A method has been developed for the isolation of hydrophilic organic acids from aquatic environments using Amberlite∗ XAD-4 resin. The method uses a two column array of XAD-8 and XAD-4 resins in series. The hydrophobic organic acids, composed primarily of aquatic fulvic acid, are removed from the sample on XAD-8, followed by the isolation of the more hydrophilic organic acids on XAD-4. For samples from a number of diverse environments, more of the dissolved organic carbon was isolated on the XAD-8 resin (23–58%) than on the XAD-4 resin (7–25%). For these samples, the hydrophilic acids have lower carbon and hydrogen contents, higher oxygen and nitrogen contents, and are lower in molecular weight than the corresponding fulvic acids. 13C NMR analyses indicate that the hydrophilic acids have a lower concentration of aromatic carbon and greater heteroaliphatic, ketone and carboxyl content than the fulvic acid.
Measurement of the fluid-content distribution at sites contaminated by immiscible fluids, including crude oil, is needed to better understand the movement of these fluids in the subsurface and to provide data to calibrate and verify numerical models and geophysical methods. A laboratory method was used to quantify the fluid contents of 146 core sections retrieved from boreholes aligned along a 120-m longitudinal transect at a crude-oil spill site near Bemidji, Minnesota, U.S.A. The 47-mm-diameter, minimally disturbed cores spanned a 4-m vertical interval contaminated by oil. Cores were frozen on site in a dry ice-alcohol bath to prevent redistribution and loss of fluids while sectioning the cores. We gravimetrically determined oil and water contents using a two-step method: (1) samples were slurried and the oil was removed by absorption onto strips of hydrophobic porous polyethylene (PPE); and (2) the samples were oven-dried to remove the water. The resulting data show sharp vertical gradients in the water and oil contents and a clearly defined oil body. The subsurface distribution is complex and appears to be influenced by sediment heterogeneities and water-table fluctuations. The center of the oil body has depressed the water-saturated zone boundary, and the oil is migrating laterally within the capillary fringe. The oil contents are as high as 0.3cm3cm−3, which indicates that oil is probably still mobile 10 years after the spill occurred. The thickness of oil measured in wells suggests that accumulated thickness in wells is a poor indicator of the actual distribution of oil in the subsurface. Several possible sources of error are identified with the field and laboratory methods. An error analysis indicates that adsorption of water and sediment into the PPE adds as much as 4% to the measured oil masses and that uncertainties in the calculated sample volume and the assumed oil density introduce an additional ±3% error when the masses are converted to fluid contents.
Deuterium and oxygen-18 were used as natural tracers to investigate the hydraulic relationship between the Columbia River and the Blue Lake gravel aquifer near Portland, Oregon. A time series of stable-isotope data collected from surface and ground waters during a March 1990 aquifer test confirms that the river and aquifer are hydraulically connected. Calculations based on simple mixing show that the river contributed 40–50% of the yield of three wells after 5–6 days of pumping. Data collected during August 1990, show that the river contributed 65–80% of the yield of one well after 22 days of pumping and indicate that the contribution of the river was still increasing.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(92)90078-A","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"McCarthy, K.A., McFarland, W.D., Wilkinson, J., and White, L.D., 1992, The dynamic relationship between ground water and the Columbia River: Using deuterium and oxygen-18 as tracers: Journal of Hydrology, v. 135, no. 1-4, p. 1-12, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(92)90078-A.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"12","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":224628,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"135","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505baae7e4b08c986b322ab5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McCarthy, K. A.","contributorId":107309,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCarthy","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375371,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McFarland, W. D.","contributorId":57099,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McFarland","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375370,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wilkinson, J.M.","contributorId":12068,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilkinson","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375368,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"White, L. D.","contributorId":14330,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375369,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70017107,"text":"70017107 - 1992 - Effects of uranium mining discharges on water quality in the Puerco River basin, Arizona and New Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-10-03T14:50:25","indexId":"70017107","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1927,"text":"Hydrological Sciences Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of uranium mining discharges on water quality in the Puerco River basin, Arizona and New Mexico","docAbstract":"From 1967 until 1986, uranium mine dewatering increased dissolved gross alpha, gross beta, uranium and radium activities and dissolved selenium and molybdenum concentrations in the Puerco River as indicated by time trends, areal patterns involving distance from the mines and stream discharge. Additionally, increased dissolved uranium concentrations were identified in groundwater under the Puerco River from where mine discharges entered the river to approximately the Arizona-New Mexico State line about 65 km downstream. Total mass of uranium and gross alpha activity released to the Puerco River by mine dewatering were estimated as 560 Mg (560 × 106 g) and 260 Ci, respectively. In comparison, a uranium mill tailings pond spill on 16 July 1979, released an estimated 1.5 Mg of uranium and 46 Ci of gross alpha activity. Mass balance calculations for alluvial ground water indicate that most of the uranium released did not remain in solution. Sorption of uranium on sediments and uptake of uranium by plants probably removed the uranium from solution.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Hydrological Sciences Journal/Journal des Sciences Hydrologiques","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/02626669209492612","usgsCitation":"Van Metre, P., and Gray, J.R., 1992, Effects of uranium mining discharges on water quality in the Puerco River basin, Arizona and New Mexico: Hydrological Sciences Journal, v. 37, no. 5, p. 463-480, https://doi.org/10.1080/02626669209492612.","startPage":"463","endPage":"480","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224821,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":294931,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02626669209492612"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona, New Mexico","otherGeospatial":"Puerco River","volume":"37","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-12-29","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a081de4b0c8380cd519ab","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Van Metre, P. C.","contributorId":92999,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Metre","given":"P. C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375430,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gray, J. R.","contributorId":63372,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gray","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375429,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70017131,"text":"70017131 - 1992 - Floodplain storage of mine tailings in the Belle Fourche river system: a sediment budget approach","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-07T07:25:13","indexId":"70017131","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1425,"text":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Floodplain storage of mine tailings in the Belle Fourche river system: a sediment budget approach","docAbstract":"Arsenic‐contaminated mine tailings that were discharged into Whitewood Creek at Lead, South Dakota, from 1876 to 1978, were deposited along the floodplains of Whitewood Creek and the Belle Fourche River. The resulting arsenic‐contaminated floodplain deposit consists mostly of overbank sediments and filled abandoned meanders along White‐wood Creek, and overbank and point‐bar sediments along the Belle Fourche River. Arsenic concentrations of the contaminated sediments indicate the degree of dilution of mine tailings by uncontaminated alluvium.
