Exploration for natural resources is accomplished through partial sampling of extensive domains. Such imperfect knowledge is subject to sampling error. Complex systems of equations resulting from modelling based on the theory of correlated random fields are reduced to simple analytical expressions providing global indices of estimation variance. The indices are utilized by multiple objective decision criteria to find the best sampling strategies. The approach is not limited by geometric nature of the sampling, covers a wide range in spatial continuity and leads to a step-by-step procedure.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0895-7177(88)90525-0","issn":"08957177","usgsCitation":"Christakos, G., and Olea, R., 1988, A multiple-objective optimal exploration strategy: Mathematical and Computer Modelling, v. 11, p. 413-418, https://doi.org/10.1016/0895-7177(88)90525-0.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"413","endPage":"418","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":488394,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0895-7177(88)90525-0","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":225576,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e48ee4b0c8380cd4670e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Christakos, G.","contributorId":87685,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Christakos","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368405,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Olea, Ricardo A. 0000-0003-4308-0808","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4308-0808","contributorId":26436,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olea","given":"Ricardo A.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":368404,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70013356,"text":"70013356 - 1988 - A simple approach to nonlinear estimation of physical systems","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-05-14T15:07:46.939812","indexId":"70013356","displayToPublicDate":"2002-04-02T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2702,"text":"Mathematical and Computer Modelling","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A simple approach to nonlinear estimation of physical systems","docAbstract":"Recursive algorithms for estimating the states of nonlinear physical systems are developed. This requires some key hypotheses regarding the structure of the underlying processes. Members of this class of random processes have several desirable properties for the nonlinear estimation of random signals. An assumption is made about the form of the estimator, which may then take account of a wide range of applications. Under the above assumption, the estimation algorithm is mathematically suboptimal but effective and computationally attractive. It may be compared favorably to Taylor series-type filters, nonlinear filters which approximate the probability density by Edgeworth or Gram-Charlier series, as well as to conventional statistical linearization-type estimators. To link theory with practice, some numerical results for a simulated system are presented, in which the responses from the proposed and the extended Kalman algorithms are compared.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0895-7177(88)90560-2","issn":"08957177","usgsCitation":"Christakos, G., 1988, A simple approach to nonlinear estimation of physical systems: Mathematical and Computer Modelling, v. 11, p. 583-588, https://doi.org/10.1016/0895-7177(88)90560-2.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"583","endPage":"588","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":488054,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0895-7177(88)90560-2","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":220194,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e58be4b0c8380cd46dfb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Christakos, G.","contributorId":87685,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Christakos","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365889,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":14954,"text":"ofr87549 - 1988 - Post-eruption changes in channel geometry of streams in the Toutle River drainage basin, 1983-85, Mount St. Helens, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-05-04T17:12:27.532673","indexId":"ofr87549","displayToPublicDate":"2001-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"87-549","title":"Post-eruption changes in channel geometry of streams in the Toutle River drainage basin, 1983-85, Mount St. Helens, Washington","docAbstract":"The May 18, 1980, eruption of Mount St. Helens generated a debris avalanche, lateral blast, lahars and tephra deposits that altered mainstream and tributary channels within the Toutle River drainage basin. Channel cross sections were monumented and surveyed on the North Fork Toutle River and its tributaries, South Fork Toutle River, Green River, and Toutle River in 1980 and 1981. These streams drain the north and west flanks of the volcano. The network of channel cross sections has been resurveyed annually. Selected cross sections were surveyed more frequently following periods of higher flow. The repetitive cross-section surveys provide measurements of hank erosion or accretion and of channel erosion or aggradation. These data can be used to determine erosion rates, and to identify sources and storage sites of sediment in sediment budget computations. This report presents channel cross-section profiles constructed from the survey data collected during water years 1983-85.