Several methods for the analysis of remotely sensed reflectance data are compared, including empirical methods and scattering theories, both of which are important for solving remote sensing problems. The concept of the photon mean optical path length and the implications for use in modeling reflectance spectra are presented. It is shown that the mean optical path length in a particulate surface is in rough inverse proportion to the square root of the absorption coefficient. Thus, the stronger absorber a material is, the less photons will penetrate into the surface. The concept of apparent absorbance (‐In reflectance) is presented, and it is shown that absorption bands, which are Gaussian in shape when plotted as absorption coefficient (true absorbance) versus photon energy, are also Gaussians in apparent absorbance. However, the Gaussians in apparent absorbance have a smaller intensity and a width which is a factor of √2 larger. An apparent continuum in a reflectance spectrum is modeled as a mathematical function used to isolate a particular absorption feature for analysis. It is shown that a continuum should be removed by dividing it into the reflectance spectrum or subtracting it from the apparent absorbance and that the fitting of Gaussians to absorption features should be done using apparent absorbance versus photon energy. Kubelka‐Munk theory is only valid for materials with small total absorption and for bihemispherical reflectance, which are rarely encountered in geologic remote sensing. It is shown that the recently advocated bidirectional reflectance theories have the potential for use in deriving mineral abundance from a reflectance spectrum.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB089iB07p06329","usgsCitation":"Clark, R.N., and Roush, T.L., 1984, Reflectance spectroscopy: Quantitative analysis techniques for remote sensing applications: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 89, no. B7, p. 6329-6340, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB089iB07p06329.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"6329","endPage":"6340","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220033,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"89","issue":"B7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e4a43ae4b0e8fec6cdbad3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clark, Roger N. 0000-0002-7021-1220 rclark@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7021-1220","contributorId":515,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"Roger","email":"rclark@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":365977,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Roush, T. L.","contributorId":77661,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Roush","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365978,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70013855,"text":"70013855 - 1984 - The use of geologic and seismologic information to reduce earthquake Hazards in California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:39","indexId":"70013855","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1540,"text":"Environmental Geology and Water Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The use of geologic and seismologic information to reduce earthquake Hazards in California","docAbstract":"Five examples illustrate how geologic and seismologic information can be used to reduce the effects of earthquakes Included are procedures for anticipating damage to critical facilities, preparing, adopting, or implementing seismic safety studies, plans, and programs, retrofitting highway bridges, regulating development in areas subject to fault-rupture, and strengthening or removing unreinforced masonry buildings. The collective effect of these procedures is to improve the public safety, health, and welfare of individuals and their communities. ?? 1984 Springer-Verlag New York Inc.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Geology and Water Sciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF02509913","issn":"00990094","usgsCitation":"Kockelman, W., and Campbell, C., 1984, The use of geologic and seismologic information to reduce earthquake Hazards in California: Environmental Geology and Water Sciences, v. 6, no. 2, p. 67-78, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02509913.","startPage":"67","endPage":"78","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":204994,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02509913"},{"id":219962,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"6","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb187e4b08c986b32531c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kockelman, W. J.","contributorId":55427,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kockelman","given":"W. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367022,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Campbell, C.C.","contributorId":79229,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Campbell","given":"C.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367023,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70013869,"text":"70013869 - 1984 - Paleogene geology and chronology of southwestern Umnak Island, Aleutian Islands, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-09-25T19:03:27.398425","indexId":"70013869","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1168,"text":"Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Paleogene geology and chronology of southwestern Umnak Island, Aleutian Islands, Alaska","docAbstract":"The rocks of southwestern Umnak Island (Nikolski area) consist mainly of a slightly deformed marine sedimentary sequence intruded by hypabyssal quartz diorite sills and small plutons. Laminated and thin-bedded argillaceous and tuffaceous mudstone and siltstone reflect volcanic arc sedimentation from late Eocene to early Oligocene time. Zeolite facies minerals formed during diagenesis include heulandite, analcime, quartz, chlorite, and smectite. Radiometric dates from sill rock and plutons yield apparent ages of about 30 Ma, i.e, middle Oligocene. Chemical data from igneous rocks exhibit calc-alkaline and tholeiitic volcanic arc differentiation trends. Dikes of pyroxene basalt yield K/Ar apparent ages as old at 17 Ma, and a columnar-jointed plug of pyroxene basalt is as young as 1 Ma. The fossil ages and radiometric dates from southwestern Umnak Island are similar to those reported from other central and eastern Aleutian islands, and indicate uniformity in the chronology and tectonic development of the archipelago during the Paleogene. Paleomagnetic data suggest possible northward movement but remain equivocal and more work is indicated.
