{"pageNumber":"4644","pageRowStart":"116075","pageSize":"25","recordCount":165579,"records":[{"id":70013700,"text":"70013700 - 1984 - The Kingak shale of northern Alaska—regional variations in organic geochemical properties and petroleum source rock quality","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-03-17T16:44:43.862263","indexId":"70013700","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2958,"text":"Organic Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The Kingak shale of northern Alaska—regional variations in organic geochemical properties and petroleum source rock quality","docAbstract":"<p><span>The Kingak Shale, a thick widespread rock unit in northern Alaska that ranges in age from Early Jurassic through Early Cretaceous, has adequate to good oil source rock potential. This lenticular-shaped rock unit is as much as 1200 m thick near the Jurassic shelf edge, where its present-day burial depth is about 5000 m. Kingak sediment, transported in a southerly direction, was deposited on the then marine continental shelf. The rock unit is predominantly dark gray Shale with some interbeds of thick sandstone and siltstone.</span></p><p><span>The thermal maturity of organic matter in the Kingak Shale ranges from immature (&lt;0.6%<i>R</i><sub>0</sub>) on the Barrow arch to postmature (&gt;2.0%<i>R</i><sub>0</sub>) in the Colville basin toward the south. Its organic carbon and hydrogen contents are highest in the eastern part of northern Alaska south of and around the Kuparuk and Prudhoe Bay oil fields. Carbon isotope data of oils and rock extracts indicate that the Kingak Shale is a source of some North Slope oil, but is probably not the major source.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0146-6380(84)90076-7","usgsCitation":"Magoon, L.B., and Claypool, G., 1984, The Kingak shale of northern Alaska—regional variations in organic geochemical properties and petroleum source rock quality: Organic Geochemistry, v. 6, p. 533-542, https://doi.org/10.1016/0146-6380(84)90076-7.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"533","endPage":"542","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220497,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"northern Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -163.98696842826936,\n              69.94847907298609\n            ],\n            [\n              -166.6492872958367,\n              68.77233325870091\n            ],\n            [\n              -145.71248264033215,\n              69.39962318192082\n            ],\n            [\n              -141.04972996145256,\n              69.28061812453656\n            ],\n            [\n              -141.3420843077143,\n              69.91408668992455\n            ],\n            [\n              -156.4977076439097,\n              71.42955836169733\n            ],\n            [\n              -160.29783311683522,\n              70.7955991556672\n            ],\n            [\n              -163.98696842826936,\n              69.94847907298609\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba79de4b08c986b3216aa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Magoon, Leslie B. lmagoon@usgs.gov","contributorId":2383,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Magoon","given":"Leslie","email":"lmagoon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":366669,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Claypool, George E.","contributorId":8475,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Claypool","given":"George E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366668,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":7000027,"text":"7000027 - 1984 - Monitoring active volcanoes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-15T15:27:12","indexId":"7000027","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":363,"text":"General Interest Publication","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":6}},"title":"Monitoring active volcanoes","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/7000027","usgsCitation":"Tilling, R.I., 1984, Monitoring active volcanoes: General Interest Publication, 13 p. : ill., maps ; 24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/7000027.","productDescription":"13 p. : ill., maps ; 24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":133050,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":265723,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.31822001959972"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b16e4b07f02db6a556d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tilling, Robert I. 0000-0003-4263-7221 rtilling@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4263-7221","contributorId":2567,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tilling","given":"Robert","email":"rtilling@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":343986,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70013480,"text":"70013480 - 1984 - Insights on why graphic correlation (Shaw's method) works","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-26T16:20:52.203998","indexId":"70013480","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2309,"text":"Journal of Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Insights on why graphic correlation (Shaw's method) works","docAbstract":"<p><span>In 1964 A. B. Shaw presented a method of correlating fossiliferous sedimentary rocks based on interpretation of graphic plots of first- and last-occurrences of taxa. Because there is no way to determine the true total ranges of fossil taxa, it is instructive to test the accuracy of the method using hypothetical datasets. The dataset used here consists of 16 taxa in six sections with differing known rates of rock accumulation. In all graphs, a single straight-line correlation was a reasonable interpretation. The resulting ranges after the first and third rounds of compositing reproduce the \"true\" ranges but with small errors. Slight errors in the positioning of individual correlation lines are more likely to lengthen ranges artificially than to shorten them. Shaw's method works well because, whereas actually sampled ranges will be shorter than true ranges, errors in correlation will be likely to extend some ranges. This or any exercise using simulated data is useful only if the hypothetical situation resembles real geologic situations and if insights derived from the hypothetical dataset provide insights into real situations. The method is only as good as the available data.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"University of Chicago Press","doi":"10.1086/628893","issn":"00221376","usgsCitation":"Edwards, L.E., 1984, Insights on why graphic correlation (Shaw's method) works: Journal of Geology, v. 92, no. 5, p. 583-597, https://doi.org/10.1086/628893.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"583","endPage":"597","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":220203,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"92","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3c22e4b0c8380cd62ad1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Edwards, Lucy E. 0000-0003-4075-3317 leedward@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4075-3317","contributorId":2647,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edwards","given":"Lucy","email":"leedward@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":366156,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70013545,"text":"70013545 - 1984 - Denitrification associated with stream periphyton: Chamber estimates from undisrupted communities","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-03-09T19:39:16","indexId":"70013545","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2262,"text":"Journal of Environmental Quality","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Denitrification associated with stream periphyton: Chamber estimates from undisrupted communities","docAbstract":"<p>Undisrupted periphyton communities from a N‐rich (NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>= 63<span>&nbsp;</span><i>µ</i>mol L<sup>−1</sup>) and pristine (NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>= 2.9<span>&nbsp;</span><i>µ</i>mol L<sup>−1</sup>) stream were assayed for denitrifying activity (acetylene‐blockage technique) in 40‐L chambers incubated at in situ temperature and nutrient concentrations. Nitrous oxide formation associated with periphyton from the N‐rich stream was immediate and linear (52.1<span>&nbsp;</span><i>µ</i>mol N<sub>2</sub>O m<sup>−2</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>h<sup>−1</sup>) in the dark, anaerobic chamber (50 kPa C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>2</sub>). In the corresponding light, aerobic chamber (50 kPa C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>2</sub>), N<sub>2</sub>O production was inhibited by 82% (9.3<span>&nbsp;</span><i>µ</i>mol N<sub>2</sub>O m<sup>−2</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>h<sup>−1</sup>). Nitrous oxide formation was not associated with periphyton from the pristine stream incubated in situ, either with or without NO<sup>3</sup><sup>−</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>amendment.