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr87549","usgsCitation":"Meyer, D.F., and Dodge, J., 1988, Post-eruption changes in channel geometry of streams in the Toutle River drainage basin, 1983-85, Mount St. Helens, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 87-549, v, 226 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr87549.","productDescription":"v, 226 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":400175,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/0549/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":145950,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/0549/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Mount St. Helens","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.29705810546874,\n 46.18743678432541\n ],\n [\n -121.981201171875,\n 46.18743678432541\n ],\n [\n -121.981201171875,\n 46.32417161725691\n ],\n [\n -122.29705810546874,\n 46.32417161725691\n ],\n [\n -122.29705810546874,\n 46.18743678432541\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad5e4b07f02db683acc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Meyer, D. F.","contributorId":21167,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meyer","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":170312,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dodge, J.E.","contributorId":21133,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dodge","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":170311,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70159130,"text":"70159130 - 1988 - Nowitna National Wildlife Refuge land cover mapping project user's guide","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-04-13T14:03:02.417525","indexId":"70159130","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"title":"Nowitna National Wildlife Refuge land cover mapping project user's guide","docAbstract":"Title III of the Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act of 1980 (ANILCA 1980) established the Nowitna National Wildlife Refuge (NNWR). Section 304 of the Act requires the Secretary of Interior to \"prepare, and from time to time revise, a comprehensive conservation plan\" for the refuge.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Anchorage, AK","doi":"10.3133/70159130","usgsCitation":"Markon, C.J., 1988, Nowitna National Wildlife Refuge land cover mapping project user's guide, 20 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70159130.","productDescription":"20 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":309951,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/70159130.jpg"},{"id":310337,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70159130/report.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Nowitna National Wildlife Refuge","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -155.73120117187497,\n 63.69011792294749\n ],\n [\n -152.16064453124997,\n 63.69011792294749\n ],\n [\n -152.16064453124997,\n 65.17380608397224\n ],\n [\n -155.73120117187497,\n 65.17380608397224\n ],\n [\n -155.73120117187497,\n 63.69011792294749\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5620ce89e4b06217fc478b00","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Markon, Carl J. markon@usgs.gov","contributorId":2499,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Markon","given":"Carl","email":"markon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":577665,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":38198,"text":"pp1386B - 1988 - Glaciers of Antarctica","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":38198,"text":"pp1386B - 1988 - Glaciers of Antarctica","indexId":"pp1386B","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"chapter":"B","title":"Glaciers of Antarctica"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70042384,"text":"pp1386 - 1988 - Satellite image atlas of glaciers of the world","indexId":"pp1386","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"title":"Satellite image atlas of glaciers of the world"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70042384,"text":"pp1386 - 1988 - Satellite image atlas of glaciers of the world","indexId":"pp1386","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"title":"Satellite image atlas of glaciers of the world"},"lastModifiedDate":"2024-10-02T15:16:14.227884","indexId":"pp1386B","displayToPublicDate":"1995-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1386","chapter":"B","title":"Glaciers of Antarctica","docAbstract":"Of all the world's continents Antarctica is the coldest, the highest, and the least known. It is one and a half times the size of the United States, and on it lies 91 percent (30,109,800 km3) of the estimated volume of all the ice on Earth. Because so little is known about Antarctic glaciers compared with what is known about glaciers in populated countries, satellite imagery represents a great leap forward in the provision of basic data. From the coast of Antarctica to about 81?south latitude, there are 2,514 Landsat nominal scene centers (the fixed geographic position of the intersection of orbital paths and latitudinal rows). If there were cloud-free images for all these geographic centers, only about 520 Landsat images would be needed to provide complete coverage. Because of cloud cover, however, only about 70 percent of the Landsat imaging area, or 55 percent of the continent, is covered by good quality Landsat images. To date, only about 20 percent of Antarctica has been mapped at scales of 1:250,000 or larger, but these maps do include about half of the coastline. The area of Antarctica that could be planimetrically mapped at a scale of 1:250,000 would be tripled if the available Landsat images were used in image map production.
This chapter contains brief descriptions and interpretations of features seen in 62 carefully selected Landsat images or image mosaics. Images were chosen on the basis of quality and interest; for this reason they are far from evenly spaced around the continent. Space limitations allow less than 15 percent of the Landsat imaging area of Antarctica to be shown in the illustrations reproduced in this chapter. Unfortunately, a wealth of glaciological and other features of compelling interest is present in the many hundreds of images that could not be included. To help show some important features beyond the limit of Landsat coverage, and as an aid to the interpretation of certain features seen in the images, 38 oblique aerial photographs have been included. Again, these represent only a small fraction of the large number of aerial photographs now available in various national collections.
