{"pageNumber":"4603","pageRowStart":"115050","pageSize":"25","recordCount":166022,"records":[{"id":2229,"text":"wsp2196C - 1984 - Nutrient and detritus transport in the Apalachicola River, Florida","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":10218,"text":"ofr83130 - 1983 - Nutrient and detritus transport in the Apalachicola River, Florida","indexId":"ofr83130","publicationYear":"1983","noYear":false,"title":"Nutrient and detritus transport in the Apalachicola River, Florida"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":2229,"text":"wsp2196C - 1984 - Nutrient and detritus transport in the Apalachicola River, Florida","indexId":"wsp2196C","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"chapter":"C","title":"Nutrient and detritus transport in the Apalachicola River, Florida"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:19","indexId":"wsp2196C","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2196","chapter":"C","title":"Nutrient and detritus transport in the Apalachicola River, Florida","docAbstract":"The Apalachicola River in northwest Florida flows 172 kilometers southward from Jim Woodruff Dam near the Florida-Georgia border to Apalachicola Bay on the Gulf of Mexico. The basin is composed of two 3,100-squarekilometer subbasins, the Chipola and the Apalachicola. The Apalachicola subbasin includes a 454-square-kilometer bottom-land hardwood flood plain that is relatively undeveloped. The flood plain contains more than 1,500 trees per hectare that annually produce approximately 800 metric tons of litter fall per square kilometer. Spring floods of March and April 1980 carried 35,000 metric tons of particulate organic carbon derived from litter fall into Apalachicola Bay. The estuarine food web is predominantly detrital based and represents an important commercial source of oyster, shrimp, blue crab, and various species of fish. \r\n\r\nThe water budget of the Apalachicola basin is heavily dominated by streamflow. For a 1-year period in 1979-80, 28.6 cubic kilometers of water flowed past the Sumatra gage on the lower river. Eighty percent of this volume flowed into the upper river near Chattahoochee, Fla., and 11 percent was contributed by its major tributary, the Chipola River. Contributions from ground water and overland runoff were less than 10 percent. \r\n\r\nStreamflow increases downstream were accompanied by equivalent increases in nitrogen and phosphorus transport. The nutrients were released to the river by the flood-plain vegetation, but also were subject to recycling. The increase in the amount of organic carbon transport downstream was greater than streamflow increases. The flood plain is an important source of organic carbon, especially in detrital form. \r\n\r\nSeveral methods for measurement of detritus in the river and flood plain were developed and tested. The detritus data from the flood plain added semiquantitative evidence for transport of detritus from the flood plain to the river flow, probably accounting for most of the coarse particulate organic material carried by the river. \r\n\r\nDuring the 1-year period of investigation, June 3, 1979, through June 2, 1980, 2.1 ? 10 5 metric tons of organic carbon were transported from the river basin to the bay. Nitrogen and phosphorus transport during the same period amounted to 2.2 ? 10 4 and 1.7 ? 10 3 metric tons, respectively. On an areal basis, it was calculated that the flood plain contributed 70 grams of organic carbon per square meter per year, 0.4 gram of nitrogen per square meter per year, and 0.5 gram of phosphorus per square meter per year. The flood plain acts as a source of detrital carbon, but for the solutes, nutrient release is approximately balanced by nutrient retention.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp2196C","usgsCitation":"Mattraw, H., and Elder, J.F., 1984, Nutrient and detritus transport in the Apalachicola River, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2196, viii, C62 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2196C.","productDescription":"viii, C62 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":137713,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2196c/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":27983,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2196c/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afce4b07f02db6967b4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mattraw, Harold C.","contributorId":81878,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mattraw","given":"Harold C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144856,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Elder, John F.","contributorId":23919,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elder","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":144855,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":2087,"text":"wsp2230 - 1984 - A filtration and column-adsorption system for onsite concentration and fractionation of organic substances from large volumes of water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:23","indexId":"wsp2230","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2230","title":"A filtration and column-adsorption system for onsite concentration and fractionation of organic substances from large volumes of water","docAbstract":"A portable filtration and column-adsorption system which can concentrate suspended sediment and dissolved-aqueous organic substances onsite was developed. \r\n\r\nOrganic solutes also are fractionated into hydrophobic- and hydrophilic-acid, base, and neutral fractions. Subsequent isolation of organic solutes from fraction concentrates and extraction of organic constituents in suspended sediment entrained on filter tubes is performed by a variety of procedures in the laboratory. Three surface-water samples and one ground-water sample ranging in volume from 300 to 1,100 liters were processed through the filtration and column-adsorption system, yielding from about 0.8 to 3.0 grams of recovered organic carbon per sample.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp2230","usgsCitation":"Leenheer, J., and Noyes, T., 1984, A filtration and column-adsorption system for onsite concentration and fractionation of organic substances from large volumes of water: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2230, iv, 16 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2230.","productDescription":"iv, 16 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":138467,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2230/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":27651,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2230/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6aeb95","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Leenheer, J.A.","contributorId":75123,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leenheer","given":"J.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144656,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Noyes, T.I.","contributorId":54971,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Noyes","given":"T.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144655,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":1288,"text":"wsp2222 - 1984 - Hydrologic characteristics of Nebraska soils","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:13","indexId":"wsp2222","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2222","title":"Hydrologic characteristics of Nebraska soils","docAbstract":"The influence of the physical characteristics of soil on hydrology is frequently neglected. In this report, the effects of five characteristics on the hydrologic responses of soils in Nebraska are evaluated quantitatively, soils are grouped through use of a simplified coding system according to similarities in hydrologic responses, and are mapped according to these responses. \r\n\r\nGeneral soils maps of the U.S. Department of Agriculture Soil Conservation Service and data for the physical properties of the soils proved well-suited to hydrologic interpretation. This interpretation of the maps and data led to the selection of three characteristics as classification variables: Average permeability of the 60-inch soil profile, average maximum soil slope, and depth to the seasonal high water table. Permeability of the least permeable horizon and available water capacity, although not needed as classification variables, are useful in explaining some of the hydrologic responses of soils. \r\n\r\nThe primary soil units used in groupings and interpretation of the soils for this study are the soil associations. A computer program is presented that sorts the soils into groups and calculates statistics for each group. The 147 soil associations in Nebraska were thus sorted into 29 hydrologic soil groups. The location and extent of these hydrologic soil groups are shown on maps at scales of 1:750,000 and 1:250,000 for the State.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp2222","usgsCitation":"Dugan, J.T., 1984, Hydrologic characteristics of Nebraska soils: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2222, iv, 19 p. :ill., maps (1 col.) ;28 cm.; 12 plates in pocket, https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2222.","productDescription":"iv, 19 p. :ill., maps (1 col.) ;28 cm.; 12 plates in pocket","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":137000,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2222/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":26257,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2222/plate-01.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":26258,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2222/plate-02.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":26259,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2222/plate-03.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":26260,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2222/plate-04.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":26261,"rank":404,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2222/plate-05.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":26262,"rank":405,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2222/plate-06.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":26263,"rank":406,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2222/plate-07.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":26264,"rank":407,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2222/plate-08.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":26265,"rank":408,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2222/plate-09.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":26266,"rank":409,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2222/plate-10.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":26267,"rank":410,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2222/plate-11.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":26268,"rank":411,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2222/plate-12.