</p><p>Denitrification estimates made with undisrupted periphyton communities at in situ temperature and nutrient concentrations (40‐L chambers) were less variable than estimates made with periphyton “scrapings” in small flasks (room temperature). The calculated diel periphyton‐associated denitrification rate based on a 14‐h light‐10‐h dark day was 651<span>&nbsp;</span><i>µ</i>mol N<sub>2</sub>O m<sup>−2</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>d<sup>−1</sup>. The data suggest denitrification within periphyton mats may contribute toward removal of NO<sup>3</sup><sup>−</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>from N‐rich fluvial environments.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2134/jeq1984.00472425001300040002x","issn":"00472425","usgsCitation":"Duff, J., Triska, F., and Oremland, R., 1984, Denitrification associated with stream periphyton: Chamber estimates from undisrupted communities: Journal of Environmental Quality, v. 13, no. 4, p. 514-518, https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq1984.00472425001300040002x.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"514","endPage":"518","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":220045,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"13","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fe98e4b0c8380cd4edfb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Duff, J.H.","contributorId":60377,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duff","given":"J.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366311,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Triska, F.J.","contributorId":69560,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Triska","given":"F.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366312,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Oremland, R.S.","contributorId":97512,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oremland","given":"R.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366313,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70013318,"text":"70013318 - 1984 - Gold in natural water: A method of determination by solvent extraction and electrothermal atomization","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-03-07T16:33:30.72093","indexId":"70013318","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2302,"text":"Journal of Geochemical Exploration","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Gold in natural water: A method of determination by solvent extraction and electrothermal atomization","docAbstract":"<p><span>A method has been developed using electrothermal atomization to effectively determine the amount of gold in natural water within the nanogram range. The method has four basic steps: (1) evaporating a 1-L sample; (2) putting it in hydrobromic acid-bromine solution; (3) extracting the sample with methyl-isobutyl-ketone; and (4) determining the amount of gold using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The limit of detection is 0.001 μg gold per liter. Results from three studies indicate, respectively, that the method is precise, effective, and free of interference. Specifically, a precision study indicates that the method has a relative standard deviation of 16–18%; a recovery study indicates that the method recovers gold at an average of 93%; and an interference study indicates that the interference effects are eliminated with solvent extraction and background correction techniques. Application of the method to water samples collected from 41 sites throughout the Western United States and Alaska shows a gold concentration range of &lt; 0.001 to 0.036&nbsp;</span><i>μ</i><span>g gold per liter, with an average of 0.005 μg/L.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0375-6742(84)90072-4","issn":"03756742","usgsCitation":"McHugh, J.B., 1984, Gold in natural water: A method of determination by solvent extraction and electrothermal atomization: Journal of Geochemical Exploration, v. 20, no. 3, p. 303-310, https://doi.org/10.1016/0375-6742(84)90072-4.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"303","endPage":"310","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220527,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"20","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a298ce4b0c8380cd5aa3d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McHugh, J. B.","contributorId":79462,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McHugh","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365808,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70013378,"text":"70013378 - 1984 - Effect of censoring trace-level water-quality data on trend-detection capability","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-08-26T15:14:06","indexId":"70013378","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effect of censoring trace-level water-quality data on trend-detection capability","docAbstract":"Monte Carlo experiments were used to evaluate whether trace-level water-quality data that are routinely censored (not reported) contain valuable information for trend detection. Measurements are commonly censored if they fall below a level associated with some minimum acceptable level of reliability (detection limit). Trace-level organic data were simulated with best- and worst-case estimates of measurement uncertainty, various concentrations and degrees of linear trend, and different censoring rules. The resulting classes of data were subjected to a nonparametric statistical test for trend. For all classes of data evaluated, trends were most effectively detected in uncensored data as compared to censored data even when the data censored were highly unreliable. Thus, censoring data at any concentration level may eliminate valuable information. Whether or not valuable information for trend analysis is, in fact, eliminated by censoring of actual rather than simulated data depends on whether the analytical process is in statistical control and bias is predictable for a particular type of chemical analyses.","language":"English","publisher":"ACS Publications","doi":"10.1021/es00125a009","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Gilliom, R.J., Hirsch, R., and Gilroy, E., 1984, Effect of censoring trace-level water-quality data on trend-detection capability: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 18, no. 7, p. 530-535, https://doi.org/10.1021/es00125a009.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"530","endPage":"535","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220642,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"18","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a05c8e4b0c8380cd50f60","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gilliom, R. J.","contributorId":60650,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gilliom","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365937,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hirsch, R.M.","contributorId":58639,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hirsch","given":"R.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365936,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gilroy, E.J.","contributorId":20306,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gilroy","given":"E.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365935,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":7137,"text":"ofr84670 - 1984 - Field studies of earthquake-induced, liquefaction-flowage features in the Charleston, South Carolina, area: Preliminary report","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-09T21:00:12.918474","indexId":"ofr84670","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"84-670","title":"Field studies of earthquake-induced, liquefaction-flowage features in the Charleston, South Carolina, area: Preliminary report","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr84670","usgsCitation":"Gohn, G.S., Weems, R., Obermeier, S., and Gelinas, R.L., 1984, Field studies of earthquake-induced, liquefaction-flowage features in the Charleston, South Carolina, area: Preliminary report: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 84-670, 26 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr84670.","productDescription":"26 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":34443,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1984/0670/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":141520,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1984/0670/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":410219,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_75742.