{"pageNumber":"4639","pageRowStart":"115950","pageSize":"25","recordCount":165598,"records":[{"id":70175808,"text":"70175808 - 1984 - Areal lithologic changes in bedrock aquifers in southeastern Minnesota as determined from natural-gamma borehole logs methods","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-02T12:16:32","indexId":"70175808","displayToPublicDate":"1984-06-12T11:45:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Areal lithologic changes in bedrock aquifers in southeastern Minnesota as determined from natural-gamma borehole logs methods","docAbstract":"<p>Sedimentary rocks of Paleozoic age in the Hollandale embayment in southeastern Minnesota are as much as 2,000 feet thick and, with the underlying Hinckley sandstone of Proterozoic age, comprise the following five layered aquifers (beginning with the oldest): the Mount Simon-Hinckley, Ironton-Galesville, Prairie du Chien-Jordan, St. Peter and Upper Carbonate. Many of the Paleozoic formations show transitional facies changes from a deep marine depositional environment in the middle of the embayment to a near shore environment along the periphery. Borehole natural-gamma logs were collected to investigate the effects of regional lithologic changes on the hydrology of the Ironton-Galesville, Prairie du Chien-Jordan and St. Peter aquifers.</p>\n<p>Interpretation of natural-gamma logs shows that a fine-grained sandstone at the base of the Galesville sandstone (basal part of the Ironton-Galesville aquifer) thickens toward the central part of the embayment, which may account for the decrease in hydraulic conductivity of the Ironton-Galesville aquifer in that direction.</p>\n<p>The Jordan sandstone, which underlies the Prairie du Chien Group, consists of three members in southeastern Minnesota: the basal Norwalk member, a silty, fine-grained sandstone; the middle Van Oser member, a coarse- to medium-grained quartzose sandstone; and the upper Sunset Point member, a clayey dolomitic sandstone. The Norwalk and Van Oser members were identified by interpretation of natural-gamma logs. Hydraulic conductivity of the Prairie du Chien-Jordan aquifer generally is highest in the Twin City basin (50 feet per day) where the Van Oser is the predominant member; it is lowest to the east and southeast (25 feet per day) where the Norwalk member thickens.</p>\n<p>Interpretation of natural-gamma logs indicates that the shaley and silty sandstones that comprise the basal St. Peter confining bed, which separates the St. Peter and Prairie du Chien aquifers, are as much as 80 feet thick in the Twin City basin, but are absent in the southern part of the embayment. Differences in potentiometric head across the basal St. Peter are about 30 feet in the Twin City basin where the confining bed is present but only 5 to 10 feet to the south where the confining bed is absent and where the St. Peter aquifer directly overlies the Prairie du Chien-Jordan aquifer.</p>","conferenceTitle":"Conference on Surface and Borehole Geophysical Investigations","conferenceDate":"February 7-9, 1984","conferenceLocation":"San Antonio, Texas","language":"English","publisher":"National Water Well Association/Environmental Protection Agency","usgsCitation":"Woodward, D.G., 1984, Areal lithologic changes in bedrock aquifers in southeastern Minnesota as determined from natural-gamma borehole logs methods, Conference on Surface and Borehole Geophysical Investigations, San Antonio, Texas, February 7-9, 1984, p. 788-800.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"788","endPage":"800","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water 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,{"id":70175429,"text":"70175429 - 1984 - The study of buried drift aquifers in Minnesota by seismic geophysical methods","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-02T12:17:11","indexId":"70175429","displayToPublicDate":"1984-06-12T10:15:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":375,"text":"Open-File Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":6}},"title":"The study of buried drift aquifers in Minnesota by seismic geophysical methods","docAbstract":"<p>Buried-drift aquifers are stratified sand and (or) gravel aquifers in glacial deposits that cannot be seen or inferred at the land surface. During the Pleistocene Epoch, four continental glaciations advanced and retreated across Minnesota, blanketing the bedrock surface with drift as much as 700 feet thick (fig. 1). Most of the drift consists of till, an unsorted, un-stratified mixture of clay silt, sand, and gravel that usually is not considered to be an aquifer. Permeable, stratified sand and gravel, deposited as outwash, alluvium, and (or) ice-contact deposits usually during an earlier glacial episode and subsequently covered (buried) with till, form the buried-drift aquifers.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"St. Paul, MN","doi":"10.3133/70175429","usgsCitation":"Woodward, D.G., 1984, The study of buried drift aquifers in Minnesota by seismic geophysical methods: Open-File Report, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70175429.","productDescription":"2 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":326383,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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C.","contributorId":21162,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shaw","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":829259,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70013349,"text":"70013349 - 1984 - Time-domain reflectometry: Simultaneous measurement of soil water content and electrical conductivity with a single probe","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-11-18T16:32:26.219875","indexId":"70013349","displayToPublicDate":"1984-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Time-domain reflectometry: Simultaneous measurement of soil water content and electrical conductivity with a single probe","docAbstract":"Two parallel metallic rods were used as a wave guide to measure the dielectric constant and electrical conductivity of soils having different electrical conductivities but the same water content. Measurements showed that the two parameters were sufficiently independent to permit simultaneous determinations of water content and bulk electrical conductivity.","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.224.4652.989","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Dalton, F., Herkelrath, W., Rawlins, D., and Rhoades, J., 1984, Time-domain reflectometry: Simultaneous measurement of soil water content and electrical conductivity with a single probe: Science, v. 224, no. 4652, p. 989-990, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.224.4652.989.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"989","endPage":"990","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220087,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"224","issue":"4652","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb3c2e4b08c986b325fac","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dalton, F.N.","contributorId":58283,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dalton","given":"F.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365867,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Herkelrath, W.N.","contributorId":77981,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herkelrath","given":"W.N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365868,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rawlins, D.S.","contributorId":10152,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rawlins","given":"D.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365866,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rhoades, J.D.","contributorId":91623,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rhoades","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365869,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":38607,"text":"pp1228B - 1984 - Tertiary marine pelecypods of California and Baja California; Propeamussiidae and Pectinidae","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-05-11T19:00:37.652378","indexId":"pp1228B","displayToPublicDate":"1984-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1228","chapter":"B","title":"Tertiary marine pelecypods of California and Baja California; Propeamussiidae and Pectinidae","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1228B","usgsCitation":"Moore, E.J., 1984, Tertiary marine pelecypods of California and Baja California; Propeamussiidae and Pectinidae: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1228, iv, 112 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1228B.","productDescription":"iv, 112 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":399993,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_114687.