Sands Plain, a 225-square mile area, is near the Marquette iron-mining district in Michigan's Upper Peninsula. Gribben Basin, a settling basin for disposal of waste rock particles from iron-ore concentration, is in the western part. Because Sands Plain is near iron-ore deposits, but not underlain by them, parts of the area are being considered as sites for additional tailings basins.
Glacial deposits, as much as 500 feet thick, comprise the principal aquifer. Most ground water flows through the glacial deposits and discharges in a series of nearly parallel tributaries to the Chocolay River which flows into Lake Superior. Ninety-five percent of the discharge of these streams is ground-water runoff. The aquifer is recharged by precipitation at an average rate of 15 inches per year and by streamflow losses from the upper reaches of Goose Lake Outlet at an average rate of 2 inches per year.
Precipitation collected at two sites had mean pH values of 4.0; rates of deposition of sulfate and total dissolved nitrogen were estimated to be 17.4 and 5.8 pounds per acre per year, respectively. Dissolved-solids concentrations in water from streams ranged from 82 to 143 milligrams per liter; sulfate ranged from 4.2 to 10 milligrams per liter. Calcium and bicarbonate were the principal dissolved substances. Highest dissolved-solids concentrations in water from wells in glacial deposits were found in a major buried valley east of Goose Lake Outlet. These concentrations ranged from 14 to 246 milligrams per liter; sulfate concentrations ranged from 0.9 to 53 milligrams per liter. Because of the high ground-water component of streamflow, mean concentrations of total nitrogen and trace metals in surface water do not differ significantly from mean concentrations in ground water.
A two-dimensional digital model of ground-water flow was used to simulate water levels and ground-water runoff under steady-state and transient conditions Predictive simulations with the steady-state model were made to determine the effects of continued operation of Gribben tailings basin and construction and operation of four hypothetical tailings basins. Operation of Gribben Basin has decreased the average rate of ground-water flow to Goose Lake Outlet by 0.9 to 1.6 cubic feet per second but has increased the average rate of groundwater flow to Warner Creek by about 0.2 cubic foot per second. Continued filling of the tailings basin to its design capacity is expected to cause a slight increase in leakage from the basin to Goose Lake Outlet.
Four hypothetical tailings basins, comprising a total of 11 square miles, were simulated by successively adding one more basin to the previous basin configuration. Net ground-water flow to streams was reduced by the simulated basins. The magnitude of these reductions depends on engineering decisions about the method of basin construction and a better understanding of the hydraulic properties of the materials used to seal the basin perimeters. The maximum total reduction in ground-water runoff due to construction and operation of 11 square miles of tailings basins is about 18 cubic feet per second compared to flow simulated by a steady-state simulation without tailings basins. If bottom sealing, rather than slurry wall construction, is used for one of the hypothetical basins, the total maximum reduction is 7.5 cubic feet per second. Under some assumed conditions, leakage from the tailings basins may slightly increase ground-water flow to Goose Lake Outlet and Warner Creek. The maximum probable leakage from all tailings basins is about 7 cubic feet per second; the minimum probable leakage is about 0.7 cubic foot per second.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Lansing, MI","doi":"10.3133/wri844114","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Michigan Department of Natural Resources","usgsCitation":"Grannemann, N., 1984, Hydrogeology and effects of tailings basins on the hydrology of Sands Plain, Marquette County, Michigan: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 84-4114, Document: vi, 98 p.; Plate: 22.07 x 17.25 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri844114.","productDescription":"Document: vi, 98 p.; Plate: 22.07 x 17.25 inches","costCenters":[{"id":382,"text":"Michigan Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":56258,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4114/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":124328,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4114/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56257,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4114/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Michigan","county":"Marquette County","otherGeospatial":"Sands Plain","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -87.625,\n 46.5\n ],\n [\n -87.233333,\n 46.5\n ],\n [\n -87.233333,\n 46.316667\n ],\n [\n -87.466667,\n 46.316667\n ],\n [\n -87.466667,\n 46.366667\n ],\n [\n -87.516667,\n 46.391667\n ],\n [\n -87.625,\n 46.391667\n ],\n [\n -87.625,\n 46.5\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4de4b07f02db6277f2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Grannemann, N.G.","contributorId":11221,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grannemann","given":"N.