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"South Carolina","city":"Charleston","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -80.14962910960108,\n              33.11035514472361\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.14962910960108,\n              32.64788098161641\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.78667652004611,\n              32.64788098161641\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.78667652004611,\n              33.11035514472361\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.14962910960108,\n              33.11035514472361\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fce4b07f02db5f5483","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gohn, G. S.","contributorId":25937,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gohn","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":154431,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Weems, R.E.","contributorId":44920,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weems","given":"R.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":154432,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Obermeier, S. F.","contributorId":17602,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Obermeier","given":"S. F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":154430,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gelinas, R. L.","contributorId":95059,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gelinas","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":154433,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70013396,"text":"70013396 - 1984 - Reflectance spectroscopy: Quantitative analysis techniques for remote sensing applications","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-06T15:57:06.613394","indexId":"70013396","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2312,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Reflectance spectroscopy: Quantitative analysis techniques for remote sensing applications","docAbstract":"<p><span>Several methods for the analysis of remotely sensed reflectance data are compared, including empirical methods and scattering theories, both of which are important for solving remote sensing problems. The concept of the photon mean optical path length and the implications for use in modeling reflectance spectra are presented. It is shown that the mean optical path length in a particulate surface is in rough inverse proportion to the square root of the absorption coefficient. Thus, the stronger absorber a material is, the less photons will penetrate into the surface. The concept of apparent absorbance (‐In reflectance) is presented, and it is shown that absorption bands, which are Gaussian in shape when plotted as absorption coefficient (true absorbance) versus photon energy, are also Gaussians in apparent absorbance. However, the Gaussians in apparent absorbance have a smaller intensity and a width which is a factor of √2 larger. An apparent continuum in a reflectance spectrum is modeled as a mathematical function used to isolate a particular absorption feature for analysis. It is shown that a continuum should be removed by dividing it into the reflectance spectrum or subtracting it from the apparent absorbance and that the fitting of Gaussians to absorption features should be done using apparent absorbance versus photon energy. Kubelka‐Munk theory is only valid for materials with small total absorption and for bihemispherical reflectance, which are rarely encountered in geologic remote sensing. It is shown that the recently advocated bidirectional reflectance theories have the potential for use in deriving mineral abundance from a reflectance spectrum.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB089iB07p06329","usgsCitation":"Clark, R.N., and Roush, T.L., 1984, Reflectance spectroscopy: Quantitative analysis techniques for remote sensing applications: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 89, no. B7, p. 6329-6340, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB089iB07p06329.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"6329","endPage":"6340","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220033,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"89","issue":"B7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e4a43ae4b0e8fec6cdbad3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clark, Roger N. 0000-0002-7021-1220 rclark@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7021-1220","contributorId":515,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"Roger","email":"rclark@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":365977,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Roush, T. L.","contributorId":77661,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Roush","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365978,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":7000050,"text":"7000050 - 1984 - The San Andreas Fault","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:06","indexId":"7000050","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":363,"text":"General Interest Publication","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":6}},"title":"The San Andreas Fault","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/7000050","usgsCitation":"Schulz, S.S., and Wallace, R.E., 1984, The San Andreas Fault: General Interest Publication, 17 p. : ill., maps ; 24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/7000050.","productDescription":"17 p. : ill., maps ; 24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":198255,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac7e4b07f02db67abf9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schulz, Sandra S.","contributorId":104864,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schulz","given":"Sandra","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":344023,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wallace, Robert E.","contributorId":15570,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wallace","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":344022,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":8914,"text":"ofr84454A - 1984 - Statistical summaries of streamflow data in Oregon; Volume 2, western Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-05-03T21:08:22.591484","indexId":"ofr84454A","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"84-454","chapter":"A","title":"Statistical summaries of streamflow data in Oregon; Volume 2, western Oregon","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr84454A","usgsCitation":"Friday, J., and Miller, S.J., 1984, Statistical summaries of streamflow data in Oregon; Volume 2, western Oregon: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 84-454, Report: iii, 250 p.; 1 Plate: 13.08 x 21.90 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr84454A.","productDescription":"Report: iii, 250 p.; 1 Plate: 13.08 x 21.90 inches","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":416684,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_13414.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":36521,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1984/0454a/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":141612,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1984/0454a/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":36522,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1984/0454a/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -121,\n              42.01917141239957\n            ],\n            [\n              -121,\n              46.18469159783035\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.77217492829851,\n              46.18469159783035\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.77217492829851,\n              42.01917141239957\n            ],\n            [\n              -121,\n              42.01917141239957\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49dce4b07f02db5e1aa8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Friday, John","contributorId":19160,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Friday","given":"John","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":158537,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Miller, S. J.","contributorId":54198,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":158538,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":7000051,"text":"7000051 - 1984 - Water use in the United States, 