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":113206,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1228b/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":170417,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1228b/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Mexico, United States","state":"Baja California, Baja California Sur, California","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -109.86328125,\n              22.776181505086505\n            ],\n            [\n              -109.2041015625,\n              23.36242859340884\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.25878906249999,\n              24.78673454198888\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.73095703125,\n              26.80446076654616\n            ],\n            [\n              -113.15917968749999,\n              29.38217507514529\n            ],\n            [\n              -113.9501953125,\n              29.6880527498568\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.76318359375,\n              30.90222470517144\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.93896484374999,\n              31.409912194070973\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.76318359375,\n              31.765537409484374\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.7412109375,\n              32.62087018318113\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.41162109375,\n              32.95336814579932\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.697265625,\n              33.33970700424026\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.12597656249999,\n              34.32529192442733\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.6533203125,\n              35.0120020431607\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.0146484375,\n              39.095962936305476\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.0146484375,\n              42.049292638686836\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.45312499999999,\n              41.95131994679697\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.56298828125001,\n              40.17887331434696\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.9482421875,\n              36.10237644873644\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.4541015625,\n              33.97980872872457\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.32275390624999,\n              32.32427558887655\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.8505859375,\n              31.653381399664\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.68603515624999,\n              29.554345125748267\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.27978515625,\n              28.265682390146477\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.68603515624999,\n              28.43971381702788\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.47753906249999,\n              27.078691552927534\n            ],\n            [\n              -112.4560546875,\n              26.03704188651584\n            ],\n            [\n              -112.54394531249999,\n              24.50714328310284\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.654296875,\n              23.664650731631614\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.06103515625,\n              22.776181505086505\n            ],\n            [\n              -109.86328125,\n              22.776181505086505\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad9e4b07f02db684f60","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moore, Ellen James","contributorId":37742,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"Ellen","email":"","middleInitial":"James","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":220156,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70012885,"text":"70012885 - 1984 - Seismic potential revealed by surface folding: 1983 Coalinga, California, earthquake","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-11-18T16:51:38.109054","indexId":"70012885","displayToPublicDate":"1984-05-25T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seismic potential revealed by surface folding: 1983 Coalinga, California, earthquake","docAbstract":"The 2 May 1983 Coalinga, California, earthquake (magnitude 6.5) failed to rupture through surface deposits and, instead, elastically folded the top few kilometers of the crust. The subsurface rate of fault slip and the earthquake repeat time are estimated from seismic, geodetic, and geologic data. Three larger earthquakes (up to magnitude 7.5) during the past 20 years are also shown to have struck on reverse faults concealed beneath active folds.","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.224.4651.869","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Stein, R., and King, G., 1984, Seismic potential revealed by surface folding: 1983 Coalinga, California, earthquake: Science, v. 224, no. 4651, p. 869-872, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.224.4651.869.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"869","endPage":"872","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221855,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"Coalinga","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -120.50649916410444,\n              36.24324425094643\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.50649916410444,\n              36.05662697531848\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.24670967137163,\n              36.05662697531848\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.24670967137163,\n              36.24324425094643\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.50649916410444,\n              36.24324425094643\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"224","issue":"4651","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8b35e4b08c986b317685","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stein, R.S.","contributorId":8875,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stein","given":"R.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364756,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"King, G.C.P.","contributorId":18510,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"King","given":"G.C.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364757,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70210052,"text":"70210052 - 1984 - Brief comparison of some technological and environmental aspects of large-scale surface and underground mining of oil shale, Piceance Creek Basin, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-13T13:04:49.259917","indexId":"70210052","displayToPublicDate":"1984-05-12T12:10:01","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Brief comparison of some technological and environmental aspects of large-scale surface and underground mining of oil shale, Piceance Creek Basin, Colorado","docAbstract":"<p style=\"text-align: left;\" data-mce-style=\"text-align: left;\">Comparison of several aspects of surface and underground methods of mining for large-scale oil shale extraction in the Piceance Creek Basin suggests that surface mining techniques may have several advantages over underground methods. For a production level of one million barrels of shale oil per day, potential advantages include those related to economics, environmental effects, and the overall national interest. One million barrels of shale oil per day could be produced from 2-3 large surface mines compared to perhaps 10-20 large underground mines. Fewer surface mines would result in: (1) fewer roads and utility corridors, (2) less acres disturbed per barrel of oil pro duced, (3) reduced detrimental effects on ground water and surface water, (4) less wildlife distur bance, (5) a safer overall operation, (6) a greater opportunity to achieve stable long-term land and water reclamation, (7) potential economic advantages related to scale and materials handling, and (8) a three- to five-fold increase in resource recovery. Advantages to underground (including modified in situ [MIS]) mines include: (1) more flexibility of mine siting, (2) mining and handling a minimum of waste rock, and (3) simplified ore grade control for processing.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"largerWorkTitle":"17th oil shale symposium proceedings","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"conferenceTitle":"17th oil shale symposium proceedings","conferenceDate":"April 16-18, 1984","conferenceLocation":"Golden, Colorado ","language":"English","publisher":"Colorado School of Mines","usgsCitation":"Miller, G., Dyni, J.R., and Dietz, D., 1984, Brief comparison of some technological and environmental aspects of large-scale surface and underground mining of oil shale, Piceance Creek Basin, Colorado, <i>in</i> 17th oil shale symposium proceedings, v. 17, Golden, Colorado , April 16-18, 1984, p. 269-278.