{"pageNumber":"465","pageRowStart":"11600","pageSize":"25","recordCount":16446,"records":[{"id":70042509,"text":"70042509 - 1991 - Groundwater flow and solute movement to drain laterals, western San Joaquin Valley, California: 2. Quantitative hydrologic assessment","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":18903,"text":"ofr90137 - 1990 - Ground-water flow and solute movement to drain laterals, western San Joaquin Valley, California; II, Quantitative hydrologic assessment","indexId":"ofr90137","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"title":"Ground-water flow and solute movement to drain laterals, western San Joaquin Valley, California; II, Quantitative hydrologic assessment"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":70042509,"text":"70042509 - 1991 - Groundwater flow and solute movement to drain laterals, western San Joaquin Valley, California: 2. Quantitative hydrologic assessment","indexId":"70042509","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"title":"Groundwater flow and solute movement to drain laterals, western San Joaquin Valley, California: 2. Quantitative hydrologic assessment"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-27T11:58:06","indexId":"70042509","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Groundwater flow and solute movement to drain laterals, western San Joaquin Valley, California: 2. Quantitative hydrologic assessment","docAbstract":"<p><span>Groundwater flow modeling was used to quantitatively assess the hydrologic processes affecting ground water and solute movement to drain laterals. Modeling results were used to calculate the depth distribution of groundwater flowing into drain laterals at 1.8 m (drain lateral 1) and 2.7 m (drain lateral 2) below land surface. The simulations indicated that under nonirrigated conditions about 89% of the flow in drain lateral 2 was from groundwater originating from depths greater than 6 m below land surface. The deep groundwater has higher selenium concentrations than shallow groundwater. Simulation of irrigated conditions indicates that as recharge (deep percolation) increases, the proportional contribution of deep groundwater to drain lateral flow decreases. Groundwater flow paths and travel times estimated from the simulation results indicate that groundwater containing high concentrations of selenium (greater than 780 μg L</span><sup>−1</sup><span>) probably will continue to enter drain lateral 2 for decades.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/91WR01368","usgsCitation":"Fio, J.L., and Deverel, S.J., 1991, Groundwater flow and solute movement to drain laterals, western San Joaquin Valley, California: 2. Quantitative hydrologic assessment: Water Resources Research, v. 27, no. 9, p. 2247-2257, https://doi.org/10.1029/91WR01368.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"2247","endPage":"2257","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":265509,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Joaquin Valley","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -121.84,35.06 ], [ -121.84,38.17 ], [ -118.67,38.17 ], [ -118.67,35.06 ], [ -121.84,35.06 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"27","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-01-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd5fe6e4b0b290850fc962","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fio, John L.","contributorId":77543,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fio","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":471668,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Deverel, S. J.","contributorId":65478,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Deverel","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":471667,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70046331,"text":"wdrNM90 - 1991 - Water resources data, New Mexico, water year 1990","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-07-08T10:55:52","indexId":"wdrNM90","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"NM-90","title":"Water resources data, New Mexico, water year 1990","docAbstract":"This annual hydrologic data report of New Mexico is one of a series of annual reports that document hydrologic data gathered from the U.S. Geological Survey's surface- and ground-water data-collection networks in each State, Puerto\nRico, and the Trust Territories. These records of streamflow, ground-water levels, and water quality provide the hydrologic information needed by Federal, State, and local. agencies and the private sector for developing and managing our Nation's land and water resources. Hydrologic data for New Mexico are contained in this volume. This report is the culmination of a concerted effort by dedicated personnel of the U.S. Geological Survey who collected, compiled, analyzed; verified, and organiZed the data, and who typed, edited, and assembled the report. The authors had primary responsibility for aSSUring that the information contained herein is accurate, complete, and adheres to Geological Survey policy and established guidelines. The following individuals contributed significantly to the completion of the report: Harriet R. Allen Mary Montano Cynthia J. Shattuck K.M. Lange, M.F. Ortiz, and L.A. Watson processed the text of the report, and H.M. Grossman drafted the illustrations.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Santa Fe, NM","doi":"10.3133/wdrNM90","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the State of New Mexico and with other agencies","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1991, Water resources data, New Mexico, water year 1990: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report NM-90, 584 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrNM90.","productDescription":"584 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":273459,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":274528,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1990/nm-90/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Mexico","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -109.052,31.3322 ], [ -109.052,37.0003 ], [ -103.002,37.0003 ], [ -103.002,31.3322 ], [ -109.052,31.3322 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51b300ece4b01368e589e437","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":535540,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":7000072,"text":"7000072 - 1991 - Geology of caves","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-18T12:17:07","indexId":"7000072","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":363,"text":"General Interest Publication","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":6}},"title":"Geology of caves","docAbstract":"A cave is a natural opening in the ground extending beyond the zone of light and large enough to permit the entry of man. Occurring in a wide variety of rock types and caused by widely differing geological processes, caves range in size from single small rooms to intercorinecting passages many miles long. The scientific study of caves is called speleology (from the Greek words spelaion for cave and logos for study). It is a composite science based on geology, hydrology, biology, and archaeology, and thus holds special interest for earth scientists of the U.S. Geological Survey.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/7000072","usgsCitation":"Morgan, I., 1991, Geology of caves: General Interest Publication, 19 p. : ill., https://doi.org/10.3133/7000072.","productDescription":"19 p. : ill.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":261225,"rank":800,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/7000072/report.pdf"},{"id":261226,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/7000072/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ 173,16.916666666666668 ], [ 173,71.83333333333333 ], [ -66.95,71.83333333333333 ], [ -66.95,16.916666666666668 ], [ 173,16.916666666666668 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad5e4b07f02db683870","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Morgan, I.M.","contributorId":11304,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morgan","given":"I.