The complex variable boundary element method (CVBEM) is used to determine approximation functions for boundary value problems of the Laplace equation such as occurs in potential theory. By determining an approximative boundary upon which the CVBEM approximator matches the desired constant (level curves) boundary conditions, the CVBEM is found to provide the exact solution throughout the interior of the transformed problem domain. Thus, the acceptability of the CVBEM approximation is determined by the closeness-of-fit of the approximative boundary to the study problem boundary.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0264-682X(84)90033-9","usgsCitation":"Hromadka, T., 1984, The complex variable boundary element method: Applications in determining approximative boundaries: Engineering Analysis, v. 1, no. 4, p. 218-222, https://doi.org/10.1016/0264-682X(84)90033-9.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"218","endPage":"222","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222430,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"1","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505baa47e4b08c986b3227ab","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hromadka, T. V. II","contributorId":76464,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hromadka","given":"T. V.","suffix":"II","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364208,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70014018,"text":"70014018 - 1984 - Isolation of organic acids from large volumes of water by adsorption chromatography","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-10-29T14:48:40","indexId":"70014018","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"title":"Isolation of organic acids from large volumes of water by adsorption chromatography","docAbstract":"The concentrations of dissolved organic carbon from most natural waters ranges from 1 to 20 milligrams carbon per liter, of which approximately 75 percent are organic acids. These acids can be chromatographically fractionated into hydrophobic organic acids, such as humic substances, and hydrophilic organic acids. To effectively study any of these organic acids, they must be isolated from other organic and inorganic species, and concentrated. Usually, large volumes of water must be processed to obtain sufficient quantities of material, and adsorption chromatography on synthetic, macroporous resins has proven to be a particularly effective method for this purpose. The use of the nonionic Amberlite XAD-8 and Amberlite XAD-4 resins and the anion exchange resin Duolite A-7 for isolating and concentrating organic acids from water is presented.","largerWorkTitle":"National Meeting - American Chemical Society, Division of Environmental Chemistry","conferenceTitle":"188th National Meeting - American Chemical Society, Division of Environmental Chemistry, Volume 24 Number 2.","conferenceLocation":"Philadelphia, PA, USA","language":"English","publisher":"ACS","publisherLocation":"Washington, DC, USA","issn":"02703009","usgsCitation":"Aiken, G.R., 1984, Isolation of organic acids from large volumes of water by adsorption chromatography, v. 24, no. 2.","startPage":"255","endPage":"256","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225810,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"24","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a37d9e4b0c8380cd61209","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Aiken, George R. 0000-0001-8454-0984 graiken@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8454-0984","contributorId":1322,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aiken","given":"George","email":"graiken@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":367387,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70014046,"text":"70014046 - 1984 - Geochronology of Precambrian granites and associated U-Ti-Th mineralization, northern Olary province, South Australia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:34","indexId":"70014046","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1336,"text":"Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geochronology of Precambrian granites and associated U-Ti-Th mineralization, northern Olary province, South Australia","docAbstract":"Proterozoic granitoids and metamorphic rocks in the Olary province of the Willyama block of South Australia host ore-grade amounts of U-Th-Ti and U-Fe-Ti-Th minerals. U-Pb-Th isotope analyses on zircons from all granitoids associated with the Crocker Well brannerite deposit indicate that these granitoids were intruded within a short time span, close to the 1579.2??1.5 m.y. age of the brannerite-bearing host-rock. Though the early Paleozoic Delamerian orogeny was intense in this region, the zircon isotopic systems remained unaffected; rather, the best-defined zircon chords on concordia plots show a welldefined lower intercept of 43.8??6.5 Ma, which can only be associated with early Tertiary block faulting. Pb-U-Th isotope analyses on brannerite from the Crocker Well deposit and davidite from the Mt. Victoria deposit and the Radium Hill deposit yield badly scattered and discordant apparent ages that suggest a primary age at least as old as the age of the Crocker Well granitoids, followed by a severe disturbance in the early Paleozoic. ?? 1984 Springer-Verlag.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF00373676","issn":"00107999","usgsCitation":"Ludwig, K., and Cooper, J., 1984, Geochronology of Precambrian granites and associated U-Ti-Th mineralization, northern Olary province, South Australia: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 86, no. 3, p. 298-308, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00373676.","startPage":"298","endPage":"308","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205687,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00373676"},{"id":226197,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"86","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1733e4b0c8380cd55415","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ludwig, K.R.","contributorId":97112,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ludwig","given":"K.R.