","language":"English","publisher":"Canadian Science Publishing","doi":"10.1139/e84-018","issn":"00084077","usgsCitation":"McLean, H., and Hein, J., 1984, Paleogene geology and chronology of southwestern Umnak Island, Aleutian Islands, Alaska: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 21, no. 2, p. 171-180, https://doi.org/10.1139/e84-018.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"171","endPage":"180","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220061,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Aleutian Islands, Umnak Island","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -168.3540069569559,\n 53.277232548936325\n ],\n [\n -168.34871152521723,\n 53.26377335774001\n ],\n [\n -168.36592167836776,\n 53.25427020096612\n ],\n [\n -168.3751886839104,\n 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]\n}","volume":"21","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a73eae4b0c8380cd77307","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McLean, H.","contributorId":11212,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McLean","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367049,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hein, J.R. 0000-0002-5321-899X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5321-899X","contributorId":61429,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hein","given":"J.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367050,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70013450,"text":"70013450 - 1984 - Effect of anisotropy and groundwater system geometry on seepage through lakebeds. 1. Analog and dimensional analysis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-03-09T19:33:46","indexId":"70013450","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effect of anisotropy and groundwater system geometry on seepage through lakebeds. 1. Analog and dimensional analysis","docAbstract":"Distribution of seepage through lakebeds is controlled partly by geometric configuration of the lake and of the groundwater system interacting with the lake. To evaluate the effect of these factors, conductive-paper electric-analog models were used to analyze a number of lake and groundwater settings having different geometric configurations. Most settings analyzed are of lakes that do not penetrate the groundwater system. The width ratio, the ratio of half the lake width to thickness of the groundwater system, is the principal geometric characteristic used in this study. Because the distribution of groundwater seepage into a lake is not uniform across the lakebed, the concept of a streamlinecrowding factor is developed, and is used to determine seepage patterns from geometric characteristics of the lake and its contiguous groundwater system. Analysis of fourteen different width ratios of lake and groundwater systems indicates that lakes can be defined by three general groups of seepage patterns, which include flow patterns, volumes and rates: (1) lakes having width ratios less than ∼ 0.6 show relatively uniform distribution of seepage across the lakebed; (2) lakes having width ratios of ∼ 0.6 to ∼ 2.0 change in absolute and relative streamline crowding in the near-shore region; and (3) lakes having width ratios greater than ∼ 2.0 show stable flow patterns near shore; however, with increasing lake width, the relative streamline crowding increases relative to that width. For deep lakes and those in anisotropic media, the crowding effect is decreased, resulting in more uniform seepage across the lakebed.
A 43-acre watershed in Muskingum County, Ohio, was studied to determine the hydrologic consequences of strip mining for coal. A quantitative description of the effects on the ground-water flow components of the hydrologic system has been obtained using digital models.
The premining watershed was characterized by nearly flat-lying sedimentary rocks of the Pennsylvanian System. Underclay beneath the two major coal beds formed bases for perched zones, creating three separate aquifers. Recharge to the ground-water system occurred mainly by percolation of precipitation. Most of the discharge from the top and middle aquifers occurred by downward leakage to the underlying aquifers. A smaller amount of discharge occurred as springflow or streamflow near the intersections of the underclays and land surface.
Mining has destroyed the top aquifer, and has replaced the bedrock by spoil material. Water levels in the spoils are at a much lower altitude than existed in the premining top aquifer because of a combination of (1) a larger hydraulic conductivity, (2) areal variations of the hydraulic characteristics of the confining bed, and (3) a slower rate of recharge from precipitation caused by removal of vegetation and soil compaction. Covering of previously exposed portions of the middle aquifer and a lower hydraulic head in the spoils has allowed less recharge to the middle aquifer. Additional flow is induced across the western boundary of the watershed and has reduced the outflow across the eastern boundary. Discharge from the middle aquifer as downward leakage and streamflow is less than before mining.
Uplifted convoluted and horizontal to subhorizontal beds of varying thickness in intertidal silt as old as 3,280 + or - 90 yr B.P. are exposed in the banks of tidal channels of unknown depth in the intertidal zone in Knik Arm of Upper Cook Inlet. Internal discordances may occur both within convoluted beds and between convoluted and horizontal to subhorizontal beds. At the base of many convoluted beds, there is a rapid gradation upward into laminae which are severely deformed; that is, in some places, the contortions appear to have originated along a single bedding plane. Where the convoluted sequences are truncated by nearly horizontal sequences, the distortion must have resulted from syndepositional or postdepositional events prior to their burial by the overlying beds. Various forms of gravitational and tidal processes caused the deformation of the Knik Arm deposits; events triggering the movement of the sediment include any or all of the following: (1) seismic activity, (2) sediment or ice loading, (3) wave-induced liquefaction, (4) pore-pressure changes brought on by changing levels of tidewater, (5) undercutting of sediments by channel migration, and (6) freezing and thawing.