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":344047,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":5222570,"text":"5222570 - 1991 - Approaches to the conservation of coastal wetlands in the Western Hemisphere","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-27T15:44:35","indexId":"5222570","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:12","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3783,"text":"The Wilson Bulletin","printIssn":"0043-5643","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Approaches to the conservation of coastal wetlands in the Western Hemisphere","docAbstract":"<p>Coastal wetlands rank among the most productive and ecologically valuable natural ecosystems on Earth. Unfortunately, they are also some of the most disturbed. Because they are productive and can serve as transportation arteries, coastal wetlands have long attracted human settlement. More than half of the U.S. population currently lives within 80 km of its coasts, and one estimate places 70% of all humanity in the coastal zone. Human impacts to coastal wetlands include physical alteration of hydrological processes; the introduction of toxic materials, nutrients, heat, and exotic species; and the unsustainable harvest of native species. Between 1950 and 1970, coastal wetland losses in the U.S. averaged 8 100 ha/year. In Central and South America, development pressures along the coastal zone rank among the most serious natural resource problems in the region..... Here, we (1) briefly describe coastal wetland avifauna, (2) discuss the threat of global warming on coastal wetlands, (3) use several Western Hemisphere wetlands as site-specific examples of development pressures facing these habitats, and (4) provide synopses of nongovernmental and governmental approaches to wetland conservation. Overall, we provide a socio-economic context for conservation of coastal wetlands in the Western Hemisphere. We suggest that efforts aimed at conserving sites of particular importance for their biological diversity should be pursued within a framework of wise use that addresses the broader issues of human population growth and economic development.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wilson Ornithological Society","usgsCitation":"Bildstein, K., Bancroft, G., Dugan, P., Gordon, D., Erwin, R., Nol, E., Payne, L., and Senner, S.E., 1991, Approaches to the conservation of coastal wetlands in the Western Hemisphere: The Wilson Bulletin, v. 103, no. 2, p. 218-254.","productDescription":"37 p.","startPage":"218","endPage":"254","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":193458,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":16510,"rank":300,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.wilsonsociety.org/pubs/","text":"Journal Website","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"volume":"103","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac6e4b07f02db67a2b9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bildstein, K.L.","contributorId":90836,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bildstein","given":"K.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336536,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bancroft, G.T.","contributorId":41096,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bancroft","given":"G.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336531,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dugan, P.J.","contributorId":92365,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dugan","given":"P.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336537,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gordon, D.H.","contributorId":98826,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gordon","given":"D.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336538,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Erwin, R.M.","contributorId":57396,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Erwin","given":"R.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336534,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Nol, E.","contributorId":45791,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nol","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336532,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Payne, L.X.","contributorId":66365,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Payne","given":"L.X.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336535,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Senner, Stanley E.","contributorId":184110,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Senner","given":"Stanley","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336533,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}}
,{"id":70016665,"text":"70016665 - 1991 - Sedimentary facies and depositional environments of early Mesozoic Newark Supergroup basins, eastern North America","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-06-05T17:13:29.047401","indexId":"70016665","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-22T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2996,"text":"Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology","printIssn":"0031-0182","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sedimentary facies and depositional environments of early Mesozoic Newark Supergroup basins, eastern North America","docAbstract":"<p><span>The early Mesozoic Newark Supergroup consists of continental sedimentary rocks and basalt flows that occupy a NE-trending belt of elongate basins exposed in eastern North America. The basins were filled over a period of 30–40 m.y. spanning the Late Triassic to Early Jurassic, prior to the opening of the north Atlantic Ocean. The sedimentary rocks are here divided into four principal lithofacies. The alluvial-fan facies includes deposits dominated by: (1) debris flows; (2) shallow braided streams; (3) deeper braided streams (with trough crossbeds); or (4) intense bioturbation or hyperconcentrated flows (tabular, unstratified muddy sandstone). The fluvial facies include deposits of: (1) shallow, ephemeral braided streams; (2) deeper, flashflooding, braided streams (with poor sorting and crossbeds); (3) perennial braided rivers; (4) meandering rivers; (5) meandering streams (with high suspended loads); (6) overbank areas or local flood-plain lakes; or (7) local streams and/or colluvium. The lacustrine facies includes deposits of: (1) deep perennial lakes; (2) shallow perennial lakes; (3) shallow ephemeral lakes; (4) playa dry mudflats; (5) salt-encrusted saline mudflats; or (6) vegetated mudflats. The lake margin clastic facies includes deposits of: (1) birdfoot deltas; (2) stacked Gilbert-type deltas; (3) sheet deltas; (4) wave-reworked alluvial fans; or (5) wave-sorted sand sheets.</span></p><p><span>Coal deposits are present in the lake margin clastic and the lacustrine facies of Carnian age (Late Triassic) only in basins of south-central Virginia and North and South Carolina. Eolian deposits are known only from the basins in Nova Scotia and Connecticut. Evaporites (and their pseudomorphs) occur mainly in the northern basins as deposits of saline soils and less commonly of saline lakes, and some evaporite and alkaline minerals present in the Mesozoic rocks may be a result of later diagenesis. These relationships suggest climatic variations across paleolatitudes, more humid to the south where coal beds are preserved, and more arid in the north where evaporites and eolian deposits are common. Fluctuations in paleoclimate that caused lake levels to rise and fall in hydrologically closed basins are preserved as lacustrine cycles of various scales, including major shifts in the Late Triassic from a wet Carnian to an arid Norian. In contrast, fluvial deposits were mainly formed in response to the tectonic evolution of the basins, but to some extent also reflect climatic changes.</span></p><p><span>The Newark Supergroup illustrates the complexity of rift-basin sedimentation and the problems that may arise from using a single modern analog for sedimentary deposition spanning millions of years. It also shows that a tremendous wealth of depositional, climatic, and tectonic information is preserved in ancient rift-basin deposits which can be recovered if the depositional processes of modern rift-basin deposits are understood.