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":218,"text":"Denver Federal Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":367447,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cooper, J.A.","contributorId":57005,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cooper","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367446,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":14103,"text":"ofr84775 - 1984 - Ground-based upward extrapolated gravity data for use in testing the aerial profiling of terrain system (APTS)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-30T16:51:02.976944","indexId":"ofr84775","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"84-775","title":"Ground-based upward extrapolated gravity data for use in testing the aerial profiling of terrain system (APTS)","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr84775","usgsCitation":"Hildenbrand, T., Kucks, R., and Hanna, W.F., 1984, Ground-based upward extrapolated gravity data for use in testing the aerial profiling of terrain system (APTS): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 84-775, Report: 21 p.; 3 Plates: 17.66 x 38.31 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr84775.","productDescription":"Report: 21 p.; 3 Plates: 17.66 x 38.31 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":42748,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1984/0775/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":42747,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1984/0775/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":42750,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1984/0775/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":42749,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1984/0775/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":422248,"rank":6,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_13555.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":147384,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1984/0775/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ab0e4b07f02db66d49b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hildenbrand, T.G.","contributorId":83892,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hildenbrand","given":"T.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":168930,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kucks, R.P.","contributorId":53758,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kucks","given":"R.P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":168929,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hanna, W. F.","contributorId":6835,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hanna","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":168928,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70014075,"text":"70014075 - 1984 - Numerical noise in ocean and estuarine models","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-02-01T17:35:04.891554","indexId":"70014075","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":664,"text":"Advances in Water Resources","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Numerical noise in ocean and estuarine models","docAbstract":"Approximate methods for solving the shallow water equations may lead to solutions exhibiting large fictitious, numerically-induced oscillations. The analysis of the discrete dispersion relation and modal solutions of small wavelengths provides a powerful technique for assessing the sensitivity of alternative numerical schemes to irregular data which may lead to such oscillatory numerical noise. For those schemes where phase speed vanishes at a finite wavenumber or there are multiple roots for wavenumber, oscillation modes can exist which are uncoupled from the dynamics of the problem. The discrete modal analysis approach is used here to identify two classes of spurious oscillation modes associated respectively with the two different asymptotic limits corresponding to estuarine and large scale ocean models. The analysis provides further insight into recent numerical results for models which include large spatial scales and Coriolis acceleration.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0309-1708(84)90025-3","usgsCitation":"Walters, R., and Carey, G.F., 1984, Numerical noise in ocean and estuarine models: Advances in Water Resources, v. 7, no. 1, p. 15-20, https://doi.org/10.1016/0309-1708(84)90025-3.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"15","endPage":"20","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225620,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"7","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6905e4b0c8380cd73b15","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Walters, R.","contributorId":84088,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walters","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367506,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Carey, G. F.","contributorId":86106,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carey","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367507,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70014065,"text":"70014065 - 1984 - APPLICATION OF NON-PARAMETRIC STATISTICS TO EVALUATE THE COMPARABILITY OF ANALYTICAL DATA FROM TWO U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-QUALITY LABORATORIES.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:28","indexId":"70014065","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"APPLICATION OF NON-PARAMETRIC STATISTICS TO EVALUATE THE COMPARABILITY OF ANALYTICAL DATA FROM TWO U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-QUALITY LABORATORIES.","docAbstract":"The U. S. Geological Survey operates two water-quality laboratories. The quality of data produced by each laboratory is judged primarily from an evaluation of the data obtained from the analysis of reference samples. Quality-assurance reports that contain an analysis of the results obtained from chemical analysis of these reference materials by the two laboratories are prepared quarterly, and annual summaries of the data are published. The procedures that are used to determine whether a laboratory shows an overall lack of precision or bias involve the application of binomial distributions to the data.","largerWorkTitle":"National Meeting - American Chemical Society, Division of Environmental Chemistry","conferenceTitle":"188th National Meeting - American Chemical Society, Division of Environmental Chemistry, Volume 24 Number 2.","conferenceLocation":"Philadelphia, PA, USA","language":"English","publisher":"ACS","publisherLocation":"Washington, DC, USA","issn":"02703009","usgsCitation":"Peart, D.B., and Friedman, L., 1984, APPLICATION OF NON-PARAMETRIC STATISTICS TO EVALUATE THE COMPARABILITY OF ANALYTICAL DATA FROM TWO U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-QUALITY LABORATORIES., in National Meeting - American Chemical Society, Division of Environmental Chemistry, v. 24, no. 2, Philadelphia, PA, USA, p. 