Platinum, palladium and rhodium have been determined in 18 U.S. Geological Survey reference materials by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry after preconcentration by the classical leadfree assay technique. A comparison with literature values shows clearly the need for additional data on these samples before “best” values can be assigned.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1751-908X.1984.tb00402.x","usgsCitation":"Aruscavage, P., Simon, F., and Moore, R., 1984, Flameless atomic absorption determination of platinum, palladium, and rhodium in geologic materials: Geostandards Newsletter, v. 8, no. 1, p. 3-6, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-908X.1984.tb00402.x.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"3","endPage":"6","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220530,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"8","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-05-31","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a10cee4b0c8380cd53df7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Aruscavage, Philip","contributorId":146853,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aruscavage","given":"Philip","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365811,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Simon, F.O.","contributorId":41808,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simon","given":"F.O.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365812,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Moore, R.","contributorId":50184,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365813,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70013437,"text":"70013437 - 1984 - DISCRIMINATION OF GRANITOIDS AND MINERALIZED GRANITOIDS IN THE MIDYAN REGION, NORTHWESTERN ARABIAN SHIELD, SAUDI ARABIA, BY LANDSAT MSS DATA-ANALYSIS.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:32","indexId":"70013437","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"DISCRIMINATION OF GRANITOIDS AND MINERALIZED GRANITOIDS IN THE MIDYAN REGION, NORTHWESTERN ARABIAN SHIELD, SAUDI ARABIA, BY LANDSAT MSS DATA-ANALYSIS.","docAbstract":"Landsat multispectral scanner (MSS) band and band-ratio databases of two scenes covering the Midyan region of northwestern Saudi Arabia were examined quantitatively and qualitatively to determine which databases best discriminate the geologic units of this semi-arid and arid region. Unsupervised, linear-discriminant cluster-analysis was performed on these two band-ratio combinations and on the MSS bands for both scenes. The results for granitoid-rock discrimination indicated that the classification images using the MSS bands are superior to the band-ratio classification images for two reasons, discussed in the paper. Yet, the effects of topography and material type (including desert varnish) on the MSS-band data produced ambiguities in the MSS-band classification results. However, these ambiguities were clarified by using a simulated natural-color image in conjunction with the MSS-band classification image.","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the International Symposium on Remote Sensing of Environment, Third Thematic Conference: Remote Sensing for Exploration Geology.","conferenceLocation":"Colorado Springs, CO, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Environmental Research Inst of Michigan","publisherLocation":"Ann Arbor, MI, USA","usgsCitation":"Davis, P.A., and Grolier, M.J., 1984, DISCRIMINATION OF GRANITOIDS AND MINERALIZED GRANITOIDS IN THE MIDYAN REGION, NORTHWESTERN ARABIAN SHIELD, SAUDI ARABIA, BY LANDSAT MSS DATA-ANALYSIS., Proceedings of the International Symposium on Remote Sensing of Environment, Third Thematic Conference: Remote Sensing for Exploration Geology., Colorado Springs, CO, USA, p. 361-379.","startPage":"361","endPage":"379","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220589,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fd4be4b0c8380cd4e754","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Davis, Philip A. pdavis@usgs.gov","contributorId":692,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"Philip","email":"pdavis@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":366062,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Grolier, Maurice J.","contributorId":98292,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grolier","given":"Maurice","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366063,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70013274,"text":"70013274 - 1984 - Mineralogy and chemistry of massive sulfide deposits from the Juan de Fuca Ridge","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-03T01:16:04.658224","indexId":"70013274","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mineralogy and chemistry of massive sulfide deposits from the Juan de Fuca Ridge","docAbstract":"Six hydrothermal vent sites and associated benthic communities were located in the axial valley of the southern Juan de Fuca Ridge using transponder-navigated bottom photography. The hydrothermal deposits form ledges and shallow mounds within a central zone characterized by a linear bathymetric depression and numerous collapse features. The flat valley floor adjacent to the central zone consists of ferrobasalt lobate flows and sheet flows; sediment cover is minimal. Vent sites are characterized by concentrations of tube worms, clams, benthic siphonophores, and several unidentified fauna.
Two types of massive sulfide were dredged from one of the vent sites. Type A samples are angular slabs of dark gray Zn-rich sulfide with interlayers and a thin, partly oxidized crust of Fe sulfide. These layered sulfide aggregates appear to be fragments of a sulfide wall enclosing an active hydrothermal vent. The outer sulfide wall is composed mainly of colloform Fe sulfide and Fe-poor sphalerite deposited under lower-temperature conditions whereby sea water and hydrothermal fluid mix above the discharge point. With continued sulfide deposition, the wall inhibits mixing of sea water and hydrothermal fluid. Inside the wall, the intensifying hydrothermal system deposits a higher-temperature assemblage of granular Fe-rich sphalerite, wurtzite, pyrite, and minor Cu-Fe sulfide. The zonation in wurtzite from Fe-rich cores to Fe-poor rims may result from a late-stage cooling of the hydrothermal fluid and(or) a change in fluid chemistry. The sulfide wall grows outward where a rupture in it permits the escape of high-temperature fluid and then deposition of a secondary shell over the breakthrough point. As temperature increases, earlier-formed minerals dissolve, and Zn, Fe, and Pb migrate toward the outer sulfide wall. Tube worms flourished in the outer wall of type A samples, and abandoned tube structures served as conduits for the late-stage hydrothermal fluids.
Type B sulfide samples are subrounded, spongy-textured fragments composed almost entirely of dendritic aggregates of pale, Fe-poor colloform sphalerite and opaline silica. This type of sulfide is deposited in open space by moderate- to low-temperature fluid discharging at a slow but variable rate; the fluid becomes increasingly oxidizing, resulting in late-stage deposition of hematite, barite, and sulfur. Type B samples show little evidence of burrowing animals; this type of sulfide may be deposited in settings peripheral to sites of focused discharge.