The chapter is divided into five geographic sections. The first is the Transantarctic Mountains in the Ross Sea area. Some very large outlet glaciers flow from the East Antarctic ice sheet through the Transantarctic Mountains to the Ross Ice Shelf. Byrd Glacier, one of the largest in the world, drains an area of more than 1,000,000 km2. Next, images from the Indian Ocean sector are discussed. These include the Lambert Glacier- Amery Ice Shelf system, so large that about 25 images must be mosaicked to cover its complex system of tributary glaciers. Shirase Glacier, a tidal outlet glacier in the sector, flows at a speed of 2.5 km a-l. About 200 km inland and 200 km west of Shirase Glacier lie the Queen Fabiola (\"Yamato\") Mountains, whose extensive exposures of `blue ice' lay claim to being the world's most important meteorite-collecting locality, with more than 4,700 meteorite fragments discovered since 1969.
The Atlantic Ocean sector is fringed by ice shelves into which flow large ice streams like Jutulstraumen, Stancomb-Wills, Slessor, and Recovery Glaciers. Filchner and Ronne Ice Shelves together cover an area two-thirds the size of Texas. From the western margin of the Ronne Ice Shelf, the north-trending arc of the Antarctic Peninsula, with its fjord and alpine landscape and fringing ice shelves, stretches towards South America. The Pacific Ocean sector begins with the Ellsworth Mountains, which include the highest peaks (Vinson Massif at 4,897 m) in Antarctica. The area between the Ellsworth Mountains and the eastern margin of the Ross Ice Shelf is fringed with small ice shelves and some major outlet glaciers. One of these, Pine Island Glacier, was found from comparing 1973 and 1975 images to have an average ice-front velocity of 2.4 km a-1. This part of Antarctica contains many dormant volcanoes; the summits of servers, such as Mount Takahe with its 8-km-wide summit caldera, protrude through the West Antarctic ice sheet.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Satellite image atlas of glaciers of the World (Professional Paper1386)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/pp1386B","usgsCitation":"Swithinbank, C., Chinn, T.J., Williams, R.S., and Ferrigno, J.G., 1988, Glaciers of Antarctica (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1386, Report: xi, 278 p.; 2 Plates: 30.00 x 24.00 inches and 35.00 x 26.00 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1386B.","productDescription":"Report: xi, 278 p.; 2 Plates: 30.00 x 24.00 inches and 35.00 x 26.00 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":122088,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/pp_1386_b.jpg"},{"id":3486,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/p1386b/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"otherGeospatial":"Antarctica","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -179.9,\n -60\n ],\n [\n -179.9,\n -90\n ],\n [\n 179.9,\n -90\n ],\n [\n 179.9,\n -60\n ],\n [\n -179.9,\n -60\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abee4b07f02db674ff3","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Williams, Richard S. Jr.","contributorId":17355,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"Richard S.","suffix":"Jr.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":914634,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ferrigno, Jane G. jferrign@usgs.gov","contributorId":39825,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ferrigno","given":"Jane","email":"jferrign@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":914635,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Swithinbank, Charles","contributorId":60145,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swithinbank","given":"Charles","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":914632,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chinn, Trevor J.","contributorId":344745,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Chinn","given":"Trevor","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":914633,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Williams, Richard S. Jr.","contributorId":19946,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"Richard","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":219310,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ferrigno, Jane G. jferrign@usgs.gov","contributorId":39825,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ferrigno","given":"Jane","email":"jferrign@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":219311,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":2,"text":"wsp2267 - 1988 - Analysis of alternative modifications for reducing backwater at the Interstate Highway 10 crossing of the Pearl River near Slidell, Louisiana","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":6979,"text":"ofr84443 - 1984 - Analysis of alternative modifications for reducing backwater at the I-10 crossing of the Pearl River near Slidell, Louisiana","indexId":"ofr84443","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"title":"Analysis of alternative modifications for reducing backwater at the I-10 crossing of the Pearl River near Slidell, Louisiana"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":2,"text":"wsp2267 - 1988 - Analysis of alternative modifications for reducing backwater at the Interstate Highway 10 crossing of the Pearl River near Slidell, Louisiana","indexId":"wsp2267","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"title":"Analysis of alternative modifications for reducing backwater at the Interstate Highway 10 crossing of the Pearl River near Slidell, Louisiana"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:10","indexId":"wsp2267","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2267","title":"Analysis of alternative modifications for reducing backwater at the Interstate Highway 10 crossing of the Pearl River near Slidell, Louisiana","docAbstract":"In April 1979 and April 1980, major flooding along the lower Pearl River caused extensive damage to homes located on the flood plain in the Slidell, Louisiana, area. In response to questions about causes of these floods and means of mitigating future floods, the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development, Office of Highways, and the U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, used a two-dimensional finite-element surface-water flow-modeling system to study the effect of four alternative modifications for improving the hydraulic characteristics of the Interstate