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198048,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":12313,"text":"ofr84740 - 1984 - Studies of geology and hydrology in the Basin and Range Province, Southwestern United States, for isolation of high-level radioactive waste; characterization of the Rio Grande region, New Mexico and Texas","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":12313,"text":"ofr84740 - 1984 - Studies of geology and hydrology in the Basin and Range Province, Southwestern United States, for isolation of high-level radioactive waste; characterization of the Rio Grande region, New Mexico and Texas","indexId":"ofr84740","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"title":"Studies of geology and hydrology in the Basin and Range Province, Southwestern United States, for isolation of high-level radioactive waste; characterization of the Rio Grande region, New Mexico and Texas"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":38492,"text":"pp1370C - 1989 - Studies of geology and hydrology in the Basin and Range Province, Southwestern United States, for isolation of high-level radioactive waste— Characterization of the Rio Grande region, New Mexico and Texas","indexId":"pp1370C","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"chapter":"C","title":"Studies of geology and hydrology in the Basin and Range Province, Southwestern United States, for isolation of high-level radioactive waste— Characterization of the Rio Grande region, New Mexico and Texas"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":38492,"text":"pp1370C - 1989 - Studies of geology and hydrology in the Basin and Range Province, Southwestern United States, for isolation of high-level radioactive waste— Characterization of the Rio Grande region, New Mexico and Texas","indexId":"pp1370C","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"title":"Studies of geology and hydrology in the Basin and Range Province, Southwestern United States, for isolation of high-level radioactive waste— Characterization of the Rio Grande region, New Mexico and Texas"},"lastModifiedDate":"2021-03-04T22:07:16.740234","indexId":"ofr84740","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"84-740","title":"Studies of geology and hydrology in the Basin and Range Province, Southwestern United States, for isolation of high-level radioactive waste; characterization of the Rio Grande region, New Mexico and Texas","docAbstract":"The Rio Grande region, New Mexico and Texas, includes most of the area east of the Rio Grande to the Sacramento Mountains. The Legion encompasses two large basins, the Jornada del Muerto and Tularosa basins, and the intervening San Andres Mountains. The altitude of the valley surfaces generally are from 600 to 1.500 meters. The mountain ranges generally have altitudes from 1,500 to 2,400 meters. About one-half the area is underlain by basin fill.
Outcropping sedimentary rocks in the Rio Grande region range in age from Precambrian to Holocene. The oldest Precambrian rocks are metamorphosed and intruded by plutons. Paleozoic rocks are primarily carbonate rocks, with argillaceous beds, in the older Paleozoic units. Clastic and gypsum are in greater abundance in younger Paleozoic units of Pennsylvanian and Permian age. The Mesozoic rocks primarily are clastic rocks with some limestone. Cenozoic rocks consist of sequences of conglomerate, sandstone, mudstone, and siltstone derived from adjacent mountain masses, interbedded with basalt and andesite flows, and silicic tuffs. Volcanic activity continued into the Quaternary. Early to middle Tertiary volcanic and tectonic processes resulted in the implacement of plutonic bodies.
Media considered to have potential for isolation of high-level radioactive waste include intrusive rocks, ash-flow tuff, and basaltic lava flows. Laharic and mudflow breccia and argillaceous beds also may be prospective host rocks. These and other rocks may be prospective media in areas where the unsaturated zone is thick.
Quaternary faults are more common in the southern one-half of the region than in the northern one-half. Range-bounding faults with evidence of Quaternary movement extend northward into the central part of the region. Volcanic activity in the northern part of the region includes basalt flows of Quaternary age. Historical crustal uplift and seismicity have occurred in the vicinity of Socorro, New Mexico. The region is bordered on the west by an area with heat flow greater than 2.5 heat-flow units. A few measurements of this magnitude have been made within the region.