A geochemical survey utilizing mainly ground waters was conducted in the Milford and Beaver basins. Waters were collected mainly from wells and springs at 100 sites and analyzed for major and minor elements. A computer model (WATEQ3) was used to calculate the redox potential and the state of saturation of the waters with respect to uraninite, coffinite, and other mineral phases. Several areas in the basins were shown to have ground-water environments of reducing redox potentials which are favorable for precipitation of reduced uranium minerals. In addition, the ground waters in some of these areas were shown to be saturated or near saturation with respect to uraninite and coffinite. These areas do not necessarily coincide with areas containing the highest concentrations of uranium in ground water. The methods described in this study for hydrogeochemical exploration for sandstone-hosted uranium deposits may have wide application, particularly throughout those filled basins in the western United States where nearby sources for uranium exist.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.79.2.266","issn":"03610128","usgsCitation":"Miller, W.R., Wanty, R., and McHugh, J.B., 1984, Application of mineral-solution equilibria to geochemical exploration for sandstone-hosted uranium deposits in two basins in west central Utah: Economic Geology, v. 79, no. 2, p. 266-283, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.79.2.266.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"266","endPage":"283","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220133,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"79","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1984-04-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059eca7e4b0c8380cd493ec","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miller, W. R.","contributorId":92239,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365580,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wanty, R. B. 0000-0002-2063-6423","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2063-6423","contributorId":66704,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wanty","given":"R. B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365578,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McHugh, J. B.","contributorId":79462,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McHugh","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365579,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70013507,"text":"70013507 - 1984 - Stable isotope geochemistry of acid mine drainage: Experimental oxidation of pyrite","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-19T11:25:16","indexId":"70013507","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Stable isotope geochemistry of acid mine drainage: Experimental oxidation of pyrite","docAbstract":"Sulfate and water from experiments in which pyrite was oxidized at a pH of 2.0 were analyzed for sulfur and oxygen stable isotopes. Experiments were conducted under both aerobic and anaerobic sterile conditions, as well as under aerobic conditions in the presence of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans, to elucidate the pathways of oxidation. Oxygen isotope fractionation between SO2-4 and H2O varied from +4.0 %. (anaerobic, sterile) to + 18.0 %. (aerobic, with T. ferrooxidans.). The oxygen isotope composition of dissolved oxygen utilized in both chemical and microbially-mediated oxidation was also determined (+11.4 %., by T. ferrooxidans; +18.4 %., chemical). Contributions of water-derived oxygen and dissolved oxygen to the sulfate produced in the oxidation of pyrite could thus be estimated. Water-derived oxygen constituted from 23 to ~ 100 percent of the oxygen in the sulfate produced in the experiments, and this closely approximates the range of contribution in natural acid mine drainage. Oxidation of sulfides in anaerobic, water-saturated environments occurs primarily by chemical oxidation pathways, whereas oxidation of sulfides in well-aerated, unsaturated zone environments occurs dominantly by microbially mediated pathways.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(84)90315-6","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Taylor, B., Wheeler, M., and Nordstrom, D.K., 1984, Stable isotope geochemistry of acid mine drainage: Experimental oxidation of pyrite: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 48, no. 12, p. 2669-2678, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(84)90315-6.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"2669","endPage":"2678","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":220539,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"48","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9678e4b08c986b31b518","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Taylor, B.E.","contributorId":23262,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"B.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366210,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wheeler, M.C.","contributorId":79955,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wheeler","given":"M.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366211,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nordstrom, D. Kirk 0000-0003-3283-5136 dkn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3283-5136","contributorId":749,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nordstrom","given":"D.","email":"dkn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Kirk","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":366212,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70013188,"text":"70013188 - 1984 - ANALYSIS AND REDUCTION OF LANDSAT DATA FOR USE IN A HIGH PLAINS GROUND-WATER FLOW MODEL.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:31","indexId":"70013188","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"ANALYSIS AND REDUCTION OF LANDSAT DATA FOR USE IN A HIGH PLAINS GROUND-WATER FLOW MODEL.","docAbstract":"Data obtained from 59 Landsat scenes were used to estimate the areal extent of irrigated agriculture over the High Plains region of the United States for a ground-water flow model. This model provides information on current trends in the amount and distribution of water used for irrigation. The analysis and reduction process required that each Landsat scene be ratioed, interpreted, and aggregated. Data reduction by aggregation was an efficient technique for handling the volume of data analyzed. This process bypassed problems inherent in geometrically correcting and mosaicking the data at pixel resolution and combined the individual Landsat classification into one comprehensive data set.","conferenceTitle":"Technical Papers - 1984 ACSM-ASP Fall Convention.","conferenceLocation":"San Antonio, TX, USA","language":"English","publisher":"American Soc of Photogrammetry and American Congress on Surveying & Mapping","publisherLocation":"Falls Church, VA, USA","isbn":"0937294594","usgsCitation":"Thelin, G., Gaydas, L., Donovan, W., and Mladinich, C., 1984, ANALYSIS AND REDUCTION OF LANDSAT DATA FOR USE IN A HIGH PLAINS GROUND-WATER FLOW MODEL., Technical