1980","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:06","indexId":"7000051","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":363,"text":"General Interest Publication","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":6}},"title":"Water use in the United States, 1980","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/7000051","usgsCitation":"Solley, W., 1984, Water use in the United States, 1980: General Interest Publication, 1 folded sheet (9 p.) : ill. ; 22 x 10 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/7000051.","productDescription":"1 folded sheet (9 p.) : ill. ; 22 x 10 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":198256,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49b0e4b07f02db5c8f9b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Solley, Wayne","contributorId":30582,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Solley","given":"Wayne","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":344024,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70013182,"text":"70013182 - 1984 - Use of partial dissolution techniques in geochemical exploration","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-03-07T16:38:30.371144","indexId":"70013182","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2302,"text":"Journal of Geochemical Exploration","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Use of partial dissolution techniques in geochemical exploration","docAbstract":"<p><span>Application of partial dissolution techniques to geochemical exploration has advanced from an early empirical approach to an approach based on sound geochemical principles. This advance assures a prominent future position for the use of these techniques in geochemical exploration for concealed mineral deposits. Partial dissolution techniques are classified as single dissolution or sequential multiple dissolution depending on the number of steps taken in the procedure, or as “nonselective” extraction and as “selective” extraction in terms of the relative specificity of the extraction. The choice of dissolution techniques for use in geochemical exploration is dictated by the geology of the area, the type and degree of weathering, and the expected chemical forms of the ore and of the pathfinding elements. Case histories have illustrated many instances where partial dissolution techniques exhibit advantages over conventional methods of chemical analysis used in geochemical exploration.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0375-6742(84)90078-5","issn":"03756742","usgsCitation":"Chao, T.T., 1984, Use of partial dissolution techniques in geochemical exploration: Journal of Geochemical Exploration, v. 20, no. 2, p. 101-135, https://doi.org/10.1016/0375-6742(84)90078-5.","productDescription":"35 p.","startPage":"101","endPage":"135","numberOfPages":"35","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220414,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"20","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbf53e4b08c986b329abe","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chao, T. T.","contributorId":31900,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chao","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365487,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70013287,"text":"70013287 - 1984 - Textural and stable isotope studies of the Big Mike cupriferous volcanogenic massive sulfide deposit, Pershing County, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-11T16:30:19.695883","indexId":"70013287","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Textural and stable isotope studies of the Big Mike cupriferous volcanogenic massive sulfide deposit, Pershing County, Nevada","docAbstract":"<p><span>The massive ore contains two major generations of pyrite, a fine and a coarse grained, both of which show a striking variety of textures involving quartz. Framboidal pyrite in the argillite host rock has delta&nbsp;</span><sup>34</sup><span>&nbsp;S values of approximately -24 per mil indicating the presence of a euxinic environment. The delta&nbsp;</span><sup>34</sup><span>&nbsp;S values of fine-grained pyrite in the massive ore range from degrees 6.4 to + or -2.0 per mil; those of coarse-grained pyrite range from -3.5 to + or -5.5 per mil. A significant portion of the isotopically light sulfur for the early, fine-grained hydrothermal pyrite in the massive lens was probably derived from framboidal biogenic pyrite in interflow sediments of the underlying greenstone pillow lavas. Microcrystalline quartz in massive ore, hanging-wall jasper, footwall hydrothermal chert and coarse quartz from hanging-wall and footwall stringer zones have delta&nbsp;</span><sup>18</sup><span>&nbsp;O values between 15.6 and 19.6 per mil; one sample of vein hematite has a value of 4.4 per mil. The combined sulfur and oxygen isotope and textural data indicate that much of the material in the massive lens originally precipitated as fine-grained pyrite or as a precursor iron sulfide along with some silica from a hydrothermal plume similar to those recently observed at the East Pacific Rise spreading center at lat 21 degrees N. The primary material underwent recrystallization, mineralization, and late-stage quartz deposition in the presence of later fluids which had distinctly different sulfur isotope compositions.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.79.1.124","issn":"03610128","usgsCitation":"Rye, R.O., Roberts, R.J., Snyder, W., Lahusen, G., and Motica, J., 1984, Textural and stable isotope studies of the Big Mike cupriferous volcanogenic massive sulfide deposit, Pershing County, Nevada: Economic Geology, v. 79, no. 1, p. 124-140, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.79.1.124.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"124","endPage":"140","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220084,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"79","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1984-02-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba5ffe4b08c986b320dfc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rye, R. O.","contributorId":66208,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rye","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365728,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Roberts, R. J.","contributorId":58250,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roberts","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365726,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Snyder, W.S.","contributorId":107428,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Snyder","given":"W.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365730,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lahusen, G.L.","contributorId":61157,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lahusen","given":"G.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365727,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Motica, J.E.","contributorId":96005,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Motica","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365729,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":8913,"text":"ofr84454 - 1984 - Statistical summaries of streamflow data in Oregon; Volume 1, eastern Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-05-03T21:17:30.451514","indexId":"ofr84454","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"84-454","title":"Statistical summaries of streamflow data in Oregon; Volume 1, eastern Oregon","docAbstract":"Statistical summaries of streamflow data at 335 streamgaging sites are presented in this two volume report to aid in appraising the hydrology of river basins in Oregon. Records for 31 gaging stations were compiled into separate periods owing to changes in regulation during the period of data collection. The periods before and after regulation are presented for comparison. A brief station description is given describing the physical and operational features for each gaging station. Following the station description are tables of monthly and annual flow statistics, flood frequency data, low-flow and high-flow frequency data, and flow-duration information. (USGS)","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr84454","usgsCitation":"Friday, J., and Miller, S.J., 1984, Statistical summaries of streamflow data in Oregon; Volume 1, eastern Oregon: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 84-454, Report: iii, 150 p.; 1 Plate: 21.96 x 21.76 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr84454.","productDescription":"Report: iii, 150 p.; 1 Plate: 21.96 x 21.76 inches","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":416685,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_13414.