</span></p><p><span><br data-mce-bogus=\"1\"></span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0031-0182(91)90055-V","issn":"00310182","usgsCitation":"Smoot, J.P., 1991, Sedimentary facies and depositional environments of early Mesozoic Newark Supergroup basins, eastern North America: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 84, no. 1-4, p. 369-423, https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-0182(91)90055-V.","productDescription":"55 p.","startPage":"369","endPage":"423","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224886,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, United States","otherGeospatial":"eastern North America","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -65.34973813646667,\n              49.729175695231646\n            ],\n            [\n              -73.1169629800022,\n              45.36650460372093\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.24234897331398,\n              40.643567382207195\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.96809345597106,\n              34.43214627228383\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.44916467007137,\n              34.46723020426617\n            ],\n            [\n              -68.86033374325733,\n              41.241245371321625\n            ],\n            [\n              -62.81204856610581,\n              43.154160943464\n            ],\n            [\n              -58.59729696836493,\n              46.1196026879104\n            ],\n            [\n              -65.34973813646667,\n              49.729175695231646\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"84","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8a1ee4b08c986b317047","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smoot, J. P.","contributorId":65878,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smoot","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374173,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70016561,"text":"70016561 - 1991 - Channel evolution and hydrologic variations in the Colorado River basin: Factors influencing sediment and salt loads","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-28T17:32:42.793409","indexId":"70016561","displayToPublicDate":"2003-03-27T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Channel evolution and hydrologic variations in the Colorado River basin: Factors influencing sediment and salt loads","docAbstract":"<p>Suspended-sediment and dissolved-solid (salt) loads decreased after the early 1940s in the Colorado Plateau portion of the Colorado River basin, although discharge of major rivers - the Colorado, Green and San Juan - did not change significantly. This decline followed a period of high sediment yield caused by arroyo cutting. Reduced sediment loads have previously been explained by a change in sediment sampling procedures or changes in climate, land-use and conservation practices. More recent work has revealed that both decreased sediment production and sediment storage in channels of tributary basins produced the decline of sediment and salt loads. Sediment production and sediment storage are important components of incised-channel evolution, which involves sequential channel deepening, widening and finally floodplain formation. Accordingly, the widespread arroyo incision of the late nineteenth century resulted initially in high sediment loads. Since then, loads have decreased as incised channels (arroyos) have stabilized and begun to aggrade. However, during the 1940s, a period of low peak discharges permitted vegetational colonization of the valley floors, which further reduced sediment loads and promoted channel stabilization. This explanation is supported by experimental studies and field observations. Both geomorphic and hydrologic factors contributed to sediment storage and decreased sediment and salt loads in the upper Colorado River basin.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(91)90022-A","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Gellis, A., Hereford, R., Schumm, S.A., and Hayes, B., 1991, Channel evolution and hydrologic variations in the Colorado River basin: Factors influencing sediment and salt loads: Journal of Hydrology, v. 124, no. 3-4, p. 317-344, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(91)90022-A.","productDescription":"28 p.","startPage":"317","endPage":"344","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222861,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona, California, Colorado, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Colorado River basin","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -110.06212946619769,\n              42.48159064949746\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.23900509430709,\n              39.019325258325075\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.92525921027271,\n              37.42221817263926\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.10301851202337,\n              34.49307855417464\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.8774357237487,\n              31.929937911024723\n            ],\n            [\n              -108.13739661570591,\n              31.929937911024723\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.0771193081043,\n              34.849228742263904\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.19385101309899,\n              38.93390298939673\n            ],\n            [\n              -108.34430480924303,\n              42.255482453387316\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.06212946619769,\n              42.48159064949746\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"124","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f452e4b0c8380cd4bc7d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gellis, A.","contributorId":32680,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gellis","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373898,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hereford, R.","contributorId":84437,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hereford","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373900,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schumm, S. A.","contributorId":71957,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schumm","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373899,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hayes, B.R.","contributorId":32300,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hayes","given":"B.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373897,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70016830,"text":"70016830 - 1991 - Hydrogeologic inferences from drillers' logs and from gravity and resistivity surveys in the Amargosa Desert, southern Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-28T17:25:38.892387","indexId":"70016830","displayToPublicDate":"2003-03-27T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hydrogeologic inferences from drillers' logs and from gravity and resistivity surveys in the Amargosa Desert, southern Nevada","docAbstract":"<p><span>The Amargosa Desert of southern Nevada, in the Basin and Range province, is hydraulically downgradient from Yucca Mountain, the potential site of a repository for high-level nuclear waste. Groundwater flow paths and flow rates beneath the Amargosa Desert are controlled in part by the total saturated thickness and the hydraulic properties of basin-fill alluvial sediments. Drillers' logs of water wells completed in alluvium were analyzed to help characterize the hydrogeologic framework underlying the Amargosa Desert. Fractions of coarse-grained sediments, calculated from each of these logs, were contoured using a universal-kriging routine to interpolate values. Results from a previous electrical sounding survey also were contoured, including the estimated depth to Paleozoic (?) basement rocks. The vertical electric sounding results were obtained from individual depth-to-resistivity profiles, from which the average resistivity of the total profile and the resistivity of the upper 75 m were calculated. The distribution and variations in average resistivity of the total depth correlated reasonably well with the distribution of variations in regional gravity. Patterns of contours of the resistivity of the upper 75 m of alluvium were similar to patterns of regional contours of the predominant cation (sodium) in ground water. Gravity lows correspond in some places to the presence of lacustrine, eolian, or marsh surface deposits, which may function as barriers to groundwater flow. Gravity lows also correspond to areas with thick basin-fill sediments, which was corroborated by depth-to-basement data determined from vertical electric soundings. Depths to Paleozoic (?) basement rocks may be as much as 1600 m based on data from the resistivity survey, which were corroborated in part by seismic-refraction survey data. Small variations exist in the percentage of the basin fill that is saturated. The unsaturated zone is always &lt; 15% of the alluvial column. Analysis of depth-to-water and hydrochemical data, in conjunction with average resistivity data for the upper 75 m of alluvium, suggest a hydrologic barrier near the center of the Amargosa Desert.