Recharge to ground water in the Rio Grande region occurs in the higher altitudes where precipitation is greater, that is, in the San Andres and Sacramento Mountains and on the Chupadera Mesa. Ground-water flow from units west of the San Andres Mountains discharge to the Rio Grande. The ground-water flow unit of the Tularosa basin ultimately discharges to the Rio Grande or to wells in the vicinity of El Paso. Intermediate discharge points in the Tularosa basin include seepage to streams, springs, and evaporation to playas in the central part of the basin. Dissolved-solids concentations in ground water in the region generally are more than 1,000 milligrams per liter. The dissolved-solids concentrations in ground water in the recharge areas generally are less than 1,000 milligrams per liter. Dissolved-solids of concentrations ranging from 3,000 to 25,000 milligrams per liter are found in the ground water underlying the playa area in the central part of the Tularosa basin.
The more than 43 mining districts in the region contain base metals and to a lesser extent, precious metals, in vein and replacement deposits. Four coal fields are located in the region.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr84740","usgsCitation":"1984, Studies of geology and hydrology in the Basin and Range Province, Southwestern United States, for isolation of high-level radioactive waste; characterization of the Rio Grande region, New Mexico and Texas: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 84-740, Report: xii, 148 p.; 7 Plates: 22.76 x 36.65 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr84740.","productDescription":"Report: xii, 148 p.; 7 Plates: 22.76 x 36.65 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":383935,"rank":9,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1984/0740/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":383934,"rank":8,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1984/0740/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":383933,"rank":7,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1984/0740/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":383932,"rank":6,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1984/0740/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":383931,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1984/0740/plate-5.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":383930,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1984/0740/plate-6-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":383929,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1984/0740/plate-6-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":383928,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1984/0740/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":145833,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1984/0740/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Mexico, Texas","otherGeospatial":"Rio Grande","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -109.072265625,\n 26.03704188651584\n ],\n [\n -93.69140625,\n 26.03704188651584\n ],\n [\n -93.69140625,\n 37.020098201368114\n ],\n [\n -109.072265625,\n 37.020098201368114\n ],\n [\n -109.072265625,\n 26.03704188651584\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b06e4b07f02db69a230","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Bedinger, M. S.","contributorId":65452,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bedinger","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503981,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sargent, K. A.","contributorId":58630,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sargent","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503980,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Langer, W. H.","contributorId":44932,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langer","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503979,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":7178,"text":"ofr84757 - 1984 - Geologic studies in support of the U.S. Department of Energy Multiwell Experiment, Garfield County, Colorado","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":7178,"text":"ofr84757 - 1984 - Geologic studies in support of the U.S. Department of Energy Multiwell Experiment, Garfield County, Colorado","indexId":"ofr84757","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"title":"Geologic studies in support of the U.S. Department of Energy Multiwell Experiment, Garfield County, Colorado"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":47470,"text":"b1787G - 1989 - Petrography, mineralogy, and reservoir characteristics of the Upper Cretaceous Mesaverde Group in the east-central Piceance Basin, Colorado","indexId":"b1787G","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"chapter":"G","title":"Petrography, mineralogy, and reservoir characteristics of the Upper Cretaceous Mesaverde Group in the east-central Piceance Basin, Colorado"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":47470,"text":"b1787G - 1989 - Petrography, mineralogy, and reservoir characteristics of the Upper Cretaceous Mesaverde Group in the east-central Piceance Basin, Colorado","indexId":"b1787G","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"title":"Petrography, mineralogy, and reservoir characteristics of the Upper Cretaceous Mesaverde Group in the east-central Piceance Basin, Colorado"},"lastModifiedDate":"2022-05-04T17:11:08.897869","indexId":"ofr84757","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"84-757","title":"Geologic studies in support of the U.S. Department of Energy Multiwell Experiment, Garfield County, Colorado","docAbstract":"The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) is conducting a field-oriented, enhanced-gas-recovery research experiment in the southern Piceance Creek basin. This project is called the Multiwell Experiment (MWX) and is being undertaken as a major part of DOE's Fossil Energy Western Gas Sands Subprogram. The main purpose of the research is to provide new and improved technology for the identification of natural gas in tight reservoirs and to develop economically viable and reliable methods to recover the gas (Northrop and others, 1984).