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"269","endPage":"278","costCenters":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":374685,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Piceance Creek Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -108.8690185546875,\n              40.03182061333687\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.60009765625,\n              40.03182061333687\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.60009765625,\n              40.643135583312805\n            ],\n            [\n              -108.8690185546875,\n              40.643135583312805\n            ],\n            [\n              -108.8690185546875,\n              40.03182061333687\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"17","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miller, G.A.","contributorId":107671,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"G.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":788935,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dyni, John R. jdyni@usgs.gov","contributorId":756,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dyni","given":"John","email":"jdyni@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":788930,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dietz, D.R.","contributorId":105830,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dietz","given":"D.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":788936,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70209999,"text":"70209999 - 1984 - A seismic refraction study of the Oregon Cascades","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-08T15:05:09.438622","indexId":"70209999","displayToPublicDate":"1984-05-10T10:00:31","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A seismic refraction study of the Oregon Cascades","docAbstract":"<div class=\"article-section__content en main\"><p>A 275‐km‐long reversed refraction profile in the Oregon Cascades, two shallow earthquakes of magnitude 5 in southern Washington, a shallow earthquake of magnitude 4.6 in northern California, and a previously published analysis of the Bouguer gravity field are used to develop a crustal<span>&nbsp;</span><i>P</i><span>&nbsp;</span>wave velocity model for the Oregon Cascades. Travel time analysis of the refraction profile indicates a crustal structure characterized by surface layers with<span>&nbsp;</span><i>P</i><span>&nbsp;</span>wave velocities that vary from 2.9 to 5.2 km/s and thicknesses that vary from 2.5 to 5.0 km, upper crustal velocities of 6.1 to 6.5 km/s between the depths of 3 and 29 km, lower crustal velocities near 7.0 km/s between the depths of 29 and 44 km, and a mantle reflector at a depth of 44 km. Comparison with synthetic seismograms supports this structure and shows that the lower crustal and Mono transitions can be better modeled by continuous velocity gradients than by first‐order discontinuities. Arrival times from two shallow earthquakes in southern Washington in 1981 across 14 telemetry stations in the Oregon Cascades show an apparent velocity of 7.62 km/s. On the basis of a previously published gravity analysis, the mean north‐south component of the dip to the crust‐mantle boundary is estimated at 1° down dip to the south. The apparent velocity from the earthquakes and the dip estimate from gravity indicate that the true<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Pn</i><span>&nbsp;</span>velocity is 7.70 km/s. Arrival times from a shallow earthquake in northern California in 1978 across telemetry stations in the Washington Cascades are consistent with this model and indicate that the upper mantle velocity reaches 8.20 km/s at a depth of approximately 100 km.</p></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1029/JB089iB05p03121","usgsCitation":"Leaver, D.S., Mooney, W.D., and Kohler, W., 1984, A seismic refraction study of the Oregon Cascades: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 89, no. B5, p. 3121-3134, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB089iB05p03121.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"3121","endPage":"3134","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":374576,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -123.04687499999999,\n              41.983994270935625\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.498046875,\n              41.983994270935625\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.498046875,\n              45.99696161820381\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.04687499999999,\n              45.99696161820381\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.04687499999999,\n              41.983994270935625\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"89","issue":"B5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Leaver, Donald S.","contributorId":224614,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Leaver","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":788757,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mooney, Walter D. 0000-0002-5310-3631 mooney@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5310-3631","contributorId":3194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mooney","given":"Walter","email":"mooney@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":788758,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kohler, W.M.","contributorId":62999,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kohler","given":"W.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":788759,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70170350,"text":"70170350 - 1984 - Effects of an urban wetland on sediment and nutrient loads in runoff","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-05T11:32:52","indexId":"70170350","displayToPublicDate":"1984-05-01T17:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3750,"text":"Wetlands","onlineIssn":"1943-6246","printIssn":"0277-5212","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of an urban wetland on sediment and nutrient loads in runoff","docAbstract":"<p class=\"Para\">An urban wetland in the Minneapolis-St. Paul Metropolitan Area was found to retain sediment and nutrient loads in runoff routed through the wetland. Sediment and nutrient loads in runoff were measured during 1982 at the inlet and outlet of the 6.4-bectare urban wetland. Comparison of annual loads entering and leaving the wetland showed that retention of incoming loads in the wetland was 97 percent of nonvolatile suspended solids, 76 percent of volatile suspended solids, 48 percent of total phosphorus, 4 percent of dissolved phosphorus, 3 percent of dissolved nitrite plus nitrate nitrogen, 1 percent of total ammonia nitrogen, and 47 percent of total organic nitrogen. Flow volume was increased on an annual average basis by 5 percent between the wetland inlet and oulet. Most retention of sediment and nutrient loads occurred between late April and mid-July.</p>\n<p class=\"Para\">Retention of sediment and nutrient loads in the wetland was associated with sedimentation processes. Dissolved nutrients generally were not retained in the wetland because the residence time of water passing through was not long enough for removal by biological processes. Effectiveness of the wetland in retaining sediment and nutrient loads in runoff varies annually. Long-term and short-term impacts of the retention of sediment and nutrients in the wetland on wetland flora and fauna are unknown.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Wetland Scientists","publisherLocation":"McClean, VA","doi":"10.1007/BF03160493","usgsCitation":"Brown, R.G., 1984, Effects of an urban wetland on sediment and nutrient loads in runoff: Wetlands, v. 4, no. 1, p. 147-158, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03160493.