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(91)90010-F","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Oatfield, W.J., and Czarnecki, J., 1991, Hydrogeologic inferences from drillers' logs and from gravity and resistivity surveys in the Amargosa Desert, southern Nevada: Journal of Hydrology, v. 124, no. 1-2, p. 131-158, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(91)90010-F.","productDescription":"28 p.","startPage":"131","endPage":"158","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224990,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Amargosa Desert","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -116.66677406563883,\n              36.77913498918501\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.66677406563883,\n              36.35692916698059\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.19501460556401,\n              36.35692916698059\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.19501460556401,\n              36.77913498918501\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.66677406563883,\n              36.77913498918501\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"124","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a33e8e4b0c8380cd5f376","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Oatfield, W. J.","contributorId":34531,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oatfield","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374608,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Czarnecki, J.B.","contributorId":51768,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Czarnecki","given":"J.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374609,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70016790,"text":"70016790 - 1991 - Detectability of the effects of a hypothetical temperature increase on the Thornthwaite moisture index","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-28T17:40:26.33029","indexId":"70016790","displayToPublicDate":"2003-03-27T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Detectability of the effects of a hypothetical temperature increase on the Thornthwaite moisture index","docAbstract":"<p><span>Climatic changes that result from increasing concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide may affect the availability of water for vegetation, groundwater recharge, runoff, and human consumption. Most studies of the effects of climatic change on water resources focus on changes in mean characteristics of hydrologic variables and do not consider the effects of these changes amid natural climatic variability. In this study, the Thornthwaite moisture index, an index of the supply of water in an area (precipitation) relative to the climatic demand for water (potential evapotranspiration), was used to examine the effects of a hypothetical increase in air temperature on moisture conditions in the United States. The effects of a gradual increase in air temperature at the rate of 4°C per 100 years, with no accompanying change in precipitation, was used to induce a change in Thornthwaite moisture index values for the United States in order to: (i) determine the relation between natural variability in climate and the time needed for significant trends in the moisture index to occur in response to hypothetical warming; (ii) identify the characteristics of areas (e.g. wet/cool, hot/dry etc.) that are most likely to be the first to experience significant changes in the moisture index given the hypothetical temperature increase.</span></p><p><span>The increased temperature resulted in increased potential evapotranspiration and a decrease in the moisture index across the United States. Decreases in the moisture index were greatest in cool/wet regions and least in hot/dry regions. The time required to detect significant trends in the moisture index was a function of both the magnitude of change in the moisture index and the natural year-to-year variability of the moisture index. In general, when the ratio of the magnitude of change in the moisture index to the magnitude of variability was large, the time required to detect significant trends was short. This ratio was largest in cool/wet regions resulting in the shortest detection times.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(91)90081-R","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"McCabe, G.J., and Wolock, D., 1991, Detectability of the effects of a hypothetical temperature increase on the Thornthwaite moisture index: Journal of Hydrology, v. 125, no. 1-2, p. 25-35, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(91)90081-R.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"25","endPage":"35","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224461,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"MultiPolygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              [\n                -94.81758,\n                49.38905\n              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            [\n                -95.15907,\n                49\n              ],\n              [\n                -95.15609,\n                49.38425\n              ],\n              [\n                -94.81758,\n                49.38905\n              ]\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      },\n      \"properties\": {\n        \"name\": \"United States\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"125","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ff5de4b0c8380cd4f147","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McCabe, G. J. Jr.","contributorId":77551,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCabe","given":"G.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374503,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wolock, D.M. 0000-0002-6209-938X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6209-938X","contributorId":36601,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolock","given":"D.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374502,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70016451,"text":"70016451 - 1991 - Geohydrologic, geochemical, and geologic controls on the occurrence of radon in ground water near Conifer, Colorado, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-28T17:51:38.032857","indexId":"70016451","displayToPublicDate":"2003-03-27T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geohydrologic, geochemical, and geologic controls on the occurrence of radon in ground water near Conifer, Colorado, USA","docAbstract":"<p><span>Integrated studies of geohydrology, geochemistry, and geology of crystalline rocks in the vicinity of Conifer, Colorado, reveal that radon concentrations do not correlate with variations in concentrations of other dissolved species. Concentrations of major ions show systematic variations along selected groundwater flowpaths, whereas radon concentrations are dependent on local geochemical and geologic phenomena (such as localized uranium concentration in the rock or the presence of faults or folds). When radon enters the flow system, concentrations do not increase along flowpaths because its decay rate is fast relative to groundwater flow rates. Radon-222 is not in secular equilibrium with&nbsp;</span><sup>238</sup><span>U and&nbsp;</span><sup>226</sup><span>Ra in the water. Therefore, most of the&nbsp;</span><sup>238</sup><span>U and&nbsp;</span><sup>226</sup><span>Ra necessary to support the waterborne&nbsp;</span><sup>222</sup><span>Rn must be present locally in the rock. High concentrations of dissolved radon are not found in zones of high transmissivity, and transmissivity is not correlated with rock type in the study area. A higher transmissivity can be indicative of higher water-volume to rock-surface-area ratios, which could effectively dilute&nbsp;</span><sup>222</sup><span>Rn entering the water and/or may indicate that emanated radon is carried away more rapidly. Water samples collected from individual wells over periods of several months showed significant fluctuations in the dissolved&nbsp;</span><sup>222</sup><span>Rn content. This fluctuation may be controlled by changes in the contributions of water-producing zones within the well resulting from seasonal fluctuations of the water table and/or pumping stresses.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(91)90123-Y","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Lawrence, E., Poeter, E., and Wanty, R., 1991, Geohydrologic, geochemical, and geologic controls on the occurrence of radon in ground water near Conifer, Colorado, USA: Journal of Hydrology, v. 127, no. 1-4, p. 367-386, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(91)90123-Y.