About 13 per cent of the 110 × 106 Mg of mine tailings that were discharged at Lead were deposited along the Whitewood Creek floodplain. Deposition of mine tailings near the mouth of Whitewood Creek was augmented by an engineered structure. About 29 per cent of the mine tailings delivered by Whitewood Creek were deposited along the Belle Fourche River floodplain. About 60 per cent of that sediment is contained in overbank deposits. Deposition along a segment of the Belle Fourche River was augmented by rapid channel migration. The proportions of contaminated sediment stored along Whitewood Creek and the Belle Fourche River are consistent with sediment storage along the floodplains of perennial streams in other, similar sized watersheds.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/esp.3290170704","usgsCitation":"Marron, D., 1992, Floodplain storage of mine tailings in the Belle Fourche river system: a sediment budget approach: Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, v. 17, no. 7, p. 675-685, https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.3290170704.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"675","endPage":"685","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":224485,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":269248,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/esp.3290170704"}],"volume":"17","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-07-26","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a118be4b0c8380cd54024","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Marron, D. C.","contributorId":16031,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marron","given":"D. C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375512,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70017146,"text":"70017146 - 1992 - Evaluation of the depth-integration method of measuring water discharge in large rivers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-03-06T16:50:55.501777","indexId":"70017146","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evaluation of the depth-integration method of measuring water discharge in large rivers","docAbstract":"Partitioning available energy between plants and bare soil in sparsely vegetated rangelands will allow hydrologists and others to gain a greater understanding of water use by native vegetation, especially phreatophytes. Standard methods of conducting energy budget studies result in measurements of latent and sensible heat fluxes above the plant canopy which therefore include the energy fluxes from both the canopy and the soil. One-dimensional theoretical numerical models have been proposed recently for the partitioning of energy in sparse crops. Bowen ratio and other micrometeorological data collected over phreatophytes growing in areas of shallow ground water in central Nevada were used to evaluate the feasibility of using these models, which are based on surface and within-canopy aerodynamic resistances, to determine heat and water vapor transport in sparsely vegetated rangelands. The models appear to provide reasonably good estimates of sensible heat flux from the soil and latent heat flux from the canopy. Estimates of latent heat flux from the soil were less satisfactory. Sensible heat flux from the canopy was not well predicted by the present resistance formulations. Also, estimates of total above-canopy fluxes were not satisfactory when using a single value for above-canopy bulk aerodynamic resistance.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0168-1923(92)90039-7","usgsCitation":"Nichols, W., 1992, Energy budgets and resistances to energy transport in sparsely vegetated rangeland: Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, v. 60, no. 3-4, p. 221-247, https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-1923(92)90039-7.","productDescription":"27 p.","startPage":"221","endPage":"247","numberOfPages":"27","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224822,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"60","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0946e4b0c8380cd51e53","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nichols, William D.","contributorId":98296,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"William D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375564,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70017165,"text":"70017165 - 1992 - Electromagnetic methods for mapping freshwater lenses on Micronesian atoll islands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-03-06T16:44:34.998388","indexId":"70017165","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Electromagnetic methods for mapping freshwater lenses on Micronesian atoll islands","docAbstract":"METHANE is a greenhouse gas whose concentration in the atmosphere is increasing. Much of this methane is derived from the metabolism of methane-generating (methanogenic) bacteria and over the past two decades much has been learned about the ecology of methanogens; specific inhibitors of methanogenesis, such as 2-bromoethanesulphonic acid, have proved useful in this regard. In contrast, although much is known about the biochemistry of methane-oxidizing (methanotrophic) bacteria, ecological investigations have been hampered by the lack of an analogous specific inhibitor. Methanotrophs limit the flux of methane to the atmosphere from sediments and consume atmospheric methane, but the quantitative importance of methanotrophy in the global methane budget is not well known. Methylfluoride (CH3F) is known to inhibit oxygen consumption by Methylococcus capsu-latus, and to inhibit the oxidation of 14CH4 to 14CO2 by endosymbionts in mussel gill tissues. Here we report that methylfluoride (MF) inhibits the oxidation of methane by methane monooxy-genase, and by using methylfluoride in field investigations, we find that methanotrophic bacteria can consume more than 90% of the methane potentially available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1038/356421a0","issn":"00280836","usgsCitation":"Oremland, R.S., and Culbertson, C.W., 1992, Importance of methane-oxidizing bacteria in the methane budget as revealed by the use of a specific inhibitor: Nature, v. 356, no. 6368, p. 421-423, https://doi.org/10.1038/356421a0.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"421","endPage":"423","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":225205,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"356","issue":"6368","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a393de4b0c8380cd61860","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Oremland, Ronald S. 0000-0001-7382-0147 roremlan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7382-0147","contributorId":931,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oremland","given":"Ronald","email":"roremlan@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":375630,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Culbertson, Charles W. cculbert@usgs.gov","contributorId":1607,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Culbertson","given":"Charles","email":"cculbert@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":371,"text":"Maine Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":375629,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70017179,"text":"70017179 - 1992 - Gravel-bed deposition and erosion by bedform migration observed ultrasonically during storm flow, North Fork Toutle River, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-09-14T14:54:16","indexId":"70017179","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Gravel-bed