Highway 10 crossing of the flood plain near Slidell. The analysis used the model's capability to simulate changes in flood-plain topography, flood-plain vegetative cover, and highway-embankment geometry. \r\n\r\nCompared with the existing highway crossing, the four alternative modifications reduce backwater and average velocities through bridge openings for a flood of the magnitude of the 1980 flood. The four alternatives also eliminate roadway overtopping during such a flood. For the four modifications, maximum backwater on the west side of the flood plain ranges from 0.3 to 1.1 feet and on the east side from 0.3 to 0.7 foot. Results of the alternative-model simulations show that backwater is greater on the west side of the flood plain than on the east side, but upstream from Interstate Highway 10 backwater decreases more rapidly in the upstream direction on the west side of the flood plain than on the east side. Downstream from Interstate Highway 10, modeling of the four alternatives indicates that backwater and drawdown still occur on the east and west sides of the flood plain, respectively, but are less than the values computed for the April 1980 flood with Interstate Highway 10 in place. \r\n\r\nIn addition to other highway-crossing modifications, alternatives 2 and 3 include simulation of a new 2,000-foot bridge opening, and ,alternative 4 includes simulation of a 1,000-foot bridge opening. The new bridge conveys 25, 23, and 21 percent of the total computed discharge in alternatives 2, 3, and 4, respectively. The average velocity through the new bridge is 2.0, 1.9, and 3.4 feet per second for alternatives 2, 3, and 4, respectively.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp2267","usgsCitation":"Wiche, G.J., Gilbert, J.J., Froehlich, D.C., and Lee, J.K., 1988, Analysis of alternative modifications for reducing backwater at the Interstate Highway 10 crossing of the Pearl River near Slidell, Louisiana: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2267, vi, 48 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.; 8 plates in pocket, https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2267.","productDescription":"vi, 48 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.; 8 plates in pocket","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":136243,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2267/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":246936,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2267/plate-1.pdf","size":"1395","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":246937,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2267/plate-2.pdf","size":"1154","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":246938,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2267/plate-3.pdf","size":"1384","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":246939,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2267/plate-4.pdf","size":"1117","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":246940,"rank":404,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2267/plate-5.pdf","size":"1423","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":246941,"rank":405,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2267/plate-6.pdf","size":"1213","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":246942,"rank":406,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2267/plate-7.pdf","size":"1402","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":246943,"rank":407,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2267/plate-8.pdf","size":"1156","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":24585,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2267/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad0e4b07f02db680ab3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wiche, Gregg J. gjwiche@usgs.gov","contributorId":1675,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wiche","given":"Gregg","email":"gjwiche@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":141782,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gilbert, J. J.","contributorId":12448,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gilbert","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":141783,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Froehlich, David C.","contributorId":58617,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Froehlich","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":141784,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lee, Jonathan K.","contributorId":60186,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"Jonathan","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":141785,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":3186,"text":"wsp2325 - 1988 - National water summary 1986: Hydrologic events and ground-water quality","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-06-28T20:58:06.584628","indexId":"wsp2325","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T07:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2325","title":"National water summary 1986: Hydrologic events and ground-water quality","docAbstract":"Ground water is one of the most important natural resources of the United States and degradation of its quality could have a major effect on the welfare of the Nation. Currently (1985), ground water is the source of drinking water for 53 percent of the Nation's population and for more than 97 percent of its rural population. It is the source of about 40 percent of the Nation's public water supply, 33 percent of water for irrigation, and 17 percent of freshwater for selfsupplied industries.
Ground water also is the source of about 40 percent of the average annual streamflow in the United States, although during long periods of little or no precipitation, ground-water discharges provide nearly all of the base streamflow. This hydraulic connection between aquifers and streams implies that if a persistent pollutant gets into an aquifer, it eventually could discharge into a stream.
Information presented in the 1986 National Water Summary clearly shows that the United States has very large amounts of potable ground water available for use. Although naturally occurring constituents, such as nitrate, and human-induced substances, such as synthetic organic chemicals, frequently are detected in ground water, their concentrations usually do not exceed existing Federal or State standards or guidelines for maximum concentrations in drinking water.