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"147","endPage":"158","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":320158,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","otherGeospatial":"Twin Cities Metropolitan Area","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-93.5093,45.4163],[-93.1289,45.4153],[-93.0186,45.4131],[-93.0188,45.2984],[-92.7894,45.297],[-92.7439,45.2963],[-92.7516,45.2935],[-92.7551,45.2927],[-92.7583,45.2904],[-92.7597,45.2872],[-92.7604,45.2845],[-92.7591,45.2794],[-92.7559,45.2739],[-92.7527,45.2694],[-92.7515,45.2657],[-92.7526,45.2626],[-92.7535,45.2584],[-92.7561,45.2541],[-92.7575,45.2502],[-92.7569,45.2443],[-92.7557,45.2397],[-92.7553,45.2356],[-92.7538,45.2305],[-92.7536,45.2276],[-92.7521,45.2236],[-92.752,45.2196],[-92.7527,45.2168],[-92.7546,45.2136],[-92.7573,45.2107],[-92.7603,45.2065],[-92.7619,45.2041],[-92.7632,45.2009],[-92.7637,45.1972],[-92.764,45.1895],[-92.7629,45.1853],[-92.7557,45.178],[-92.7522,45.1759],[-92.7493,45.173],[-92.748,45.1698],[-92.7472,45.1634],[-92.7483,45.1597],[-92.7475,45.1551],[-92.7473,45.1515],[-92.7484,45.1483],[-92.749,45.1419],[-92.7484,45.1373],[-92.7441,45.1264],[-92.7415,45.1172],[-92.7422,45.1135],[-92.7446,45.11],[-92.7467,45.1076],[-92.7513,45.1045],[-92.7591,45.0999],[-92.7624,45.0972],[-92.7803,45.0849],[-92.7847,45.083],[-92.7885,45.0806],[-92.7917,45.0791],[-92.795,45.0772],[-92.7982,45.0746],[-92.8001,45.0723],[-92.8019,45.0647],[-92.8016,45.0597],[-92.8005,45.0567],[-92.7984,45.0531],[-92.7952,45.0499],[-92.7926,45.0481],[-92.7881,45.0453],[-92.7837,45.0421],[-92.7745,45.0373],[-92.7707,45.0344],[-92.7683,45.0325],[-92.7645,45.0265],[-92.7639,45.0237],[-92.7639,45.0196],[-92.7682,45.0005],[-92.7694,44.9909],[-92.7686,44.9796],[-92.7646,44.9711],[-92.7547,44.9571],[-92.7527,44.9527],[-92.7523,44.9481],[-92.753,44.9369],[-92.7534,44.9237],[-92.7547,44.9159],[-92.7569,44.9105],[-92.7606,44.9068],[-92.7645,44.9046],[-92.767,44.9039],[-92.7707,44.9023],[-92.7729,44.901],[-92.775,44.8982],[-92.7738,44.8933],[-92.7689,44.8848],[-92.7632,44.8759],[-92.7628,44.8716],[-92.763,44.8671],[-92.7644,44.8622],[-92.7682,44.8554],[-92.7683,44.853],[-92.7671,44.8494],[-92.7652,44.8462],[-92.7646,44.8423],[-92.7644,44.8382],[-92.766,44.8308],[-92.7679,44.8265],[-92.7719,44.8211],[-92.7751,44.8161],[-92.7784,44.8125],[-92.7801,44.8095],[-92.781,44.8056],[-92.7823,44.8029],[-92.783,44.7966],[-92.7858,44.7893],[-92.7909,44.7842],[-92.7993,44.7765],[-92.802,44.7729],[-92.8046,44.7683],[-92.8059,44.7624],[-92.8073,44.7524],[-92.8061,44.7483],[-92.8054,44.7473],[-92.8022,44.7446],[-92.7901,44.7381],[-92.7805,44.7344],[-92.7722,44.7317],[-92.7658,44.7289],[-92.7569,44.7234],[-92.7536,44.7226],[-92.7471,44.7204],[-92.7415,44.7192],[-92.7339,44.7157],[-92.737,44.658],[-92.7386,44.6329],[-92.7957,44.6305],[-92.7915,44.5452],[-92.9165,44.5449],[-92.9179,44.5221],[-92.9218,44.518],[-92.9282,44.5158],[-92.9321,44.513],[-92.941,44.5149],[-92.9449,44.5131],[-92.9494,44.5104],[-92.9584,44.514],[-92.9634,44.5177],[-92.975,44.5159],[-92.9827,44.5173],[-92.991,44.5215],[-93.0057,44.5197],[-93.0121,44.5175],[-93.0166,44.5166],[-93.0275,44.5198],[-93.0301,44.5148],[-93.0346,44.5148],[-93.039,44.5171],[-93.0406,44.4729],[-93.2826,44.473],[-93.2798,44.546],[-93.5259,44.5466],[-93.9091,44.5446],[-93.9117,44.5492],[-93.9078,44.5528],[-93.9027,44.5524],[-93.9008,44.5492],[-93.8956,44.5483],[-93.8937,44.5515],[-93.8963,44.5561],[-93.9008,44.5606],[-93.8996,44.5647],[-93.8957,44.5675],[-93.8958,44.5711],[-93.8996,44.5743],[-93.8958,44.5775],[-93.8939,44.5807],[-93.8959,44.5871],[-93.8991,44.5903],[-93.8908,44.5962],[-93.8857,44.5967],[-93.8838,44.6012],[-93.878,44.6013],[-93.878,44.6077],[-93.8716,44.6063],[-93.8658,44.6063],[-93.8569,44.6168],[-93.8563,44.6218],[-93.8505,44.6219],[-93.8447,44.6201],[-93.8422,44.6233],[-93.8358,44.6242],[-93.8319,44.6251],[-93.8217,44.6297],[-93.8031,44.6366],[-93.7999,44.6361],[-93.7967,44.6343],[-93.7935,44.6311],[-93.7883,44.632],[-93.78,44.6362],[-93.7768,44.6385],[-93.7729,44.6366],[-93.7723,44.6325],[-93.7691,44.6312],[-93.7665,44.6362],[-93.7685,44.6417],[-93.7686,44.675],[-93.8887,44.6756],[-93.8902,44.7185],[-94.0104,44.719],[-94.0085,44.8947],[-94.0136,44.8951],[-94.0117,44.9796],[-93.7692,44.9789],[-93.7702,45.0734],[-93.7663,45.077],[-93.7631,45.0839],[-93.7534,45.0853],[-93.7399,45.0894],[-93.7341,45.0922],[-93.7322,45.0963],[-93.7257,45.1022],[-93.7225,45.11],[-93.72,45.1205],[-93.7155,45.1269],[-93.7019,45.1374],[-93.6852,45.1489],[-93.6793,45.1525],[-93.6716,45.1562],[-93.6574,45.1585],[-93.6554,45.1599],[-93.6529,45.1631],[-93.6503,45.169],[-93.6516,45.1841],[-93.6549,45.1905],[-93.6555,45.1969],[-93.6562,45.201],[-93.6471,45.2079],[-93.6387,45.2074],[-93.6361,45.206],[-93.6329,45.2056],[-93.6258,45.2092],[-93.6167,45.2115],[-93.6096,45.2111],[-93.6031,45.2111],[-93.5967,45.2134],[-93.5857,45.2189],[-93.5792,45.2189],[-93.5734,45.2202],[-93.5676,45.2225],[-93.5617,45.2289],[-93.554,45.2298],[-93.5462,45.2289],[-93.5371,45.2294],[-93.5332,45.2317],[-93.5197,45.2417],[-93.5158,45.2458],[-93.5138,45.2454],[-93.5093,45.4163]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Anoka\",\"state\":\"MN\"}}]}","volume":"4","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57160534e4b0ef3b7ca91fe9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brown, R. G.","contributorId":106118,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":626961,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70013207,"text":"70013207 - 1984 - Interlaminated ice-proximal glacimarine sediments in Muir Inlet, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-10-16T16:55:21.25295","indexId":"70013207","displayToPublicDate":"1984-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2667,"text":"Marine Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Interlaminated ice-proximal glacimarine sediments in Muir Inlet, Alaska","docAbstract":"<p><span>Muir Inlet in Glacier Bay, Alaska, is a glacial fjord receiving a tremendous volume of sediment annually. The rate of sediment accumulation is greatest proximal to Muir Glacier (about 9 m yr</span><sup>−1</sup><span>) and decreases away from the glacier. The primary sediment sources are meltwater streams discharging at subglacial and ice-marginal positions to form overflows, interflows, and underflows (continuous turbidity currents).</span></p><p><span>Overflows and interflows interact with diurnal tidal currents and their volume and sediment concentration varies diurnally and annually with meltwater discharge. These effects produce cyclic deposits of a thin fine-grained sand or silt lamina that grades normally to a thicker poorly to very poorly sorted mud lamina. This lamina couplet is termed a&nbsp;<i>cyclopel</i>.</span></p><p><span>Underflows are suggested to occur in this glacimarine environment because of conditions unique to subglacial fluvial systems. Underflow deposits occur only in proximal positions (&lt;0.5 km from glacier face), and are coarse-grained, reverse to normal graded, and exhibit an increase in sorting and sand content up-layer.</span></p><p><span>Ice-rafted debris (identified as particles &gt;177&nbsp;<i>μ</i>m) is ubiquitous, though low (&lt;5% by weight), and occurs as isolated particles, frozen pellets, or as lenses that in cores may have a lamina appearance. Proximally, ice-rafted debris is difficult to identify because proximal sediment is often as coarse-grained.</span></p><p><span>Deposited sediment may be reworked by tidal currents, and sediment gravity flows.</span></p><p><span>Depositional processes operating in Muir Inlet produce interlaminated sand/silt/clay that characterizes sediment proximal to a glacier and fines seaward to mud. Sediment is classified into one of three sediment types:</span></p><p><span><span class=\"list-label\">(1) Type I sediment is very fine grained (mean 8.65--7.17 ~), low in sand (0.1--11.2%), and very poorly to poorly sorted. It is the dominant sediment type in Muir Inlet, and is transported by plumes and deposited by suspension settling.</span></span></p><p><span><span class=\"list-label\">(2) Type II sediment is fine- to coarse-grained (mean 6.70--3.12 ~), low to high in sand (5.1---86.6%), and very poorly to moderately sorted. It represents reworked sediment, proximal plume deposits, or coarse-grained laminae of cyclopels.</span></span></p><p><span><span class=\"list-label\">(3) Type III sediment is coarse-grained (mean 3.89--2.38 ~), high in sand (58.0--100.0%), and poorly to well sorted. It is deposited by sediment gravity flows or underflows.&nbsp;</span></span></p><div class=\"u-margin-s-bottom\"><br></div><p><span><br data-mce-bogus=\"1\"></span></p><p><span><br data-mce-bogus=\"1\"></span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0025-3227(84)90197-X","usgsCitation":"Mackiewicz, N., Powell, R., Carlson, P., and Molnia, B.F., 1984, Interlaminated ice-proximal glacimarine sediments in Muir Inlet, Alaska: Marine Geology, v. 57, no. 1-4, p. 113-147, https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(84)90197-X.","productDescription":"35 p.","startPage":"113","endPage":"147","costCenters":[{"id":36171,"text":"National Civil Applications Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":219901,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Muir Inlet","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -139.3374585763036,\n              59.27493414566115\n            ],\n            [\n              -139.3374585763036,\n              54.123667606054056\n            ],\n            [\n              -131.39721147007114,\n              54.123667606054056\n            ],\n            [\n              -131.39721147007114,\n              59.27493414566115\n            ],\n            [\n              -139.3374585763036,\n              59.27493414566115\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"57","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3d28e4b0c8380cd63347","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mackiewicz, N.E.","contributorId":25694,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mackiewicz","given":"N.