deposition and erosion by bedform migration observed ultrasonically during storm flow, North Fork Toutle River, Washington","docAbstract":"Synthetic strontianite-aragonite solid-solution minerals were dissolved in CO2-saturated non-stoichiometric solutions of Sr(HCO3)2 and Ca(HCO3)2 at 25°C. The results show that none of the dissolution reactions reach thermodynamic equilibrium. Congruent dissolution in Ca(HCO3)2 solutions either attains or closely approaches stoichiometric saturation with respect to the dissolving solid. In Sr(HCO3)2 solutions the reactions usually become incongruent, precipitating a Sr-rich phase before reaching stoichiometric saturation. Dissolution of mechanical mixtures of solids approaches stoichiometric saturation with respect to the least stable solid in the mixture. Surface uptake from subsaturated bulk solutions was observed in the initial minutes of dissolution. This surficial phase is 0–10 atomic layers thick in Sr(HCO3)2 solutions and 0–4 layers thick in Ca(HCO3)2 solutions, and subsequently dissolves and/or recrystallizes, usually within 6 min of reaction. The initial transient surface precipitation (recrystallization) process is followed by congruent dissolution of the original solid which proceeds to stoichiometric saturation, or until the precipitation of a more stable Sr-rich solid. The compositions of secondary precipitates do not correspond to thermodynamic equilibrium or stoichiometric saturation states. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements indicate the formation of solid solutions on surfaces of aragonite and strontianite single crystals immersed in Sr(HCO3)2 and Ca(HCO3)2 solutions, respectively. In Sr(HCO3)2 solutions, the XPS signal from the outer ~ 60 Å on aragonite indicates a composition of 16 mol% SrCO3 after only 2 min of contact, and 14–18 mol% SrCO3 after 3 weeks of contact. The strontianite surface averages approximately 22 mol% CaCO3 after 2 min of contact with Ca(HCO3)2 solution, and is 34–39 mol% CaCO3 after 3 weeks of contact. XPS analysis suggests the surface composition is zoned with somewhat greater enrichment in the outer ~25 Å (as much as 26 mol% SrCO3 on aragonite and 44 mol% CaCO3 on strontianite). The results indicate rapid formation of a solid-solution surface phase from subsaturated aqueous solutions. The surface phase continually adjusts in composition in response to changes in composition of the bulk fluid as net dissolution proceeds. Dissolution rates of the endmembers are greatly reduced in nonstoichiometric solutions relative to dissolution rates observed in stoichiometric solutions. All solids dissolve more slowly in solutions spiked with the least soluble component ((Sr(HCO3)2)) than in solutions spiked with the more soluble component (Ca(HCO3)2), an effect that becomes increasingly significant as stoichiometric saturation is approached. It is proposed that the formation of a non-stoichiometric surface reactive zone significantly decreases dissolution rates.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(92)90289-U","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Plummer, N., Busenberg, E., Glynn, P.D., and Blum, A., 1992, Dissolution of aragonite-strontianite solid solutions in nonstoichiometric Sr (HCO3)2-Ca (HCO3)2-CO2-H2O solutions: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 56, no. 8, p. 3045-3072, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(92)90289-U.","productDescription":"28 p.","startPage":"3045","endPage":"3072","numberOfPages":"28","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":224683,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"56","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a022de4b0c8380cd4ff16","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Plummer, Niel 0000-0002-4020-1013 nplummer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4020-1013","contributorId":190100,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plummer","given":"Niel","email":"nplummer@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":375675,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Busenberg, E.","contributorId":56796,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Busenberg","given":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375674,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Glynn, P. D.","contributorId":7008,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Glynn","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375673,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Blum, A.E.","contributorId":100514,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blum","given":"A.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375676,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70017205,"text":"70017205 - 1992 - Seasonal dynamics of groundwater-lake interactions at Doñana National Park, Spain","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-05-26T16:05:04","indexId":"70017205","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seasonal dynamics of groundwater-lake interactions at Doñana National Park, Spain","docAbstract":"The hydrologic and solute budgets of a lake can be strongly influenced by transient groundwater flow. Several shallow interdunal lakes in southwest Spain are in close hydraulic connection with the shallow ground water. Two permanent lakes and one intermittent lake have chloride concentrations that differ by almost an order of magnitude. A two-dimensional solute-transport model, modified to simulate transient groundwater-lake interaction, suggests that the rising water table during the wet season leads to local flow reversals toward the lakes. Response of the individual lakes, however, varies depending on the lake's position in the regional flow system. The most dilute lake is a flow-through lake during the entire year; the through flow is driven by regional groundwater flow. The other permanent lake, which has a higher solute concentration, undergoes seasonal groundwater flow reversals at its downgradient end, resulting in complex seepage patterns and higher solute concentrations in the ground water near the lake. The solute concentration of the intermittent lake is influenced more strongly by the seasonal wetting and drying cycle than by the regional flow system. Although evaporation is the major process affecting the concentration of conservative solutes in the lakes, geochemical and biochemical reactions influence the concentration of nonconservative solutes. Probable reactions in the lakes include biological uptake of solutes and calcite precipitation; probable reactions as lake water seeps into the aquifer are sulfate reduction and calcite dissolution. Seepage reversals can result in water composition that appears inconsistent with predictions based on head measurements because, under transient flow conditions, the flow direction at any instant may not satisfactorily depict the source of the water. Understanding the dynamic nature of groundwater-lake interaction aids in the interpretation of hydrologic and chemical relations between the lakes and the ground water.