Troublesome contamination of ground water falls into two basic categories related to the source or sources of the contamination. Locally, high concentrations of a variety of toxic metals, organic chemicals, and petroleum products have been detected in ground water associated with point sources such as wastedisposal sites, storage-tank leaks, and hazardous chemical spills. These types of local problems commonly occur in densely populated urban areas and industrialized areas. Larger, multicounty areas also have been identified where contamination frequently is found in shallow wells. These areas generally are associated with broad-scale, or nonpoint, sources of contamination such as agricultural activities or highdensity domestic waste disposal (septic systems) in urban centers. At present, only a very small percentage of the total volume of potable ground water in the United States is contaminated from both point and nonpoint sources; however, available data, especially data about the occurrence of synthetic organic and toxic substances, generally are inadequate to determine the full extent of ground-water contamination in the Nation's aquifers or to define trends in groundwater quality. Most information about the occurrence of these substances has come from the study of individual sites or areas where contamination had already been detected or suspected.
Management and protection of ground water present a major challenge to the Nation. Current and projected costs of detection and cleanup of existing ground-water contamination are staggering and, even so, complete removal of pollutants from ground water in the vicinity of some waste sites might not be technically feasible. At all levels of government, the task of protecting the resource for its most beneficial uses is difficult and controversial.
Despite increasing awareness that some of the Nation's ground water is contaminated with a variety of toxic metals, synthetic organic chemicals, radionuclides, pesticides, and other contaminants that might present a long-term risk to human health, public policy towards ground-water protection is still in the formative stages. Despite increasing efforts devoted to ground-water protection by State and Federal regulatory and resource-management agencies, the extent of ground-water contamination is likely to appear to increase over the next few years because more agencies will be searching for evidence of contamination, and they will be using increasingly sensitive analytical procedures. Increased technology and expanded monitoring activities probably will detect the effects of past contamination and land uses on water quality. The significant time lag between a waterquality change in one part of an aquifer system and the effects of that change at a downgradient site, such as a well, results from the generally slow movement of ground water. This lag between cause and observed effect needs to be considered in evaluating the effectiveness of current and future ground-water policies and remedial measures.
Conclusive answers to questions about the location, extent, and severity of ground-water contamination, and about trends in ground-water quality, must await further collection and analysis of data from the Nation's aquifers. Generalizations, however, can be made, and the 1986 National Water Summary, which describes the natural quality of ground-water resources in each State and the major contamination problems that have been identified as of 1986, provides a national perspective of the ground-water-quality situation.
The 1986 National Water Summary follows the format of previous volumes. It contains three parts, and the contents of each of these parts are highlighted below.
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\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aaae4b07f02db6696bb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hatch, Norman L. Jr.","contributorId":72050,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hatch","given":"Norman","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":220001,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":12995,"text":"ofr87548 - 1988 - Hydrologic data for computation of sediment discharge: Toutle and North Fork Toutle Rivers near Mount St. Helens, Washington, water years 1980-84","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-10-08T18:45:52.588542","indexId":"ofr87548","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"87-548","title":"Hydrologic data for computation of sediment discharge: Toutle and North Fork Toutle Rivers near Mount St. Helens, Washington, water years 1980-84","docAbstract":"Immediately after the devastating May 18, 1980, eruption of Mount St. Helens, a program was initiated by the U.S. Geological Survey to study the streamflow and sediment characteristics of streams impacted by the eruption. Some of the data gathered in that program are presented in this report. Data are presented for two key sites in the Toutle River basin: North Fork Toutle River near Kid Valley, and Toutle River at Tower Road, near Silver Lake. The types of data presented are appropriate for use with sediment transport formulas; however, the data are also intended for use in a wide variety of additional applications. The data presented in this report are unique because they delineate flow conditions possessing great potential fo sediment transport. The data define unusually high suspended-sediment concentration. Data defining hydraulic, peak discharge, suspended-sediment, and bed-material characteristics are presented. (USGS)","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr87548","usgsCitation":"Childers, D., Hammond, S.E., and Johnson, W.P., 1988, Hydrologic data for computation of sediment discharge: Toutle and North Fork Toutle Rivers near Mount St. Helens, Washington, water years 1980-84: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 87-548, viii, 117 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr87548.","productDescription":"viii, 117 p.","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":379246,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/0548/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":145145,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/0548/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": 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-122.91126251220703,\n 46.123938834900116\n ],\n [\n -122.88345336914062,\n 46.11322971817248\n ],\n [\n -122.86319732666016,\n 46.07132518308111\n ],\n [\n -122.87178039550781,\n 46.04988442384352\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a25e4b07f02db60eb32","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Childers, Dallas","contributorId":57861,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Childers","given":"Dallas","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":167096,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hammond, Stephen E. sehammon@usgs.gov","contributorId":676,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hammond","given":"Stephen","email":"sehammon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":167095,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Johnson, William P.","contributorId":107288,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Johnson","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":167097,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":27757,"text":"wri884122 - 1988 - Review of mechanisms, methods, and theory for determining recharge to shallow aquifers in North Dakota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-08T13:08:25","indexId":"wri884122","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"88-4122","title":"Review of mechanisms, methods, and theory for determining recharge to shallow aquifers in North Dakota","docAbstract":"Effective management of ground-water resources requires knowledge of all components of the water budget for the aquifer of interest. Efforts to simulate ground-water flow prior to development and the effects of proposed pumping in several of North Dakota's shallow glacial aquifers have been hindered by the lack of reliable estimates of ground-water recharge. This study was done to (1) review the methods that have been used to measure recharge, (2) review the theory of unsaturated flow and the methods for characterizing the physical properties of unsaturated media, (3) consider the relative merits of a rigorous data-intensive approach versus an estimation approach to the study of recharge, and (4) review past and current agronomic research in North Dakota for applicability of the research and the data generated to the study of recharge.