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365545,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Powell, R.D.","contributorId":74015,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Powell","given":"R.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365547,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Carlson, P.R.","contributorId":97055,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carlson","given":"P.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365548,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Molnia, Bruce F. 0000-0001-8102-6269","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8102-6269","contributorId":301013,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Molnia","given":"Bruce","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":36171,"text":"National Civil Applications Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":365546,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70199498,"text":"70199498 - 1984 - Significance of biomass and light availability to phytoplankton productivity in San Francisco Bay","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-19T13:43:42","indexId":"70199498","displayToPublicDate":"1984-04-26T13:43:05","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2663,"text":"Marine Ecology Progress Series","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Significance of biomass and light availability to phytoplankton productivity in San Francisco Bay","docAbstract":"<p>Primary productivity was measured monthly at 6 sites within San Francisco Bay, USA, throughout 1980. The 6 sites were chosen to represent a range of estuarine environments with respect to salinity, phytoplankton community composition, turbidity, and water depth. Annual net production over the photic zone ranged from 95 to 150 g C m-2, and was highest in regions of lowest turbidity. Daily photic zone net productivity PN,, ranged from 0.05 to 2.2 g C m-2 d-', and was significantly correlated with the composite parameter B I,/&amp; (where B = phytoplankton biomass; I, = daily surface insolation; E = attenuation coefficient). Lnear regression of PN,, against B Io/€ indicated that most (82 %) of the spatio-temporal variability in primary productivity within this estuary is explained by variations in light availability and phytoplankton biomass. We also calculated annual water-column net productivity PN, as a fraction of annual gross productivity PGx The ratio PN,, : PG, was inversely related to the ratio of water depth H to annual mean photic depth Z,. This linear relation indicates that the watercolumn of San Francisco Bay is a net photosynthetic source of organic carbon only when the ratio H : Z, &lt; 6. In deep turbid habitats, where H : Tp &gt; 6, respiratory loss exceeds productivity. Thus, 2 empirical formulations allow us to estimate productivity over the photic zone and water column from<br>simple properties that are easily measured. </p>","language":"English","usgsCitation":"Cole, B.E., and Cloern, J.E., 1984, Significance of biomass and light availability to phytoplankton productivity in San Francisco Bay: Marine Ecology Progress Series, v. 17, p. 15-24.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"15","endPage":"24","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":357498,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":357496,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://online.sfsu.edu/modelds/Files/References/ColeCloern1984.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"San Francisco County","city":"San Francisco","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay","volume":"17","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cole, Brian E.","contributorId":18357,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cole","given":"Brian","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":745592,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cloern, James E. 0000-0002-5880-6862 jecloern@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5880-6862","contributorId":1488,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cloern","given":"James","email":"jecloern@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":745593,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70013617,"text":"70013617 - 1984 - Multiple microtektite horizons in upper eocene marine sediments?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-11-18T17:02:38.313826","indexId":"70013617","displayToPublicDate":"1984-04-20T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Multiple microtektite horizons in upper eocene marine sediments?","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.224.4646.309.a","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Glass, B., 1984, Multiple microtektite horizons in upper eocene marine sediments?: Science, v. 224, no. 4646, p. 309-310, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.224.4646.309.a.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"309","endPage":"310","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220154,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"224","issue":"4646","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a606fe4b0c8380cd71466","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Glass, B.P.","contributorId":74513,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Glass","given":"B.P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366491,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70012757,"text":"70012757 - 1984 - Ancient ice islands in salt lakes of the Central Andes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-11-18T16:58:30.382534","indexId":"70012757","displayToPublicDate":"1984-04-20T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ancient ice islands in salt lakes of the Central Andes","docAbstract":"Massive blocks of freshwater ice and frozen sediments protrude from shallow, saline lakes in the Andes of southwestern Bolivia and northeastern Chile. These ice islands range up to 1.5 kilometers long, stand up to 7 meters above the water surface, and may extend out tens of meters and more beneath the unfrozen lake sediments. The upper surfaces of the islands are covered with dry white sediments, mostly aragonite or calcite. The ice blocks may have formed by freezing of the fresh pore water of lake sediments during the \"little ice age.\" The largest blocks are melting rapidly because of possibly recent increases in geothermal heat flux through the lake bottom and undercutting by warm saline lake water during the summer.","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.224.4646.299","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Hurlbert, S.H., and Chang, C.C., 1984, Ancient ice islands in salt lakes of the Central Andes: Science, v. 224, no. 4646, p. 299-302, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.224.4646.299.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"299","endPage":"302","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222677,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Bolivia, Chile","otherGeospatial":"Central Andes","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -69.8317987720904,\n              -20.02972052302998\n            ],\n            [\n              -69.8317987720904,\n              -24.18231978819638\n            ],\n            [\n              -67.07551248845371,\n              -24.18231978819638\n            ],\n            [\n              -67.07551248845371,\n              -20.02972052302998\n            ],\n            [\n              -69.8317987720904,\n              -20.02972052302998\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"224","issue":"4646","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ebf6e4b0c8380cd48fd2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hurlbert, S. H.","contributorId":56192,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hurlbert","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364446,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chang, Cecily C.Y.","contributorId":68032,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chang","given":"Cecily","email":"","middleInitial":"C.Y.