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(92)90008-J","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Sacks, L.A., Herman, J.S., Konikow, L.F., and Vela, A.L., 1992, Seasonal dynamics of groundwater-lake interactions at Doñana National Park, Spain: Journal of Hydrology, v. 136, no. 1-4, p. 123-154, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(92)90008-J.","productDescription":"32 p.","startPage":"123","endPage":"154","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224875,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"136","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b889ae4b08c986b316a69","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sacks, Laura A.","contributorId":19134,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sacks","given":"Laura","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375719,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Herman, Janet S.","contributorId":62138,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herman","given":"Janet","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375717,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Konikow, Leonard F. 0000-0002-0940-3856 lkonikow@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0940-3856","contributorId":158,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Konikow","given":"Leonard","email":"lkonikow@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":375716,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Vela, Antonio L.","contributorId":78884,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vela","given":"Antonio","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375718,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70017219,"text":"70017219 - 1992 - GIS-assisted regression analysis to identify sources of selenium in streams","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-19T07:47:56","indexId":"70017219","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3718,"text":"Water Resources Bulletin","printIssn":"0043-1370","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"GIS-assisted regression analysis to identify sources of selenium in streams","docAbstract":"Using a geographic information system, a regression model has been developed to identify and to assess potential sources of selenium in the Kendrick Reclamation Project Area, Wyoming. A variety of spatially distributed factors was examined to determine which factors are most likely to affect selenium discharge in tributaries to the North Platte River. Areas of Upper Cretaceous Cody Shale and Quaternary alluvial deposits and irrigated land, length of irrigation canals, and boundaries of hydrologic subbasins of the major tributaries to the North Platte River were digitized and stored in a geographic information system. Selenium concentrations in samples of soil, plant material, ground water, and surface water were determined and evaluated. The location of all sampling sites was digitized and stored in the geographic information system, together with the selenium concentrations in samples. A regression model was developed using stepwise multiple regression of median selenium discharges on the physical and chemical characteristics of hydrologic subbasins. Results indicate that the intensity of irrigation in a hydrologic subbasin, as determined by area of irrigated land and length of irrigation delivery canals, accounts for the largest variation in median selenium discharges among subbasins. Tributaries draining hydrologic subbasins with greater intensity of irrigation result in greater selenium discharges to the North Platte River than do tributaries draining subbasins with lesser intensity of irrigation.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1752-1688.1992.tb03997.x","issn":"00431370","usgsCitation":"See, R.B., Naftz, D.L., and Qualls, C.L., 1992, GIS-assisted regression analysis to identify sources of selenium in streams: Water Resources Bulletin, v. 28, no. 2, p. 315-330, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1992.tb03997.x.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"315","endPage":"330","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":225160,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":267706,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1992.tb03997.x"}],"volume":"28","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-06-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a146be4b0c8380cd54a1a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"See, Randolph B. rsee@usgs.gov","contributorId":5632,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"See","given":"Randolph","email":"rsee@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":375780,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Naftz, David L. 0000-0003-1130-6892 dlnaftz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1130-6892","contributorId":1041,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Naftz","given":"David","email":"dlnaftz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":5050,"text":"WY-MT Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":375779,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Qualls, Charles L.","contributorId":106394,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Qualls","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375781,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70017222,"text":"70017222 - 1992 - Factors controlling the major ion chemistry of streams in the Blue Ridge and Valley and Ridge physiographic provinces of Virginia and Maryland","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-28T00:12:59.571153","indexId":"70017222","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1924,"text":"Hydrological Processes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Factors controlling the major ion chemistry of streams in the Blue Ridge and Valley and Ridge physiographic provinces of Virginia and Maryland","docAbstract":"The factors controlling the chemistry of 69 low-order streams in the Blue Ridge and Valley and Ridge physiographic provinces of Virginia and Maryland were studied over a 13-month period. Principal component analysis was used to examine regional patterns in stream chemistry and to examine the degree to which the chemistry of low-order streams is controlled by the bedrock upon which they flow. Streams clustered into regionally isolated groups, strongly related to bedrock type, with SO2−4 and HCO−3 the chemical variables of most importance. Sulphate concentrations appear to be strongly controlled by climate and hydrology, and sorption in the soils within the watershed. Much of the atmospherically derived SO2−4 accumulates in watersheds during the growing season and is later flushed out. Weathering reactions were found to be particularly important in the production of HCO−3, accounting for 91 per cent on an annual basis, and export of divalent cations from these watersheds, accounting for 48–50 per cent on an annual basis. About half of non-anthropogenic Na+ was derived from weathering of silicates, whereas nearly all K+ was identified with leaching by SO2−4. Water chemistry was strongly related to the rock type in the watershed and the weatherability of the component minerals. Rock type is not a randomly distributed function; instead, it is controlled by geologic factors that result in clusters of similar rock types in a given region. When planning large synoptic studies, it is extremely important to consider that a sampling scheme based on random sampling of a non-randomly distributed function May, not provide the most accurate representation of the variables of interest. Instead, a hierarchical sampling scheme May, be indicated. Our results also suggest that, although one sample in time May, be sufficient to characterize the primary geochemical factors controlling stream chemistry throughout the year, it May, not be sufficient to detect subtle, flow-related alterations in chemistry.