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":36519,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1984/0454/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":36520,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1984/0454/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":141611,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1984/0454/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -116.62552231910621,\n              46.08638618051495\n            ],\n            [\n              -123,\n              46.08638618051495\n            ],\n            [\n              -123,\n              41.97364185360769\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.62552231910621,\n              41.97364185360769\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.62552231910621,\n              46.08638618051495\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49dce4b07f02db5e19f9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Friday, John","contributorId":19160,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Friday","given":"John","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":158535,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Miller, S. J.","contributorId":54198,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":158536,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":29127,"text":"wri844046 - 1984 - Hydrologic analysis of the High Plains aquifer system in Box Butte County, Nebraska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-13T20:11:00.43511","indexId":"wri844046","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"84-4046","title":"Hydrologic analysis of the High Plains aquifer system in Box Butte County, Nebraska","docAbstract":"<p>During the past 40 years, pumpage of ground water for irrigation from the High Plains aquifer system underlying Box Butte County, Nebraska, has resulted in a steady decline of water levels. Consequently, a digital model of the aquifer system was constructed to evaluate various water-management alternatives. The hydraulic conductivity of the aquifer system ranges from 6 to 60 feet per day; the specific yield ranges from 12 to 21 percent; and natural recharge ranges from 0.06 to 4.33 inches annually. Predevelopment saturated thickness (1938) ranged from 190 to 510 feet. Water pumped in 1980 was estimated at 104,000 acre-feet from an estimated recoverable volume of 34.4 million acre-feet in the aquifer system. Results from model simulation predict that the area of water-level declines of 10 feet or more will increase from 336 square miles (1981) to 630 square miles by 1991 if pumpage is increased at the maximum annual rate experienced for the period 1972-81. Maximum water-level declines would increase from 50 feet (1981) to 79 feet (1991). However, pumpage rates held at the 1981 level (no further development) would limit the decline area of 10 feet or more to 530 square miles by 1991 and the maximum decline to 63 feet.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri844046","usgsCitation":"Pettijohn, R.A., and Chen, H., 1984, Hydrologic analysis of the High Plains aquifer system in Box Butte County, Nebraska: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 84-4046, v, 54 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri844046.","productDescription":"v, 54 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":415731,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_36677.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":57997,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4046/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":122905,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4046/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nebraska","county":"Box Butte County","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -103.417,\n              42.433\n            ],\n            [\n              -103.417,\n              42\n            ],\n            [\n              -102.733,\n              42\n            ],\n            [\n              -102.733,\n              42.433\n            ],\n            [\n              -103.417,\n              42.433\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a29e4b07f02db6118f5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pettijohn, R. A.","contributorId":66743,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pettijohn","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200990,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chen, Hsiu-Hsiung","contributorId":6099,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chen","given":"Hsiu-Hsiung","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200989,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70012799,"text":"70012799 - 1984 - Potential flow through channel constriction.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-16T07:52:52","indexId":"70012799","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2338,"text":"Journal of Hydraulic Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Potential flow through channel constriction.","docAbstract":"Potential flow through an eccentric, normal constriction of zero thickness in an infinitely long, straight channel of constant width and unit depth is studied by use of a Schwarz-Christoffel transformation. The transformation is integrated by a direct approach. Parametric equations for streamlines are obtained and used to compute an average streamline length for a potential-flow field. -from ASCE Publications Information","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Hydraulic Engineering","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"ASCE","doi":"10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1984)110:4(515)","usgsCitation":"Lee, J.K., 1984, Potential flow through channel constriction.: Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, v. 110, no. 4, p. 515-520, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1984)110:4(515).","startPage":"515","endPage":"520","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":269429,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1984)110:4(515)"},{"id":222497,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"110","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7effe4b0c8380cd7a871","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lee, J. K.","contributorId":28233,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364553,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70014095,"text":"70014095 - 1984 - U-Pb zircon geochronology and geological evolution of the Halaban- Al Amar region of the eastern Arabian Shield, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-14T16:09:39.701756","indexId":"70014095","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2545,"text":"Journal of the Geological Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"U-Pb zircon geochronology and geological evolution of the Halaban- Al Amar region of the eastern Arabian Shield, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.","docAbstract":"<p>U-Pb zircon model ages for eleven major units from the Halaban-Al Amar region of the eastern Arabian Shield indicate three stages of evolution: (1) plate convergence, (2) plate collision, and (3) post-orogenic intracratonic activity.</p><p>Convergence occurred between the western Afif and eastern Ar Rayn plates that were separated by oceanic crust. Remnants of oceanic crust now comprise the ophiolitic complexes of the Urd group. The oldest plutonic unit in the study is from one of these complexes and gave an age of 694 ± 8 Ma. Detrital zircons from the sedimentary Abt formation of the Urd group, which is intercalated with the ophiolitic rocks, were derived from source rocks with a mean age of 710 Ma. The Abt formation may be an accretionary wedge on the western margin of the Ar Rayn plate. Plate convergence was terminated by collision of the Afif and Ar Rayn plates during the Al Amar orogeny which began about 670 Ma. During collision, the Urd group rocks were deformed and in part obducted on to one or both plates. Synorogenic leucogranitoid rocks were intruded from 670 to 640 Ma. From about 640 to 630 Ma, widespread unfoliated dioritic plutons were emplaced in the Ar Rayn block, and represent the end of orogenesis related to collision. There is no definitive evidence for a significantly older basement beneath the study region.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of London","doi":"10.1144/gsjgs.141.6.1043","issn":"00167649","usgsCitation":"Stacey, J.S., Stoeser, D.B., Greenwood, W., and Fischer, L.B., 1984, U-Pb zircon geochronology and geological evolution of the Halaban- Al Amar region of the eastern Arabian Shield, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.: Journal of the Geological Society, v. 141, no. 6, p. 1043-1055, https://doi.org/10.1144/gsjgs.141.6.1043.