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":26269,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2222/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e6e4b07f02db5e7364","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dugan, Jack T.","contributorId":102456,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dugan","given":"Jack","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143504,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":1321,"text":"wsp2245 - 1984 - Appraisal of data for ground-water quality in Nebraska","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":8745,"text":"ofr83128 - 1983 - Appraisal of data for ground-water quality in Nebraska","indexId":"ofr83128","publicationYear":"1983","noYear":false,"title":"Appraisal of data for ground-water quality in Nebraska"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":1321,"text":"wsp2245 - 1984 - Appraisal of data for ground-water quality in Nebraska","indexId":"wsp2245","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"title":"Appraisal of data for ground-water quality in Nebraska"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:17","indexId":"wsp2245","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2245","title":"Appraisal of data for ground-water quality in Nebraska","docAbstract":"This report summarizes existing data for groundwater quality in Nebraska and indicates their adequacy as a data base. Analyses have been made of water from nearly 10,000 wells by 8 agencies. Those analyses that meet reliability criteria have been aggregated by geologic source of water into four principal aquifer groupings--Holocene-Pleistocene aquifers, Tertiary aquifers, Mesozoic aquifers, and Paleozoic aquifers. \r\n\r\nFor each aquifer grouping, data for specific conductance and 24 constituents in the water are summarized statistically. Also, diagrams are presented showing differences in statistical parameters, or in chemical composition, of water from the different aquifer groupings. Additionally, for each grouping except Paleozoic aquifers, maps show ranges in concentration of dissolved solids, calcium, alkalinity, and sulfate. In areas where data are insufficient to delimit, ranges in concentration also are shown on the maps. \r\n\r\nPoint-source contamination has been identified at 41 locations and nonpoint-source contamination in 3 areas, namely, the central Platte Valley, Holt County, and Boyd County. Potential for nonpoint-source contamination exists in 10 major areas, which together comprise more than one-third of the State. \r\n\r\nExisting data are mostly from specific projects having limited areas and objectives. Consequently, a lack of data exists for other areas and for certain geologic units, particularly the Mesozoic and Paleozoic aquifers. Specific data needs for each of the four principal aquifer groupings are indicated in a matrix table.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O. ;\r\nFor sale by the Distribution Branch, U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wsp2245","usgsCitation":"Engberg, R., 1984, Appraisal of data for ground-water quality in Nebraska: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2245, iv, 54 p. :ill. (some col.), maps (some col.) ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2245.","productDescription":"iv, 54 p. :ill. (some col.), maps (some col.) ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":138068,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2245/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":26363,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2245/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac6e4b07f02db67a3ce","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Engberg, R. A.","contributorId":104876,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Engberg","given":"R. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143560,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":1971,"text":"wsp2252 - 1984 - Use of the routing procedure to study dye and gas transport in the West Fork Trinity River, Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:24","indexId":"wsp2252","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2252","title":"Use of the routing procedure to study dye and gas transport in the West Fork Trinity River, Texas","docAbstract":"Rhodamine-WT dye, ethylene, and propane were injected at three sites along a 21.6-kilometer reach of the West Fork Trinity River below Fort Worth, Texas. Complete dye concentration versus time curves and peak gas concentrations were measured at three cross sections below each injection. The peak dye concentrations were located and samples were collected at about three-hour intervals for as many as six additional cross sections. These data were analyzed to determine the longitudinal dispersion coefficients as well as the gas desorption coefficients using both standard techniques and a numerical routing procedure. \r\n\r\nThe routing procedure, using a Lagrangian transport model to minimize numerical dispersion, provided better estimates of the dispersion coefficient than did the method of moments. At a steady flow of about 0.76 m2/s, the dispersion coefficient varied from about 0.7 m2/s in a reach contained within a single deep pool to about 2.0 m2/s in a reach containing riffles and small pools. \r\n\r\nThe bulk desorption coefficients computed using the routing procedure and the standard peak method were essentially the same. The liquid film coefficient could also be obtained using the routing procedure. Both the bulk desorption coefficient and the liquid film coefficient were much smaller in the pooled reach than in the reaches containing riffles.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp2252","usgsCitation":"Jobson, H.E., and Rathbun, R.E., 1984, Use of the routing procedure to study dye and gas transport in the West Fork Trinity River, Texas: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2252, iv, 21 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2252.","productDescription":"iv, 21 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":138297,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2252/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":27347,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2252/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a08e4b07f02db5fa28e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jobson, Harvey E.","contributorId":27032,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jobson","given":"Harvey","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144455,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rathbun, R. E.","contributorId":61796,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rathbun","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144456,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":1696,"text":"wsp2192 - 1984 - Appearance and water quality of turbidity plumes produced by dredging in Tampa Bay, Florida","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":9187,"text":"ofr81541 - 1981 - Appearance and water quality of turbidity plumes created by dredging in Tampa Bay, Florida","indexId":"ofr81541","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"title":"Appearance and water quality of turbidity plumes created by dredging in Tampa Bay, Florida"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":1696,"text":"wsp2192 - 1984 - Appearance and water quality of turbidity plumes produced by dredging in Tampa Bay, Florida","indexId":"wsp2192","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"title":"Appearance and water quality of turbidity plumes produced by dredging in Tampa Bay, Florida"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:15","indexId":"wsp2192","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2192","title":"Appearance and water quality of turbidity plumes produced by dredging in Tampa Bay, Florida","docAbstract":"Turbidity plumes in Tampa Bay, Florida, produced during ship-channel dredging operations from February 1977 to August 1978, were monitored in order to document plume appearance and water quality, evaluate plume influence on the characteristics of Tampa Bay water, and provide a data base for comparison with other areas that have similar sediment, dredge, placement, containment, and tide conditions. The plumes investigated originated from the operation of one hopper dredge and three cutterhead-pipeline dredges. \r\n\r\nComposition of bottom sediment was found to vary from 85 percent sand and shell fragments to 60 percent silt and clay. Placement methods for dredged sediment included beach nourishment, stationary submerged discharge, oscillating surface discharge, and construction of emergent dikes. Tidal currents ranged from slack water to flow velocities of 0.60 meter per second. \r\n\r\nPlumes were monitored simultaneously by (1) oblique and vertical 35-millimeter aerial photography and (2) water-quality sampling to determine water clarity and concentrations of nutrients, metals, pesticides, and industrial compounds. Forty-nine photographs depict plumes ranging in length from a few tens of meters to several kilometers and ranging in turbidity level from <10 to 200,000 nephelometric turbidity units. \r\n\r\nThe most visible turbidity plumes were produced by surface discharge of material with high sand content into unconfined placement areas during times of strong tidal currents. The least visible turbidity plumes were produced by discharge of material with high silt and clay content into areas enclosed by floating turbidity barriers during times of weak tidal currents. Beach nourishment from hopper-dredge unloading operations also produced plumes of low visibility. \r\n\r\nPrimary turbidity plumes were produced directly by dredging and placement operations; secondary plumes were produced indirectly by resuspension of previously deposited material. Secondary plumes were formed both by erosion, in areas of high-velocity tidal currents, and by turbulence from vessels passing over fine material deposited in shallow areas. \r\n\r\nWhere turbidity barriers were not used, turbidity plumes visible at the surface were good indicators of the location of turbid water at depth. Where turbidity barriers were used, turbid bottom water was found at locations having no visible surface plumes.\r\n\r\nA region of rapidly accelerating then decelerating flow near the mouth of Tampa Bay produced a two-part or separated plume. Flow acceleration contracted the width of the visible plume, and subsequent flow deceleration caused plume expansion. The two wide segments of the plume appeared to be separated from each other because of the intervening narrow part. \r\n\r\nWaters ambient to the plumes were tested for clarity in two sections of Tampa Bay. Ambient-water transparency in Tampa Bay was about three times greater near its mouth, in South Tampa Bay, than near its head, in Hillsborough Bay. Two other measures of water clarity, turbidity and suspended solids, showed no statistically significant difference between the two areas, however, indicating that transparency is a more sensitive measure of ambient water clarity than either turbidity or suspended solids. \r\n\r\nThe nutrient and metal concentrations for samples of plume water and water ambient to the plumes in Tampa Bay were statistically equivalent, indicating no detectable changes due to dredging. The concentrations of dissolved copper, lead, mercury, and total mercury, however, were greater in plumes in Hillsborough Bay than in South Tampa Bay. In Hillsborough Bay, six occurrences of the herbicide 2,4-D at concentrations near the detection limit, 0.01 to 0.05 micrograms per liter, were unrelated to dredging activity. \r\n\r\nData recorded for longer than the study period indicate that from 1976 through 1979 few average turbidity characteristics in South Tampa and Hillsborough Bays can be directly attributed to dredging operation","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp2192","usgsCitation":"Goodwin, C., and Michaelis, D., 1984, Appearance and water quality of turbidity plumes produced by dredging in Tampa Bay, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2192, vi, 66 p. :ill. (some col.), maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2192.","productDescription":"vi, 66 p. :ill. (some col.), maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":137051,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2192/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":26778,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2192/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac7e4b07f02db67add0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Goodwin, Carl R.","contributorId":76284,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goodwin","given":"Carl R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143983,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Michaelis, D.M.","contributorId":44896,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Michaelis","given":"D.