This report documents the results of a study of the cost-effectiveness of the stream-gaging program in Iowa. Data uses and funding sources were identified for the 122 surface-water stations (including reservoir, lake, stage only, and miscellaneous stations) operated by the U. S. Geological Survey in Iowa. There are 110 continuous streamflow stations currently being operated in Iowa with an annual budget of $592,000.
\nThe average standard error of estimation in continuous streamflow records is 11.4 percent. It was shown that this overall degree of accuracy at the 110 continuous streamflow stations could be improved to 10.5 percent if the gaging schedule was optimized.
\nA minimum budget of $543,000 is required to operate the present streamgaging program in Iowa. With this budget, routine visits to gages would be decreased to five during the open-water season and three during the winter. A budget less than this does not permit proper maintenance of the gages and recorders. At the minimum budget, the average standard error would be 12.5 percent. The maximum budget analyzed was $1,235,000, which resulted in an average standard error of 4.2 percent. A 10 percent increase in the current budget to $656,000 would result in a standard error of 8.4 percent.
\nThere are still a few basins with drainage areas greater than 200 square miles that have no continuous streamflow data. Continuous streamflow gages need to be established in these basins as funds become available. All stations in the current program need to be maintained for the forseeable future.
\nData simulated by using the flow-routing and regression methods for stations in 6 river basins do not meet the accuracy required for their data use. Other basins will be studied later to determine if alternative methods to meet accuracy standards are feasible.
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","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/cir937","usgsCitation":"Mooney, W.D., and Prodehl, C., 1984, Proceedings of the 1980 workshop of the International Association of Seismology and Physics of the Earth's Interior on the seismic modeling of laterally varying structures: Contributions based on data from the 1978 Saudi Arabian refraction profile: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 937, iv, 158 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir937.","productDescription":"iv, 158 p.","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":30870,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1984/0937/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":120800,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1984/0937/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Saudi Arabia","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[42.77933,16.34789],[42.64957,16.77464],[42.34799,17.07581],[42.27089,17.47472],[41.75438,17.83305],[41.22139,18.6716],[40.93934,19.48649],[40.24765,20.17463],[39.80168,20.33886],[39.1394,21.2919],[39.0237,21.98688],[39.06633,22.57966],[38.49277,23.68845],[38.02386,24.07869],[37.48363,24.28549],[37.15482,24.85848],[37.20949,25.08454],[36.93163,25.60296],[36.6396,25.82623],[36.24914,26.57014],[35.64018,27.37652],[35.13019,28.06335],[34.63234,28.05855],[34.78778,28.60743],[34.83222,28.95748],[34.95604,29.35655],[36.06894,29.19749],[36.50121,29.50525],[36.74053,29.86528],[37.50358,30.00378],[37.66812,30.33867],[37.99885,30.5085],[37.00217,31.50841],[39.00489,32.01022],[39.19547,32.16101],[40.39999,31.88999],[41.88998,31.19001],[44.7095,29.17889],[46.56871,29.09903],[47.45982,29.00252],[47.70885,28.52606],[48.41609,28.552],[48.80759,27.68963],[49.29955,27.46122],[49.47091,27.11],[50.15242,26.68966],[50.21294,26.27703],[50.1133,25.94397],[50.23986,25.60805],[50.52739,25.32781],[50.66056,24.9999],[50.81011,24.75474],[51.11242,24.55633],[51.38961,24.62739],[51.57952,24.2455],[51.61771,24.01422],[52.00073,23.00115],[55.0068,22.49695],[55.20834,22.70833],[55.66666,22],[54.99998,19.99999],[52.00001,19],[49.11667,18.61667],[48.18334,18.16667],[47.46669,17.11668],[47,16.95],[46.74999,17.28334],[46.36666,17.23332],[45.4,17.33334],[45.21665,17.43333],[44.06261,17.41036],[43.79152,17.31998],[43.38079,17.57999],[43.1158,17.08844],[43.21838,16.66689],[42.77933,16.34789]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Saudi Arabia\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9ee4b07f02db6605a0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mooney, Walter D. 0000-0002-5310-3631 mooney@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5310-3631","contributorId":3194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mooney","given":"Walter","email":"mooney@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":147623,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Prodehl, Claus","contributorId":81082,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prodehl","given":"Claus","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147624,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":10448,"text":"ofr84642 - 1984 - Data report for a seismic-refraction investigation: Morro Bay to the Sierra Nevada, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-10-28T20:14:47.238926","indexId":"ofr84642","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"84-642","title":"Data report for a seismic-refraction investigation: Morro Bay to the Sierra Nevada, California","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
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Gonfiantini summarizing the findings and recommendations of the 1983 Advisory Group Meeting on Stable Isotope Reference Samples for Geochemical and Hydrologic Investigations held in Vienna does not accurately represent the consultants ' consensus on three important points. The consultants (1) recommended no value for the C02-H20 oxygen isotope fractionation factor, not the cited value of 1.04115, (2) adopted a value of 1.0309 rather than 1.03086 to relate the PDB and SMOW scales, and (3) adopted a firm 180 value of -2.20% for NBS-19 on the PDB scale rather than agreeing that this would be a tentative value subject to modification when more measurements in selected laboratories are available. 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A digital-computer model previously developed by the U.S. Geological Survey was used to simulate potential effects of artificial recharge on the aquifer. A simulation was made by recharging water at the rate of 870 gallons per minute for four 30-day periods. Total water recharged to the aquifer during the 120 days was 150.3 million gallons. About 24.4 million gallons of water discharged from the aquifer to the river during the 120-day recharge period and about 30 million gallons discharged from the aquifer to the river during three 30-day recovery periods, both as a result of the artificial recharge, therefore, a total of 54.4 million gallons or 36 percent of the 150.3 million gallons that was artificially recharged from the aquifer to the river. 