89-90.","startPage":"89","endPage":"90","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225486,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"24","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e630e4b0c8380cd47220","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Peart, Dale B.","contributorId":86384,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peart","given":"Dale","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367483,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Friedman, Linda C.","contributorId":98702,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Friedman","given":"Linda C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367484,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":28975,"text":"wri844236 - 1984 - A method for estimating ground-water return flow to the Colorado River in the Palo Verde-Cibola area, California and Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-01T19:42:07.12749","indexId":"wri844236","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"84-4236","title":"A method for estimating ground-water return flow to the Colorado River in the Palo Verde-Cibola area, California and Arizona","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri844236","usgsCitation":"Owen-Joyce, S.J., 1984, A method for estimating ground-water return flow to the Colorado River in the Palo Verde-Cibola area, California and Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 84-4236, vi, 48 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri844236.","productDescription":"vi, 48 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":57848,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4236/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":119759,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4236/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":413547,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_36085.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona, California","otherGeospatial":"Palo Verde-Cibola area","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -114.446,\n 33.75\n ],\n [\n -114.75,\n 33.75\n ],\n [\n -114.75,\n 33.223\n ],\n [\n -114.446,\n 33.223\n ],\n [\n -114.446,\n 33.75\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6ae1a0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Owen-Joyce, Sandra J. 0000-0002-4400-5618 sjowen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4400-5618","contributorId":5215,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Owen-Joyce","given":"Sandra","email":"sjowen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":200716,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70014077,"text":"70014077 - 1984 - U-Pb isotope systematics and apparent ages of uranium ores, Ambrosia Lake and Smith Lake districts, Grants mineral belt, New Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-11T16:24:20.800518","indexId":"70014077","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"U-Pb isotope systematics and apparent ages of uranium ores, Ambrosia Lake and Smith Lake districts, Grants mineral belt, New Mexico","docAbstract":"Orebodies occur in continental sandstones of the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation and comprise two main types of mineralization; primary ore formed early in the history of the host rock and resulted in tabular, peneconcordant orebodies rich in organic material; redistributed ore apparently was formed by oxidative destruction and reconcentration of primary ore at some time after Laramide deformation and resulted in roll-type orebodies lacking organic material. U-Pb isotope ages of four redistributed ores from the Ambrosia Lake District give concordant to nearly concordant ages of 3.3 to 12.5 m.y., supporting the concept that most redistributed ore formed in the late Tertiary or later. U-Pb isotope ages of primary ores from the Ambrosia Lake District show pronounced normal discordance, evidently due to coupled, continuous loss of Pb and radioactive daughters of 238 U. Data for ores from the Smith Lake District consistently give pre-Tertiary apparent ages.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.79.2.322","issn":"03610128","usgsCitation":"Ludwig, K., Simmons, K.R., and Webster, J., 1984, U-Pb isotope systematics and apparent ages of uranium ores, Ambrosia Lake and Smith Lake districts, Grants mineral belt, New Mexico: Economic Geology, v. 79, no. 2, p. 322-337, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.79.2.322.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"322","endPage":"337","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225681,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"79","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1984-04-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb9cee4b08c986b327e0b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ludwig, K.R.","contributorId":97112,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ludwig","given":"K.R.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":218,"text":"Denver Federal Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":367514,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Simmons, K. R.","contributorId":68771,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simmons","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367513,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Webster, J.D.","contributorId":16582,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Webster","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367512,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70014093,"text":"70014093 - 1984 - Glaciotectonic origin of the Massachusetts coastal end moraines and a fluctuating late Wisconsinan ice margin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-03T00:59:16.685386","indexId":"70014093","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Glaciotectonic origin of the Massachusetts coastal end moraines and a fluctuating late Wisconsinan ice margin","docAbstract":"Late Wisconsinan end moraines on Cape Cod and islands south and west of Cape Cod are believed to be glaciotectonic features formed by advancing ice fronts. Evidence of a glaciotectonic origin includes the stratified drift composition of the moraines, dislocated preglacial and glaciolacustrine deposits, tilted preglacial and glacial beds, folding and thrust faulting, and morphologic similarity to ancient and modern glaciotectonic moraines. Evidence for major ice readvances during over-all general recession includes the moraines themselves, till atop stratified drift, and the numerous basal tills that are inferred to exist beneath Cape Cod Bay.