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"1043","endPage":"1055","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225938,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"141","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2022-06-06","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb9d4e4b08c986b327e36","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stacey, J. S.","contributorId":72785,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stacey","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367558,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stoeser, D. B.","contributorId":18735,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stoeser","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367556,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Greenwood, W.R.","contributorId":34502,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Greenwood","given":"W.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367557,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Fischer, L. B.","contributorId":107293,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fischer","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367559,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70014049,"text":"70014049 - 1984 - Landslides caused by earthquakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-03T01:02:46.346084","indexId":"70014049","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Landslides caused by earthquakes","docAbstract":"<div id=\"15191377\" class=\"article-section-wrapper js-article-section js-content-section  \" data-section-parent-id=\"0\"><p>Data from 40 historical world-wide earthquakes were studied to determine the characteristics, geologic environments, and hazards of landslides caused by seismic events. This sample of 40 events was supplemented with intensity data from several hundred United States earthquakes to study relations between landslide distribution and seismic parameters. Fourteen types of landslides were identified in the earthquakes studied. The most abundant of these were rock falls, disrupted soil slides, and rock slides. The greatest losses of human life were due to rock avalanches, rapid soil flows, and rock falls. Correlations between magnitude (M) and landslide distribution show that the maximum area likely to be affected by landslides in a seismic event increases from approximately 0 at M ≅ 4.0 to 500,000 km<sup>2</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>at M = 9.2.</p><p>Threshold magnitudes, minimum shaking intensities, and relations between M and distance from epicenter or fault rupture were used to define relative levels of shaking that trigger landslides in susceptible materials. Four types of internally disrupted landslides—rock falls, rock slides, soil falls, and disrupted soil slides—are initiated by the weakest shaking. More coherent, deeper-seated slides require stronger shaking; lateral spreads and flows require shaking that is stronger still; and the strongest shaking is probably required for very highly disrupted rock avalanches and soil avalanches.</p><p>Each type of earthquake-induced landslide occurs in a particular suite of geologic environments. These range from overhanging slopes of well-indurated rock to slopes of less than 1° underlain by soft, unconsolidated sediments. Materials most susceptible to earthquake-induced landslides include weakly cemented rocks, more-indurated rocks with prominent or pervasive discontinuities, residual and colluvial sand, volcanic soils containing sensitive clay, loess, cemented soils, granular alluvium, granular deltaic deposits, and granular man-made fill. Few earthquake-induced landslides reactivate older landslides; most are in materials that have not previously failed.</p><p><br data-mce-bogus=\"1\"></p></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1984)95&amp;amp;lt;406:LCBE&amp;amp;gt;2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Keefer, D.K., 1984, Landslides caused by earthquakes: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 95, no. 4, p. 406-421, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1984)95&amp;amp;lt;406:LCBE&amp;amp;gt;2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"406","endPage":"421","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226200,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"95","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4458e4b0c8380cd66a25","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Keefer, D. K.","contributorId":21176,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keefer","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367451,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70013889,"text":"70013889 - 1984 - Modification of δ D values in eastern Nevada granitoid rocks spatially related to thrust faults","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-06-05T13:52:58","indexId":"70013889","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1336,"text":"Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modification of δ D values in eastern Nevada granitoid rocks spatially related to thrust faults","docAbstract":"<p class=\"Para\">Stable isotope data have been determined for 13 Mesozoic and Tertiary plutons in eastern Nevada and nearby Utah. In the southern Snake Range of eastern Nevada, where relations are best exposed and have been most intensively studied,&nbsp;<i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic\">&delta;</i>D,&nbsp;<i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic\">&delta;</i>&nbsp;<span>18</span>O, and apparent K-Ar ages depend on proximity to the Snake Range decollement. Where stresses resulting from late movement on the decollement have caused cataclasis of Oligocene (37 Ma) granitoid rock,&nbsp;<i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic\">&delta;</i>&nbsp;<span>18</span>O,&nbsp;<i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic\">&delta;</i>D, and K-Ar age values as low as &minus;2.5&permil;, &minus;155&permil;, and 18 Ma, respectively, have been determined. Where there has been no cataclasis,&nbsp;<i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic\">&delta;</i>&nbsp;<span>18</span>O values of Jurassic, Cretaceous, and Oligocene granitoid rocks are apparently unaffected, but both&nbsp;<i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic\">&delta;</i>D values and K-Ar ages have been modified for distances of tens of meters below the decollement.</p>\n<p class=\"Para\">Results similar to those in the southern Snake Range have been observed in other eastern Nevada granitoid rocks spatially related to regional thrust faults, as in the Kern Mountains, the Toana Range, and the northern Egan Range. In each of these areas cataclasis or deformation of granitoid rocks has resulted in lowered&nbsp;<i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic\">&delta;</i>&nbsp;<span>18</span>O,&nbsp;<i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic\">&delta;</i>D, and K-Ar age values. Where there has been no cataclasis or deformation,&nbsp;<i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic\">&delta;</i>&nbsp;<span>18</span>O values are unaffected, but both&nbsp;<i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic\">&delta;</i>D and K-Ar age values have been lowered by stresses resulting from postcrystallization movement along overlying thrust faults.</p>\n<p class=\"Para\">Many of the plutons discussed have not been deeply eroded, and spatially related thrust faults crop out. Where thrust faults are not in evidence and the granitoid rocks give&nbsp;<i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic\">&delta;</i>D values lower than about &minus;130&permil; along with spuriously low K-Ar age results, modification of the&nbsp;<i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic\">&delta;</i>D and K-Ar age values may have been caused by stresses related to late movement along an overlying (now eroded) thrust fault.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF00380174","issn":"00107999","usgsCitation":"Lee, D.E., Friedman, I., and Gleason, J., 1984, Modification of δ D values in eastern Nevada granitoid rocks spatially related to thrust faults: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 88, no. 3, p. 288-298, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00380174.