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143982,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":32,"text":"wsp2244 - 1984 - Cost effectiveness of the stream-gaging program in Maine; A prototype for nationwide implementation","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":7073,"text":"ofr83261 - 1983 - Cost-effectiveness of the stream-gaging program in Maine","indexId":"ofr83261","publicationYear":"1983","noYear":false,"title":"Cost-effectiveness of the stream-gaging program in Maine"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":32,"text":"wsp2244 - 1984 - Cost effectiveness of the stream-gaging program in Maine; A prototype for nationwide implementation","indexId":"wsp2244","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"title":"Cost effectiveness of the stream-gaging program in Maine; A prototype for nationwide implementation"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-04-01T11:46:38.21009","indexId":"wsp2244","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2244","title":"Cost effectiveness of the stream-gaging program in Maine; A prototype for nationwide implementation","docAbstract":"<p>This report documents the results of a cost-effectiveness study of the stream-gaging program in Maine. Data uses and funding sources were identified for the 51 continuous stream gages currently being operated in Maine with a budget of \\$211,000. Three stream gages were identified as producing data no longer sufficiently needed to warrant continuing their operation. Operation of these stations should be discontinued. Data collected at three other stations were identified as having uses specific only to short-term studies; it is recommended that these stations be discontinued at the end of the data-collection phases of the studies. The remaining 45 stations should be maintained in the program for the foreseeable future. The current policy for operation of the 45-station program would require a budget of \\$180,300 per year. The average standard error of estimation of streamflow records is 17.7 percent. It was shown that this overall level of accuracy at the 45 sites could be maintained with a budget of approximately \\$170,000 if resources were redistributed among the gages. A minimum budget of \\$155,000 is required to operate the 45-gage program; a smaller budget would not permit proper service and maintenance of the gages and recorders. At the minimum budget, the average standard error is 25.1 percent. The maximum budget analyzed was \\$350,000, which resulted in an average standard error of 8.7 percent. Large parts of Maine's interior were identified as having sparse streamflow data. It was determined that this sparsity be remedied as funds become available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","doi":"10.3133/wsp2244","usgsCitation":"Fontaine, R.A., Moss, M.E., Smath, J., and Thomas, W.O., 1984, Cost effectiveness of the stream-gaging program in Maine; A prototype for nationwide implementation: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2244, vi, 39 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2244.","productDescription":"vi, 39 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":137335,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2244/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":24650,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2244/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United 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 \"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad5e4b07f02db683795","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fontaine, Richard A. rfontain@usgs.gov","contributorId":2379,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fontaine","given":"Richard","email":"rfontain@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":141838,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moss, M. E.","contributorId":50500,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moss","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":141840,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Smath, J.A.","contributorId":15174,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smath","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":141839,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Thomas, W. O.","contributorId":101246,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomas","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":141841,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":746,"text":"wsp2229 - 1984 - Test well DO-CE 88 at Cambridge, Dorchester County, Maryland","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":7572,"text":"ofr821015 - 1982 - Test well DO-CE 88 at Cambridge, Dorchester County, Maryland","indexId":"ofr821015","publicationYear":"1982","noYear":false,"title":"Test well DO-CE 88 at Cambridge, Dorchester County, Maryland"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":746,"text":"wsp2229 - 1984 - Test well DO-CE 88 at Cambridge, Dorchester County, Maryland","indexId":"wsp2229","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"title":"Test well DO-CE 88 at Cambridge, Dorchester County, Maryland"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:09","indexId":"wsp2229","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2229","title":"Test well DO-CE 88 at Cambridge, Dorchester County, Maryland","docAbstract":"Test well DO-CE 88 at Cambridge, Maryland, penetrated 3,299 feet of unconsolidated Quaternary, Tertiary and Cretaceous sediments and bottomed in quartz-monzonite gneiss. The well was drilled to provide data for a study of the aquifer system of the northern Atlantic Coastal Plain. Twenty-one core samples were collected. Six sand zones were tested for aquifer properties and sampled for ground-water chemistry. Point-water heads were measured at seven depths. Environmental heads (which ranged from - 18.33 to + 44.16 feet relative to sea level)indicate an upward component of flow. A temperature log showed a maximum temperature of 41.9 degrees Celsius and a mean temperature gradient of 0.00838 degrees Celsius per foot. \r\n\r\nThe water analyses delineated the freshwater-saltwater transition zone between 2,650 and 3,100 feet. The ground water changes progressively downward from a sodium bicarbonate to a sodium chloride character. Clays in the analyzed core samples belong to the montmorillonite and kaolinite groups, and mean cation exchange capacity ranged from 8.3 to 38.9 milliequivalents per 100 grams. \r\n\r\nVertical and horizontal hydraulic conductivities measured in cores ranged from 1.5 x 10 6 to 1.3 feet per day and from 7.3 x 10 -6 to 1.3 feet per day, respectively, but the most permeable sands were not cored. Porosity was 1.5 percent in the quartz monzonite bedrock and ranged from 22.4 to 41 percent in the overlying sediments. Transmissivities from aquifer tests ranged from 25 to 850 feet squared per day; horizontal hydraulic conductivities ranged from.2.5 to 85 feet squared per day, and intrinsic permeabilities ranged from 0.8 to 23 micrometers squared. \r\n\r\nFossils identified in core samples include palynomorphs, dinoflagellates, and foraminifers.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp2229","usgsCitation":"Trapp, H., Knobel, L.L., Meisler, H., and Leahy, P.P., 1984, Test well DO-CE 88 at Cambridge, Dorchester County, Maryland: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2229, iv, 48 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2229.","productDescription":"iv, 48 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":136383,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2229/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":25315,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2229/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad9e4b07f02db684b62","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Trapp, Henry Jr.","contributorId":6034,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trapp","given":"Henry","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":142673,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Knobel, LeRoy L.","contributorId":76285,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knobel","given":"LeRoy","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":142675,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Meisler, Harold","contributorId":34103,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meisler","given":"Harold","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":142674,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Leahy, P. Patrick","contributorId":80648,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leahy","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"Patrick","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":142676,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":2675,"text":"wsp2212 - 1984 - Water quality in the New River from Calexico to the Salton Sea, Imperial County, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-12T21:58:23.002753","indexId":"wsp2212","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2212","title":"Water quality in the New River from Calexico to the Salton Sea, Imperial County, California","docAbstract":"The New River enters the United States at Calexico, Calif., after it crosses the international boundary. Water-quality data from routine collection indicated that the New River was degraded by high organic and bacterial content. Intensive sampling for chemical and physical constituents and properties of the river was done May 9-13, 1977, to quantify the chemical composition of the water and to identify water-quality problems. \r\n\r\nConcentrations of total organic carbon in the New River at Calexico ranged from 80 to 161 milligrams per liter and dissolved organic carbon ranged from 34 to 42 milligrams per liter; the maximum chemical oxygen demand was 510 milligrams per liter. Intensive sampling for chemical and biological characteristics was done in the New River from May 1977 to June 1978 to determine the occurrence of the organic material and its effects on downstream water quality. \r\n\r\nDissolved-oxygen concentration was measured along longitudinal profiles of the river from Calexico to the Salton Sea. A dissolved-oxygen sag downstream from the Calexico gage varied seasonally. The sag extended farther downstream and had lower concentrations of dissolved oxygen during the summer months than during the winter months. The sag of zero dissolved-oxygen concentration extended 26 miles in July 1977. In December 1976, the sag extended 20 miles but the minimum dissolved-oxygen concentration was 2.5 milligrams per liter. The greatest diel (24-hour) variation in dissolved-oxygen concentration occurred in the reach from the Calexico gage to Lyons Crossing, 8.8 miles downstream. High concentrations of organic material were detected as far as Highway 80, 19.5 miles downstream from the international boundary. \r\n\r\nBiological samples analyzed for benthic invertebrates showed that water at the Calexico and Lyons Crossing sites, nearest the international boundary, was of such poor quality that very few bottom-dwelling organisms could survive. Although the water was of poor quality at Keystone Road, 36 miles downstream, it was able to support a benthic community. The April sample had more than 9,150 organisms on a multiplate sampler, 8,770 of which were of one species. Farther downstream at the Westmorland gage, the water quality, as indicated by the number and diversity of organisms, had improved over that at the Keystone site. The Alamo River at its outlet to the Salton Sea--the control site--had the greatest diversity of all the study sites. This diversity, when compared with the diversity at the Westmorland gage, indicated that the effects of the degraded water quality observed at the New River at Calexico are detected as far as 62 miles downstream. Standard bacteria indicator tests indicate that fecal contamination exists in the New River. Counts of fecal coliform bacteria ranged from 180,000 to 2,800,000 colonies per 100 milliliters for the 20-mile reach from Calexico to Highway 80, and fecal streptococcal bacteria ranged from 5,000 to 240,000 colonies per 100 milliliters.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wsp2212","usgsCitation":"Setmire, J.G., 1984, Water quality in the New River from Calexico to the Salton Sea, Imperial County, California: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2212, iv, 42 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2212.","productDescription":"iv, 42 p.","numberOfPages":"46","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":410325,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_25472.