usgsCitation":"Markon, C.J., 1988, Selawik National Wildlife Refuge land cover mapping project users guide, 28 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70159184.","productDescription":"28 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":310007,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/70159184.jpg"},{"id":311258,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70159184/report.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Selawik National Wildlife Refuge","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -162,\n 66\n ],\n [\n -162,\n 67\n ],\n [\n -156,\n 67\n ],\n [\n -156,\n 66\n ],\n [\n -162,\n 66\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5623712ee4b06217fc47dea7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Markon, Carl J. markon@usgs.gov","contributorId":2499,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Markon","given":"Carl","email":"markon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":577787,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5230098,"text":"5230098 - 1988 - Migration, Harvest, and Population Characteristics of Mourning Doves Banded in the Western Management Unit, 1964-1977","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:23","indexId":"5230098","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T11:33:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":26,"text":"Fish and Wildlife Technical Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"13","title":"Migration, Harvest, and Population Characteristics of Mourning Doves Banded in the Western Management Unit, 1964-1977","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Tomlinson, R.E., Dolton, D., Reeves, H., Nichols, J., and McKibben, L., 1988, Migration, Harvest, and Population Characteristics of Mourning Doves Banded in the Western Management Unit, 1964-1977: Fish and Wildlife Technical Report 13, iv, 101.","productDescription":"iv, 101","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":112298,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.31822009510355?urlappend=%3Bseq=9"},{"id":202642,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a60e4b07f02db635576","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tomlinson, R. E.","contributorId":78830,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tomlinson","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":343502,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dolton, David D.","contributorId":45803,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dolton","given":"David D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":343501,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Reeves, H.M.","contributorId":92634,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reeves","given":"H.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":343503,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Nichols, J.D. 0000-0002-7631-2890","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7631-2890","contributorId":14332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"J.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":343500,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"McKibben, L.A.","contributorId":10133,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McKibben","given":"L.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":343499,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":5230133,"text":"5230133 - 1988 - An annotated bibliography of field studies conducted on the Patuxent Wildlife Research Center: 1940-1987","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:26","indexId":"5230133","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T10:33:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":8,"text":"Biological Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"88(2)","title":"An annotated bibliography of field studies conducted on the Patuxent Wildlife Research Center: 1940-1987","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Hall, R., 1988, An annotated bibliography of field studies conducted on the Patuxent Wildlife Research Center: 1940-1987: Biological Report 88(2), 16.","productDescription":"16","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":202821,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adae4b07f02db6857a3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hall, R.J.","contributorId":32885,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hall","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":343567,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5230263,"text":"5230263 - 1988 - The brown tree snake, Boiga irregularis, a threat to Pacific Islands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:24","indexId":"5230263","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T10:33:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":8,"text":"Biological Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"88(31)","title":"The brown tree snake, Boiga irregularis, a threat to Pacific Islands","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Fritts, T.H., 1988, The brown tree snake, Boiga irregularis, a threat to Pacific Islands: Biological Report 88(31), 36.","productDescription":"36","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":202727,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aaae4b07f02db669624","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fritts, T. H.","contributorId":40147,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fritts","given":"T.","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":343871,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5200037,"text":"5200037 - 1988 - Arsenic Hazards to Fish, Wildlife, and Invertebrates: A Synoptic Review","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-09-13T09:30:19","indexId":"5200037","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T10:33:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":3,"text":"Organization Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":167,"text":"Contaminant Hazard Reviews","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":3}},"seriesNumber":"Report 12 ; Biological Report 85(1.12).","title":"Arsenic Hazards to Fish, Wildlife, and Invertebrates: A Synoptic Review","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service","publisherLocation":"Laurel, MD","usgsCitation":"Eisler, R., 1988, Arsenic Hazards to Fish, Wildlife, and Invertebrates: A Synoptic Review: Contaminant Hazard Reviews Report 12 ; Biological Report 85(1.12)., vii, 92.","productDescription":"vii, 92","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":202784,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":91857,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.pwrc.usgs.gov/eisler/CHR_12_Arsenic.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abce4b07f02db672dfd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Eisler, R.","contributorId":51869,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eisler","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":326861,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5200273,"text":"5200273 - 1988 - National atlas of coastal waterbird colonies in the contiguous United States, 1976-82","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:27","indexId":"5200273","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T10:33:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":8,"text":"Biological Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"88 (5).","title":"National atlas of coastal waterbird colonies in the contiguous United States, 1976-82","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","publisherLocation":"Washington, DC","usgsCitation":"Spendelow, J., and Patton, S., 1988, National atlas of coastal waterbird colonies in the contiguous United States, 1976-82: Biological Report 88 (5)., ix, 326.","productDescription":"ix, 326","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":92099,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027/umn.31951p008974187"},{"id":202616,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b00e4b07f02db6983e4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Spendelow, J. A. 0000-0001-8167-0898","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8167-0898","contributorId":72478,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spendelow","given":"J. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":327379,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Patton, S.R.","contributorId":50999,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Patton","given":"S.