In April 1988, approximately 1500 m3 of a San Joaquin Valley crude oil were accidentally released from a Shell Oil Co. refinery near Martinez, Californa. The oil flowed into Carquinez Strait and Suisun Bay in northern San Francisco Bay Sediment and oil samples were collected within a week and analysed for geochemical marker compounds in order to track the molecular signature of the oil spill in the bottom sediment. Identification of the spilled oil in the sediment was complicated by the degraded nature of the oil and the similarity of the remaining, chromatographically resolvable constituents to those already present in the sediments from anthropogenic petroleum contamination, pyrogenic sources, and urban drainage. Ratios of hopane and sterane biomarkers, and of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their alkylated derivatives best identified the oil impingement. They showed the oil impact at this early stage to be surficial only, and to be patchy even within an area of heavy oil exposure.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0025-326X(92)90311-S","issn":"0025326X","usgsCitation":"Hostettler, F., Rapp, J.B., and Kvenvolden, K., 1992, Use of geochemical biomarkers in bottom sediment to track oil from a spill, San Francisco Bay, California: Marine Pollution Bulletin, v. 24, no. 1, p. 15-20, https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-326X(92)90311-S.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"15","endPage":"20","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":224731,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":205540,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-326X(92)90311-S"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.82714843749999,\n 37.36579146999664\n ],\n [\n -121.3604736328125,\n 37.36579146999664\n ],\n [\n -121.3604736328125,\n 38.46864331036051\n ],\n [\n -122.82714843749999,\n 38.46864331036051\n ],\n [\n -122.82714843749999,\n 37.36579146999664\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"24","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbf16e4b08c986b329951","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hostettler, F. D.","contributorId":99563,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hostettler","given":"F. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375835,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rapp, J. B.","contributorId":28987,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rapp","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375833,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kvenvolden, K.A.","contributorId":80674,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kvenvolden","given":"K.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375834,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70017238,"text":"70017238 - 1992 - Simultaneous parameter estimation and contaminant source characterization for coupled groundwater flow and contaminant transport modelling","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-03-06T16:52:31.022035","indexId":"70017238","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Simultaneous parameter estimation and contaminant source characterization for coupled groundwater flow and contaminant transport modelling","docAbstract":"Parameter estimation and contaminant source characterization are key steps in the development of a coupled groundwater flow and contaminant transport simulation model. Here a methodologyfor simultaneous model parameter estimation and source characterization is presented. The parameter estimation/source characterization inverse model combines groundwater flow and contaminant transport simulation with non-linear maximum likelihood estimation to determine optimal estimates of the unknown model parameters and source characteristics based on measurements of hydraulic head and contaminant concentration. First-order uncertainty analysis provides a means for assessing the reliability of the maximum likelihood estimates and evaluating the accuracy and reliability of the flow and transport model predictions. A series of hypothetical examples is presented to demonstrate the ability of the inverse model to solve the combined parameter estimation/source characterization inverse problem. Hydraulic conductivities, effective porosity, longitudinal and transverse dispersivities, boundary flux, and contaminant flux at the source are estimated for a two-dimensional groundwater system. In addition, characterization of the history of contaminant disposal or location of the contaminant source is demonstrated. Finally, the problem of estimating the statistical parameters that describe the errors associated with the head and concentration data is addressed. A stage-wise estimation procedure is used to jointly estimate these statistical parameters along with the unknown model parameters and source characteristics.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(92)90092-A","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Wagner, B., 1992, Simultaneous parameter estimation and contaminant source characterization for coupled groundwater flow and contaminant transport modelling: Journal of Hydrology, v. 135, no. 1-4, p. 275-303, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(92)90092-A.","productDescription":"29 p.","startPage":"275","endPage":"303","numberOfPages":"29","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224829,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"135","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b90d5e4b08c986b319698","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wagner, B.J.","contributorId":18012,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wagner","given":"B.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375854,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70017245,"text":"70017245 - 1992 - Comparison of methods for the removal of organic carbon and extraction of chromium, iron and manganese from an estuarine sediment standard and sediment from the Calcasieu River estuary, Louisiana, U.S.A.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-15T06:20:40","indexId":"70017245","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1213,"text":"Chemical Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparison of methods for the removal of organic carbon and extraction of chromium, iron and manganese from an estuarine sediment standard and sediment from the Calcasieu River estuary, Louisiana, U.S.A.","docAbstract":"U.S. National Bureau of Standards (NBS) estuarine sediment 1646 from the Chesapeake Bay, Maryland, and surface sediment collected at two sites in the Calcasieu River estuary, Louisiana, were used to evaluate the dilute hydrochloric acid extraction of Cr, Fe and Mn from air-dried and freeze-dried samples that had been treated by one of three methods to remove organic carbon. The three methods for the oxidation and removal of organic carbon were: (1) 30% hydrogen peroxide; (2) 30% hydrogen peroxide plus 0.25 mM pyrophosphate; and (3) plasma oxidation (low-temperature ashing). There was no statistically significant difference at the 95% confidence level between air- and freeze-dried samples with respect to the percent of organic carbon removed by the three methods. Generally, there was no statistically significant difference at the 95% confidence level between air- and freeze-dried samples with respect to the concentration of Cr, Fe and Mn that was extracted, regardless of the extraction technique that was used. Hydrogen peroxide plus pyrophosphate removed the most organic carbon from sediment collected at the site in the Calcasieu River that was upstream from industrial outfalls. Plasma oxidation removed the most organic carbon from the sediment collected at a site in the Calcasieu River close to industrial outfalls and from the NBS estuarine sediment sample. Plasma oxidation merits further study as a treatment for removal of organic carbon. Operational parameters can be chosen to limit the plasma oxidation of pyrite which, unlike other Fe species, will not be dissolved by dilute hydrochloric acid. Preservation of pyrite allows the positive identification of Fe present as pyrite in sediments.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0009-2541(92)90111-H","issn":"00092541","usgsCitation":"Simon, N., Hatcher, S., and Demas, C., 1992, Comparison of methods for the removal of organic carbon and extraction of chromium, iron and manganese from an estuarine sediment standard and sediment from the Calcasieu River estuary, Louisiana, U.S.A.: Chemical Geology, v. 100, no. 3-4, p. 175-189, https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(92)90111-H.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"175","endPage":"189","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":224926,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":266070,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(92)90111-H"}],"volume":"100","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f875e4b0c8380cd4d104","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Simon, N.S.","contributorId":103272,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simon","given":"N.