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"288","endPage":"298","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225803,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":205655,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00380174"}],"volume":"88","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5cace4b0c8380cd6fe7f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lee, D. E.","contributorId":96705,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367089,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Friedman, Irving","contributorId":90664,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Friedman","given":"Irving","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367088,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gleason, J.D.","contributorId":27072,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gleason","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367087,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70012695,"text":"70012695 - 1984 - LANDSAT M. S. S. IMAGE MOSAIC OF TUNISIA.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:42","indexId":"70012695","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"LANDSAT M. S. S. IMAGE MOSAIC OF TUNISIA.","docAbstract":"The Landsat mosaic of Tunisia funded by USAID for the Remote Sensing Laboratory, Soils Division, Ministry of Agriculture, Tunisia, was completed by the USGS in September 1983. It is a mixed mosaic associating digital corrections and enhancements to manual mosaicking and corresponding to the Tunisian request for high resolution and the limited available funds. The scenes were processed by the Environmental Research Institute of Michigan, resampling the data geodesically corrected to fit the Universal Transverse Mercator projection using control points from topographic maps at 1:50,000 and 1:100,000 scales available in the U. S. The mosaicking was done in the Eastern Mapping Center under the supervision of the Graphic Arts System Section. The three black and white mosaics were made at the 1:1,000,000 scale and various products generated. They included color film positives at 1:2,000,000 and 1:4,000,000 scales reproducible in the Remote Sensing Laboratory in Tunis and corresponding color prints as well as tricolor prints at various scales from 1:500,000 to 1:2,000,000.","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the International Symposium on Remote Sensing of Environment","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the Eighteenth International Symposium on Remote Sensing of Environment.","conferenceLocation":"Paris, Fr","language":"English","publisher":"Environmental Research Inst of Michigan","publisherLocation":"Ann Arbor, MI, USA","issn":"02755505","usgsCitation":"Boswell-Thomas, J.C., 1984, LANDSAT M. S. S. IMAGE MOSAIC OF TUNISIA., <i>in</i> Proceedings of the International Symposium on Remote Sensing of Environment, Paris, Fr.","startPage":"1883","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222672,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a40dbe4b0c8380cd650c3","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Cook Jerald J.","contributorId":128359,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Cook Jerald J.","id":536253,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Boswell-Thomas, J. C.","contributorId":39128,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boswell-Thomas","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364242,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70014050,"text":"70014050 - 1984 - Losses from effluent taxes and quotas under uncertainty","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-22T14:50:43.162157","indexId":"70014050","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2254,"text":"Journal of Environmental Economics and Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Losses from effluent taxes and quotas under uncertainty","docAbstract":"<p><span>Recent theoretical papers by Adar and Griffin (</span><i>J. Environ. Econ. Manag.</i><strong>3</strong><span>, 178–188 (1976)), Fishelson (</span><i>J. Environ. Econ. Manag.</i><strong>3</strong><span>, 189–197 (1976)), and Weitzman (</span><i>Rev. Econ. Studies </i><strong>41</strong><span>, 477–491 (1974)) show that, different expected social losses arise from using effluent taxes and quotas as alternative control instruments when marginal control costs are uncertain. Key assumptions in these analyses are linear marginal cost and benefit functions and an additive error for the marginal cost function (to reflect uncertainty). In this paper, empirically derived nonlinear functions and more realistic multiplicative error terms are used to estimate expected control and damage costs and to identify (empirically) the mix of control instruments that minimizes expected losses.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0095-0696(84)90002-0","issn":"00950696","usgsCitation":"Watson, W., and Ridker, R., 1984, Losses from effluent taxes and quotas under uncertainty: Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, v. 11, no. 4, p. 310-326, https://doi.org/10.1016/0095-0696(84)90002-0.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"310","endPage":"326","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225227,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"11","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a49e0e4b0c8380cd68964","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Watson, W.D.","contributorId":96730,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Watson","given":"W.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367453,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ridker, R.G.","contributorId":21699,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ridker","given":"R.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367452,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70013896,"text":"70013896 - 1984 - Volatiles of Mount St. Helens and their origins","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:34","indexId":"70013896","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Volatiles of Mount St. Helens and their origins","docAbstract":"Analyses have been made of gases in clouds apparently emanating from Mount St. Helens. Despite appearances, most of the water in these clouds does not issue from the volcano. Even directly above a large fumarole ??D and ?? 18O data indicate that only half the water can come from the volcano. Isotopic and chemical evidence also shows the steam in the volcano (-33.0 per mol ??D) from which a condensate of 0.2 N HCI was obtained is not a major cause of the explosions. The steam in the volcano is derived from a metamorphic brine in the underlying Tertiary meta andesite. The gas that caused the explosive eruptions is carbon dioxide. ?? 1984.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"03770273","usgsCitation":"Barnes, I., 1984, Volatiles of Mount St. Helens and their origins: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 22, no. 1-2, p. 133-146.","startPage":"133","endPage":"146","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225922,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"22","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc2cce4b08c986b32ad87","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barnes, I.","contributorId":23678,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barnes","given":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367116,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70013955,"text":"70013955 - 1984 - Thermal conductivity determinations on solid rock - a comparison between a steady-state divided-bar apparatus and a commercial transient line-source device","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:35","indexId":"70013955","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Thermal conductivity determinations on solid rock - a comparison between a steady-state divided-bar apparatus and a commercial transient line-source device","docAbstract":"Two apparatuses were used to measure thermal conductivities on pairs of contiguous samples from 17 specimens of solid rock: the USGS divided-bar apparatus, a steadystate comparative method, and the Shotherm \"Quick Thermal Meter\" (QTM), which employs a transient strip heat source. Both devices were calibrated relative to fused silica. Both devices have a reproducibility of ??5% or better depending, to some extent, on the physical nature of the specimen being tested. For solid rocks, specimen preparation for the divided bar is much more tedious and expensive than for the QTM, which seems insensitive to minor surface roughness. The QTM does, however, require quite large specimens (30 mm ?? 60 mm ?? 100 mm as a minimum for rocks) with even larger specimens (50 mm ?? 100 mm ?? 100 mm) required for higher conductivity material (3.5 W m-1 K-1 and greater). Experimental times are comparable; however, the QTM is a self-contained unit that can be transported easily and set up quickly and requires no more space than a standard desk top. From a formal statistical comparison, it appears that, over a large range of conductivities (1.4 to ???5 W m-1 K-1) and rock types, the two instruments will yield the same value of thermal conductivity for isotropic rocks. ?? 1984.