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr84757","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the United States Department of Energy","usgsCitation":"1984, Geologic studies in support of the U.S. Department of Energy Multiwell Experiment, Garfield County, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 84-757, Report: i, 134 p.; 1 Plate: 11.78 x 17.11 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr84757.","productDescription":"Report: i, 134 p.; 1 Plate: 11.78 x 17.11 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":141975,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":400174,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1984/0757/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":400173,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1984/0757/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","county":"Garfield County","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -107.86749999999999,39.6175 ], [ -107.86749999999999,39.75 ], [ -107.75,39.75 ], [ -107.75,39.6175 ], [ -107.86749999999999,39.6175 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae0e4b07f02db6880f5","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Spencer, Charles W.","contributorId":13234,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spencer","given":"Charles W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":841869,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Keighin, C. William","contributorId":36804,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keighin","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"William","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":749555,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":29849,"text":"wri844278 - 1984 - Quantitative analysis of the hydrothermal system in Lassen Volcanic National Park and Lassen Known Geothermal Resource Area","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-22T19:22:52.092101","indexId":"wri844278","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"84-4278","title":"Quantitative analysis of the hydrothermal system in Lassen Volcanic National Park and Lassen Known Geothermal Resource Area","docAbstract":"The conceptual model of the Lassen system is termed a liquid-dominated hydrothermal system with a parasitic vapor-dominated zone. The essential feature of this model is that steam and steam-heated discharge at relatively high elevations in Lassen Volcanic National Park (LVNP) and liquid discharge with high chloride concentrations at relatively low elevations outside LVNP are both fed by an upflow of high-enthalpy two-phase fluid within the Park. Liquid flows laterally away from the upflow area towards the areas of high-chloride discharge, and steam rises through a vapor-dominated zone to feed the steam and steam-heated features. Numerical simulations show that several conditions are necessary for the development of this type of system, including (1) large-scale topographic relief, (2) an initial period of convective heating within an upflow zone followed by some change in hydrologic or geologic conditions that initiates drainage of liquid from portions of the upflow zone, and (3) low permeability barriers that inhibit the movement of cold water into the vapor zone. Simulations of thermal fluid withdrawal south of LVNP, carried out in order to determine the effects of such withdrawal on portions of the hydrothermal system within the Park, showed decreases in pressure and liquid saturation beneath the vapor zone which result in a temporary increase and subsequent decrease in the rate of upflow of steam.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri844278","usgsCitation":"Sorey, M., and Ingebritsen, S.E., 1984, Quantitative analysis of the hydrothermal system in Lassen Volcanic National Park and Lassen Known Geothermal Resource Area: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 84-4278, viii, 80 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri844278.","productDescription":"viii, 80 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":405396,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_36121.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":58658,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4278/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":160298,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4278/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Lassen Volcanic Park and Lassen Known Geothermal Area","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -121.9921875,\n 40.01078714046552\n ],\n [\n -120.7012939453125,\n 40.01078714046552\n ],\n [\n -120.7012939453125,\n 40.91766362458114\n ],\n [\n -121.9921875,\n 40.91766362458114\n ],\n [\n -121.9921875,\n 40.01078714046552\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adbe4b07f02db685ecb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sorey, M.L.","contributorId":73185,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sorey","given":"M.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202238,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ingebritsen, S. E.","contributorId":8078,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ingebritsen","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202237,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":8076,"text":"ofr84768 - 1984 - Selected references on the geology of the Danforth Hills coal field, Moffat and Rio Blanco counties, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:13","indexId":"ofr84768","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"84-768","title":"Selected references on the geology of the Danforth Hills coal field, Moffat and Rio Blanco counties, Colorado","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr84768","usgsCitation":"Brownfield, M.E., and Johnson, E.A., 1984, Selected references on the geology of the Danforth Hills coal field, Moffat and Rio Blanco counties, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 84-768, 31 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr84768.","productDescription":"31 