The Thompson Glacier end moraine in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago is considered to be a modern example of how late Wisconsinan end moraines on Cape Cod and the islands were formed. The Thompson Glacier is overriding its outwash plain, displacing outwash deposits forward and upward beyond the ice front. New sheets are added to the base of the moraine, and till is deposited atop the moraine as the ice overrides it.
Evidence from Cape Cod and the nearby islands indicates that over-all recession of late Wisconsinan ice was characterized by alternating episodes of ice-front retreat, during which the outwash plains were formed, and of ice-front advance, during which the moraines were built. Retreat of the ice from Cape Cod and the islands may have been similar to the retreat of the Lake Michigan lobe, deposits of which contain evidence of at least 12 moraine-building episodes caused by readvancing ice during the over-all retreat of the late Wisconsinan ice sheet.
No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Chemical Society","doi":"10.1021/es00128a004","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Roy, W.R., and Griffin, R.A., 1984, Illinois basin coal fly ashes. 2. Equilibria relationships and qualitative modeling of ash-water reactions: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 18, no. 10, p. 739-742, https://doi.org/10.1021/es00128a004.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"739","endPage":"742","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225292,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Missouri, Tennessee","otherGeospatial":"Illinois Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -90.94649110420269,\n 40.945533770994814\n ],\n [\n -91.01923715797412,\n 40.712913517710376\n ],\n [\n -91.22300927118468,\n 40.47071651056973\n ],\n [\n -91.41792172729808,\n 40.222918700669254\n ],\n [\n -91.28502687085656,\n 39.7681702017654\n ],\n [\n -90.79774573057107,\n 39.45420363658053\n ],\n [\n -90.62941224574531,\n 39.25553699851744\n ],\n [\n -90.55853498897685,\n 38.959923461105575\n ],\n [\n -90.328183904478,\n 38.46910799598123\n ],\n [\n -90.3016049331897,\n 38.163251672370905\n ],\n [\n -89.92949933515392,\n 37.73709284258358\n ],\n [\n -89.47765682325267,\n 37.30141954814219\n ],\n [\n -88.45879625720158,\n 36.771003683292534\n ],\n [\n -88.06128362363084,\n 36.46534298077414\n ],\n [\n -87.41452865561605,\n 36.2584404443587\n ],\n [\n -86.79435265888903,\n 36.17266480846129\n ],\n [\n -86.20961529054678,\n 36.12974173785966\n ],\n [\n -85.79321140703031,\n 36.20126713508451\n ],\n [\n -85.35908820932148,\n 36.52232268256964\n ],\n [\n -84.93382466870852,\n 36.87040741796726\n ],\n [\n -84.64145598453713,\n 36.99080289010317\n ],\n [\n -84.66803495582546,\n 37.329715216866006\n ],\n [\n -84.8452280977477,\n 37.50562959256645\n ],\n [\n -85.26163198126414,\n 37.73019645188518\n ],\n [\n -85.3945268377057,\n 37.98202253429302\n ],\n [\n -85.67803586478078,\n 38.29825431846086\n ],\n [\n -85.74891312154978,\n 39.37479374147429\n ],\n [\n -86.07672043410541,\n 40.19178310943852\n ],\n [\n -86.68803677373594,\n 40.56298939507266\n ],\n [\n -87.52666346510904,\n 40.831671960797564\n ],\n [\n -87.7215759212231,\n 40.9388414414546\n ],\n [\n -88.2442956898928,\n 41.29925627633486\n ],\n [\n -88.50122574567995,\n 41.65769036462953\n ],\n [\n -89.06824379982982,\n 41.86915981369222\n ],\n [\n -89.50236699753867,\n 41.8757570021325\n ],\n [\n -89.99850779492006,\n 41.743683882396056\n ],\n [\n -90.45035030682129,\n 41.55169435710624\n ],\n [\n -90.62754344874298,\n 41.47872111301615\n ],\n [\n -91.04394733225999,\n 41.42559799520316\n ],\n [\n -91.12368424612491,\n 41.23932460147384\n ],\n [\n -90.9553507612986,\n 41.10594618764017\n ],\n [\n -90.94649110420269,\n 40.945533770994814\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"18","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a386de4b0c8380cd61579","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Roy, William R.","contributorId":45454,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roy","given":"William","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367464,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Griffin, R. A.","contributorId":46211,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Griffin","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367465,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70014073,"text":"70014073 - 1984 - Pegmatite/wallrock interactions, Black Hills, South Dakota: Progressive boron metasomatism adjacent to the Tip Top pegmatite","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-19T16:27:24.961616","indexId":"70014073","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Pegmatite/wallrock interactions, Black Hills, South Dakota: Progressive boron metasomatism adjacent to the Tip Top pegmatite","docAbstract":"Interaction between country rock and fluids derived from the Tip Top pegmatite has resulted in a series of boron enriched assemblages. Between unaltered quartz-mica schist to the pegmatite contact is a succession of four mineral assemblages:
(1) Quartz-Biotite-Potassium Feldspar assemblage (Q-B-K), which consists essentially of the original metamorphic silicate assemblage plus anomalously high amounts of modal tourmaline
(2) Quartz-Biotite-Tourmaline assemblage (Q-B-T)
(3) Tourmaline-Quartz-Muscovite assemblage (T-Q-M)
(4) Tourmaline-Quartz assemblage (T-Q). Alkali elements (Cs, Rb, K, Li), SiO2, and Ba show a decrease from the Q-B-K assemblage to the T-Q assemblage. A12O3, Ga, B, total Fe and Zn increase moderately from the Q-B-K assemblage to the T-Q assemblage.