Papers - 1984 ACSM-ASP Fall Convention., San Antonio, TX, USA, p. 737-740.","startPage":"737","endPage":"740","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220522,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e62de4b0c8380cd471f5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thelin, Gail gpthelin@usgs.gov","contributorId":1065,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thelin","given":"Gail","email":"gpthelin@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":365503,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gaydas, Leonard","contributorId":31525,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gaydas","given":"Leonard","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365504,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Donovan, Walter","contributorId":67652,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Donovan","given":"Walter","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365505,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mladinich, Carol","contributorId":97176,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mladinich","given":"Carol","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365506,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70013513,"text":"70013513 - 1984 - Aquifer reclamation design: The use of contaminant transport simulation combined with nonlinear programing","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-20T19:47:35","indexId":"70013513","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Aquifer reclamation design: The use of contaminant transport simulation combined with nonlinear programing","docAbstract":"A simulation-management methodology is demonstrated for the rehabilitation of aquifers that have been subjected to chemical contamination. Finite element groundwater flow and contaminant transport simulation are combined with nonlinear optimization. The model is capable of determining well locations plus pumping and injection rates for groundwater quality control. Examples demonstrate linear or nonlinear objective functions subject to linear and nonlinear simulation and water management constraints. Restrictions can be placed on hydraulic heads, stresses, and gradients, in addition to contaminant concentrations and fluxes. These restrictions can be distributed over space and time. Three design strategies are demonstrated for an aquifer that is polluted by a constant contaminant source: they are pumping for contaminant removal, water injection for in-ground dilution, and a pumping, treatment, and injection cycle. A transient model designs either contaminant plume interception or in-ground dilution so that water quality standards are met. The method is not limited to these cases. It is generally applicable to the optimization of many types of distributed parameter systems.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/WR020i004p00415","usgsCitation":"Gorelick, S.M., Voss, C.I., Gill, P.E., Murray, W., Saunders, M., and Wright, M.H., 1984, Aquifer reclamation design: The use of contaminant transport simulation combined with nonlinear programing: Water Resources Research, v. 20, no. 4, p. 415-427, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR020i004p00415.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"415","endPage":"427","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":220592,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"20","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ed1fe4b0c8380cd4963a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gorelick, Steven M.","contributorId":8784,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gorelick","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366224,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Voss, Clifford I. 0000-0001-5923-2752 cvoss@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5923-2752","contributorId":1559,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Voss","given":"Clifford","email":"cvoss@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":366226,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gill, Philip E.","contributorId":6110,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gill","given":"Philip","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366225,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Murray, Walter","contributorId":74371,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Murray","given":"Walter","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366227,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Saunders, Michael A.","contributorId":100851,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Saunders","given":"Michael A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366228,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Wright, Margaret H.","contributorId":37391,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wright","given":"Margaret","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366223,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70013850,"text":"70013850 - 1984 - Coalification of organic matter in coal balls of the Pennsylvanian (upper Carboniferous) of the Illinois Basin, United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-03-17T16:27:20.585064","indexId":"70013850","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2958,"text":"Organic Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Coalification of organic matter in coal balls of the Pennsylvanian (upper Carboniferous) of the Illinois Basin, United States","docAbstract":"An evaluation was made of the degree of coalification of two coal balls from the Illinois Basin of the Pennsylvanian (upper Carboniferous) of the United States. Previous interpretations are mainly misleading and contradictory, primarily because of the assumption that the brown color and exceptional cellular and subcellular preservation typical of American coal balls imply chemical preservation of cellulose and lignin, the primary components of peat. Xylem tissue from a medullosan seed fern contained in a coal ball and the coal attached to the coal ball from the Calhoun coal bed, Mattoon Formation, Illinois, was analyzed by elemental, petrographic, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques to determine the degree of coalification. The NMR and elemental data indicate the lack of cellulose and lignin and a probable rank of high-volatile C bituminous coal. These data corroborate data for a coal ball from the Herrin (No. 6) coal bed (Carbondale Formation, Middle Pennsylvanian) and support our hypothesis that the organic matter in coal balls of the Pennsylvanian strata of the United States is coalified to about the same degree as the surrounding coal. Data presented show a range of lower reflectances for xylem tissue and vitrinite in the analyzed coal balls compared with vitrinite in the attached coal.
The data reported indicate that physical preservation of organic matter in coal balls does not imply chemical preservation. Also our study supports the hypothesis that compactional (static load) pressure is not a prerequisite for coalification up to a rank of high-volatile C bituminous coal.