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":142068,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1984/0768/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":35683,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1984/0768/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a03e4b07f02db5f82f2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brownfield, Michael E. 0000-0003-3633-1138","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3633-1138","contributorId":7250,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brownfield","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":157101,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnson, E. A.","contributorId":87893,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":157102,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":29949,"text":"wri844298 - 1984 - Water-quality investigations of the Jordan River, Salt Lake County, Utah, 1980-82","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:54","indexId":"wri844298","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"84-4298","title":"Water-quality investigations of the Jordan River, Salt Lake County, Utah, 1980-82","docAbstract":"Water-quality studies were conducted on the Jordan River, Utah, to investigate specific problems: dissolved oxygen, toxic substances, sanitary quality, and turbidity and suspended sediment. The dissolved oxygen decreased from 8 milligrams per liter at the Jordan Narrows to less than 5 milligrams per liter at 500 North Street. Chemical oxygen demand increased about 23 percent and biochemical oxygen demand increased 90 percent. Nearly 78 percent of the water samples analyzed for total mercury exceeded the State intended-use standard of 0.05 microgram per liter. Concentrations of ammonia, cadmium, copper, lead, and zinc exceeded the standards periodically. The pesticides DDD, DDE, DDT, dieldrin, methoxychlor, and 2,4-D were occasionally detected in bottom materials. Most were present in quantities of less than 15 micrograms per kilogram. Concentrations of three indicator bacteria (total coliform, fecal coliform, and fecal streptococcus) increased in a downstream direction. Concentrations of total coliform bacteria often exceeded 5,000 colonies per 100 milliliters and concentrations of fecal coliform bacteria often exceeded 2,000 colonies per 100 milliliters. The primary sources of turbidity in the Jordan River are Utah Lake and discharges from the wastewater-treatment plants. Large values of turbidity were measured at the Jordan Narrows with a summer mean value of 88 nephelometer turbidity units (NTU) and a winter mean value of 43 NTU. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri844298","usgsCitation":"Stephens, D.W., 1984, Water-quality investigations of the Jordan River, Salt Lake County, Utah, 1980-82: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 84-4298, viii, 45 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri844298.","productDescription":"viii, 45 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":125066,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4298/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58770,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4298/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e3e4b07f02db5e551a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stephens, D. W.","contributorId":68335,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stephens","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202412,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":30828,"text":"ofr84779 - 1984 - Analytical results and sample locality map of stream-sediment, heavy-mineral-concentrate, and rock samples from the Indian Pass (CDCA-355) and Picacho Peak (CDCA-355A) Wilderness Study Areas, Imperial County, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-11-03T18:33:00.549446","indexId":"ofr84779","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"84-779","title":"Analytical results and sample locality map of stream-sediment, heavy-mineral-concentrate, and rock samples from the Indian Pass (CDCA-355) and Picacho Peak (CDCA-355A) Wilderness Study Areas, Imperial County, California","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr84779","usgsCitation":"Adrian, B.M., Smith, D.B., Detra, D., and Roemer, T.A., 1984, Analytical results and sample locality map of stream-sediment, heavy-mineral-concentrate, and rock samples from the Indian Pass (CDCA-355) and Picacho Peak (CDCA-355A) Wilderness Study Areas, Imperial County, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 84-779, Report: 37 p.; 2 Plates: 19.67 × 24.49 inches and 19.61 × 24.31 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr84779.","productDescription":"Report: 37 p.; 2 Plates: 19.67 × 24.49 inches and 19.61 × 24.31 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":409119,"rank":5,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_13557.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":59557,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1984/0779/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":59556,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1984/0779/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":59555,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1984/0779/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":160922,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1984/0779/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"Imperial County","otherGeospatial":"Indian Pass and Picacho Creek Wilderness Study Areas","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -114.682,\n 33.135\n ],\n [\n -114.859,\n 33.135\n ],\n [\n -114.859,\n 32.981\n ],\n [\n -114.682,\n 32.981\n ],\n [\n -114.682,\n 33.135\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acce4b07f02db67e8d1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Adrian, B. M.","contributorId":71535,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Adrian","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":204094,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, D. B. davidsmith@usgs.gov","contributorId":12840,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"D.","email":"davidsmith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":204093,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Detra, D.E.","contributorId":72358,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Detra","given":"D.