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375878,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hatcher, S.A.","contributorId":32686,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hatcher","given":"S.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375877,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Demas, C.","contributorId":12630,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Demas","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375876,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70017257,"text":"70017257 - 1992 - Methanogenic biodegradation of creosote contaminants in natural and simulated ground-water ecosystems","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-12T11:14:35","indexId":"70017257","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1861,"text":"Ground Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Methanogenic biodegradation of creosote contaminants in natural and simulated ground-water ecosystems","docAbstract":"Wastes from a wood preserving plant in Pensacola, Florida have contaminated the near‐surface sand‐and‐gravel aquifer with creosote‐derived compounds and pentachlorophenol. Contamination resulted from the discharge of plant waste waters to and subsequent seepage from unlined surface impoundments that were in direct hydraulic contact with the ground water. Two distinct phases resulted when the creosote and water mixed: a denser than water hydrocarbon phase that moved vertically downward, and an organic‐rich aqueous phase that moved laterally with the ground‐water flow. The aqueous phase is enriched in organic acids, phenolic compounds, single‐ and double‐ring nitrogen, sulfur, and oxygen containing compounds, and single‐ and double‐ring aromatic hydrocarbons. The ground water is devoid of dissolved O2, is 60–70% saturated with CH4 and contains H2S. Field analyses document a greater decrease in concentration of organic fatty acids, benzoic acid, phenol, 2‐, 3‐, 4‐methylphenol, quinoline, isoquinoline, l(2H)‐quinolinone, and 2(lH)‐isoquinolinone during downgradient movement in the aquifer than could be explained by dilution and/or dispersion. Laboratory microcosm studies have shown that within the study region, this effect can be attributed to rnicrobial degradation to CH4 and CO2. A small but active methanogenic population was found on sediment materials taken from highly contaminated parts of the aquifer.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.1992.tb01795.x","issn":"0017467X","usgsCitation":"Godsy, E.M., Goerlitz, D., and Grbic-Galic, D., 1992, Methanogenic biodegradation of creosote contaminants in natural and simulated ground-water ecosystems: Ground Water, v. 30, no. 2, p. 232-242, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1992.tb01795.x.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"232","endPage":"242","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":225108,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"30","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-08-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5541e4b0c8380cd6d184","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Godsy, E. Michael","contributorId":45842,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Godsy","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"Michael","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375907,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Goerlitz, Donald","contributorId":46700,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goerlitz","given":"Donald","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375908,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Grbic-Galic, Dunja","contributorId":33463,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grbic-Galic","given":"Dunja","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375906,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70017267,"text":"70017267 - 1992 - Analytical interferences of mercuric chloride preservative in environmental water samples: Determination of organic compounds isolated by continuous liquid-liquid extraction or closed-loop stripping","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-19T10:00:07","indexId":"70017267","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Analytical interferences of mercuric chloride preservative in environmental water samples: Determination of organic compounds isolated by continuous liquid-liquid extraction or closed-loop stripping","docAbstract":"Analytical interferences were observed during the determination of organic compounds in groundwater samples preserved with mercuric chloride. The nature of the interference was different depending on the analytical isolation technique employed. (1) Water samples extracted with dichloromethane by continuous liquid-liquid extraction (CLLE) and analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry revealed a broad HgCl2 'peak' eluting over a 3-5-min span which interfered with the determination of coeluting organic analytes. Substitution of CLLE for separatory funnel extraction in EPA method 508 also resulted in analytical interferences from the use of HgCl2 preservative. (2) Mercuric chloride was purged, along with organic contaminants, during closed-loop stripping (CLS) of groundwater samples and absorbed onto the activated charcoal trap. Competitive sorption of the HgCl2 by the trap appeared to contribute to the observed poor recoveries for spiked organic contaminants. The HgCl2 was not displaced from the charcoal with the dichloromethane elution solvent and required strong nitric acid to achieve rapid, complete displacement. Similar competitive sorption mechanisms might also occur in other purge and trap methods when this preservative is used.","language":"English","publisher":"ACS","doi":"10.1021/es00031a004","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Foreman, W., Zaugg, S., Falres, L., Werner, M., Leiker, T., and Rogerson, P., 1992, Analytical interferences of mercuric chloride preservative in environmental water samples: Determination of organic compounds isolated by continuous liquid-liquid extraction or closed-loop stripping: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 26, no. 7, p. 1307-1312, https://doi.org/10.1021/es00031a004.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"1307","endPage":"1312","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":225212,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":205614,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es00031a004"}],"volume":"26","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059eb68e4b0c8380cd48da8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Foreman, W.T.","contributorId":94684,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foreman","given":"W.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375940,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zaugg, S.D.","contributorId":82811,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zaugg","given":"S.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375938,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Falres, L.M.","contributorId":34661,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Falres","given":"L.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375936,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Werner, M.G.","contributorId":47400,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Werner","given":"M.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375937,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Leiker, T.J.","contributorId":96719,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leiker","given":"T.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375941,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Rogerson, P.F.","contributorId":84087,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rogerson","given":"P.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375939,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70017281,"text":"70017281 - 1992 - Chemical, crystallographic and stable isotopic properties of alunite and jarosite from acid-Hypersaline Australian lakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-07T07:07:36","indexId":"70017281","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1213,"text":"Chemical Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Chemical, crystallographic and stable isotopic properties of alunite and jarosite from acid-Hypersaline Australian lakes","docAbstract":"Chemical, crystallographic and isotopic analyses were made on samples containing alunite and jarosite from the sediments of four acid, hypersaline lakes in southeastern and southwestern Australia. The alunite and jarosite are K-rich with relatively low Na contents based on chemical analysis and determination of unit cell dimensions by powder X-ray diffraction. Correcting the chemical analyses of fine-grained mineral concentrates from Lake Tyrrell, Victoria, for the presence of halite, silica and poorly crystalline aluminosilicates, the following formulas indicate best estimates for solid-solution compositions: for alunite, K0.87Na0.04(H3O)0.09(Al0.92Fe0.08)3(SO4)2(OH)6 and for jarosite, K0.89Na0.07(H3O)0.04(Fe0.80Al0.20)3(SO4)2(OH)6.