A whole-rock analysis of the Calhoun coal ball indicates a similarity to other carbonate coal balls from the United States. It consists primarily of calcium carbonate and 1–2% organic matter; silica and alumina together make up less than 0.5%, indicating the lack of minerals such as quartz and clays.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0146-6380(84)90010-X","usgsCitation":"Lyons, P., Thompson, C.L., Hatcher, P.G., Brown, F.W., Millay, M., Szeverenyi, N., and Maciel, G., 1984, Coalification of organic matter in coal balls of the Pennsylvanian (upper Carboniferous) of the Illinois Basin, United States: Organic Geochemistry, v. 5, no. 4, p. 227-239, https://doi.org/10.1016/0146-6380(84)90010-X.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"227","endPage":"239","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220076,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky","otherGeospatial":"Illinois 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W.","contributorId":92653,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367009,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Millay, M.A.","contributorId":104624,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Millay","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367011,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Szeverenyi, Nikolaus","contributorId":47908,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Szeverenyi","given":"Nikolaus","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367007,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Maciel, G.E.","contributorId":43910,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maciel","given":"G.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367006,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70013882,"text":"70013882 - 1984 - The Palmer Drought Severity Index: limitations and assumptions.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-14T13:10:45","indexId":"70013882","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2217,"text":"Journal of Climate and Applied Meteorology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The Palmer Drought Severity Index: limitations and assumptions.","docAbstract":"The structure of the Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI), which is perhaps the most widely used regional index of drought, is examined. The PDSI addresses two of the most elusive properties of droughts: their intensity and their beginning and ending times. Under certain conditions, the PDSI values are very sensitive to the criteria for ending an 'established' drought and precipitation during a month can have a very large effect on the PDSI values for several previous months. -from Author","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Climate and Applied Meteorology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1175/1520-0450(1984)023<1100:TPDSIL>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Alley, W., 1984, The Palmer Drought Severity Index: limitations and assumptions.: Journal of Climate and Applied Meteorology, v. 23, no. 7, p. 1100-1109, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(1984)023<1100:TPDSIL>2.0.CO;2.","startPage":"1100","endPage":"1109","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":480210,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(1984)023<1100:tpdsil>2.0.co;2","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":225670,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":269332,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(1984)023<1100:TPDSIL>2.0.CO;2"}],"volume":"23","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba875e4b08c986b321c3b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Alley, W.M.","contributorId":6853,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alley","given":"W.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367074,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70013452,"text":"70013452 - 1984 - Amino acid epimerization implies rapid sedimentation rates in Arctic Ocean cores","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:36","indexId":"70013452","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2840,"text":"Nature","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Amino acid epimerization implies rapid sedimentation rates in Arctic Ocean cores","docAbstract":"The palaeooceanography of the Arctic Ocean is less well known than any other ocean basin, due to difficulties in obtaining cores and in providing a secure chronological framework for those cores that have been raised. Most recent investigators have suggested that low sedimentation rates (0.05-0.1 cm kyr-1) have characterized the deep basins over the past 5 Myr (refs 1,2) despite the glacial-marine character of the sediment and proximity to major centres of shelf glaciation. These calculations have been primarily based on the down-core pattern in the inclination of magnetic minerals, supported by uranium-series, 14C and micropalaeontological evidence. Here we analyse amino acid diagnesis in foraminifera from two gravity cores raised from the floor of the Arctic Ocean, our results suggest that these cores span <200 kyr., conflicting with the earlier estimate of 3 Myr based on palaeomagnetic data. The chronology of other Arctic Ocean cores and previous palaeoenvironmental interpretations need re-evaluation. ?? 1984 Nature Publishing Group.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Nature","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1038/310772a0","issn":"00280836","usgsCitation":"Sejrup, H., Miller, G.H., Brigham-Grette, J., Lovlie, R., and Hopkins, D., 1984, Amino acid epimerization implies rapid sedimentation rates in Arctic Ocean cores: Nature, v. 310, no. 5980, p. 772-775, https://doi.org/10.1038/310772a0.","startPage":"772","endPage":"775","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":204989,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/310772a0"},{"id":219918,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"310","issue":"5980","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e9b9e4b0c8380cd483ee","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sejrup, H.P.","contributorId":16569,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sejrup","given":"H.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366095,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Miller, G. H.","contributorId":54732,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Miller","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366097,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brigham-Grette, J.","contributorId":78869,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brigham-Grette","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366098,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lovlie, R.","contributorId":37473,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lovlie","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366096,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hopkins, D.","contributorId":84899,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hopkins","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366099,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70013465,"text":"70013465 - 1984 - Local gravity anomalies produced by dislocation sources","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-06-27T16:29:40.73796","indexId":"70013465","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":6453,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Local gravity anomalies produced by dislocation sources","docAbstract":"Rundle (1978) and Walsh and Rice (1979) have shown that the change in the vertical component of gravity is proportional to uplift for a spherical source of dilatation and for slip on an infinitely long dip-slip fault. In the first case, no free air gravity anomaly is produced and in the second case no Bouguer gravity anomaly. Gravity anomalies due to other dislocation sources in three dimensions are as follows: For strike-slip faulting the ratio of the gravity change to uplift depends upon position; however, the gravity change contours are roughly similar to those corresponding to a zero free air gravity anomaly. Nor is the ratio constant for dip-slip faulting except for the two special cases of dip slip on a vertical fault and horizontal slip on a horizontal fault, neither of which produce a Bouguer anomaly. The Bouguer anomaly produced by an open horizontal crack is the