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":204095,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Roemer, T. A.","contributorId":72784,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roemer","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":204096,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":7960,"text":"ofr84747 - 1984 - Use and availability of continuous streamflow records in Oklahoma","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:50","indexId":"ofr84747","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"84-747","title":"Use and availability of continuous streamflow records in Oklahoma","docAbstract":"This report documents the results of the data uses and funding portion of a study of the cost-effectiveness of the streamflow information program in Oklahoma. Presently, 123 continuous surface-water stations are operated in Oklahoma on a budget of $617,120. Data uses and funding sources are identified for each of the 123 stations. Data from most stations have multiple uses.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr84747","usgsCitation":"Blumer, S.P., and Hauth, L., 1984, Use and availability of continuous streamflow records in Oklahoma: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 84-747, iv, 23 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr84747.","productDescription":"iv, 23 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":139965,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1984/0747/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":35532,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1984/0747/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49dae4b07f02db5e049d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Blumer, S. P.","contributorId":23938,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blumer","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":156890,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hauth, L.D.","contributorId":48551,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hauth","given":"L.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":156891,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":8200,"text":"ofr85104 - 1984 - ENSTA; a program to calculate orthopyroxene compositions from X-ray data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:59","indexId":"ofr85104","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"85-104","title":"ENSTA; a program to calculate orthopyroxene compositions from X-ray data","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr85104","usgsCitation":"Carlson, C., and Moring, B., 1984, ENSTA; a program to calculate orthopyroxene compositions from X-ray data: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 85-104, 7 p. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr85104.","productDescription":"7 p. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":140216,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1985/0104/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":35809,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1985/0104/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a54e4b07f02db62c313","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carlson, C.A.","contributorId":85178,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carlson","given":"C.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":157331,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moring, Barry","contributorId":80692,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moring","given":"Barry","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":157330,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":29973,"text":"wri834223 - 1984 - Estimate of self-supplied domestic water use in Oklahoma during 1980","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:59","indexId":"wri834223","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"83-4223","title":"Estimate of self-supplied domestic water use in Oklahoma during 1980","docAbstract":"Reported or measured water-use data for the domestic self-supplied user were not available for Oklahoma; therefore estimates of water use within this classification were derived. The total self-supplied population in Oklahoma during 1980 was estimated to be 343,615, which was 11.4 percent of the total 1980 State population. The rate of water use by this group was estimated to be 56 gallons per capita per day. The estimated annual domestic self-supplied water use by county ranged from 10 to 1,180 acre-feet, with a total statewide use of 21,610 acre-feet.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri834223","usgsCitation":"Stoner, J., 1984, Estimate of self-supplied domestic water use in Oklahoma during 1980: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 83-4223, iii, 20 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri834223.","productDescription":"iii, 20 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":122749,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1983/4223/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58785,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1983/4223/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ee4b07f02db5fdd9c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stoner, J.D.","contributorId":58261,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stoner","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202463,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":29836,"text":"wri844008 - 1984 - Subsurface storage of freshwater in south Florida; evaluation of surface-water discharge data at selected