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":138262,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2212/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":29025,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2212/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"Calexico","otherGeospatial":"New River, Salton Sea","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -115.76476950261613,\n              33.20524890046873\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.76476950261613,\n              32.6695879689143\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.37091000447533,\n              32.6695879689143\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.37091000447533,\n              33.20524890046873\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.76476950261613,\n              33.20524890046873\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a14e4b07f02db602b29","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Setmire, James G.","contributorId":105284,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Setmire","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145595,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":138,"text":"wsp2250 - 1984 - National water summary 1983: Hydrologic events and issues","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-16T13:06:53","indexId":"wsp2250","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2250","title":"National water summary 1983: Hydrologic events and issues","docAbstract":"<p>The United States as a Nation possesses abundant water resources and has developed and used those resources extensively. The national renewable supply of water is about 1,400 billion gallons per day (for the conterminous 48 States). Approximately 380 billion gallons per day of freshwater is withdrawn for use by the Nation's homes, farms, and industries, and about 280 billion gallons per day is returned to streams. Although a large percentage of the Nation's waste is carried in this return flow, the quality of water in streams has improved in many respects as a result of the pollution-control pro- grams of recent years. However, much remains to be learned about water quality particularly the extent of contamination by synthetic organic chemicals and heavy metals, and the effects of these contaminants on human health.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wsp2250","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1984, National water summary 1983: Hydrologic events and issues: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2250, vi, 243 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2250.","productDescription":"vi, 243 p.","numberOfPages":"254","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":136153,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2250/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":24749,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2250/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b00e4b07f02db698350","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":527188,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":1067,"text":"wsp2187 - 1984 - Development of a model to predict the adsorption of lead from solution on a natural streambed sediment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:17","indexId":"wsp2187","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2187","title":"Development of a model to predict the adsorption of lead from solution on a natural streambed sediment","docAbstract":"Adsorption of solutes by solid mineral surfaces commonly influences the dissolved ionic composition of natural waters. A model based on electrical double-layer theory has been developed which appears to be capable of characterizing the surface chemical behavior of a natural fine-grained sediment containing mostly quartz and feldspar. This variable surface charge-variable surface potential (VSC-VSP) model differs from others in being capable of evaluating more closely the effect of total metal ion activity on the pH-dependent change in electrical potential at the solid surface. The model was tested using 10-4 molar solutions of lead and a silt-size fraction of sediment from the bed of Colma Creek, a small stream in urban northern San Mateo County, California. The average deviation of measured percent adsorption and values calculated from the model was 6.6 adsorption percent from pH 2.0 to pH 7.0.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"For sale by the Supt. of Docs., U.S. G.P.O.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp2187","usgsCitation":"Brown, D.W., and Hem, J.D., 1984, Development of a model to predict the adsorption of lead from solution on a natural streambed sediment: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2187, iv, 35 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2187.","productDescription":"iv, 35 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":137862,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2187/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":25747,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2187/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9be4b07f02db65e0da","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brown, David Wayne","contributorId":77124,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"Wayne","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143125,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hem, John David","contributorId":42577,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hem","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"David","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143124,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":2125,"text":"wsp2224 - 1984 - Quantity and quality of streamflow in the southeastern Uinta Basin, Utah and Colorado","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":10045,"text":"ofr82688 - 1982 - Quantity of quality of streamflow in the southeastern Uinta Basin, Utah and Colorado","indexId":"ofr82688","publicationYear":"1982","noYear":false,"title":"Quantity of quality of streamflow in the southeastern Uinta Basin, Utah and Colorado"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":2125,"text":"wsp2224 - 1984 - Quantity and quality of streamflow in the southeastern Uinta Basin, Utah and Colorado","indexId":"wsp2224","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"title":"Quantity and quality of streamflow in the southeastern Uinta Basin, Utah and Colorado"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-08-31T17:24:19","indexId":"wsp2224","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2224","title":"Quantity and quality of streamflow in the southeastern Uinta Basin, Utah and Colorado","docAbstract":"<p>The southeastern Uinta Basin of Utah and Colorado includes an area of 3,000 square miles containing large oilshale deposits. Future mining and retorting of the oil shale in northeastern Utah is expected to impact the area's water resources. In order to determine premining conditions, streamflow and water-quality data were collected during 1974-79. These data plus all other available information were used to define baseline conditions for streamflow and water-quality characteristics. The data and interpretations will provide a basis for evaluating impacts of future mining.</p><p>Areal and time variances in streamflow and waterquality characteristics were determined for the major rivers (Green and White) and the intra-area streams (streams that originate within the study area). The streamflow characteristics defined are average streamflow and low- and highflow extremes. Graphs of frequency curves, duration curves, and draft-storage relations are presented for selected gaging stations. Areal variances in average and peak flows are illustrated. Water-quality characteristics are summarized according to the following categories: general waterquality characteristics, major dissolved constituents, trace elements, nutrients, pesticides, and sediment, biological, organic, and radiochemical characteristics. The means and ranges in values are discussed for the major rivers and the intra-area streams. The water-quality constituents are compared to water-quality criteria of the Environmental Protection Agency.</p><p>The major rivers flowing into the area convey an average of 5,900 cubic feet per second from a total drainage area of about 34,000 square miles. This is more than 100 times as much runoff as originates within the study area. The average flow for the major rivers is 0.17 cubic foot per second per square mile and does not vary significantly from one location to another within the study area. The flows of the intra-area streams vary from less than 0.001 to more than 0.10 cubic foot per second per square mile. Evapotranspiration losses can exceed inflow; thus average flows of some intra-area streams decrease in a downstream direction.</p><p>The quality of streamflow varies considerably between the major rivers and the intra-area streams. In the major rivers, the concentrations vary seasonally but do not vary&nbsp;significantly from one location to another. In the intra-area streams, concentrations vary both seasonally and from one location to another. The water quality in the major rivers generally is better than that in the intra-area streams. Dissolved-solids concentrations average 572 milligrams per liter for the Green River and 500 milligrams per liter for the White River, whereas mean concentrations for the intraarea streams range from 549 milligrams per liter in ephemeral streams to 5,320 milligrams per liter in Bitter Creek. Concentrations of major constituents generally do not exceed water-quality criteria of the Environmental Protection Agency except for hardness and sulfate. Several trace elements exceed water-quality criteria in intra-area streams. Dissolved-solids concentrations in base flow in short reaches of Bitter Creek can exceed 10,000 milligrams per liter. </p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/wsp2224","usgsCitation":"Lindskov, K., and Kimball, B.A., 1984, Quantity and quality of streamflow in the southeastern Uinta Basin, Utah and Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2224, vii, 72 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2224.","productDescription":"vii, 72 p.","numberOfPages":"80","costCenters":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":138267,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2224/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":27725,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2224/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado, utah","otherGeospatial":"Uinta Basin","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a61e4b07f02db635a35","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lindskov, K.L.","contributorId":91077,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lindskov","given":"K.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144707,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kimball, Briant A. bkimball@usgs.gov","contributorId":533,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kimball","given":"Briant","email":"bkimball@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":144706,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":1291,"text":"wsp2238 - 1984 - Interpolating water-table altitudes in west-central Kansas using kriging techniques","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":8646,"text":"ofr811062 - 1981 - Interpolating water-table altitudes in west-central Kansas using kriging techniques","indexId":"ofr811062","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"title":"Interpolating water-table altitudes in west-central Kansas using kriging techniques"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":1291,"text":"wsp2238 - 1984 - Interpolating water-table altitudes in west-central Kansas using kriging techniques","indexId":"wsp2238","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"title":"Interpolating water-table altitudes in west-central Kansas using kriging techniques"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:13","indexId":"wsp2238","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2238","title":"Interpolating water-table altitudes in west-central Kansas using kriging techniques","docAbstract":"Kriging is a regionalization technique that incorporates the autocorrelation between known data values in its estimation of values at unmeasured sites. This technique is reproducible, accepts irregularly spaced data, uses only measured values closely surrounding points at which values are estimated, is an exact interpolator at measured data points, and calculates an error of estimate. \r\n\r\nKriging was used to interpolate water-table altitudes for 1978 and an average 1978-80 for the Ogallala aquifer in the Western Kansas Groundwater Management District No. 1. An altitude and an error of estimate were provided at the center of each one-mile section of the district. The data were related to altitudes of the bedrock and the 1950 water table. A digital-contouring procedure was used to construct maps of the water table for 1978 and for the average 1978-80, the errors of estimate, the saturated thickness of the aquifer for 1978 and for the average 1978-80, and the percentage changes in saturated thickness since 1950. Maps made by kriging compared favorably with maps contoured manually by the point-intersection method.