The mineral chemistries also change considerably. The Mg/(Mg + Fe2+) ratios in biotites range from 0.54 to 0.50 in samples from the Q-B-K assemblage to 0.39 in the (Q-B-T) assemblage. The range in tourmaline end-member components from the Q-B-K assemblage to the T-Q assemblage is as follows: Q-B-K: Dravite.63 Schorl.23 Elbaite.05 Buergerite.09 T-Q: Dravite.23 Schorl.37 Elbaite.17 Buergerite.23.
Observed variations in mineral assemblage and whole rock chemistry within the alteration zone appear to a first approximation to be a function of μB2O3 (boron metasomatism) and μK2O (alkali leaching). The breakdown of feldspar and biotite may be approximated by reactions: 2HCl + 2(K, Na)AlSi3O8 /ai 2(K, Na)Cl + Al2SiO5 + 5SiO2 + H2O and 2 Annite + SiO2 + 5Al2SiO5 + 2NaCl + 6H3BO3 /ai 2 Tourmaline + 2KCl + 7H2O.
The alteration zone may represent either a single episode (B-, Cs-, Li-, Rb-enriched fluid) or multiple episodes (B, Zn, Mn fluid and Cs, Li, Rb fluid) of pegmatite fluid-schist interactions. In both situations, B in the aqueous fluid from the pegmatite reacts with the schist breaking down sheet silicate “traps” for Cs, Rb, Li, and K and forming tourmaline-rich assemblages.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(84)90306-5","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Shearer, C., Papike, J.J., Simon, S., Laul, J., and Christian, R., 1984, Pegmatite/wallrock interactions, Black Hills, South Dakota: Progressive boron metasomatism adjacent to the Tip Top pegmatite: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 48, no. 12, p. 2563-2579, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(84)90306-5.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"2563","endPage":"2579","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225618,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"48","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7634e4b0c8380cd77fab","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shearer, C.K.","contributorId":53537,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shearer","given":"C.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367500,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Papike, J. J.","contributorId":18488,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Papike","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367497,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Simon, S.B.","contributorId":31533,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simon","given":"S.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367498,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Laul, J.C.","contributorId":90047,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Laul","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367501,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Christian, R.P.","contributorId":51313,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Christian","given":"R.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367499,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70014079,"text":"70014079 - 1984 - Forecasting rates of hydrocarbon discoveries in a changing economic environment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-01T15:32:32","indexId":"70014079","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2682,"text":"Marine and Petroleum Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Forecasting rates of hydrocarbon discoveries in a changing economic environment","docAbstract":"A method is presented for the estimation of undiscovered oil and gas resources in partially explored areas where economic truncation has caused some discoveries to go unreported; therefore distorting the relationship between the observed discovery size distribution and the parent or ultimate field size distribution. The method is applied to the UK's northern and central North Sea provinces. A discovery process model is developed to estimate the number and size distribution of undiscovered fields in this area as of 1983. The model is also used to forecast the rate at which fields will be discovered in the future. The appraisal and forecasts pertain to fields in size classes as small as 24 million barrels of oil equivalent (BOE). Estimated undiscovered hydrocarbon resources of 11.79 billion BOE are expected to be contained in 170 remaining fields. Over the first 500 wildcat wells after 1 January 1983, the discovery rate in this areas is expected to decline by 60% from 15 million BOE per wildcat well to six million BOE per wildcat well. ?? 1984.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Marine and Petroleum Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0264-8172(84)90133-8","issn":"02648172","usgsCitation":"Schuenemeyer, J., and Attanasi, E.D., 1984, Forecasting rates of hydrocarbon discoveries in a changing economic environment: Marine and Petroleum Geology, v. 1, no. 4, p. 313-318, https://doi.org/10.1016/0264-8172(84)90133-8.","startPage":"313","endPage":"318","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":268657,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0264-8172(84)90133-8"},{"id":225683,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"1","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1319e4b0c8380cd5450a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schuenemeyer, J.H.","contributorId":106094,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schuenemeyer","given":"J.H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367518,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Attanasi, E. D. 