Direct, quantitative techniques for evaluating recharge are rarely applied. The theory for computing fluxes in unsaturated media is well established and numerous physics-based models that effectively implement the theory are available, but the data required for the models generally are lacking. Many parametric approaches have been developed to avoid the large data requirements of the physics-based approaches for analyzing flow in the unsaturated zone. However, the parametric approaches normally include fitting coefficients that must be calibrated for every study site, thereby detracting from the general utility of the parametric approach.
The functional relation of matric potential to moisture content is required for physics-based soil-water models, whether analytic or numeric. Laboratory methods to determine these relations are tedious, costly, and may not give results representative of the soils as they occur in the field. Many models have been proposed to estimate the moisture-characteristic curve and hydraulic-conductivity function from basic soil properties, but none yield results that are universally satisfactory. In situ methods, because they require minimal disturbance of the soil profile and may be used repeatedly on the same soil mass, have become the preferred means for acquiring physical data, especially hydraulic conductivity. Hydro logic investigations, except for recent studies of hazardous-waste disposal sites, rarely have included physical characterizations of unsaturated media.
Any of four phenomena could hinder attempts to simulate unsaturated flow in settings typical of North Dakota; variability of soil properties, hysteresis, frozen ground, and macropore development. The spatial and temporal variability of soil properties probably is the greatest complicating phenomenon and must be dealt with by detailed characterization of the properties. Hysteresis can detract from the accuracy of flow calculations for some soils under certain conditions but, for the present, our scant knowledge of soil physical properties is a greater hindrance to reliable soi1-water mode 1 ing than is the hysteresis phenomenon. A1 though seasona1ly frozen ground undoubtedly affects hydrologic processes in North Dakota, much more research is needed before meaningful quantitative treatment is possible. Finally, macropores can influence soil-water movement significantly, but macropore development may not be common on the intensively farmed, coarse-textured soils that typically overlie North Dakota's glacial aquifers. Lysimetry currently is the only reliable means of analyzing macropore flow.