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp2238","usgsCitation":"Dunlap, L.E., and Spinazola, J.M., 1984, Interpolating water-table altitudes in west-central Kansas using kriging techniques: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2238, iv, 19 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2238.","productDescription":"iv, 19 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":137017,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2238/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":26272,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2238/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49dbe4b07f02db5e0743","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dunlap, L. E.","contributorId":45685,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dunlap","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143510,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Spinazola, Joseph M.","contributorId":102044,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spinazola","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143511,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":2583,"text":"wsp2198 - 1984 - A Galerkin finite-element flow model to predict the transient response of a radially symmetric aquifer","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:25","indexId":"wsp2198","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2198","title":"A Galerkin finite-element flow model to predict the transient response of a radially symmetric aquifer","docAbstract":"A computer program developed to evaluate radial flow of ground water, such as at a pumping well, recharge basin, or injection well, is capable of simulating anisotropic, inhomogenous, confined, or pseudo-unconfined (constant saturated thickness) conditions. Results compare well with those calculated from published analytical and model solutions. The program is based on the Galerkin finite-element technique. A sample model run is presented to illustrate the use of the program; supplementary material provides the program listing as well as a sample problem data set and output. From the text and other material presented, one can use the program to predict drawdowns from pumping and ground-water buildups from recharge in a radially symmetric ground-water system.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp2198","usgsCitation":"Reilly, T.E., 1984, A Galerkin finite-element flow model to predict the transient response of a radially symmetric aquifer: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2198, iv, 33 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2198.","productDescription":"iv, 33 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":122625,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2198/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":28857,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2198/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd4956e4b0b290850ef11f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reilly, Thomas E. tereilly@usgs.gov","contributorId":1660,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reilly","given":"Thomas","email":"tereilly@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":145439,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":1269,"text":"wsp2219 - 1984 - Hydrogeologic setting and the potentiometric surfaces of regional aquifers in the Hollandale Embayment, southeastern Minnesota, 1970-80","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-12T10:56:32","indexId":"wsp2219","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2219","title":"Hydrogeologic setting and the potentiometric surfaces of regional aquifers in the Hollandale Embayment, southeastern Minnesota, 1970-80","docAbstract":"<p>Sedimentary Paleozoic rocks in the Hollandale embayment in southeastern Minnesota are as thick as 2,000 ft. This sedimentary sequence, together with the Proterozoic Hinckley Sandstone and the Quaternary drift, is divided into six regional aquifers: undifferentiated drift, Upper Carbonate, St. Peter, Prairie du Chien-Jordan, Ironton-Galesville, and Mount Simon-Hinckley.</p>\n<p>Potentiometric-surface maps for each aquifer indicate that movement of ground water is predominantly toward the major rivers. The St. Croix, Minnesota, and Mississippi Rivers constitute regional discharge boundaries for ground-water flow. A major ground-water divide in the St. Peter, Prairie du Chien-Jordan, Ironton-Galesville, and Mount Simon-Hinckley aquifers in the south-central part of the Hollandale embayment separates ground-water flow northward toward the Twin Cities area and southward toward Iowa. The St. Peter and Prairie du Chien-Jordan aquifers in the southeastern part of the embayment contain ground-water mounds as high as 90 ft above the regional potentiometric surface. The mounds occur as a result of increased recharge where the Decorah-Platteville-Glenwood confining bed has been removed by erosion and the aquifers subcrop beneath drift that is about 20 ft thick. This head distribution produces a locally complex pattern of flow in which ground water moves southwesterly toward Iowa instead of directly toward the Mississippi River.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/wsp2219","usgsCitation":"Delin, G., and Woodward, D.G., 1984, Hydrogeologic setting and the potentiometric surfaces of regional aquifers in the Hollandale Embayment, southeastern Minnesota, 1970-80: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2219, iv, 56 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2219.","productDescription":"iv, 56 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science 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N.","contributorId":12834,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Delin","given":"G. N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143471,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Woodward, D. G.","contributorId":106458,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woodward","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143472,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":2288,"text":"wsp2255 - 1984 - The effect of eustatic sea-level changes on saltwater-freshwater relations in the northern Atlantic Coastal Plain","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-15T19:48:03.880031","indexId":"wsp2255","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2255","title":"The effect of eustatic sea-level changes on saltwater-freshwater relations in the northern Atlantic Coastal Plain","docAbstract":"A finite-difference computer model was used to analyze the effect of eustatic sea-level changes on the development of the transition zone between fresh ground water and underlying saltwater in the northern Atlantic Coastal Plain. The model simulates, in cross section, the sedimentary wedge from the Delaware River estuary in New Jersey to the Continental Slope. Simulated steady-state freshwater flow is separated from static saltwater by a sharp interface. The model was used to test the sensitivity of the simulated interface position to anisotropy as well as to sea-level elevation. Increasing anisotropy causes the interface to be shallower and extend farther offshore. Lowering sea level causes the interface to be deeper and to extend farther offshore. Simulations using hydraulic conductivities based on available data suggest that the transition zone is not in equilibrium with present sea level. The position of the transition zone probably reflects a long-term average sea level of between 50 and 100 ft below present sea level. The cyclic movement of salty ground water in response to sea-level fluctuations during the Quaternary and Late Tertiary caused the saltwater to mix with freshwater, thus producing a broad transition zone. The freshwater is predominantly sodium bicarbonate in character. The saltwater, from New Jersey to Virginia, probably is a sodium calcium chloride brine. In North Carolina, it is primarily seawater.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp2255","usgsCitation":"Meisler, H., Leahy, P.P., and Knobel, L.L., 1984, The effect of eustatic sea-level changes on saltwater-freshwater relations in the northern Atlantic Coastal Plain: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2255, iv, 28 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2255.","productDescription":"iv, 28 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":395980,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_25307.htm"},{"id":28087,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2255/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":137639,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2255/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Delaware, Maryland, New Jersey, North Carolina, Virginia","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -78.72802734375,\n              34.161818161230386\n            ],\n            [\n              -73.63037109375,\n              34.161818161230386\n            ],\n            [\n              -73.63037109375,\n              39.90973623453719\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.72802734375,\n              39.90973623453719\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.72802734375,\n              34.161818161230386\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4be4b07f02db6256dd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Meisler, Harold","contributorId":34103,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meisler","given":"Harold","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144958,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Leahy, P. Patrick","contributorId":80648,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leahy","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"Patrick","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144960,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Knobel, LeRoy L.","contributorId":76285,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knobel","given":"LeRoy","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144959,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":825,"text":"wsp2233 - 1984 - A water-quality study of the tidal Potomac River and Estuary — An overview","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-21T19:46:52.951693","indexId":"wsp2233","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2233","title":"A water-quality study of the tidal Potomac River and Estuary — An overview","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey began a 5-year interdisciplinary study of the tidal Potomac River and Estuary in October of 1977. The objectives of the study are: (1) to provide a basic understanding of physical, chemical, and biological processes; (2) to develop flow and transport models to predict the movement and fate of nutrients and algaes and (3) to develop efficient techniques for the study of tidal rivers and estuaries. The ultimate goal is to aid water-quality decision-making for the tidal Potomac River and Estuary. \r\n\r\nThe study is being conducted by scientists from many disciplines involved in 14 interrelated studies. These scientists are addressing five major problem areas: nutrient enrichment, algal blooms, dissolved oxygen, sedimentation, and effects of water quality on living resources. Preliminary results show that treatment of sewage has reduced the concentration load of organic carbon and phosphorus below that of the 1960's and 1970's, and changed the form of dissolved nitrogen in the tidal river. Concentrations of chlorophyll a during the study period were lower than those experienced during the massive algal blooms of the 1960's. \r\n\r\nDissolved oxygen concentrations fluctuate in response to changes in algal populations, but remain above the Environmental Protection Agency limits during the summer low-flow period. Sedimentation rates have accelerated during the past 50-70 years due to urbanization and farming. Asian clams have recently invaded the tidal river; submersed aquatic vegetation has declined since the early 1900's, but conditions may now favor its return.