0000-0001-6845-7160","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6845-7160","contributorId":107672,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Attanasi","given":"E.","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367519,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70013943,"text":"70013943 - 1984 - Chemical modifications of estuarine water by a power plant using continuous chlorination","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-19T17:43:54.869521","indexId":"70013943","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Chemical modifications of estuarine water by a power plant using continuous chlorination","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Chemical Society","doi":"10.1021/es00121a011","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Helz, G., Sugam, R., and Sigleo, A., 1984, Chemical modifications of estuarine water by a power plant using continuous chlorination: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 18, no. 3, p. 192-199, https://doi.org/10.1021/es00121a011.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"192","endPage":"199","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225675,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Maryland","otherGeospatial":"Chalk Point, Patuxent River Estuary","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -76.6894216239552,\n 38.54009215508728\n ],\n [\n -76.68876775337405,\n 38.54064195044876\n ],\n [\n -76.68765617338566,\n 38.541319599414265\n ],\n [\n -76.68750905250512,\n 38.54156252862094\n ],\n [\n -76.68647920633981,\n 38.54124288475791\n ],\n [\n -76.68603784369716,\n 38.54137074247362\n ],\n [\n -76.68546570693861,\n 38.54253423724242\n ],\n [\n -76.68409257871835,\n 38.54507851735954\n ],\n [\n -76.68628304516541,\n 38.54565384460639\n ],\n [\n -76.68695326251115,\n 38.54569219959231\n ],\n [\n -76.68844081808322,\n 38.545896759173075\n ],\n [\n -76.68907834190026,\n 38.54605017847658\n ],\n [\n -76.68930719660338,\n 38.54606296340344\n ],\n [\n -76.69386794390728,\n 38.54681727008369\n ],\n [\n -76.69419487919812,\n 38.54649764957517\n ],\n [\n -76.6913178486407,\n 38.54441368903153\n ],\n [\n -76.69043512335593,\n 38.54367214249143\n ],\n [\n -76.68968317218757,\n 38.54308401393581\n ],\n [\n -76.68966682542295,\n 38.54165202864817\n ],\n [\n -76.68973221248142,\n 38.54065473633787\n ],\n [\n -76.68958509160035,\n 38.539977081108304\n ],\n [\n -76.6894216239552,\n 38.54009215508728\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"18","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f580e4b0c8380cd4c279","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Helz, G.R.","contributorId":96823,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Helz","given":"G.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367214,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sugam, R.","contributorId":107864,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sugam","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367215,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sigleo, A.C.","contributorId":20899,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sigleo","given":"A.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367213,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70180838,"text":"70180838 - 1984 - Waste water management techniques at the United States national fish hatcheries","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-03T14:26:40","indexId":"70180838","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Waste water management techniques at the United States national fish hatcheries","docAbstract":"No abstract available
","conferenceTitle":"13th annual aquaculture panel of the United States/Japan natural resources meeting","conferenceDate":"October-November 1984","conferenceLocation":"Osaka, Japan","language":"English","usgsCitation":"Fox, A., 1984, Waste water management techniques at the United States national fish hatcheries, 13th annual aquaculture panel of the United States/Japan natural resources meeting, Osaka, Japan, October-November 1984.","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":334724,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5895a4d6e4b0fa1e59bc1ef9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fox, Adam G.","contributorId":179021,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fox","given":"Adam","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":662559,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1003164,"text":"1003164 - 1984 - Effects of twenty-five compounds on four species of aquatic fungi (Saprolegniales) pathogenic to fish","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-08-09T14:42:11.396172","indexId":"1003164","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":853,"text":"Aquaculture","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of twenty-five compounds on four species of aquatic fungi (Saprolegniales) pathogenic to fish","docAbstract":"Four species of aquatic fungi (Achlya flagellata, A. racemosa, Saprolegnia hypogyna, and S. megasperma) were exposed to 25 chemicals representing seven classes of compounds for 15 and 60 min, in an effort to identify potential fungicidal agents for use in fish culture. The antifungal activity of each chemical was compared with that of malachite green, a reference compound with known fungicidal properties but not registered for fishery use. Six compounds which inhibited fungal growth on artificial media at concentrations of < 100 mg/l (listed in order of decreasing antifungal activity) were the cationics Du-ter® and copper oxychloride sulfate, the amine Lesan®, the amide BAS-389-O1F and the cationics Cuprimyxin® and Roccal® II. Certain chemicals from these classes of compounds may have promise as aquatic fungicides.