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"367","endPage":"386","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223164,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","city":"Conifer","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -105.33132774321649,\n              39.53934781770843\n            ],\n            [\n              -105.33132774321649,\n              39.51702083170514\n            ],\n            [\n              -105.29488025665746,\n              39.51702083170514\n            ],\n            [\n              -105.29488025665746,\n              39.53934781770843\n            ],\n            [\n              -105.33132774321649,\n              39.53934781770843\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"127","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a17c8e4b0c8380cd555d5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lawrence, E.","contributorId":80425,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lawrence","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373575,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Poeter, E.","contributorId":48708,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poeter","given":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373574,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wanty, R. 0000-0002-2063-6423","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2063-6423","contributorId":99300,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wanty","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373576,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70016390,"text":"70016390 - 1991 - Effects of wetlands creation on groundwater flow","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-28T17:46:31.681606","indexId":"70016390","displayToPublicDate":"2003-03-27T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of wetlands creation on groundwater flow","docAbstract":"<p><span>Changes in groundwater flow were observed near four Experimental Wetland Areas (EWAs) constructed along a reach of the Des Plaines River in northeastern Illinois. These changes were observed during monthly monitoring of groundwater elevation in nested piezometers and shallow observation wells before and after the wetlands were filled with water. A numerical model was calibrated with observed data and used to estimate seepage from the wetlands into the Des Plaines River.</span></p><p><span>After the wetlands became operational, groundwater levels in adjacent wells increased by about 0.5m, while water levels in wells distant from the wetlands decreased. The increase in groundwater levels near the wetlands is a result of seepage from the wetlands. Numerical predictions of seepage from the wetlands are 60–150 m<sup>3</sup>&nbsp;day<sup>−1</sup>&nbsp;for two wetlands situated over sand and gravel and less than 1 m<sup>3</sup>&nbsp;day<sup>−1</sup>&nbsp;for two wetlands situated over clayey till. The difference in seepage rates is attributed to two factors. First, the hydraulic conductivity of the sand and gravel unit is greater than that of the till, and thus there is less mounding and a greater capacity for transmitting water beneath the wetlands overlying this deposit. Secondly, the wetlands located over till are groundwater flow-through ponds, whereas the wetlands over the sand and gravel are primarily groundwater recharge areas.</span></p><p><span>The model was used to estimate that seepage from the wetlands will double groundwater discharge into the Des Plaines River and a tributary relative to pre-operational discharge from the study area. Overall, the wetlands have acted as a constant head boundary, stabilizing groundwater flow patterns.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(91)90161-A","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Hensel, B., and Miller, M., 1991, Effects of wetlands creation on groundwater flow: Journal of Hydrology, v. 126, no. 3-4, p. 293-314, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(91)90161-A.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"293","endPage":"314","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223009,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois","otherGeospatial":"Des Plaines River","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -88.40451297304003,\n              41.655774271771435\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.40451297304003,\n              41.286983415428296\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.03797076571307,\n              41.286983415428296\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.03797076571307,\n              41.655774271771435\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.40451297304003,\n              41.655774271771435\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"126","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0841e4b0c8380cd51a46","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hensel, B.R.","contributorId":83669,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hensel","given":"B.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373347,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Miller, M.V.","contributorId":78474,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"M.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373346,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70016774,"text":"70016774 - 1991 - A comparison of short-term measurements of lake evaporation using eddy correlation and energy budget methods","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-28T17:18:38.13965","indexId":"70016774","displayToPublicDate":"2003-03-26T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A comparison of short-term measurements of lake evaporation using eddy correlation and energy budget methods","docAbstract":"<p>Concurrent short-term measurements of evaporation from a shallow lake, using eddy correlation and energy budget methods, indicate that sensible and latent heat flux between lake and atmosphere, and energy storage in the lake, may vary considerably across the lake. Measuring net radiation with a net radiometer on the lake appeared to be more accurate than measuring incoming radiation nearby and modeling outgoing radiation. Short-term agreement between the two evaporation measurements was obtained by using an energy storage term that was weighted to account for the area-of-influence of the eddy correlation sensors. Relatively short bursts of evaporation were indicated by the eddy correlation sensors shortly after midnight on two of three occasions.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(91)90168-H","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Stannard, D., and Rosenberry, D., 1991, A comparison of short-term measurements of lake evaporation using eddy correlation and energy budget methods: Journal of Hydrology, v. 122, no. 1-4, p. 15-22, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(91)90168-H.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"15","endPage":"22","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224988,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oklahoma","otherGeospatial":"Lake Hefner","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -97.62819146440343,\n              35.589009637494655\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.62819146440343,\n              35.54492865517361\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.56614054595696,\n              35.54492865517361\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.56614054595696,\n              35.589009637494655\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.62819146440343,\n              35.589009637494655\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"122","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e373e4b0c8380cd46027","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stannard, D.I.","contributorId":100884,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stannard","given":"D.