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wsp2233","usgsCitation":"1984, A water-quality study of the tidal Potomac River and Estuary — An overview: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2233, viii, 46 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2233.","productDescription":"viii, 46 p.","costCenters":[{"id":27111,"text":"National Water Quality Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":394683,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_25267.htm"},{"id":137013,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2233/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":25392,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2233/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Maryland, Virginia","otherGeospatial":"District of Columbia, Potomic River and Estuary","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -77.52227783203125,\n              37.92253448828906\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.26983642578125,\n              37.92253448828906\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.26983642578125,\n              39.23863526469436\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.52227783203125,\n              39.23863526469436\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.52227783203125,\n              37.92253448828906\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b15e4b07f02db6a4d94","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Callender, Edward","contributorId":83923,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Callender","given":"Edward","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":27111,"text":"National Water Quality Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":729107,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Carter, Virginia","contributorId":12018,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carter","given":"Virginia","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":729108,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hahl, D. C.","contributorId":57436,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hahl","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":729109,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hitt, Kerie","contributorId":13205,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hitt","given":"Kerie","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":729110,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Schultz, Barbara I.","contributorId":94279,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schultz","given":"Barbara","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":729111,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":1821,"text":"wsp2242 - 1984 - Ground-water regions of the United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:15","indexId":"wsp2242","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2242","title":"Ground-water regions of the United States","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp2242","usgsCitation":"Heath, R., 1984, Ground-water regions of the United States: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2242, ix, 78 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2242.","productDescription":"ix, 78 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":17,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/wsp2242/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":27017,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2242/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":137054,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2242/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa7e4b07f02db666ff7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Heath, Ralph C.","contributorId":53359,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heath","given":"Ralph C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144208,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":1726,"text":"wsp1757P - 1984 - A qualitative appraisal of the hydrology of the Yemen Arab Republic from Landsat images","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":9261,"text":"ofr80565 - 1981 - A qualitative appraisal of the hydrology of the Yemen Arab Republic from Landsat images","indexId":"ofr80565","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"title":"A qualitative appraisal of the hydrology of the Yemen Arab Republic from Landsat images"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":1726,"text":"wsp1757P - 1984 - A qualitative appraisal of the hydrology of the Yemen Arab Republic from Landsat images","indexId":"wsp1757P","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"chapter":"P","title":"A qualitative appraisal of the hydrology of the Yemen Arab Republic from Landsat images"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:15","indexId":"wsp1757P","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1757","chapter":"P","title":"A qualitative appraisal of the hydrology of the Yemen Arab Republic from Landsat images","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp1757P","usgsCitation":"Grolier, M.J., Tibbitts, G.C., and Ibrahim, M.M., 1984, A qualitative appraisal of the hydrology of the Yemen Arab Republic from Landsat images: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1757, v, P70 p. :ill., maps (1 col.) ;24 cm.; 1 plate in pocket, https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1757P.","productDescription":"v, P70 p. :ill., maps (1 col.) ;24 cm.; 1 plate in pocket","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":136974,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1757p/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":26832,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1757p/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":26833,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1757p/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a8777","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Grolier, Maurice J.","contributorId":98292,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grolier","given":"Maurice","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144028,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tibbitts, G. Chase Jr.","contributorId":30601,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tibbitts","given":"G.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"Chase","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144026,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ibrahim, Mohammed Mukred","contributorId":47759,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ibrahim","given":"Mohammed","email":"","middleInitial":"Mukred","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144027,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":1089,"text":"wsp2215 - 1984 - Availability and quality of water from the Dakota aquifer, northwest Iowa","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":8110,"text":"ofr82264 - 1982 - Availability and quality of water from the Dakota aquifer, northwest Iowa","indexId":"ofr82264","publicationYear":"1982","noYear":false,"title":"Availability and quality of water from the Dakota aquifer, northwest Iowa"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":1089,"text":"wsp2215 - 1984 - Availability and quality of water from the Dakota aquifer, northwest Iowa","indexId":"wsp2215","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"title":"Availability and quality of water from the Dakota aquifer, northwest Iowa"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-03-02T15:59:06","indexId":"wsp2215","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2215","title":"Availability and quality of water from the Dakota aquifer, northwest Iowa","docAbstract":"<p>The Dakota aquifer in northwest Iowa consists of sandstones in the Dakota Formation. It underlies most of the study area and is the most extensive source of ground water in the area. Individual sandstone beds are from less than 10 to more than 150 feet thick. The cumulative thickness of sandstone is more than 200 feet throughout much of the area. The aquifer is confined by overlying Cretaceous limestone and shale, Quaternary glacial deposits and loess. The underlying confining material is shale of the Dakota Formation, undifferentiated Paleozoic age rocks, or Precambrian crystalline rock.</p>\n<p>Water flows through the aquifer from the northcentral part of the study area to the east, south and southwest. Recharge is dominantly by infiltration from the land surface through the confining materials. Discharge is to underlying Paleozoic aquifers and to the alluvium and glacial outwash deposits along the Missouri and Big Sioux Rivers in the southwest part of the area. Flow components toward bedrock valleys may reflect discharge to Quaternary sand and gravel deposits in these valleys.</p>\n<p>Pumping tests conducted in the study area indicate a narrow\" range of hydraulic conductivities of the Dakota aquifer, from 37 to 50 feet per day. Consequently, an average hydraulic conductivity of 40 feet per day was used to estimate the potential yield to wells completed in the aquifer. Yields of more than 250 gallons per minute can be expected throughout much of the study area and more than 1,000 gallons per minute could be produced in some areas.</p>\n<p>The quality of water from the Dakota is a calcium, magnesium, sulfate type. It is generally suitable for irrigation purposes, based on comparisons of sodium adsorption ratios and electrical conductivities. In some areas the aquifer has water with high salinity hazard that may restrict its use to irrigation of only well-drained types of soil. The concentration of radium-226 and other radionuclides exceeds recommended limits at several sites.</p>\n<p>The quality of water pumped from the aquifer may be altered by induced leakage from the underlying aquifers in Paleozoic age rocks if withdrawals reverse the pattern of natural flow from the Dakota into the Paleozoic aquifers. Evidence for such a reversal exists in the area around the city of LeMars.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U. S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wsp2215","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Iowa Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Burkart, M.R., 1984, Availability and quality of water from the Dakota aquifer, northwest Iowa: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2215, iv, 65 p.: ill., maps; 28 cm.; 8 plates in pocket, https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2215.","productDescription":"iv, 65 p.: ill., maps; 28 cm.; 8 plates in pocket","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":25816,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2215/plate-8.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":25817,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2215/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":25809,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2215/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":25810,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2215/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":25811,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2215/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":25812,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2215/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":25813,"rank":404,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2215/plate-5.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":25814,"rank":405,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2215/plate-6.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":25815,"rank":406,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2215/plate-7.