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0044-8486(84)90222-9","usgsCitation":"Bailey, T.A., 1984, Effects of twenty-five compounds on four species of aquatic fungi (Saprolegniales) pathogenic to fish: Aquaculture, v. 38, no. 2, p. 97-104, https://doi.org/10.1016/0044-8486(84)90222-9.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"97","endPage":"104","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131260,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"38","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a27e4b07f02db6101b3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bailey, Tom A.","contributorId":90281,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bailey","given":"Tom","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312860,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70013946,"text":"70013946 - 1984 - Chemical equilibration of the Earth's core and upper mantle","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-19T16:17:30.433759","indexId":"70013946","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Chemical equilibration of the Earth's core and upper mantle","docAbstract":"The oxygen fugacity (fO2) of the Earth's upper mantle appears to lie somewhat above that of the iron-wüstite buffer, its fO2 is assumed to have been similar to the present value at the time of core formation. In the upper mantle, the Fe-rich liquid protocore that would form under such conditions of fO2 at elevated temperatures would lie predominantly in the system Fe-S-O. Distribution coefficients for Co, Cu, Ni, Ir, Au, Ir, W, Re, Mo, Ag and Ga between such liquids and basalt are known and minimum values are known for Ge. From these coefficients, upper mantle abundances for the above elements can be calculated by assuming cosmic abundances for the whole Earth and equilibrium between the Fe-S-O protocore and upper mantle. These calculated abundances are surprisingly close to presently known upper mantle abundances; agreements are within a factor of 5, except for Cu, W, and Mo. Therefore, siderophile element abundances in the upper mantle based on known distribution coefficients do not demand a late-stage meteoritic bombardment, and a protocore formed from the upper mantle containing S and O seems likely.
As upper mantle abundances fit a local equilibrium model, then either the upper mantle has not been mixed with the rest of the mantle since core formation, or else partition coefficients between protocore and mantle were similar for the whole mantle regardless of
I have often been asked, \"As a city manager, what is the first thing you do in an earthquake?\" I generally say, \"Look up, something heavy might be falling on you.
\nActually, the first step is to declare an emergency. The city council can ratify it later. The declaration is in your emergency preparedness plan, if you can find it. Mine was under a pile of debris; but after, I turned it up, I located an old declaration from a flood disaster and inserted the word \"earthquake\" wherever I found the word \"flood.\" The declaration is necessary to give the city some protection from liability, which unfortunately, it will need.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Marcussen, G., 1984, On the front lines in Coalinga: Earthquake Information Bulletin (USGS), v. 16, no. 5, p. 188-189.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"188","endPage":"189","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":319272,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"Coalinga","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -120.39024353027344,\n 36.1838876271496\n ],\n [\n -120.27763366699219,\n 36.18555023858626\n ],\n [\n -120.2735137939453,\n 36.103486012588014\n ],\n [\n -120.39161682128906,\n 36.10404078863735\n ],\n [\n -120.39024353027344,\n 36.1838876271496\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"16","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56f3be48e4b0f59b85e02ec5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Marcussen, G.","contributorId":167749,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Marcussen","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":623385,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70169268,"text":"70169268 - 1984 - Stalking the next Parkfield earthquake in Central California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-05T16:55:55","indexId":"70169268","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1435,"text":"Earthquake Information Bulletin (USGS)","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Stalking the next Parkfield earthquake in Central California","docAbstract":"Looking southeast from Middle Mountain toward Gold Hill, it is a subtle furrow in the grassy knolls of the Cholame Valley of California's Coast Range. To geophysicists, this 19-mile section of the San Andreas fault midway between San Francisco and Los Angeles is the most well understood, most intensely monitored fault in the world. As such, it is also the most likely place for American earthquake researchers to become earthquake predictors.