same as would be produced had the material within the crack been mined out without deforming the solid. If the horizontal crack were filled with material of density equal to the host rock (a good approximation to sill formation), no Bouguer anomaly is produced. For cracks of other inclinations the ratio of gravity change to uplift is not constant. Thus, dilatancy, in general, does not correspond to the absence of a free air anomaly, as might be suggested by the special case of a spherical source of dilatation. For two-dimensional models a cylindrical source of dilatation produces no free air gravity anomaly, dip-slip faulting produces no Bouguer anomaly, and open cracks produce a Bouguer anomaly equal to that which would be produced had the material within the crack been mined out without deforming the solid. A two-dimensional crack filled with material of density equal to that of the host rock would produce no Bouguer anomaly. Jachens et al. (1983) have reported temporal changes in gravity, elevation, and area strain along the San Andreas fault in southern California such that the Bouguer anomaly apparently remains unchanged and the uplift-to-strain ratio is about −100 km. Several dislocation mechanisms are proposed that fulfill these constraints, but these mechanisms appear to be rather contrived and are not regarded as satisfactory explanations.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB089iB03p01945","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Savage, J., 1984, Local gravity anomalies produced by dislocation sources: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 89, no. B3, p. 1945-1952, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB089iB03p01945.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"1945","endPage":"1952","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":487082,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/jb089ib03p01945","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":220041,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"89","issue":"B3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a48dce4b0c8380cd681a1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Savage, J.C. 0000-0002-5114-7673","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5114-7673","contributorId":102876,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Savage","given":"J.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366123,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70013278,"text":"70013278 - 1984 - Calculations of seabird population recovery from potential oilspills in the mid-Atlantic region of the United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-09-29T16:50:52.832258","indexId":"70013278","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1458,"text":"Ecological Modelling","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Calculations of seabird population recovery from potential oilspills in the mid-Atlantic region of the United States","docAbstract":"Calculations were made of herring gull and common tern population recovery from potential oilspill damage in the U.S. mid-Atlantic Outer Continental Shelf (OCS) oil leasing area. Population recovery was examined using a density-dependent age-specific life history table for each species. Both a deterministic and a stochastic approach were used in the calculations. In the deterministic approach, it was assumed that an oilspill contact to a seabird colony had occurred. Using the density-dependent model, population recovery was calculated for several different mortality scenarios. Assuming that all age classes suffer 95% mortality from an oilspill contact, a worst case scenario, it was estimated that the herring gull and common tern populations could recover to their pre-spill levels in approximately 45 years and more than 100 years, respectively. In the stochastic approach, the probabilities of oilspill contacts to these seabird colonies were calculated using an oilspill trajectory analysis model. Oilspill contacts to these colonies were simulated during the expected 30 year active life of the lease area. For each lease lifetime, the number of oilspill contacts to a seabird colony was sampled from a Poisson distribution and assigned randomly on a seasonal basis. This analysis indicated that the oilspill risks from the development of proposed lease tracts in the mid-Atlantic region pose minimal risk (3–5%) of severe population reduction for both herring gulls and common terns. If the oilspill risks from tanker transportation of crude oil imports are included along with the proposed lease tracts, then the risks of severe population reduction are increased to approximately 10% for herring gulls and 18% for common terns.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0304-3800(84)90025-5","usgsCitation":"Samuels, W., and Ladino, A., 1984, Calculations of seabird population recovery from potential oilspills in the mid-Atlantic region of the United States: Ecological Modelling, v. 21, no. 1, p. 63-84, https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3800(84)90025-5.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"63","endPage":"84","numberOfPages":"22","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219970,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Mid-Atlantic region","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -75.78218772294734,\n 41.41847066117498\n ],\n [\n -76.9461477045258,\n 34.39258601480289\n ],\n [\n -71.60300062228816,\n 34.993219485756725\n ],\n [\n -71.60300062228816,\n 41.41847066117498\n ],\n [\n -75.78218772294734,\n 41.41847066117498\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"21","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f307e4b0c8380cd4b56f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Samuels, William B.","contributorId":13238,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Samuels","given":"William B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365709,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ladino, A.","contributorId":6186,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ladino","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365708,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70013466,"text":"70013466 - 1984 - MAPPING IN MICRONESIA.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:39","indexId":"70013466","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"MAPPING IN MICRONESIA.","docAbstract":"The U. S. Geological Survey has recently completed a series of new topographic maps of Micronesia in cooperation with the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, the Federal agency administering the islands. Monocolor 1:10,000-scale manuscripts were compiled, from which 1:25,000-scale metric quadrangles were derived with symbology consistent with USGS quadrangle mapping. The publication of these new maps coincides with the impending political changes resulting from self-determination referendums held in Micronesia. Local sources have helped considerably with field logistics and resolution of geographic name controversies. Technical aspects of this project included development of tropical feature symbology, location of cadastral subdivisions and associated boundaries and mapping of many outlying coral reefs.","largerWorkTitle":"Technical Papers of the American Congress of Surveying and Mapping","conferenceTitle":"Technical Papers of the 44th Annual Meeting of the American Congress on Surveying and Mapping.","conferenceLocation":"Washington, DC, USA","language":"English","publisher":"American Congress on Surveying & Mapping","publisherLocation":"Falls Church, VA, USA","issn":"07483244","usgsCitation":"Olsen, R.W., and Swinnerton, J., 1984, MAPPING IN MICRONESIA., in Technical Papers of the American Congress of Surveying and Mapping, Washington, DC, USA, p. 341-350.","startPage":"341","endPage":"350","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220042,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4ab5e4b0c8380cd68f93","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Olsen, Randle W.","contributorId":59941,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olsen","given":"Randle","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366124,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Swinnerton, J.R.","contributorId":91237,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swinnerton","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366125,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70013521,"text":"70013521 - 1984 - A review of progress in understanding the fluid geochemistry of the Cerro Prieto geothermal system","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-24T14:12:13","indexId":"70013521","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1828,"text":"Geothermics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A review of progress in understanding the fluid geochemistry of the Cerro Prieto geothermal system","docAbstract":"Fluid geochemistry has played a major role in our present understanding of the Cerro Prieto geothermal system. Fluid chemical and isotopic compositions have been used to indicate the origin of water, salts and gases, original subsurface temperature and fluid flow, fluid-production mechanisms, and production-induced aquifer boiling and cold-water entry. The extensive geochemical data and interpretations for Cerro Prieto published from 1964 to 1981 are reviewed and discussed. Fluid geochemistry must continue to play an important role in the further development of the Cerro Prieto field. ?? 