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":137930,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2215/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Iowa","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -94.50439453125,\n              42.27730877423709\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.52636718749999,\n              43.50075243569041\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.591796875,\n              43.50872101129684\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.558837890625,\n              43.37311218382002\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.558837890625,\n              43.31718491566708\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.61376953125,\n              43.31718491566708\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.61376953125,\n              43.22118973298753\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.536865234375,\n              43.22118973298753\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.51489257812499,\n              43.14909399920127\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.50390625,\n              43.06086137134326\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.558837890625,\n              43.04480541304369\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.558837890625,\n              42.98857645832184\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.558837890625,\n              42.908160071960566\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.624755859375,\n              42.81152174509788\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.6357421875,\n              42.71473218539458\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.50390625,\n              42.60970621339408\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.43798828125,\n              42.48830197960227\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.40502929687499,\n              42.35854391749705\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.317138671875,\n              42.30169032824452\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.3720703125,\n              42.19596877629178\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.50439453125,\n              42.27730877423709\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ce4b07f02db62681a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Burkart, M. R.","contributorId":42190,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burkart","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143159,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":2486,"text":"wsp2228 - 1984 - Evaluation of environmental factors affecting yields of major dissolved ions of streams in the United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:26","indexId":"wsp2228","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2228","title":"Evaluation of environmental factors affecting yields of major dissolved ions of streams in the United States","docAbstract":"The seven major dissolved ions in streams-sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, chloride, sulfate, and bicarbonate and their sum dissolved solids from 56 basins in the conterminous United States and Hawaii were correlated with bedrock type, annual precipitation, population density, and average stream temperature of their respective basins through multiple linear-regression equations to predict annual yields. The study was restricted to basins underlain by limestone, sandstone, or crystalline rock. Depending on the constituent, yields ranged from about 10 to 100,000 kilograms per square kilometer. Predicted yields were within 1 order of magnitude of measured yields. \r\n\r\nThe most important factor in yield prediction was annual precipitation, which accounted for 58 to 71 percent of all yields. Rock type was second in importance. Yields of magnesium, calcium, bicarbonate, and dissolved solids from limestone basins were 4 to 10 times larger than those from sandstone or crystalline basins as a result of carbonate weathering. Population density was an ineffective indicator of all constituents except sodium and chloride; it accounted for 13 percent of the annual sodium yield and 20 percent of the annual chloride yield. Average stream temperature was significant only for calcium and bicarbonate in limestone basins. Its relationship with yields was consistently negative. Either carbonate dissolution increases at low temperatures, or weathering in northern basins, which contain glacial deposits and have the lowest stream temperatures, is greater than in southern basins. \r\n\r\nAverage ion contributions from atmospheric deposition accounted for 30 percent of the sodium and chloride and 60 percent of the sulfate in annual yields. The amount of sulfate derived from atmospheric contributions was higher in sandstone and crystalline basins (65 and 80 percent, respectively) than limestone basins (38 percent). This disparity is attributed to the lack of available sulfate in crystalline rock and the chemical precipitation of sulfate in the sandstone basins, most of which are in semi-arid or arid areas.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp2228","usgsCitation":"Peters, N.E., 1984, Evaluation of environmental factors affecting yields of major dissolved ions of streams in the United States: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2228, iv, 39 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2228.","productDescription":"iv, 39 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","numberOfPages":"43","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":138714,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2228/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":28582,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2228/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4be4b07f02db62531f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Peters, Norman E. nepeters@usgs.gov","contributorId":1324,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peters","given":"Norman","email":"nepeters@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":316,"text":"Georgia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":145273,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":2108,"text":"wsp2196A - 1984 - Wetland hydrology and tree distribution of the Apalachicola River flood plain, Florida","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":9998,"text":"ofr82251 - 1982 - Wetland hydrology and tree distribution of the Apalachicola River flood plain, Florida","indexId":"ofr82251","publicationYear":"1982","noYear":false,"title":"Wetland hydrology and tree distribution of the Apalachicola River flood plain, Florida"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":2108,"text":"wsp2196A - 1984 - Wetland hydrology and tree distribution of the Apalachicola River flood plain, Florida","indexId":"wsp2196A","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"chapter":"A","title":"Wetland hydrology and tree distribution of the Apalachicola River flood plain, Florida"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:23","indexId":"wsp2196A","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2196","chapter":"A","title":"Wetland hydrology and tree distribution of the Apalachicola River flood plain, Florida","docAbstract":"The Apalachicola River in northwest Florida is part of a three-State drainage basin encompassing 50,800 km 2 in Alabama, Georgia, and Florida. The river is formed by the confluence of the Chattahoochee and Flint Rivers at Jim Woodruff Dam from which it flows 171 km to Apalachicola Bay in the Gulf of Mexico. Its average annual discharge at Chattahoochee, Fla., is 690 m3/s (1958-80) with annual high flows averaging nearly 3,000 m3/s. Its flood plain supports 450 km 2 of bottom-land hardwood and tupelo-cypress forests. \r\n\r\nThe Apalachicola River Quality Assessment focuses on the hydrology and productivity of the flood-plain forest. The purpose of this part of the assessment is to address river and flood-plain hydrology, flood-plain tree species and forest types, and water and tree relations. Seasonal stage fluctuations in the upper river are three times greater than in the lower river. Analysis of long-term streamflow record revealed that 1958-79 average annual and monthly flows and flow durations were significantly greater than those of 1929-57, probably because of climatic changes. However, stage durations for the later period were equal to or less than those of the earlier period. Height of natural riverbank levees and the size and distribution of breaks in the levees have a major controlling effect on flood-plain hydrology. Thirty-two kilometers upstream of the bay, a flood-plain stream called the Brothers River was commonly under tidal influence during times of low flow in the 1980 water year. At the same distance upstream of the bay, the Apalachicola River was not under tidal influence during the 1980 water year. \r\n\r\nOf the 47 species of trees sampled, the five most common were wet-site species constituting 62 percent of the total basal area. In order of abundance, they were water tupelo, Ogeechee tupelo, baldcypress, Carolina ash, and swamp tupelo. Other common species were sweetgum, overcup oak, planertree, green ash, water hickory, sugarberry, and diamond-leaf oak. Five forest types were defined on the basis of species predominance by basal area. Biomass increased downstream and was greatest in forests growing on permanently saturated soils. \r\n\r\nDepth of water, duration of inundation and saturation, and water-level fluctuation, but not water velocity, were highly correlated with forest types. Most forest types dominated by tupelo and bald-cypress grew on permanently saturated soils that were inundated by flood waters 50 to 90 percent of the time, or an average of 75 to 225 consecutive days during the growing season from 1958 to 1980. Most forest types dominated by other species grew in areas that were saturated or inundated 5 to 25 percent of the time, or an average of 5 to 40 consecutive days during the growing season from 1958 to 1980. Water and tree relations varied with river location because range in water-level fluctuation and topographic relief in the flood plain diminished downstream.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wsp2196A","usgsCitation":"Leitman, H.M., Sohm, J.E., and Franklin, M.A., 1984, Wetland hydrology and tree distribution of the Apalachicola River flood plain, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2196, vii, 52 p. :ill. (some col.), maps (some col.) ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2196A.","productDescription":"vii, 52 p. :ill. (some col.), maps (some col.) ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":138317,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2196a/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":27683,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2196a/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49dfe4b07f02db5e3c85","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Leitman, Helen M.","contributorId":62196,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leitman","given":"Helen","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144685,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sohm, James E.","contributorId":52553,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sohm","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144684,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Franklin, Marvin A.","contributorId":87526,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Franklin","given":"Marvin","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144686,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":2414,"text":"wsp2226 - 1984 - Low-level radioactive-waste burial at the Palos Forest Preserve, Illinois: Geology and hydrology of the glacial drift, as related to the migration of tritium","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":10555,"text":"ofr8278 - 1982 - Low-level radioactive-waste burial at the Palos Forest Preserve, Illinois; Part II, geology and hydrology of the glacial drift as related to the migration of tritium","indexId":"ofr8278","publicationYear":"1982","noYear":false,"title":"Low-level radioactive-waste burial at the Palos Forest Preserve, Illinois; Part II, geology and hydrology of the glacial drift as related to the migration of tritium"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":2414,"text":"wsp2226 - 1984 - Low-level radioactive-waste burial at the Palos Forest Preserve, Illinois: Geology and hydrology of the glacial drift, as related to the migration of tritium","indexId":"wsp2226","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"title":"Low-level radioactive-waste burial at the Palos Forest Preserve, Illinois: Geology and hydrology of the glacial drift, as related to the migration of tritium"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-04T19:13:10.348121","indexId":"wsp2226","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2226","title":"Low-level radioactive-waste burial at the Palos Forest Preserve, Illinois: Geology and hydrology of the glacial drift, as related to the migration of tritium","docAbstract":"A low-level radioactive-waste burial site is located in Palos Forest Preserve, about 22 kilometers southwest of Chicago, Illinois. Between 1943 and 1949 the site, named Plot M, was filled with radioactive waste from the first Argonne National Laboratory and from the University of Chicago Metallurgical Laboratory. Since 1973, tritium concentration levels up to 14 nanocuries per liter have been measured in water samples collected from a well 360 meters from the burial site. \r\n\r\nThe U.S. Geological Survey is studying the geologic, hydrologic, and geochemical properties of the glacial drift and underlying bedrock at the Plot M site to determine the factors that control the movement of radionuclides. Test wells were drilled into the drift to collect water and core samples for laboratory analysis, to gather geologic and hydrologic data, and to conduct geophysical surveys. Plot M is located in drift that ranges in thickness from 25 to 45 meters. The drift is a stratified sequence of clay- and silt-rich sediments that contain thin, interstratified sand layers. The silt content of the drift increases with depth. The permeability of the drift, as indicated by field and laboratory hydraulic conductivity tests, ranges from 1.0 x 10 -6 to 1.0 ? 