The soil-related research that has been conducted in North Dakota to date (1983) provides little of the type of information required to estimate ground-water recharge. Useful data could be developed by systematically evaluating the hydraulic characteristics of the prominent soil types overlying North Dakota's shallow glacial aquifers. These data would be required to enable use of a physics-based approach to estimating recharge. The size of the aquifer under study, its economic value, and the resources available for data collection should be considered when choosing between parametric or physics-based methods.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri884122","usgsCitation":"Horak, W., 1988, Review of mechanisms, methods, and theory for determining recharge to shallow aquifers in North Dakota: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 88-4122, iv, 54 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri884122.","productDescription":"iv, 54 p.","costCenters":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":157960,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4122/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56604,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4122/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a80f4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Horak, W.F.","contributorId":82326,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Horak","given":"W.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198648,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":13153,"text":"ofr88667 - 1988 - The poster session; a guide for preparation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:48","indexId":"ofr88667","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"88-667","title":"The poster session; a guide for preparation","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr88667","usgsCitation":"Connor, C.W., 1988, The poster session; a guide for preparation: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 88-667, 12 p. ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr88667.","productDescription":"12 p. ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":146067,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1988/0667/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":41554,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1988/0667/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a71e4b07f02db641dec","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Connor, Carol Waite","contributorId":87943,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Connor","given":"Carol","email":"","middleInitial":"Waite","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":167321,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":13129,"text":"ofr88634 - 1988 - Geologic Map of the Bearshack Creek Quadrangle, McCone and Prairie Counties, Montana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:38","indexId":"ofr88634","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"88-634","title":"Geologic Map of the Bearshack Creek Quadrangle, McCone and Prairie Counties, Montana","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr88634","usgsCitation":"Colton, R.B., McGraw, J.P., and Durst, S., 1988, Geologic Map of the Bearshack Creek Quadrangle, McCone and Prairie Counties, Montana: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 88-634, 6 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr88634.","productDescription":"6 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":108774,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_17517.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"17517"},{"id":144422,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1988/0634/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":41526,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1988/0634/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":41527,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1988/0634/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a859a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Colton, R. B.","contributorId":40186,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Colton","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":167283,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McGraw, J. P.","contributorId":68283,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGraw","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":167284,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Durst, S.L.","contributorId":6788,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Durst","given":"S.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":167282,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":46195,"text":"ofr87261B - 1988 - Map of mines, prospects, and patented mining claims, and classification of mineral deposits in the Deadwood North 7 1/2 minute Quadrangle, Black Hills, South Dakota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:40","indexId":"ofr87261B","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"87-261","chapter":"B","title":"Map of mines, prospects, and patented mining claims, and classification of mineral deposits in the Deadwood North 7 1/2 minute Quadrangle, Black Hills, South Dakota","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr87261B","usgsCitation":"DeWitt, E., Buscher, D.P., Wilson, A., and Johnson, T., 1988, Map of mines, prospects, and patented mining claims, and classification of mineral deposits in the Deadwood North 7 1/2 minute Quadrangle, Black Hills, South Dakota: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 87-261, 1 map :photocopy ;58 x 42 cm., on sheet 76 x 91 cm., folded in envelope 30 x 24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr87261B.","productDescription":"1 map :photocopy ;58 x 42 cm., on sheet 76 x 91 cm., folded in envelope 30 x 24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":170833,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":83163,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/0261b/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a93e4b07f02db657e74","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"DeWitt, Ed","contributorId":65081,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeWitt","given":"Ed","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":232801,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Buscher, D. P.","contributorId":9273,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buscher","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":232798,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wilson, A.B. 0000-0002-9737-2614","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9737-2614","contributorId":63818,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"A.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":232800,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Johnson, T.M.","contributorId":22332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"T.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":232799,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":26170,"text":"wri874101 - 1988 - Ground-water quality in the Lompoc Plain, Santa Barbara County, California, 1983","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:31","indexId":"wri874101","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"87-4101","title":"Ground-water quality in the Lompoc Plain, Santa Barbara County, California, 1983","docAbstract":"Groundwater is the main source of water in the Lompoc plain, California. The lower member of the younger alluvium is the main water-bearing zone. Long-term groundwater levels in most of the plain have not changed significantly since the 1940's. Groundwater quality in the plain in 1983 tended to deteriorate from east to west. Dissolved-solids concentrations throughout the plain exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency secondary maximum contaminant level of 500 mg/L for drinking water. In samples from some wells, concentrations of one or more of the following constituents--sodium, chloride, nitrate, and iron-exceeded primary and secondary maximum contaminant levels for drinking water. Concentration of constituents in some samples also exceeded recommended levels for irrigation water. The predominant ions generally were calcium, magnesium, sulfate, and bicarbonate--except in the western part, where sodium and chloride were the predominant dissolved ions. From 1972 to 1983, dissolved-solids concentrations in the main water-bearing zone generally decreased in the central part of the plain but increased throughout most of the study area. The largest increases, greater than 1,000 mg/L, were in the extreme western part of the plain. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri874101","usgsCitation":"Berenbrock, C., 1988, Ground-water quality in the Lompoc Plain, Santa Barbara County, California, 1983: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 87-4101, iv, 54 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri874101.","productDescription":"iv, 54 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":122840,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4101/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54959,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4101/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6ae0d4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Berenbrock, Charles","contributorId":30598,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berenbrock","given":"Charles","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195932,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":12989,"text":"ofr88540 - 1988 - PETAL3; PEnetration Testing and Liquefaction; an interactive computer program","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:55","indexId":"ofr88540","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"88-540","title":"PETAL3; PEnetration Testing and Liquefaction; an interactive computer program","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr88540","usgsCitation":"Chen, A., 1988, PETAL3; PEnetration Testing and Liquefaction; an interactive computer program: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 88-540, 34 p. ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr88540.","productDescription":"34 p. ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":146791,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1988/0540/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":41454,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1988/0540/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae4e4b07f02db689ea9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chen, Albert T.","contributorId":43750,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chen","given":"Albert T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":167089,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":12987,"text":"ofr88648 - 1988 - The production history and geology of the Hacks, Ridenour, Riverview and Chapel breccia pipes, northwestern Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:55","indexId":"ofr88648","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"88-648","title":"The production history and geology of the Hacks, Ridenour, Riverview and Chapel breccia pipes, northwestern Arizona","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr88648","usgsCitation":"Chenoweth, W.L., 1988, The production history and geology of the Hacks, Ridenour, Riverview and Chapel breccia pipes, northwestern Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 88-648, ii, 60 p. ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr88648.","productDescription":"ii, 60 p. ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":146789,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1988/0648/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":41452,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1988/0648/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a70e4b07f02db641b5f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chenoweth, William L.","contributorId":77542,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chenoweth","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":167087,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":12984,"text":"ofr88444 - 1988 - Spectrographic analyses of insoluble-residue samples, Harrison 1 degree x 2 degrees quadrangle, Missouri and Arkansas : drill holes nos. 59, 60, 61, and 63","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:55","indexId":"ofr88444","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"88-444","title":"Spectrographic analyses of insoluble-residue samples, Harrison 1 degree x 2 degrees quadrangle, Missouri and Arkansas : drill holes nos. 59, 60, 61, and 63","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr88444","usgsCitation":"Chazin, B., and Erickson, M.S., 1988, Spectrographic analyses of insoluble-residue samples, Harrison 1 degree x 2 degrees quadrangle, Missouri and Arkansas : drill holes nos. 59, 60, 61, and 63: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 88-444, 49 p. ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr88444.","productDescription":"49 p. ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":146786,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1988/0444/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":41449,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1988/0444/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a60e4b07f02db634dee","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chazin, Barbara","contributorId":73203,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chazin","given":"Barbara","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":167083,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Erickson, M. S.","contributorId":35302,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Erickson","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":167082,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":27686,"text":"wri884149 - 1988 - Sediment loads in the Ventura River Basin, Ventura County, California, 1969-81","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:39","indexId":"wri884149","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"88-4149","title":"Sediment loads in the Ventura River Basin, Ventura County, California, 1969-81","docAbstract":"To estimate the replenishment of beach sands by fluvial transport from the Ventura River, California sediment data collected during a 12-year period (1969-81) were used to develop relations between bedload and coarse-suspended-sediment loads and streamflow. These relations were used to calculate coarse-sediment and total-sediment loads from the Ventura River, and to assess the effects of major storms on sediment transport. Sediment data collected on an unregulated tributary over a 12-year period were used to assess effects of dam construction on sediment loads and to identify major sediment source areas in the Ventura basin. Total-sediment load from the Ventura River for the 12 years of data collection was 12,800,000 tons, of which 5,100,000 tons, or 40%, consisted of coarse material potentially available for replenishment of beach sands. Suspended-sediment transport was the dominant process supplying sediment to the coast, accounting for more than 98% of the coarse-sediment load. Higher streamflows carried proportionately more coarse-suspended sediment than low flows. Major storm events transported more than 96% of both total-sediment and course-sediment annual loads during three high-flow years. The sequence of storm events may influence storm-period sediment transport, as sediment removed rapidly during high flows is gradually replenished by hillslope processes. The sediment yield of the unregulated part of the basin was higher than that of the regulated part. Consideration of the trap efficiencies of reservoirs in the basin, however, indicates that actual yields may be highest in areas affected by impoundments. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri884149","usgsCitation":"Hill, B.R., and McConaughy, C., 1988, Sediment loads in the Ventura River Basin, Ventura County, California, 1969-81: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 88-4149, vii, 23 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri884149.","productDescription":"vii, 23 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":158809,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4149/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56538,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4149/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e481de4b07f02db4df6ae","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hill, B. R.","contributorId":72833,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hill","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198538,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McConaughy, C.E.","contributorId":43776,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McConaughy","given":"C.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198537,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}