1984.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geothermics","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0375-6505(84)90007-5","issn":"03756505","usgsCitation":"Truesdell, A., Nehring, N., Thompson, J., Janik, C.J., and Coplen, T., 1984, A review of progress in understanding the fluid geochemistry of the Cerro Prieto geothermal system: Geothermics, v. 13, no. 1-2, p. 65-74, https://doi.org/10.1016/0375-6505(84)90007-5.","startPage":"65","endPage":"74","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":480211,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://www.osti.gov/biblio/7369514","text":"External Repository"},{"id":268151,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0375-6505(84)90007-5"},{"id":220652,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"13","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e555e4b0c8380cd46cc1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Truesdell, A.H.","contributorId":52566,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Truesdell","given":"A.H.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6672,"text":"former: USGS Southwest Biological Science Center, Colorado Plateau Research Station, Flagstaff, AZ. Current address: TN-SCORE, Univ of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, e-mail: jennen@gmail.com","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":366255,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nehring, N.L.","contributorId":21157,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nehring","given":"N.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366253,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thompson, J. M.","contributorId":77142,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"J. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366256,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Janik, C. J.","contributorId":10795,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Janik","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366252,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Coplen, T.B.","contributorId":34147,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coplen","given":"T.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366254,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70013463,"text":"70013463 - 1984 - Geomorphic and vegetative characteristics along three northern Virginia streams","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-03T01:12:32.663335","indexId":"70013463","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geomorphic and vegetative characteristics along three northern Virginia streams","docAbstract":"Geometry, sediment, and woody-vegetation data were collected from bottomland geomorphic surfaces at valley sections along three gaged perennial streams of northern Virginia. The basins of the streams differ widely in topography and physiography; mean discharges vary from 0.196 to 323 m3 per sec. Prevalent surfaces identified were the depositional bar, the active-channel shelf, the flood plain, and terraces. The stages corresponding to active-channel–shelf levels were equivalent to flow durations of 5% to 13%. Stages corresponding to flood-plain levels were equivalent to discharges with 1.4- to 2.0-yr recurrence intervals. The discharge data and statistical tests of geomorphic-surface, sediment, and vegetative data suggest that the various alluvial features are formed and maintained by hydraulically controlled sorting processes.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1984)95<1093:GAVCAT>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Osterkamp, W.R., and Hupp, C., 1984, Geomorphic and vegetative characteristics along three northern Virginia streams: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 95, no. 9, p. 501-513, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1984)95<1093:GAVCAT>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"501","endPage":"513","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":220039,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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\"}}]}","volume":"95","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2780e4b0c8380cd59943","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Osterkamp, W. R.","contributorId":46044,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Osterkamp","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366119,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hupp, C.R. 0000-0003-1853-9197","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1853-9197","contributorId":78775,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hupp","given":"C.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366120,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70013180,"text":"70013180 - 1984 - Accretionary lapilli in altered tuffs associated with coal beds","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-21T23:28:50.997658","indexId":"70013180","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2450,"text":"Journal of Sedimentary Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Accretionary lapilli in altered tuffs associated with coal beds","docAbstract":"Accretionary lapilli have been identified in claystones (tonsteins) associated with coal beds of Late Cretaceous age in Wyoming, Utah, and New Mexico. The presence of accretionary lapilli in these tonstein partings confirms their volcanic origin. Similar concentric structures in other claystones not in coal, such as some flint clays, may also be accretionary lapilli, indicating a volcanic origin for these deposits. The lapilli are spherical aggregates of volcanic ash that form in eruption columns, where water vapor and turbulence promote accretion of layers of fine ash about coarse-grained aggregates of ash acting as nuclei. The very fine particle size of the crystalline components of the claystones containing accretionary lapilli, coupled with the relatively small size of the lapilli themselves (2-7.5 mm), suggests that the lapilli formed far downwind from the volcano through interaction with moisture from the atmosphere, rather than with magmatic or phreatic moisture near the source vent.
Observations from research submersibles in the northern part of Oceanographer Canyon reveal the presence of an extensive field of large sand dunes on the canyon floor. The dunes are medium to coarse sand, are oriented across the axis, and the largest of them are as high as 3 m and have wavelengths up to 15 m. Their asymmetry, grain size, and height suggest that they are formed by axial currents flowing up- and downcanyon and that the largest dunes require flows of at least 70 cm/sec. Shelf sand, low in silt and clay content, is transported by currents down and along the canyon walls onto the canyon floor. As the sand enters the canyon, it is mixed with immobile gravel deposits on the canyon rim; lower on the walls, the sand is mixed with silt and clay burrowed by organisms from the semiconsolidated sandy silt that underlies the canyon walls and floor. Upon reaching the canyon floor, the sand is sculpted into bed forms by currents, and the fines are winnowed out and transported out of the canyon. At present, the shelf and canyon walls are being eroded by bottom currents and burrowing organisms, whereas the canyon floor is covered by mobile sand that moves both up and down the axis in this part of the canyon.