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364447,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70175964,"text":"wri844188D - 1984 - Determination of hydraulic conductivity in three dimensions and its relation to dispersivity: Chapter D in <i>Ground-water contamination by crude oil at the Bemidji, Minnesota, research site; US Geological Survey Toxic Waste--ground-water contamination study</i>","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70175964,"text":"wri844188D - 1984 - Determination of hydraulic conductivity in three dimensions and its relation to dispersivity: Chapter D in <i>Ground-water contamination by crude oil at the Bemidji, Minnesota, research site; US Geological Survey Toxic Waste--ground-water contamination study</i>","indexId":"wri844188D","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"chapter":"D","title":"Determination of hydraulic conductivity in three dimensions and its relation to dispersivity: Chapter D in <i>Ground-water contamination by crude oil at the Bemidji, Minnesota, research site; US Geological Survey Toxic Waste--ground-water contamination study</i>"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":30188,"text":"wri844188 - 1984 - Ground-water contamination by crude oil at the Bemidji, Minnesota, research site; US Geological Survey Toxic Waste--ground-water contamination study","indexId":"wri844188","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"title":"Ground-water contamination by crude oil at the Bemidji, Minnesota, research site; US Geological Survey Toxic Waste--ground-water contamination study"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":30188,"text":"wri844188 - 1984 - Ground-water contamination by crude oil at the Bemidji, Minnesota, research site; US Geological Survey Toxic Waste--ground-water contamination study","indexId":"wri844188","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"title":"Ground-water contamination by crude oil at the Bemidji, Minnesota, research site; US Geological Survey Toxic Waste--ground-water contamination study"},"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-19T10:13:22","indexId":"wri844188D","displayToPublicDate":"1984-04-06T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"84-4188","chapter":"D","title":"Determination of hydraulic conductivity in three dimensions and its relation to dispersivity: Chapter D in <i>Ground-water contamination by crude oil at the Bemidji, Minnesota, research site; US Geological Survey Toxic Waste--ground-water contamination study</i>","docAbstract":"<p>Recent investigations suggest that dispersion in aquifers is scale dependent and a function of the heterogeneity of aquifer materials. Theoretical stochastic studies indicate that determining hydraulic-conductivity variability in three dimensions is important in analyzing the dispersion process. Even though field methods are available to approximate hydraulic conductivity in three dimensions, the methods are not generally used because of high cost of field equipment and because measurement and analysis techniques are cumbersome and time consuming. </p><p>The hypothesis of this study is that field-determined values of dispersivity are scale dependent and that they may be described as a function of hydraulic conductivity in three dimensions. The objectives of the study at the Bemidji research site are to (1) determine hydraulic conductivity of the porous media in three dimensions, (2) determine field values of dispersivity and its scale dependence on hydraulic conductivity, and (3) develop and apply a computerized data-collection, storage, and analysis system for field use in comprehensive determination of hydraulic conductivity and dispersivity. </p><p>Plans for this investigation involve a variety of methods of analysis. Hydraulic conductivity will be determined separately in the horizontal and vertical planes of the hydraulic-conductivity ellipsoid. Field values of dispersivity will be determined by single-well and doublet-well injection or withdrawal tests with tracers. A computerized data-collection, storage, and analysis system to measure pressure, flow rate, tracer concentrations, and temperature will be designed for field testing. Real-time computer programs will be used to analyze field data. The initial methods of analysis will be utilized to meet the objectives of the study. </p><p>Preliminary field data indicate the aquifer underlying the Bemidji site is vertically heterogeneous, cross-bedded outwash. Preliminary analysis of the flow field around a hypothetical doublet-well tracer test indicates that the location of the wells can affect the field value of dispersivity. Preliminary analysis also indicates that different values of dispersivity may result from anisotropic conditions in tests in which observation wells are located at equal radial distances from either the injection or withdrawal well. </p>","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ground-water contamination by crude oil at the Bemidji, Minnesota, research site; US Geological Survey Toxic Waste--ground-water contamination study","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"St. Paul, MN","doi":"10.3133/wri844188D","usgsCitation":"U.S. Geological Survey, 1984, Determination of hydraulic conductivity in three dimensions and its relation to dispersivity: Chapter D in <i>Ground-water contamination by crude oil at the Bemidji, Minnesota, research site; US Geological Survey Toxic Waste--ground-water contamination study</i>: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 84-4188, 16 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri844188D.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"49","endPage":"64","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":327405,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57bd73b9e4b03fd6b7df2c87"}
,{"id":70013901,"text":"70013901 - 1984 - Major carbon-14 deficiency in modern snail shells from southern Nevada springs","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-11-20T16:50:08.550523","indexId":"70013901","displayToPublicDate":"1984-04-06T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Major carbon-14 deficiency in modern snail shells from southern Nevada springs","docAbstract":"<p><span>Carbon-14 contents as low as 3.3 ± 0.2 percent modern (apparent age, 27,000 years) measured from the shells of snails&nbsp;</span><i>Melanoides tuberculatus</i><span>&nbsp;living in artesian springs in southern Nevada are attributed to fixation of dissolved HCO</span><sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup><span>&nbsp;with which the shells are in carbon isotope equilibrium. Recognition of the existence of such extreme deficiencies is necessary so that erroneous ages are not attributed to freshwater biogenic carbonates.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.224.4644.58","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Riggs, A., 1984, Major carbon-14 deficiency in modern snail shells from southern Nevada springs: Science, v. 224, no. 4644, p. 58-61, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.224.4644.58.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"58","endPage":"61","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225989,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","otherGeospatial":"southern Nevada","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -118.88277512777015,\n              38.33012887684694\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.61336760787137,\n              35.00673221663355\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.7498545050421,\n              36.019978816516755\n            ],\n            [\n              -113.96172703683513,\n              36.09823319683615\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.02928384201977,\n              38.352235693453565\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.88277512777015,\n              38.33012887684694\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"224","issue":"4644","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4c0ce4b0c8380cd69988","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Riggs, A.C.","contributorId":41462,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Riggs","given":"A.