sites","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:55","indexId":"wri844008","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"84-4008","title":"Subsurface storage of freshwater in south Florida; evaluation of surface-water discharge data at selected sites","docAbstract":"Canal discharge in south Florida may consist of a potential source of freshwater for deep-well injection. Discharge data for the 1970-81 water years at 27 canal and river sites were analyzed. Flow was analyzed for 30-, 60-, 90-, 120-, and 183-consecutive-day low-mean discharges during the periods of highest flow to define minimum high-flow-period fresh surface-water discharges at the 27 sites. Curves show the magnitude and frequency of average minimum flows for consecutive-day periods during high-flow periods, and duration curves and tables show the percentage of time that selected discharges were equaled or exceeded. Canal discharge as high as 660 cubic feet per second occurred 70 percent of the time during the high-flow period at one site (Tamiami Canal Outlets, Levee 67A to 40-Mile Bend). At 11 sites, discharges of 110 to 370 cubic feet per second occurred 70 percent of the high-flow periods, while at 9 sites, discharges of 21 to 100 cubic feet per second occurred 70 percent of the time during the high-flow periods. At other sites (those in the Biscayne, Plantation Road, Middle River, C-111, and Cypress Creek Canals), discharges as low as 0.1 cubic foot per second occurred 70 percent of the time during the high-flow periods. Criteria for amounts of surplus freshwater considered adequate to support injection systems cannot be established, as they would vary greatly with water needs to be satisfied and with the efficiency of a particular injection system. However, based upon this analysis of discharge at 27 canal and river sites throughout south Florida, it appears that substantial amounts of water are available for surface injection and storage. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri844008","usgsCitation":"Sonntag, W.H., 1984, Subsurface storage of freshwater in south Florida; evaluation of surface-water discharge data at selected sites: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 84-4008, viii, 75 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri844008.","productDescription":"viii, 75 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":159558,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4008/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58635,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4008/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b04e4b07f02db699526","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sonntag, W. H.","contributorId":106127,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sonntag","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202215,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":7962,"text":"ofr84946 - 1984 - United States earthquakes, 1946","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:55","indexId":"ofr84946","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"84-946","title":"United States earthquakes, 1946","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr84946","usgsCitation":"Bodle, R., and Murphy, L., 1984, United States earthquakes, 1946: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 84-946, iv, 51 p. :maps ;26 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr84946.","productDescription":"iv, 51 p. :maps ;26 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":140249,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1984/0946/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":35534,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1984/0946/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":35535,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1984/0946/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a25e4b07f02db60eddd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bodle, R.R.","contributorId":102475,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bodle","given":"R.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":156895,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Murphy, L.M.","contributorId":69969,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murphy","given":"L.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":156894,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":41258,"text":"ofr84814 - 1984 - Potentiometric surface of the upper Floridan Aquifer in central Sumter County, Florida, May 1984","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:10","indexId":"ofr84814","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"84-814","title":"Potentiometric surface of the upper Floridan Aquifer in central Sumter County, Florida, May 1984","docAbstract":"This map presents the potentiometric surface of the upper Floridan aquifer in central Sumter County, Florida, for May 1984. The Floridan aquifer system is the principal source of potable water in the area. The focus of the map is the potentiometric surface in the Jumper Creek Canal area. Water level measurements were made on approximately 60 wells. The potentiometric surface ranged in altitude from more than 90 feet in the southeastern part of the county to less than 40 feet northwest of lake Panasoffkee in the west-central area. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr84814","usgsCitation":"Bradner, L.A., 1984, Potentiometric surface of the upper Floridan Aquifer in central Sumter County, Florida, May 1984: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 84-814, 1 map :photocopy ;52 x 73 cm., on sheet 76 x 87 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr84814.","productDescription":"1 map :photocopy ;52 x 73 cm., on sheet 76 x 87 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":176695,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":79054,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1984/0814/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad4e4b07f02db682dab","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bradner, L. 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