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":327378,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5230097,"text":"5230097 - 1988 - Demographic Characteristics of a Maine Woodcock Population and Effects of Habitat Management","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:22","indexId":"5230097","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T10:33:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":25,"text":"Fish and Wildlife Research","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"No. 4","title":"Demographic Characteristics of a Maine Woodcock Population and Effects of Habitat Management","docAbstract":"A population of American woodcock (Scolopax minor) was studied on a 3,401-ha area of the Moosehorn National Wildlife Refuge in northeastern Maine from 1976 through 1985. During 1976-83, from 4 to 64 clearcuts were created each year, opening up large contiguous blocks of forest. A combination of mist nets, ground traps, nightlighting techniques, and trained dogs were used to capture and band 1,884 birds during the first 5 years. Capture and recapture data (totaling 3,009 observations) were used with both demographically closed and open population models to estimate population size and, for open population models, summer survival. Flying young, especially young males, represented the greatest proportion of all captures; analysis showed that young males were more prone to capture than young females. Male courtship began about 24 March each year, usually when there was still snow in wooded areas. Males ~2 years old dominated singing grounds during April each year, but this situation changed and first-year males dominated singing grounds in May. Singing males shifted from older established singing grounds to new clearcuts soon after we initiated forest management. Many males were subdominant at singing grounds despite an abundance of unoccupied openings. Three hundred adult females were captured and, except for 1978, the majority were ~2 years old. The year in which female homing rate was lowest(1979) was preceded by the year with the largest number of l-year-old brood female captures and a summer drought. Summer survival of young was lowest in 1978 and was attributed to summer drought. The year 1979 had an abnormally cool and wet spring, and was the poorest for production of young. Capture ratios of young-to-adult females obtained by nightlighting could be used to predict production on our study area. Closed population model estimates did not seem to fit either young or adult data sets well. Instead, a partially open capture-recapture model that allowed death but no immigration seemed to fit best. Only the number of males in the population changed significantly during the study. An increase from 88 males in 1976 to 156 in 1980 was attributed to habitat management. Singingmale surveys on our area detected little change in the number of singing males, but our independent population estimates from mark-recapture data showed a larger total male population by 1980. Annual density estimates for all age and sex classes ranged from 19 to 25 birds/l00 ha. A hypothesis on the breeding system of the American woodcock is presented as well as a discussion of management implications, including the importance of creating high-quality habitat on private lands.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","collaboration":"NTIS Accession Number: PB88-249263 3577_Dwyer.pdf","usgsCitation":"Dwyer, T., Sepik, G., Derleth, E., and McAuley, D., 1988, Demographic Characteristics of a Maine Woodcock Population and Effects of Habitat Management: Fish and Wildlife Research No. 4, iii, 29.","productDescription":"iii, 29","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":202640,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ab2e4b07f02db66ed68","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dwyer, T.J.","contributorId":56177,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dwyer","given":"T.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":343497,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sepik, G.F.","contributorId":101348,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sepik","given":"G.F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":343498,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Derleth, E.L.","contributorId":31483,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Derleth","given":"E.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":343496,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"McAuley, D.G. 0000-0003-3674-6392","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3674-6392","contributorId":15296,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McAuley","given":"D.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":343495,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":5200021,"text":"5200021 - 1988 - Lead Hazards to Fish, Wildlife, and Invertebrates: A Synoptic Review","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-09-13T09:32:45","indexId":"5200021","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T10:33:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":3,"text":"Organization Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":167,"text":"Contaminant Hazard Reviews","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":3}},"seriesNumber":"Report 14 ; Biological Report 85(1.14)","title":"Lead Hazards to Fish, Wildlife, and Invertebrates: A Synoptic Review","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service","publisherLocation":"Laurel, MD","usgsCitation":"Eisler, R., 1988, Lead Hazards to Fish, Wildlife, and Invertebrates: A Synoptic Review: Contaminant Hazard Reviews Report 14 ; Biological Report 85(1.14), vii, 134.","productDescription":"vii, 134","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":202778,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":91907,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.pwrc.usgs.gov/eisler/CHR_14_Lead.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a893d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Eisler, R.","contributorId":51869,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eisler","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":326823,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5230001,"text":"5230001 - 1988 - Interpreting residues of petroleum hydrocarbons in wildlife tissues","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-19T21:02:52","indexId":"5230001","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T10:33:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":8,"text":"Biological Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"88(15)","title":"Interpreting residues of petroleum hydrocarbons in wildlife tissues","docAbstract":"A brief guidance publication that explains how to evaluate reports of petroleum concentrations in animal tissue. Sections on background, sampling and handling of samples, reports and interpretation, when to analyze for hydrocarbons, and how to interpret the magnitude of the concentrations.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","collaboration":"NTIS PB89-124754 3610_Hall.pdf","usgsCitation":"Hall, R., and Coon, N.C., 1988, Interpreting residues of petroleum hydrocarbons in wildlife tissues: Biological Report 88(15), 8.","productDescription":"8","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":202528,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":267831,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.pwrc.usgs.gov/oilinla/pdfs/3610_Hall.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49d9e4b07f02db5dfe9f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hall, R.J.","contributorId":32885,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hall","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":343346,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Coon, N. C.","contributorId":76695,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coon","given":"N.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":343347,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5230220,"text":"5230220 - 1988 - Bird Damage to Sunflower in North Dakota, South Dakota, and Minnesota, 1979-1981","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:25","indexId":"5230220","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T10:33:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":26,"text":"Fish and Wildlife Technical Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"No. 15","title":"Bird Damage to Sunflower in North Dakota, South Dakota, and Minnesota, 1979-1981","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Hothem, R.L., DeHaven, R.W., and Fairaizl, S., 1988, Bird Damage to Sunflower in North Dakota, South Dakota, and Minnesota, 1979-1981: Fish and Wildlife Technical Report No. 15, iii, 11.","productDescription":"iii, 11","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":202742,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a38e4b07f02db61cee4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hothem, R. 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The discrepancy of these assessments stems from the suitable-habitat approach used by the authors vs. the narrower eyrie-based USFWS recovery plan. 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