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374459,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rosenberry, D.O. 0000-0003-0681-5641","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0681-5641","contributorId":38500,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosenberry","given":"D.O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":374458,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70016719,"text":"70016719 - 1991 - The temperature dependence of ponded infiltration under isothermal conditions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-28T17:12:55.237239","indexId":"70016719","displayToPublicDate":"2003-03-26T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The temperature dependence of ponded infiltration under isothermal conditions","docAbstract":"<p><span>A simple temperature-sensitive modification to the Green and Ampt infiltration equation is described; this assumes that the temperature dependence of the hydraulic conductivity is reciprocally equal to the temperature dependence of the viscosity of liquid water, and that both the transmission zone saturation and the wetting front matric potential gradient are independent of temperature. This modified Green and Ampt equation is compared with ponded, isothermal infiltration experiments run on repacked columns of Olympic Sand and Aiken Loam at 5, 25, and 60°C. Experimental results showed increases in infiltration rates of at least 300% between 5 and 60°C for both soil materials, with subsequent increases in cumulative infiltration of even greater magnitudes for the loam. There is good agreement between measured and predicted initial infiltration rates at 25°C for both soil materials, yet at 60°C, the predicted results overestimate initial infiltration rates for the sand and underestimate initial rates for the loam. Measurements of the wetting depth vs. cumulative infiltration indicate that the transmission zone saturation increased with increasing temperature for both soil materials. In spite of this increased saturation with temperature, the final infiltration rates at both 25 and 60°C were predicted accurately using the modified Green and Ampt equation. This suggests that increased saturation occurred primarily in dead-end pore spaces, so that transmission zone hydraulic conductivities were unaffected by these temperature-induced changes in saturation. In conclusion, except for initial infiltration rates at 60°C, the measured influence of temperature on infiltration rates was fully accounted for by the temperature dependence of the viscosity of liquid water.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(91)90175-H","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Constantz, J., and Murphy, F., 1991, The temperature dependence of ponded infiltration under isothermal conditions: Journal of Hydrology, v. 122, no. 1-4, p. 119-128, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(91)90175-H.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"119","endPage":"128","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224938,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"122","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb0ece4b08c986b325129","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Constantz, J.","contributorId":29953,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Constantz","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374303,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Murphy, F.","contributorId":42358,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murphy","given":"F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374304,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":135,"text":"wsp2375 - 1991 - National water summary 1988–89 — Hydrologic events and floods and droughts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-20T21:39:54.300779","indexId":"wsp2375","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T07:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2375","title":"National water summary 1988–89 — Hydrologic events and floods and droughts","docAbstract":"<p>National Water Summary 1988-89 - Hydrologic Events and Floods and Droughts documents the occurrence in the United States, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands of two types of extreme hydrologic events floods and droughts on the basis of analysis of stream-discharge data. This report details, for the first time, the areal extent of the most notable floods and droughts in each State, portrays their severity in terms of annual peak discharge for floods and annual departure from long-term discharge for droughts for selected stream-gaging stations, and estimates how frequently floods and droughts of such severity can be expected to recur. These two types of extreme hydrologic events are very different in their duration, cause, areal extent, and effect on human activities. Floods are short-term phenomena that typically last only a few hours to a few days and are associated with weather systems that produce unusually large amounts of rain or that cause snow to melt quickly. The large amount of runoff produced causes rivers to overflow their banks and, thus, is highly dangerous to human life and property. In contrast, droughts are long-term phenomena that typically persist for months to a decade or more and are associated with the absence of precipitation producing weather. They affect large geographic areas that can be statewide, regional, or even nationwide in extent. Droughts can cause great economic hardship and even loss of life in developing countries, although the loss of life results almost wholly from diminished water supplies and catastrophic crop failures rather than from the direct and obvious peril to human life that is common to floods. The following discussion is an overview of the three parts of this 1988-89 National Water Summary \"Hydrologic Conditions and Water-Related Events, Water Years 1988-89,\" \"Hydrologic Perspectives on Water Issues,\" and \"State Summaries of Floods and Droughts.\" Background information on sources of atmospheric moisture to the States from a study sponsored by the U.S. Geological Survey to enable related information to be presented in each of the State summaries also is given.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wsp2375","usgsCitation":"1991, National water summary 1988–89 — Hydrologic events and floods and droughts: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2375, x, 591 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2375.","productDescription":"x, 591 p.","numberOfPages":"604","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science 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,{"id":20191,"text":"ofr91511 - 1991 - Hydrologic monitoring in the area of the Tennessee-Tombigbee Waterway, Mississippi-Alabama, fiscal year 1988","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:43","indexId":"ofr91511","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"91-511","title":"Hydrologic monitoring in the area of the Tennessee-Tombigbee Waterway, Mississippi-Alabama, fiscal year 1988","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr91511","usgsCitation":"Morris, F., 1991, Hydrologic monitoring in the area of the Tennessee-Tombigbee Waterway, Mississippi-Alabama, fiscal year 1988: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 91-511, 1 v., 230 p., :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr91511.","productDescription":"1 v., 230 p., :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":153051,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1991/0511/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":49735,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1991/0511/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a1ae4b07f02db606648","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Morris, Fred III","contributorId":103693,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morris","given":"Fred","suffix":"III","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":182226,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":20867,"text":"ofr91161 - 1991 - National Water-Quality Assessment Program - Western Lake Michigan Drainage Basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-19T10:38:49","indexId":"ofr91161","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"91-161","title":"National Water-Quality Assessment Program - Western Lake Michigan Drainage Basin","docAbstract":"<p>In 1991 , the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) began to implement a full -scale National Water-Quality Assessment (NA WQA) program. The long-term goal of the NA WQA program are to desc ribe the tatus and trends in the quality of a large, representative part of the Nation's urface- and ground-water resources and to provide a sound , scientific understanding of the primary natural and human factor affecting the quality of these resources. In meeting these goal , the program will produce a wealth of water-quality information that will be useful to policy makers and managers at the nationa l, State , and local levels. A major design feature of the NA WQA program will enable water-quality information at di ffe rent areal scales to be integrated .</p>\n<p>A major component of the program is study-unit investigations, which comprise the princ ipal bui lding blocks of the program on which national-level asses ment activities a re based . The 60 study-unit in vestigations that make up the program are hydrologic systems that include parts of most major river bas ins and a qui fer systems. These study units cover areas of I ,200 to more than 65 ,000 square mi les and incorporate about 60 to 70 percent of the Nation's water use and popul ation e rved by public water supply. In 1991 , the Western Lake Michigan drainage basin was among the fir st 20 NA WQA study unit selected for study under the full -scale implementation plan.