10 -8 centimeters per second. \r\n\r\nA tritium plume, the contaminated zone in the drift in which tritium concentration levels exceed 10 nanocuries per liter of water, extends horizontally northward from Plot M at least 50 meters and vertically downward to bedrock. The center of the plume, where tritium concentration levels are as high as 50,000 nanocuries per liter, is approximately 15 meters beneath the burial site. The size, shape, and 'bull's-eye' concentration pattern indicate that the plume is a single slug and that the site no longer releases tritium into the drift. The leading edge, or front, of the plume (the 10 nanocuries per liter boundary) left the burial site in either the late 1940's or the early 1950's and intersected the underlying bedrock surface before 1973. The calculated movement rate of the front is 6.3 x 10 -6 centimeters per second. \r\n\r\nSeveral key factors that control both the concentration level and the extent of migration of tritium in the drift at Plot M are 1. The limited amount of tritiated waste buried at Plot M. 2. The long period of time that has elapsed since the waste was buried (30-35 years) relative to the radioactive half-life of tritium (12.3 years). 3. The great thickness and low permeability of the glacial drift at the site.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wsp2226","usgsCitation":"Olimpio, J.C., 1984, Low-level radioactive-waste burial at the Palos Forest Preserve, Illinois: Geology and hydrology of the glacial drift, as related to the migration of tritium: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2226, iv, 34 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2226.","productDescription":"iv, 34 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":395461,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_25214.htm"},{"id":28419,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2226/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":138667,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2226/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinios","otherGeospatial":"Palos Forest Preserve","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -87.906,\n              41.694\n            ],\n            [\n              -87.917,\n              41.694\n            ],\n            [\n              -87.917,\n              41.704\n            ],\n            [\n              -87.906,\n              41.704\n            ],\n            [\n              -87.906,\n              41.694\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a7fe4b07f02db648815","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Olimpio, Julio C.","contributorId":93877,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olimpio","given":"Julio","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145162,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":936,"text":"wsp2241 - 1984 - Floods of November 1978 to March 1979 in Arizona and west-central New Mexico","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":7692,"text":"ofr83201 - 1983 - Floods of November 1978 to March 1979 in Arizona and west-central New Mexico","indexId":"ofr83201","publicationYear":"1983","noYear":false,"title":"Floods of November 1978 to March 1979 in Arizona and west-central New Mexico"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":936,"text":"wsp2241 - 1984 - Floods of November 1978 to March 1979 in Arizona and west-central New Mexico","indexId":"wsp2241","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"title":"Floods of November 1978 to March 1979 in Arizona and west-central New Mexico"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-06T11:13:56","indexId":"wsp2241","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2241","title":"Floods of November 1978 to March 1979 in Arizona and west-central New Mexico","docAbstract":"Severe flooding occurred in parts of the Little Colorado and Gila River basins as a result of a storm that occurred December 17-20, 1978. The central highlands received 3 to 10 inches of precipitation that was augmented by snowmelt to altitudes of 10,000 feet. The storm was preceded by extremely large amounts of rainfall and runoff in November and was followed by other periods of high runoff in January and March 1979. In some areas flood peaks in November, January, or March were higher than the peak of December 1978. \n\nAt Winslow, the discharge of the Little Colorado River in December 1978 was the highest since at least 1952. The discharge of the Gila River above the San Francisco River was probably the highest since at least 1891, and in the Safford Valley, the peak was the highest since 1916. The Agua Fria River below Waddell Dam had the highest discharge since 1919. \n\nThe flood of December 1978 caused 12 deaths and caused damage that was probably in excess of $150 million in Arizona and west-central New Mexico. Damage was estimated to be $51.8 million in Maricopa County, Arizona. Floods caused extensive agricultural damage along the Gila River in Virden Valley in New Mexico and in Duncan, York, and Safford Valleys in Arizona. Duncan, Arizona, was flooded with as much as 7 feet of water. \n\nThe flood crest on the Gila River in December 1978 moved from Redrock, New Mexico, to Duncan, Arizona, in about 6 hours, which is more rapid than during other recent floods but is comparable to the travel-time recorded in 1941. Travel-time in the reach varies with discharge and is about 14 hours for discharges of 10,000 cubic feet per second and 5 hours for discharges of more than 40,000 cubic feet per second. \n\nWater-conservation reservoirs on the Gila, Salt, Verde, and Agua Fria Rivers and a flood-control reservoir on the Gila River had a major influence on the magnitude of floods downstream from the reservoirs. All runoff from the Gila River basin upstream from Coolidge Dam, Arizona, during the floods of November 1978 to January 1979 was stored in San Carlos Reservoir, and major flooding was averted along the Gila River between Coolidge Dam and Salt River. Minor flooding occurred along the Gila River downstream from San Pedro River. Floods in central and western Maricopa Count, Arizona, were caused by the release of water from full reservoirs on the Salt, Verde, and Agua Fria Rivers, but peak discharges and duration of the floods were much less than would have occurred if the reservoirs had not been in place. \n\nFlow continued in the Salt River through Phoenix until May 1979. Floodwater was stored in the flood-control reservoir above Painted Rock Dam on the Gila River in order to prevent major damage along the Gila and Colorado Rivers. Water was released from Painted Rock Dam until January 1980. The prolonged flows and reduction in ground-water pumping caused ground-water levels to rise appreciably in many areas.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp2241","usgsCitation":"Aldridge, B.N., and Hales, T., 1984, Floods of November 1978 to March 1979 in Arizona and west-central New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2241, iv, 149 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.; 2 plates in pocket, https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2241.","productDescription":"iv, 149 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.; 2 plates in pocket","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":137033,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2241/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":25410,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2241/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":246955,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2241/plate-1.pdf","size":"6183","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":254784,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2241/plate-2.pdf","size":"5685","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4883e4b07f02db517852","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Aldridge, Byron Neil","contributorId":20305,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aldridge","given":"Byron","email":"","middleInitial":"Neil","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":142882,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hales, T.A.","contributorId":99115,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hales","given":"T.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":142883,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":233,"text":"wsp2262 - 1984 - Selected papers in the hydrologic sciences 1984; July 1984","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-22T18:13:33","indexId":"wsp2262","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2262","title":"Selected papers in the hydrologic sciences 1984; July 1984","docAbstract":"The rapid, accurate measurement of the oxygen content of soil gas in the unsaturated zone or dissolved oxygen in soil water in the saturated zone can be useful in wetland vegetation studies. A method has been devised and tested in the Great Dismal Swamp, a wetland with fine silt-clay and organic soils, that appears to provide good results. A 60-milliliter sample of soil gas or water is withdrawn from permanently installed chambers at various depths in the soil profile. The oxygen concentration of air samples is measured with a specially constructed analyzer cell fitted to the polarographic oxygen electrode of a portable oxygen meter. The dissolved oxygen concentration of water samples is measured directly with the oxygen electrode while stirring the sample in a 32-milliliter glass bottle with a portable magnetic stirrer. Field tests with duplicate chamber installations showed that consistent results are obtained for soil gas and water.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wsp2262","usgsCitation":"1984, Selected papers in the hydrologic sciences 1984; July 1984: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2262, v, 66 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2262.","productDescription":"v, 66 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":136506,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2262/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":24843,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2262/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a03e4b07f02db5f83da","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Meyer, Eric L.","contributorId":58619,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meyer","given":"Eric","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":749260,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}]}}
]}