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Seasonal regression and seasonal Kendall trend analysis techniques were applied to two monthly data sets at each station site for four different time periods. A recently developed method for determining optimal water-discharge data-collection frequency was also applied to the monthly water-quality data. Trend analysis results varied with each monthly load computational method, period of record, and trend detection model used. No conclusions could be reached regarding which computational method was best to use in trend analysis. Time-period selection for analysis was found to be important with regard to intended use of the results. Seasonal Kendall procedures were found to be applicable to most data sets. Seasonal regression models were more difficult to apply and were sometimes of questionable validity; however, those results were more informative than seasonal Kendall results. 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","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri844339","usgsCitation":"Cheng, R.T., and Gartner, J.W., 1984, Tides, tidal and residual currents in San Francisco Bay California — Results of measurements, 1979–1980: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 84-4339, 1778 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri844339.","productDescription":"1778 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":394910,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_36174.htm"},{"id":157321,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4339/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":55426,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4339/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.62939453125001,\n 37.33522435930639\n ],\n [\n -121.62963867187499,\n 37.33522435930639\n ],\n [\n -121.62963867187499,\n 38.30718056188316\n ],\n [\n -122.62939453125001,\n 38.30718056188316\n ],\n [\n -122.62939453125001,\n 37.33522435930639\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a53e4b07f02db62b76d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cheng, R. 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Changes were made to the program code in order to calculate surface-water heads for, and flow either to or from, contiguous surface-water bodies; and to allow for more convenient data input. Methods of data input and output were modified and entries (RSORT and HDRIVER) were added to the COEF and CHECKI subroutines to calculate surface-water heads. A new subroutine CALC was added to the program which initiates surface-water calculations. If CALC is not specified as a simulation option, the program runs the original version. The subroutines which solve the ground-water flow equations were not changed. Recharge, evapotranspiration, surface-water inflow, number of wells, pumping rate, and pumping duration can be varied for any time period. The Manning formula was used to relate stream depth and discharge in surface-water streams. Interactions between surface water and ground water are represented by the leakage term in the ground-water flow and surface-water mass balance equations. Documentation includes a flow chart, data deck instructions, input data, output summary, and program listing. Numerical results from the modified program are in good agreement with published analytical results. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri834251","usgsCitation":"Ozbilgin, M., and Dickerman, D., 1984, A modification of the finite-difference model for simulation of two dimensional ground-water flow to include surface-ground water relationships: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 83-4251, iv, 98 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri834251.","productDescription":"iv, 98 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":119760,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1983/4251/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57850,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1983/4251/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6adebf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ozbilgin, M.M.","contributorId":76789,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ozbilgin","given":"M.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200723,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dickerman, D.C.","contributorId":48601,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dickerman","given":"D.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200722,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":28749,"text":"wri844345 - 1984 - Conceptual hydrologic model of flow in the unsaturated zone, Yucca Mountain, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:46","indexId":"wri844345","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"84-4345","title":"Conceptual hydrologic model of flow in the unsaturated zone, Yucca Mountain, Nevada","docAbstract":"The unsaturated volcanic tuffs beneath Yucca Mountain, Nevada, are being evaluated as a host rock for a potential repository for high-level radioactive waste. A conceptual hydrologic model is proposed to describe the flow of fluids through these rocks. Thickness of the unsaturated zone is about 500 to 750 meters and consists of three welded units interlayered with two nonwelded units. Compared to nonwelded units, welded units have low matrix porosities and permeabilities, high fracture densities, and high bulk hydraulic conductivities. The principal repository area is bounded by normal fault zones. Of the average annual precipitation of 150 millimeters per year, 0.5 to 4.5 millimeters per year becomes net infiltration. Percolation through the matrix of the welded units is principally vertical and is less than 1 millimeter per year. Percolation through nonwelded units occurs both vertically and laterally and has variable rates (0.1 to 100 millimeters per year). Fracture flow is predominant in the uppermost welded unit during intense pulses of infiltration, but is insignificant in the welded unit that forms the potential host rock. Lateral flow in the upper nonwelded unit, enhanced by existence of a capillary barrier, probably is the factor controlling the low fluxes in the host rock and relatively high fluxes in the structural features. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri844345","usgsCitation":"Montazer, P., and Wilson, W., 1984, Conceptual hydrologic model of flow in the unsaturated zone, Yucca Mountain, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 84-4345, iv, 55 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri844345.","productDescription":"iv, 55 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123616,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4345/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57600,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4345/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a82e4b07f02db64a9ac","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Montazer, P.M.","contributorId":93946,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Montazer","given":"P.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200333,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wilson, W.E.","contributorId":100831,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"W.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200334,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":63677,"text":"gp961 - 1984 - Residual total intensity magnetic map of Ohio","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-18T17:34:00.779224","indexId":"gp961","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":317,"text":"Geophysical Investigations Map","code":"GP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"961","title":"Residual total intensity magnetic map of Ohio","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
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Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"83-4149","title":"Effects of hydraulic borehole mining on ground water at a test site in northeast St Johns County, Florida","docAbstract":"An experimental mining project was conducted in northeast St. Johns County, Florida, to determine the feasibility of extracting deeply buried phosphate ore by hydraulic borehole mining techniques. The phosphate zone is between 232 and 250 feet below land surface and consists of approximately equal proportions of fine-grained phosphate, sand, and clay. Six wells were constructed at the test site to monitor effects of the mining operation on the ground-water resources of the area. One well penetrated the Floridan aquifer beneath the phosphate zone, another was completed in the phosphate zone, and the other four were finished in water-bearing zones above the phosphate zone. The mining project consisted of three separate tests in which different mining methods were used. Changes in water levels, other than in the mined zone, were detected only in the overlying monitored zone during the first two tests as a result of roof failures in cavities formed by the mining operation. Water-quality changes were observed only in the mined zone and resulted from the injection of water from the deeper Floridan aquifer as part of the mining operation. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri834149","usgsCitation":"Hampson, P.S., 1984, Effects of hydraulic borehole mining on ground water at a test site in northeast St Johns County, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 83-4149, iv, 29 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri834149.","productDescription":"iv, 29 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123037,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1983/4149/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56348,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1983/4149/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a29e4b07f02db611e96","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hampson, P. S.","contributorId":58677,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hampson","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198218,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":9365,"text":"ofr84821 - 1984 - Water-quality data for aquifers in east-central New Jersey, 1981-82","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:00","indexId":"ofr84821","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"84-821","title":"Water-quality data for aquifers in east-central New Jersey, 1981-82","docAbstract":"Data are presented in tables for 238 wells representing nine aquifers underlying the New Jersey Coastal Plain. Approximately two-thirds of these wells are screened in the unconfined Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer system, the principal source of groundwater in the study area. In addition, seven local streams were sampled in their headwaters under base flow conditions. Field measurements include water temperature, specific conductance, pH, and alkalinity; laboratory determinations include common inorganic ions, nutrients, trace metals, dissolved organic carbon, and volatile organic compounds. Other tables include lithology and hydrologic characteristics of geologic units, well-construction data, and median and extreme values of constituents in water of the Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer system. A plate shows all sampling sites and presents three hydrogeologic sections delineating subsurface relationships. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr84821","usgsCitation":"Harriman, D., and Voronin, L., 1984, Water-quality data for aquifers in east-central New Jersey, 1981-82: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 84-821, iv, 43 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr84821.","productDescription":"iv, 43 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":140876,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1984/0821/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":37075,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1984/0821/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":37076,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1984/0821/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49b7e4b07f02db5cc552","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harriman, D.A.","contributorId":27860,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harriman","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":159549,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Voronin, L. M.","contributorId":93486,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Voronin","given":"L. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":159550,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":28876,"text":"wri834048 - 1984 - Water in sand and gravel deposits in McHenry County, Illinois","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:53","indexId":"wri834048","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"83-4048","title":"Water in sand and gravel deposits in McHenry County, Illinois","docAbstract":"McHenry County, Illinois derives a major part of its ground-water supply from unconsolidated sand and gravel aquifers. Twenty-six public systems tap these aquifers for all or part of their supply. The county contains two types of sand and gravel aquifers--unconfined aquifers which are at or near the land surface, and semiconfined aquifers which are overlain by one or more till members. A map of water levels in unconfined and semiconfined aquifers shows that moraines and other topographically high features are ground-water divides of local flow systems. Distances from ground-water divides to discharge areas are a few miles or less. The quality of the ground water is good for most uses, although treatment may be required to reduce hardness (median concentration is 340 milligrams per liter) and dissolved iron (median concentrations is 140 micrograms per liter). Ground water is a calcium magnesium bicarbonate type. The range of specific conductance is from 260 to 1,170 micromhos. Values are higher near towns. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri834048","usgsCitation":"Nicholas, J., and Krohelski, J.T., 1984, Water in sand and gravel deposits in McHenry County, Illinois: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 83-4048, vii, 34 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri834048.","productDescription":"vii, 34 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":159494,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1983/4048/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57750,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1983/4048/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":57751,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1983/4048/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a07e4b07f02db5f97aa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nicholas, J.R.","contributorId":26673,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nicholas","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200545,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Krohelski, J. T.","contributorId":59046,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krohelski","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":200546,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":4334,"text":"cir932 - 1984 - Interlaboratory comparison of mineral constituents in a sample from the Herrin (No. 6) coal bed from Illinois","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:25","indexId":"cir932","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"932","title":"Interlaboratory comparison of mineral constituents in a sample from the Herrin (No. 6) coal bed from Illinois","docAbstract":"Approximately 20 kg of the Herrin (No. 6) coal was collected from a strip mine in St. Clair County, Ill. A 10-kg portion was ground to -60 mesh, homogenized, and riffled into 128 splits of 70-80 g each. Homogeneity of these splits was confirmed by moisture, ash, and sulfur analyses of six randomly selected splits. Results of these analyses were within the ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) guidelines for interlaboratory precision. Splits of the Herrin (No. 6) coal were then transmitted to more than 30 laboratories for analysis. \r\n\r\nLow-temperature plasma oxidation was used to isolate inorganic matter for quantitative chemical and mineralogical analysis. Despite a wide variation in ashing conditions, only minor variations in ash yields were obtained; these variations were attributed to differences in operating temperature and moisture content. Mineralogical analyses of low-temperature ash (LTA) concentrates prepared by five different laboratories indicated variations within the limits of analytical error. The mean values, in weight percent, for the major minerals are as follows: calcite, 9; quartz, 20; pyrite, 23; kaolinite, 14; and illite+mixed-layer clays, 31. Normative mineralogical calculations and Fourier transform infrared analysis (FTIR) yielded results similar to those obtained from X-ray diffraction (XRD). Choosing appropriate mineral standards was found to be critical for the proper use of analytical techniques such as XRD and FTIR. \r\n\r\nGood interlaboratory agreement was obtained for most major, minor, and trace elements despite differences in analytical procedures and in the type of sample analyzed (coal, high-temperature ash, or LTA). Discrepancies between analyses for zinc, strontium, manganese, and iron may be attributed to sampling inhomogeneity problems. Mossbauer spectroscopy showed that approximately 44 percent of the pyritic sulfur was lost through weathering in the first year after preparation of the interlaboratory sample. Szomolnokite and possibly coquimbite and jarosite were also identified. Scanning electron microscopy studies indicated ubiquitous pyrite framboids and, less commonly, euhedral crystals, skeletal grains, irregularly shaped particles, and vein fillings. Minor accessory minerals such as rare-earth phosphates and possibly silicates, zircon, barium sulfate, titanium oxide, and sphalerite were also found. The textural evidence indicates that the minerals in the banded material are detrital whereas the minerals occurring as vein and pore fillings are authigenic. Magnetic measurements indicate that coal crushed in a steel pulverizer is contaminated by small quantities of abrasion fragments from the crusher, which seriously affect the measured magnetic properties of the coal.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/cir932","usgsCitation":"Finkelman, R., Fiene, F., Miller, R., and Simon, F., 1984, Interlaboratory comparison of mineral constituents in a sample from the Herrin (No. 6) coal bed from Illinois: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 932, v, 42 p. :ill. ;26 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir932.","productDescription":"v, 42 p. :ill. ;26 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":124425,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1984/0932/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":31444,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1984/0932/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ab0e4b07f02db66d3f4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Finkelman, Robert B.","contributorId":38138,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Finkelman","given":"Robert B.","affiliations":[{"id":6643,"text":"University of California - Berkeley","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":148854,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fiene, F.L.","contributorId":66237,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fiene","given":"F.