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Surveyr","doi":"10.3133/ofr91161","usgsCitation":"Setmire, J., 1991, National Water-Quality Assessment Program - Western Lake Michigan Drainage Basin: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 91-161, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr91161.","productDescription":"2 p.","numberOfPages":"2","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":264552,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1991/0161/report.pdf","size":"1123","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":264553,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1991/0161/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Michigan, Wisconsin","city":"Appleton, Green Bay, Milwaukee, Racine","otherGeospatial":"Escanaba River, Ford River, Fox River, Lake Michigan, Lake Winnebago, Menominee River, Milwaukee River, Oconto River, Peshtigo River,","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -87.73681640625,\n              42.37883631647602\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.1927490234375,\n              42.382894009614056\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.3355712890625,\n              42.66224137632745\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.31884765624999,\n              43.35713822211053\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.6484375,\n              45.29034662473615\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.5220947265625,\n              46.33175800051563\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.330078125,\n              46.45299704748289\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.0224609375,\n              46.53997127029103\n            ],\n            [\n              -86.60522460937499,\n              46.22165245637913\n            ],\n            [\n              -86.143798828125,\n              46.214050815339526\n            ],\n            [\n              -86.11083984375,\n              45.89383147810292\n            ],\n            [\n              -87.73681640625,\n              42.37883631647602\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b01e4b07f02db69879d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Setmire, J.O.","contributorId":26717,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Setmire","given":"J.O.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":183402,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":19460,"text":"ofr91130 - 1991 - Geochemical investigation of an oil spill in San Francisco Bay, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-04-13T13:41:42.962905","indexId":"ofr91130","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"91-130","title":"Geochemical investigation of an oil spill in San Francisco Bay, California","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr91130","usgsCitation":"Hostettler, F., Rapp, J.B., and Kvenvolden, K., 1991, Geochemical investigation of an oil spill in San Francisco Bay, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 91-130, 25 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr91130.","productDescription":"25 p.","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":48935,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1991/0130/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":151338,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1991/0130/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -122.89306640624999,\n              37.35269280367274\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.88232421875,\n              37.35269280367274\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.88232421875,\n              38.22091976683121\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.89306640624999,\n              38.22091976683121\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.89306640624999,\n              37.35269280367274\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6ae285","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hostettler, F. D.","contributorId":99563,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hostettler","given":"F. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":180951,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rapp, J. B.","contributorId":28987,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rapp","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":180949,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kvenvolden, K.A.","contributorId":80674,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kvenvolden","given":"K.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":180950,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":17767,"text":"ofr91525 - 1991 - System requirements specification for the U.S. Geological Survey's National Water Information System II","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-29T16:16:06","indexId":"ofr91525","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"91-525","title":"System requirements specification for the U.S. Geological Survey's National Water Information System II","docAbstract":"<p>The U.S. Geological Survey's Water Resources Division is designing and developing a new computer software system for processing and storing hydrologic data. This system, the National Water Information System (NWIS-II) will replace the current water-data and information systems: the National Water Data Storage and Retrieval System (WATSTORE), the National Water Data Exchange (NAWDEX), and the National Water-Use Information System, as well as the current National Water Information System (NWIS-I). The new system will be utilized across the Nation on the Distributed Information System (DIS-II), a network of 32-bit microcomputers on a wide-area network of desktop workstations and related hardware. </p><p>The purpose of the NWIS-II System Requirements Specification is to integrate requirements described by eight User Groups representing the disciplines for Surface Water, Ground Water, Water Quality, Water Sediment, Water Use, Biology, Geographic Information, and National Water Data Exchange. The requirements specified in this document will serve as the framework for subsequent design and development activities throughout the life cycle of NWIS-II to ensure that the development products reflect the needs of the users. Specification details and associated data-base plans are contained in the description of the integrated functional requirements, the logical data model and the data dictionary, the plan for transferring data from the existing system to NWIS-II, and the descriptions of performance requirements and design constraints. </p><p>The NWIS-II will be consistent across hydrologic disciplines and the other major Division software systems. The color-graphics desktop environment of NWIS-II will utilize multi-window and multi-tasking capabilities with multilevel of help for the users. Data will be distributed among nodes and be automatically accessible during input, editing, verification and analysis of data. Hydrologic data will be cataloged independent of the Environmental Protection Agency's storage and retrieval (STORET) codes. Character, digital, and graphical data will be entered into NWIS-II from digital and analog recorders, external files, or keyboard through standard and user-defined input forms. Data will be verified manually or automatically during input, retrieval, and editing of data. Numerous reference lists will be maintained so that entry of codes on forms will not be required. User-defined series of computer actions for standard programs will be supported for processing basic data and other frequently repeated processes. Data will be verified and exchanged through links to other DIS-II software, including a Geographic Information System, and selected external software. Quality assurance of data will include aging of data through change on status type and tracking access violations. Output of data will be to a variety of media in standard and user-defined formats. The data base will be preserved by operations such as backup, recovery, audit trails, archiving, and data histories. In addition, an index of water data from USGS and other agencies will be maintained.