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367129,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":1001233,"text":"1001233 - 1984 - Nest spacing, habitat selection, and behavior of waterfowl on Miller Lake Island, North Dakota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-11-04T15:51:04.682079","indexId":"1001233","displayToPublicDate":"1984-04-02T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Nest spacing, habitat selection, and behavior of waterfowl on Miller Lake Island, North Dakota","docAbstract":"<p>The nesting behavior of a concentration of nesting mallards (<i>Anas platyrhynchos</i>) and gadwalls (<i>A. strepera</i>) was studied on a 4.5-ha island in Miller Lake, North Dakota, in 1977. A single 0.59-ha clump of thick shrub contained 225 simultaneously active mallard nests on 10 May. During the peak nesting period, mallard nests were spaced an average of 2.7 m from conspecifics. Active nests of all species peaked at 327, spaced an average of 2.1 m apart. Nests were clustered in thick shrub with moderate numbers in open shrub and few in grassland. Nest placement was significantly related to the amount of vegetative screening although mammalian predators were absent on the island. Cover density appeared to be important to the nesting hens as vegetation screened nests from potential avian predators and from harassment by other conspecific nesting hens and drakes. Mallards and gadwalls nesting on this island used wetlands in &gt;100 km2 around Miller Lake. During daylight hours in late April 1978, an average of 4.9 mallards/minute arrived at the island; a peak of 17.2 mallards/minute arrived at 0800. In late April 1978, as many as 26 mallard pairs/ha occurred on favored wetlands and behavioral aggression was intense. Yet, most mallard hens maintained adequate space to acquire food and other requisites. Mallards and gadwalls were sufficiently adaptable to successfully exploit the Miller Lake island and environments that resulted in high reproductive success. Other local breeding Anatidae because of behavioral constraints were unable to exploit the same situation.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/3801163","usgsCitation":"Lokemoen, J.T., Duebbert, H.F., and Sharp, D., 1984, Nest spacing, habitat selection, and behavior of waterfowl on Miller Lake Island, North Dakota: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 48, no. 2, p. 309-321, https://doi.org/10.2307/3801163.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"309","endPage":"321","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133658,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Dakota","otherGeospatial":"Miller Lake 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,{"id":70013184,"text":"70013184 - 1984 - Observations on Cretaceous abyssal hills in the northeast Pacific","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-10-16T16:42:56.983589","indexId":"70013184","displayToPublicDate":"1984-04-02T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2667,"text":"Marine Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Observations on Cretaceous abyssal hills in the northeast Pacific","docAbstract":"<p><span>An abyssal hills area of 50 × 60 km in the northeast Pacific was studied using bottom transponder navigation, closely spaced survey lines, and long-traverse oblique photography. The block-faulted north—south hills are bounded by scarps, commonly with 40° slopes. On these steep scarps sedimentation is inhibited and pillow basalts often crop out. An ash layer of high acoustic reflectivity at about 7 m subbottom depth blankets the area. This ash occurs in multiple beds altered to phillipsite and is highly consolidated. A 24 m.y. age for the ash is based on ichthyolith dates from samples in the overlying sediments. Acoustically transparent Neogene sediments above the ash are thickest in trough bottoms and are absent or thin on steep slopes. These Neogene sediments are composed of pale-brown pelagic clays of illite, quartz, smectite, chlorite and kaolinite. Dark-brown pelagic clays, rich in smectite and amorphous iron oxides, underlie the Neogene surficial sediments. Manganese nodules cover the bottom in varying percentages. The nodules are most abundant near basement outcrops and where the subbottom ash layer is absent.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elseiver","doi":"10.1016/0025-3227(84)90005-7","usgsCitation":"Eittreim, S.L., Piper, D., Chezar, H., Jones, D., and Kaneps, A., 1984, Observations on Cretaceous abyssal hills in the northeast Pacific: Marine Geology, v. 56, no. 1-4, p. 41-64, https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(84)90005-7.","productDescription":"24 p.","startPage":"41","endPage":"64","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220467,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"56","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6ac8e4b0c8380cd74361","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Eittreim, Stephen L.","contributorId":8452,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eittreim","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365497,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Piper, D.Z.","contributorId":34154,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Piper","given":"D.Z.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365493,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Chezar, H.","contributorId":52321,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chezar","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365495,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Jones, D.R.","contributorId":80670,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"D.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365496,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kaneps, A.","contributorId":37211,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kaneps","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365494,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":1003850,"text":"1003850 - 1984 - Avian cholera in the central and Mississippi flyways 1979-80","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-11-04T16:37:33.465507","indexId":"1003850","displayToPublicDate":"1984-04-02T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Avian cholera in the central and Mississippi flyways 1979-80","docAbstract":"<p>Waterfowl mortality from avian cholera during July 1979-May 1980 was widespread in the Central and Mississippi flyways, occurring in a wide variety of species and locations from nesting grounds of snow geese (<i>Chen caerulescens</i>) on Hudson Bay south to waterfowl wintering areas on the Texas coast and playa lakes region. Mortality estimates at the various sites ranged from several birds to over 72,000. The chronological and geographic occurrence of outbreaks corresponded closely to waterfowl migrations from infected sites, suggesting that waterfowl served to distribute avian cholera along migration routes. Recurrent outbreaks at several locations suggest that these sites have become enzootic for this disease. The magnitude of avian cholera mortality and its geographic spread during 1979-80 underscores the need to address management of this disease on an intra- and inter-flyway basis.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/3801171","usgsCitation":"Brand, C.J., 1984, Avian cholera in the central and Mississippi flyways 1979-80: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 48, no. 2, p. 399-406, https://doi.org/10.2307/3801171.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"399","endPage":"406","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":134259,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, United States","otherGeospatial":"Central & Mississippi flyways","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      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,{"id":1001561,"text":"1001561 - 1984 - Habitat use by migrant sandhill cranes in Nebraska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-11-04T16:13:02.990146","indexId":"1001561","displayToPublicDate":"1984-04-02T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Habitat use by migrant sandhill cranes in Nebraska","docAbstract":"<p>The principal spring staging areas of the midcontinent population of sandhill cranes (<i>Grus canadensis</i>) are along the Platte and North Platte rivers in south-central Nebraska. Most of these lands are privately owned and managed for corn and cattle production. Diurnal habitat use by radio-tagged cranes was primarily in cropland (55%), native grassland (28%), and tame hayland (15%). Ninety-nine percent of the cropland use was in cornfields; 55% as grazed stubble, 36% as disced, cultivated, and plowed stubble, 7% as ungrazed stubble, and 1% unclassified. Grazed pastures accounted for 93% of the grassland locations and mowed alfalfa fields 77% of the tame hayland locations. Other habitats were seldom used. Time budget analyses indicated that cranes, while in croplands, grasslands, and haylands, spent 35, 36, and 50% of the time foraging, respectively. Cranes roosted in the shallows and on nearby sandbars of about 111 km of river channel. Cranes usually roosted where the channel was at least 150 m wide and avoided stretches narrower than 50 m. Height of woody vegetation along shorelines and on islands influenced where cranes roosted when unobstructed channel width was less than 150 m; bridges or roads adjacent to the channel also reduced use by about half. Management recommendations are made for maintaining suitable habitat for sandhill cranes on their staging areas in Nebraska.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/3801172","usgsCitation":"Krapu, G.L., Facey, D., Fritzell, E., and Johnson, D., 1984, Habitat use by migrant sandhill cranes in Nebraska: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 48, no. 2, p. 407-417, https://doi.org/10.2307/3801172.