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":148856,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Miller, R.N.","contributorId":100825,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"R.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":148857,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Simon, F.O.","contributorId":41808,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simon","given":"F.O.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":148855,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":42251,"text":"ofr84731 - 1984 - Bedrock topography of west-central Iowa","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:28","indexId":"ofr84731","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"84-731","title":"Bedrock topography of west-central Iowa","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr84731","usgsCitation":"Hansen, R., and Runkle, D., 1984, Bedrock topography of west-central Iowa: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 84-731, 1 map , https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr84731.","productDescription":"1 map ","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":108417,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_13544.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"13544"},{"id":172814,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a54e4b07f02db62c3c2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hansen, R.E.","contributorId":57109,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hansen","given":"R.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":226164,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Runkle, D. L.","contributorId":57081,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Runkle","given":"D. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":226163,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":25649,"text":"wri834118E - 1984 - Map showing outcrops of thick, dominantly argillaceous sedimentary rocks, Basin and Range Province, New Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:29","indexId":"wri834118E","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"83-4118","chapter":"E","title":"Map showing outcrops of thick, dominantly argillaceous sedimentary rocks, Basin and Range Province, New Mexico","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri834118E","usgsCitation":"Johnson, W., 1984, Map showing outcrops of thick, dominantly argillaceous sedimentary rocks, Basin and Range Province, New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 83-4118, 7 p. :maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri834118E.","productDescription":"7 p. :maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":118962,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1983/4118e/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54417,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1983/4118e/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":54418,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1983/4118e/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b13e4b07f02db6a39ee","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, W. D.","contributorId":16865,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"W. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194508,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":9672,"text":"ofr84612 - 1984 - Hydrology, geomorphology, and dam-break modeling of the July 15, 1982, Lawn Lake Dam and Cascade Lake Dam failures, Larimer County, Colorado","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":9672,"text":"ofr84612 - 1984 - Hydrology, geomorphology, and dam-break modeling of the July 15, 1982, Lawn Lake Dam and Cascade Lake Dam failures, Larimer County, Colorado","indexId":"ofr84612","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"title":"Hydrology, geomorphology, and dam-break modeling of the July 15, 1982, Lawn Lake Dam and Cascade Lake Dam failures, Larimer County, Colorado"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":57994,"text":"pp1369 - 1986 - Hydrology, geomorphology, and dam-break modeling of the July 15, 1982, Lawn Lake Dam and Cascade Lake Dam failures, Larimer County, Colorado","indexId":"pp1369","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"title":"Hydrology, geomorphology, and dam-break modeling of the July 15, 1982, Lawn Lake Dam and Cascade Lake Dam failures, Larimer County, Colorado"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":57994,"text":"pp1369 - 1986 - Hydrology, geomorphology, and dam-break modeling of the July 15, 1982, Lawn Lake Dam and Cascade Lake Dam failures, Larimer County, Colorado","indexId":"pp1369","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"title":"Hydrology, geomorphology, and dam-break modeling of the July 15, 1982, Lawn Lake Dam and Cascade Lake Dam failures, Larimer County, Colorado"},"lastModifiedDate":"2020-06-12T20:58:33.037696","indexId":"ofr84612","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"84-612","title":"Hydrology, geomorphology, and dam-break modeling of the July 15, 1982, Lawn Lake Dam and Cascade Lake Dam failures, Larimer County, Colorado","docAbstract":"On July 15, 1982, Lawn Lake Dam, a 26-foot-high earthfill irrigation dam built in 1903 in Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado, failed, due to piping, releasing 674 acre-feet of water with a peak discharge of 18,000 cubic feet per second down the Roaring River. Three people were killed, and damages were estimated at $31 million. Cascade Lake Dam, downstream from Lawn Lake Dam, subsequently failed as a result of the flood, increasing the peak flow at this point from 7,210 cubic feet per second to 16,000 cubic feet per second. The flood wave took 3.28 hours to travel 12.5 miles to Lake Estes, where all the floodwater was stored. The channel of the Roaring River was scoured as much as 50 feet and widened 300 feet. An alluvial fan of 42.3 acres, containing 10 million cubic feet of material, was deposited at the mouth of the Roaring River, damming the Fall River and forming a 17-acre lake. Various methods were used to indirectly compute peak discharge, attenuation of flow, and flood traveltime. A version of the National Weather Service dam-break flood model was used to evaluate its performance on high-gradient streams, to provide supplemental hydrologic information, and to evaluate various scenarios of dam-break development. 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