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr91525","usgsCitation":"1991, System requirements specification for the U.S. Geological Survey's National Water Information System II: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 91-525, xxii, 622 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr91525.","productDescription":"xxii, 622 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":47000,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1991/0525/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"9.67 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":150738,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1991/0525/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adfe4b07f02db687c81","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Mathey, Sharon B.","contributorId":107980,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mathey","given":"Sharon","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":752841,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":20192,"text":"ofr91520 - 1991 - Hydrologic monitoring in the area of the Tennessee-Tombigbee Waterway, Mississippi-Alabama, fiscal year 1989","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:43","indexId":"ofr91520","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"91-520","title":"Hydrologic monitoring in the area of the Tennessee-Tombigbee Waterway, Mississippi-Alabama, fiscal year 1989","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr91520","usgsCitation":"Morris, F., 1991, Hydrologic monitoring in the area of the Tennessee-Tombigbee Waterway, Mississippi-Alabama, fiscal year 1989: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 91-520, v, 142 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr91520.","productDescription":"v, 142 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":153052,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1991/0520/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":49736,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1991/0520/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a1ae4b07f02db6066dc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Morris, Fred III","contributorId":103693,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morris","given":"Fred","suffix":"III","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":182227,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":20728,"text":"ofr9164 - 1991 - Hydrology of the Texas Gulf Coast aquifer systems","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-14T12:21:16","indexId":"ofr9164","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"91-64","title":"Hydrology of the Texas Gulf Coast aquifer systems","docAbstract":"<p>A complex, multilayered ground-water flow system exists in the Coastal Plain sediments of Texas. The Tertiary and Quaternary clastic deposits have an areal extent of 114,000 square miles onshore and in the Gulf of Mexico. Two distinct aquifer systems are recognized within the sediments, which range in thickness from a few feet to more than 12,000 feet The older system--the Texas coastal uplands aquifer system-consists of four aquifers and two confining units in the Claiborne and Wilcox Groups. It is underlain by the practically impermeable Midway confining unit or by the top of the geopressured zone. It is overlain by the nearly impermeable Vicksburg-Jackson confining unit, which separates it from the younger coastal lowlands aquifer system. The coastal lowlands aquifer system consists of five permeable zones and two confining units that range in age from Oligocene to Holocene. The hydrogeologic units of both systems are exposed in bands that parallel the coastline. The units dip and thicken toward the Gulf. Quality of water in the aquifer systems is highly variable, with dissolved solids ranging from less than 500 to 150,000 milligrams per liter.</p><p>Substantial withdrawal from the aquifer systems began in the early 1900's and increased nearly continuously into the 1970's. The increase in withdrawal was relatively rapid from about 1940 to 1970. Adverse hydrologic effects, such as saltwater encroachment in coastal areas, land-surface subsidence in the Houston-Galveston area, and long-term dewatering in the Whiter Garden area, were among some of the factors that caused pumping increases to slow or to cease in the 1970's and 1980's.</p><p>Ground-water withdrawals in the study area in 1980 were about 1.7 billion gallons per day. Nearly all of the withdrawal was from four units: Permeable zones A, B, and C of Miocene age and younger, and the lower Claiborae-upper Wilcox aquifer. Ground-water levels have declined hundreds of feet in the intensively pumped areas of Houston-Galveston, Kingsville, Winter Garden, and Lufkin-Nacogdoches. Water-level declines have caused inelastic compaction of clays which, in turn, has resulted in land-surface subsidence of more than one foot in an area of about 2,000 square miles. Maximum subsidence of nearly 10 feet occurs in the Pasadena area east of Houston.</p><p>A three-dimensional, variable-density digital model was developed to simulate predevelopment and transient flow in the aquifer systems. The modeled area is larger than the study area, and includes adjacent parts of Louisiana and Mexico. The transient model calibration period was from 1910 (predevelopment) to 1982. Model-generated head distributions, water-level hydrographs, and land-surface subsidence were matched to measured data in selected, intensively pumped areas.</p><p>For the study area, mean horizontal hydraulic conductivity in the calibrated model ranges from 10 feet per day for the middle Wilcox aquifer to 25 feet per day for permeable zone A. Mean transmissivity ranges from about 4,600 feet squared per day for the middle Claiborne aquifer to about 10,400 feet squared per day for permeable zone D. Mean vertical hydraulic conductivity ranges from 1.1x10<sup>-5</sup> feet per day for the Vicksburg-Jackson confining unit, to 3.8x10<sup>-3</sup> feet per day for permeable zone A. Mean values of calibrated storage coefficient range from 52x10<sup>-4</sup> for the middle Claiborne aquifer to 1.7x10<sup>-3</sup> for the middle Wilcox aquifer and permeable zone C. Calibrated inelastic specific storage values for clay beds in permeable zones A, B, and C in the Houston-Galveston area are 8.5x10<sup>-5</sup>, 8.0x10<sup>-5</sup>, and 8.0x10<sup>-6</sup> feet<sup>-1</sup>, respectively. These values are 85, 80, and 8 times greater than the estimated elastic specific storage value for the clays in permeable zones A, B, and C, respectively.</p><p>Recharge rates were mapped for predevelopment conditions as determined from a steady-state model calibration. A maximum rate of 3 inches per year was simulated in small areas, and the average rate for the study area was 034 inch per year. Total simulated recharge was 85 million cubic feet per day in the outcrop area. Recharge was equal to discharge in outcrop areas (79 million cubic feet per day) plus net lateral flow out of the study area (6 million cubic feet per day).</p><p>Rates of inflow and outflow to the ground-water system have nearly tripled from predevelopment to 1982 (85 to 276 million cubic feet per day) based on model simulation. Withdrawal of 231 million cubic feet per day was supplied principally by an increase in outcrop recharge and, to a lesser extent, from a decrease in natural discharge and release of water from storage in aquifers and compacting clay beds. The average simulated 1982 recharge rate for the study area was 0.52 inch per year, with a maximum simulated rate of 6 inches per year in Jackson and Wharton Counties.</p><p>Because withdrawal has caused problems such as saltwater intrusion, land-surface subsidence, and aquifer dewatering, the Texas Department of Water Resources has projected that ground-water use will decline substantially in most of the study area by the year 2030. Some areas remain favorable for development of additional ground-water supplies. Pumping from older units that are farther inland and in areas where potential recharge is greater will minimize adverse hydrologic effects.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Austin, TX","doi":"10.3133/ofr9164","usgsCitation":"Ryder, P.D., and Ardis, A.F., 1991, Hydrology of the Texas Gulf Coast aquifer systems: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 91-64, ix, 147 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9164.","productDescription":"ix, 147 p.","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":50282,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1991/0064/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"34.28 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":154171,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1991/0064/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": 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