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"407","endPage":"417","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133741,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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E.K.","contributorId":35685,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fritzell","given":"E.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311254,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Johnson, Douglas H. 0000-0002-7778-6641","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7778-6641","contributorId":220516,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Douglas H.","affiliations":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":311257,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":1001397,"text":"1001397 - 1984 - Comparative ability of northern pintails, gadwalls, and northern shovelers to metabolize foods","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-11-04T16:00:50.362161","indexId":"1001397","displayToPublicDate":"1984-04-02T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparative ability of northern pintails, gadwalls, and northern shovelers to metabolize foods","docAbstract":"<p>Feeding trials were used to compare the ability of northern pintails (<i>Anas acuta</i>), gadwalls (<i>A. strepera</i>), and northern shovelers (<i>A. clypeata</i>) to metabolize energy from a turkey starter ration, alfalfa pellets, and common barnyardgrass (<i>Echinochloa crusgalli</i>) seeds. No differences (P &gt; 0.05) were detected among the three species for any of the three foods (kg body weight/day basis), for dry matter intake (DMI), body weight gain (BWG), apparent metabolizable energy (AME), or metabolized energy (MEE) on any given diet consumed in quantities large enough to promote body weight gain. The AME content of alfalfa was 57% less than the value for turkey starter and 50% less than for barnyardgrass seeds. All three species metabolized more energy and gained weight faster when fed turkey starter. Energy modeling may be facilitated if additional research verifies that all species of dabbling ducks have equal ability to obtain energy from foods available to them in the wild. Behavioral and morphological factors may be more important in defining feeding niches than digestive physiology, at least for the three duck species tested, at the time of year of the experiments, and within the limits of the quality of foods used.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/3801167","usgsCitation":"Miller, M.R., 1984, Comparative ability of northern pintails, gadwalls, and northern shovelers to metabolize foods: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 48, no. 2, p. 362-370, https://doi.org/10.2307/3801167.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"362","endPage":"370","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133760,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"48","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6ae5a1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miller, Michael R.","contributorId":45796,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Miller","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":12709,"text":"Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":310970,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":1001586,"text":"1001586 - 1984 - Wood duck and hooded merganser nesting on Arrowwood NWR, North Dakota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-11-04T16:26:06.032491","indexId":"1001586","displayToPublicDate":"1984-04-02T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Wood duck and hooded merganser nesting on Arrowwood NWR, North Dakota","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/3801193","usgsCitation":"Doty, H.A., Lee, F., Kruse, A., Matthews, J., Foster, J.R., and Arnold, P.M., 1984, Wood duck and hooded merganser nesting on Arrowwood NWR, North Dakota: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 48, no. 2, p. 577-580, https://doi.org/10.2307/3801193.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"577","endPage":"580","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130416,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Dakota","otherGeospatial":"Arrowwood National Wildlife Refuge","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -98.525390625,\n              47.37603463349758\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.14111328125,\n              47.37603463349758\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.14111328125,\n              47.98256841921405\n            ],\n            [\n              -98.525390625,\n              47.98256841921405\n            ],\n            [\n              -98.525390625,\n              47.37603463349758\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"48","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49d8e4b07f02db5df931","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Doty, Harold A.","contributorId":17565,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doty","given":"Harold","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311307,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lee, F.B.","contributorId":30174,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"F.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311309,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kruse, A.D.","contributorId":19900,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kruse","given":"A.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311308,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Matthews, J.W.","contributorId":73544,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Matthews","given":"J.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311311,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Foster, John R.","contributorId":345902,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Foster","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":917809,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Arnold, Phillip M.","contributorId":44609,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arnold","given":"Phillip","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":917810,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":1001446,"text":"1001446 - 1984 - Ecological distribution and crude density of breeding birds on prairie wetlands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-11-04T16:05:30.144261","indexId":"1001446","displayToPublicDate":"1984-04-02T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ecological distribution and crude density of breeding birds on prairie wetlands","docAbstract":"Breeding populations of 28 species of wetland-dwelling birds other than waterfowl (Anatidae) were censused on 1,321 wetlands lying within the prairie pothole region of North Dakota. Ecological distribution and two crude measures of relative density were calculated for the 22 commonest species using eight wetland classes. Semipermanent wetlands supported nearly two-thirds of the population and were used by all 22 species, whereas seasonal wetlands contained about one-third of the population and were used by 20 species Semipermanent, fen, and temporary wetlands contained highest bird densities on the basis of wetland area; on the basis of wetland unit, densities were highest on semipermanent, permanent, alkali, and fen wetlands. The highest ranking of semipermanent wetlands by all three measures of use was probably because these wetlands, as well as being relatively numerous and large, were vegetatively diverse. The fairly large proportion of the bird population supported by seasonal wetlands was a result of wetland abundance and moderate vegetative diversity. Increased vegetative diversity results from the development of characteristic zones of hydrophytes at sites where water persists longer during the growing season. Frequent cultivation of prairie wetlands results in the replacement of tall, robust perennials by bare soil or stands of short, weak-stemmed annuals that likely are unattractive to nesting birds.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/3801174","usgsCitation":"Kantrud, H.A., and Stewart, R., 1984, Ecological distribution and crude density of breeding birds on prairie wetlands: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 48, no. 2, p. 426-437, https://doi.org/10.2307/3801174.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"426","endPage":"437","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":488170,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3801174","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":133367,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"North 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