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"03770273","usgsCitation":"Sass, J., Stone, C., and Munroe, R.J., 1984, Thermal conductivity determinations on solid rock - a comparison between a steady-state divided-bar apparatus and a commercial transient line-source device: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 20, no. 1-2, p. 145-153.","startPage":"145","endPage":"153","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225863,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"20","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb215e4b08c986b3255b4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sass, J.H.","contributorId":70749,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sass","given":"J.H.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":367241,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stone, C.","contributorId":23698,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stone","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367239,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Munroe, R. J.","contributorId":56215,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Munroe","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367240,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70013935,"text":"70013935 - 1984 - DIGITAL PROCESSING TECHNIQUES FOR IMAGE MAPPING WITH LANDSAT TM AND SPOT SIMULATOR DATA.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:36","indexId":"70013935","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"DIGITAL PROCESSING TECHNIQUES FOR IMAGE MAPPING WITH LANDSAT TM AND SPOT SIMULATOR DATA.","docAbstract":"To overcome certain problems associated with the visual selection of Landsat TM bands for image mapping, the author used a quantitative technique that ranks the 20 possible three-band combinations based upon their information content. Standard deviations and correlation coefficients can be used to compute a value called the Optimum Index Factor (OIF) for each of the 20 possible combinations. SPOT simulator images were digitally processed and compared with Landsat-4 Thematic Mapper (TM) images covering a semi-arid region in northern Arizona and a highly vegetated urban area near Washington, D. C. Statistical comparisons indicate the more radiometric or color information exists in certain TM three-band combinations than in the three SPOT bands.","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the International Symposium on Remote Sensing of Environment","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the Eighteenth International Symposium on Remote Sensing of Environment.","conferenceLocation":"Paris, Fr","language":"English","publisher":"Environmental Research Inst of Michigan","publisherLocation":"Ann Arbor, MI, USA","issn":"02755505","usgsCitation":"Chavez, P.S., 1984, DIGITAL PROCESSING TECHNIQUES FOR IMAGE MAPPING WITH LANDSAT TM AND SPOT SIMULATOR DATA., <i>in</i> Proceedings of the International Symposium on Remote Sensing of Environment, v. 1, Paris, Fr, p. 101-116.","startPage":"101","endPage":"116","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225544,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fd48e4b0c8380cd4e73e","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Cook Jerald J.","contributorId":128359,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Cook Jerald J.","id":536284,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Chavez, Pat S. Jr.","contributorId":39870,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chavez","given":"Pat","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367202,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70012804,"text":"70012804 - 1984 - Holocene age of the Yuha burial: Direct radiocarbon determinations by accelerator mass spectrometry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:06","indexId":"70012804","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2840,"text":"Nature","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Holocene age of the Yuha burial: Direct radiocarbon determinations by accelerator mass spectrometry","docAbstract":"The view that human populations may not have arrived in the Western Hemisphere before about 12,000 radiocarbon yr BP1,2 has been challenged by claims of much greater antiquity for a small number of archaeological sites and human skeleton samples. One such site is the Homo sapiens sapiens cairn burial excavated in 1971 from the Yuha desert, Imperial County, California3-5. Radiocarbon analysis of caliche coating one of the bones of the skeleton yielded a radiocarbon age of 21,500??1,000 yr BP4, while radiocarbon and uranium series analyses of caliche coating a cairn boulder yielded ages of 22,125??400 and 19,000??3,000 yr BP, respectively5. The late Pleistocene age assignment to the Yuha burial has been challenged by comparing the cultural context of the burial with other cairn burials in the same region6, on the basis of the site's geomorphological context and from radiocarbon analyses of soil caliches. 7,8 In rebuttal, arguments in defence of the original age assignment have been presented9,10 as well as an amino acid racemization analysis on the Yuha skeleton indicating an age of 23,600??2,600 yr BP11. The tandem accelerator mass spectrometer at the University of Arizona has now been used to measure the ratio of 14C/13C in several organic and inorganic fractions of post-cranial bone from the Yuha H. sapiens sapiens skeleton. Isotope ratios from six chemical fractions all yielded radiocarbon ages for the skeleton of less than 4,000 yr BP. These results indicate that the Yuha skeleton is of Holocene age, in agreement with the cultural context of the burial, and in disagreement with the previously assigned Pleistocene age of 19,000-23,000 yr. ?? 1984 Nature Publishing Group.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Nature","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1038/308446a0","issn":"00280836","usgsCitation":"Stafford, T.W., Jull, A., Zabel, T., Donahue, D., Duhamel, R., Brendel, K., Haynes, C., Bischoff, J.L., Payen, L., and Taylor, R., 1984, Holocene age of the Yuha burial: Direct radiocarbon determinations by accelerator mass spectrometry: Nature, v. 308, no. 5958, p. 446-447, https://doi.org/10.1038/308446a0.","startPage":"446","endPage":"447","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205259,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/308446a0"},{"id":222556,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"308","issue":"5958","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a31d1e4b0c8380cd5e24f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stafford, Thomas W. Jr.","contributorId":21283,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stafford","given":"Thomas","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364568,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jull, A.J.T.","contributorId":79625,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jull","given":"A.J.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364576,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Zabel, T.H.","contributorId":41971,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zabel","given":"T.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364573,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Donahue, D.J.","contributorId":22909,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Donahue","given":"D.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364569,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Duhamel, R.C.","contributorId":80423,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duhamel","given":"R.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364577,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Brendel, K.","contributorId":53090,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brendel","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364574,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Haynes, C.V. Jr.","contributorId":37073,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haynes","given":"C.V.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364572,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Bischoff, J. L.","contributorId":28969,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bischoff","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364570,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Payen, L.A.","contributorId":72129,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Payen","given":"L.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364575,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Taylor, R.E.","contributorId":29836,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"R.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364571,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}}
]}