The δD-values of alunite are notably larger than those for jarosite from Lake Tyrrell and it appears that the minerals have closely approached hydrogen isotope equilibrium with the acidic regional groundwaters. The δD results are consistent with a fractionation ∼60–70‰ between alunite and jarosite observed in other areas. However, interpretation of δD results is complicated by large variability in fluid δDH2O from evaporation, mixing and possible ion hydration effects in the brine. δD-values of water derived from jarosite by step-wise heating tend to be smaller at 250°C, at which temperature hydronium and other non-hydroxyl water is liberated, than at 550°C, where water is derived from the hydroxyl site, but the differences are not sufficiently different to invalidate measurements of total δD obtained by conventional, single-step heating methods.
δ34S-values for alunite and jarosite from the four lakes (+19.7 to +21.2‰ CDT) and for aqueous sulfate from Lake Tyrrell (+18.3 to +19.8‰) are close to the values for modern evaporites (
δ18OSO4-values for alunite from three Western Australia lakes (+17.8 to +18.3‰ V-SMOW), for alunite and jarosite from Lake Tyrrell (+22.6 to +24.9‰) and for aqueous sulfate from Lake Tyrrell (+17.3 to +19.0‰) are much larger than the average value for seawater (+9.6‰). The data suggest an approach to 18O-16O equilibrium between aqueous sulfate and groundwater, which is known from experimental studies to be possible at low pH and low temperatures, but has not been previously documented in nature. A residence time of ∼0.1–1 kyr for sulfate in acidic water (pH 3–4) is needed to achieve the apparent partial oxygen exchange, using previously published data of R.M. Lloyd.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0009-2541(92)90129-S","issn":"00092541","usgsCitation":"Alpers, C.N., Rye, R.O., Nordstrom, D.K., White, L.D., and King, B., 1992, Chemical, crystallographic and stable isotopic properties of alunite and jarosite from acid-Hypersaline Australian lakes: Chemical Geology, v. 96, no. 1-2, p. 203-226, https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(92)90129-S.","productDescription":"24 p.","startPage":"203","endPage":"226","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":266072,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(92)90129-S"},{"id":224688,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"96","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f59be4b0c8380cd4c302","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Alpers, Charles N. 0000-0001-6945-7365 cnalpers@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6945-7365","contributorId":411,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alpers","given":"Charles","email":"cnalpers@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":375979,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rye, R. O.","contributorId":66208,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rye","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375977,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nordstrom, D. Kirk 0000-0003-3283-5136 dkn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3283-5136","contributorId":749,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nordstrom","given":"D.","email":"dkn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Kirk","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":375978,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"White, L. D.","contributorId":14330,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375975,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"King, B.-S.","contributorId":54592,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"King","given":"B.-S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375976,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70017290,"text":"70017290 - 1992 - Reduction of uranium by Desulfovibrio desulfuricans","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-23T12:00:14.50575","indexId":"70017290","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":850,"text":"Applied and Environmental Microbiology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Reduction of uranium by Desulfovibrio desulfuricans","title":"Reduction of uranium by Desulfovibrio desulfuricans","docAbstract":"The possibility that sulfate-reducing microorganisms contribute to U(VI) reduction in sedimentary environments was investigated. U(VI) was reduced to U(IV) when washed cells of sulfate-grown Desulfovibrio desulfuricans were suspended in a bicarbonate buffer with lactate or H2 as the electron donor. There was no U(VI) reduction in the absence of an electron donor or when the cells were killed by heat prior to the incubation. The rates of U(VI) reduction were comparable to those in respiratory Fe(III)-reducing microorganisms. Azide or prior exposure of the cells to air did not affect the ability of D. desulfuricans to reduce U(VI). Attempts to grow D. desulfuricans with U(VI) as the electron acceptor were unsuccessful. U(VI) reduction resulted in the extracellular precipitation of the U(IV) mineral uraninite. The presence of sulfate had no effect on the rate of U(VI) reduction. Sulfate and U(VI) were reduced simultaneously. Enzymatic reduction of U(VI) by D. desulfuricans was much faster than nonenzymatic reduction of U(VI) by sulfide, even when cells of D. desulfuricans were added to provide a potential catalytic surface for the nonenzymatic reaction. The results indicate that enzymatic U(VI) reduction by sulfate-reducing microorganisms may be responsible for the accumulation of U(IV) in sulfidogenic environments. Furthermore, since the reduction of U(VI) to U(IV) precipitates uranium from solution, D. desulfuricans might be a useful organisms for recovering uranium from contaminated waters and waste streams.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","doi":"10.1128/aem.58.3.850-856.1992","issn":"00992240","usgsCitation":"Lovley, D.R., and Phillips, E.J., 1992, Reduction of uranium by Desulfovibrio desulfuricans: Applied and Environmental Microbiology, v. 58, no. 3, p. 850-856, https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.58.3.850-856.1992.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"850","endPage":"856","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":480364,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.58.3.850-856.1992","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":224787,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"58","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e4a3e7e4b0e8fec6cdba10","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lovley, Derek R.","contributorId":107852,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lovley","given":"Derek","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376003,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Phillips, Elizabeth J.P.","contributorId":37475,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Phillips","given":"Elizabeth","middleInitial":"J.P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376002,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70017296,"text":"70017296 - 1992 - A spatial model to aggregate point-source and nonpoint-source water-quality data for large areas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-21T15:19:28","indexId":"70017296","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1315,"text":"Computers & Geosciences","printIssn":"0098-3004","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A spatial model to aggregate point-source and nonpoint-source water-quality data for large areas","docAbstract":"More objective and consistent methods are needed to assess water quality for large areas. A spatial model, one that capitalizes on the topologic relationships among spatial entities, to aggregate pollution sources from upstream drainage areas is described that can be implemented on land surfaces having heterogeneous water-pollution effects. An infrastructure of stream networks and drainage basins, derived from 1:250,000-scale digital-elevation models, define the hydrologic system in this spatial model. The spatial relationships between point- and nonpoint pollution sources and measurement locations are referenced to the hydrologic infrastructure with the aid of a geographic information system. A maximum-branching algorithm has been developed to simulate the effects of distance from a pollutant source to an arbitrary downstream location, a function traditionally employed in deterministic water quality models. ?? 1992.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Computers and Geosciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/0098-3004(92)90021-I","issn":"00983004","usgsCitation":"White, D., Smith, R.A., Price, C.V., Alexander, R.B., and Robinson, K.W., 1992, A spatial model to aggregate point-source and nonpoint-source water-quality data for large areas: Computers & Geosciences, v. 18, no. 8, p. 1055-1073, https://doi.org/10.1016/0098-3004(92)90021-I.","startPage":"1055","endPage":"1073","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":266167,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0098-3004(92)90021-I"},{"id":224927,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"18","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e5a1e4b0c8380cd46ea7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"White, D.A.","contributorId":24502,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376015,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, R. A.","contributorId":60584,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376017,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Price, C. V.","contributorId":19190,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Price","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376014,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Alexander, R. B.","contributorId":108103,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alexander","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376018,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Robinson, K. W.","contributorId":27488,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robinson","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376016,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70017308,"text":"70017308 - 1992 - Hydrous pyrolysis of crude oil in gold-plated reactors","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-14T05:52:59","indexId":"70017308","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2958,"text":"Organic Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hydrous pyrolysis of crude oil in gold-plated reactors","docAbstract":"Crude oils from Iraq and California have been pyrolyzed under hydrous conditions at 200 and 300°C for time periods up to 210 days, in gold-plated reactors. Elemental (vanadium, nickel), stable isotopic (carbon), and molecular (n-alkanes, acyclic isoprenoids, steranes, terpanes and aromatic steroid hydrocarbons) analyses were made on the original and pyrolyzed oils. Various conventional crude oil maturity parameters, including 20S/(20S + 20R)-24-ethylcholestane ratios and the side-chain-length distribution of aliphatic and aromatic steroidal hydrocarbons, were measured in an effort to assess the modification of molecular maturity parameters in clay-free settings, similar to those encountered in “clean” reservoirs.
Concentrations of vanadium and nickel in the Iraq oil decrease significantly and the V/(V + Ni) ratio decreases slightly, with increasing pyrolysis time/temperature. Whole oil carbon isotope ratios remain fairly constant during pyrolysis, as do hopane/sterane ratios and carbon number distribution of 5α(H),14α(H),17α(H),20R steranes. These latter three parameters are considered maturity-invariant.
The ratios of short side-chain components to long side-chain components of the regular steranes [C21/(C21 + C29R)] and the triaromatic steroid hydrocarbons [C21/(C21 + C28)] vary systematically with increasing pyrolysis time, indicating that these parameters may be useful as molecular maturity parameters for crude oils in clay-free reservoir rocks. In addition, decreases in bisnorhopane/hopane ratio with increasing pyrolysis time, in a clay-free and kerogen-free environment, suggest that the distribution of these compounds is controlled by either differential thermal stabilities or preferential release from a higher-molecular weight portion of the oil.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0146-6380(92)90100-C","issn":"01466380","usgsCitation":"Curiale, J., Lundegard, P., and Kharaka, Y., 1992, Hydrous pyrolysis of crude oil in gold-plated reactors: Organic Geochemistry, v. 18, no. 5, p. 745-756, https://doi.org/10.1016/0146-6380(92)90100-C.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"745","endPage":"756","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":225112,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"18","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a37b2e4b0c8380cd6109e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Curiale, J.A.","contributorId":84078,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Curiale","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376075,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lundegard, P.D.","contributorId":71323,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lundegard","given":"P.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376074,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kharaka, Y.K.","contributorId":23568,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kharaka","given":"Y.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376073,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70016671,"text":"70016671 - 1992 - The aqueous photolysis of α-pinene in solution with humic acid","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-15T10:45:13","indexId":"70016671","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2233,"text":"Journal of Contaminant Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The aqueous photolysis of α-pinene in solution with humic acid","docAbstract":"Terpenes are produced abundantly by environmental processes but are found in very low concentrations in natural waters. Aqueous photolysis of solutions containing α-pinene, a representative terpene, in the presence of humic acid resulted in degradation of the pinene. Comparison of this reaction to photolysis of α-pinene in the presence of methylene blue leads to the conclusion that the reactive pathway for the abiotic degradation of α-pinene is due to reaction with singlet oxygen produced by irradiation of the humic material. The initial product of single oxygen and α-pinene is a hydroperoxide. Since humic materials are prevalent in most natural waters, this mechanism of photodecomposition for α-pinene probably also applies to other terpenes in surface waters and may be reasonably considered to contribute to their low environmental concentration.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0169-7722(92)90051-F","issn":"01697722","usgsCitation":"Goldberg, M.C., Cunningham, K.M., Aiken, G.R., and Weiner, E.R., 1992, The aqueous photolysis of α-pinene in solution with humic acid: Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, v. 9, no. 1-2, p. 79-89, https://doi.org/10.1016/0169-7722(92)90051-F.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"79","endPage":"89","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":224982,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"9","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba9cee4b08c986b322511","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Goldberg, Marvin C.","contributorId":26066,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goldberg","given":"Marvin","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374184,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cunningham, Kirkwood M.","contributorId":85325,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cunningham","given":"Kirkwood","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374185,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Aiken, George R. 0000-0001-8454-0984 graiken@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8454-0984","contributorId":1322,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aiken","given":"George","email":"graiken@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":374182,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Weiner, Eugene R.","contributorId":23280,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weiner","given":"Eugene","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374183,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ]}