\nThe present understanding of the fault has already prompted speculations that the next moderate Parkfield earthquake will strike in early 1988, give or take a few years. Perhaps more importnat, the next rupture of the Parkfield section of the fault could get out of hand and create a much larger earthquake.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Kerr, R.A., 1984, Stalking the next Parkfield earthquake in Central California: Earthquake Information Bulletin (USGS), v. 16, no. 6, p. 215-224.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"215","endPage":"224","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":319255,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Central California","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -120.7012939453125,\n 36.19109202182454\n ],\n [\n -120.86883544921875,\n 36.10459556076901\n ],\n [\n -120.23986816406249,\n 35.52552053465409\n ],\n [\n -120.05035400390625,\n 35.6907639509368\n ],\n [\n -120.7012939453125,\n 36.19109202182454\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"16","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56f3be51e4b0f59b85e02f11","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kerr, R. A.","contributorId":152674,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kerr","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":623418,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1007723,"text":"1007723 - 1984 - Phenotypic variation of the Mexican duck (Anas platyrhynchos diazi) in Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-24T14:55:33.251302","indexId":"1007723","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1318,"text":"Condor","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Phenotypic variation of the Mexican duck (Anas platyrhynchos diazi) in Mexico","docAbstract":"A collection of 98 breeding Mexican Ducks (Anas platyrhynchos diazi) was made in Mexico from six areas between the United States border with Chihuahua and Lake Chapala, Jalisco, in order to study geographic variation. Plumage indices showed a relatively smooth clinal change from north to south; northern populations were most influenced by the Northern Mallard (A. p. platyrhynchos) phenotype. Most samples were fairly uniform; that from the Río Conchos area in northeastern Chihuahua was noticeably more variable than the others. Soft part coloration is described. Weights varied from 849 to 1,243 g in males and from 647 to 1,264 g in females. Measurements of total, wing, and culmen lengths and bill width were usually significantly larger in males at any one site, but showed no regular geographic trends. Hybridization between platyrhynchos and diazi phenotypes may or may not be increasing in the middle Rio Grande and Río Conchos valleys; available data are insufficient to decide. Introgression of the Northern Mallard genome into Mexican diazi populations may be largely historical owing to recent reductions in the number of migratory Mallards reaching Mexico. A spring 1978 aerial census yielded an estimate of 55,500 diazi-like birds in Mexico. Populations of diazi appear to be as large as the available habitat allows; management should be directed towards increasing and stabilizing the nesting habitat; and the stability of the zone of intergradation should be investigated.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.2307/1366994","usgsCitation":"Scott, N., and Reynolds, R., 1984, Phenotypic variation of the Mexican duck (Anas platyrhynchos diazi) in Mexico: Condor, v. 86, p. 266-274, https://doi.org/10.2307/1366994.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"266","endPage":"274","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":503118,"rank":2,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://digitalcommons.usf.edu/condor/vol86/iss3/7","text":"External Repository"},{"id":129804,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"86","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adee4b07f02db6873e4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Scott, N.J. Jr.","contributorId":8407,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"N.J.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":315910,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reynolds, R.P.","contributorId":104439,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reynolds","given":"R.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":315911,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1000261,"text":"1000261 - 1984 - Potential impacts of water diversion on fishery resources in the Great Lakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-13T00:45:49.238397","indexId":"1000261","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1657,"text":"Fisheries","onlineIssn":"1548-8446","printIssn":"0363-2415","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Potential impacts of water diversion on fishery resources in the Great Lakes","docAbstract":"Uses of Great Lakes water within the Great Lakes basin are steadily increasing, and critical water shortages elsewhere may add to the demands for diversions of water out of the basin in the near future. The impacts of such diversions on fish in the Great Lakes must be considered in the context of in-basin uses of the water, because in-basin uses already adversely affect the fishery resources. Temporary in-basin water withdrawals from Lake Michigan by industry in 1980 equaled 260% of the total volume of water between the shoreline and the 10-meter depth—the littoral waters most heavily used by fish as spawning and nursery grounds. Nearly 100% of the fish removed by these water withdrawals were killed. Enough young alewives (Alosa pseudoharengus) and rainbow smelt (Osmerus mordax) in Lake Michigan and young yellow perch (Perca flavescens) in western Lake Erie have been removed at water intakes in recent years to reduce the productivity and biomass of adult fish stocks. Out-of-basin diversions of water at Chicago and at the Welland Canal, channel modifications in the St. Clair River, and in-basin consumptive water withdrawals have lowered the annual mean water level of Lakes Michigan and Huron by about 27 cm and that of Lake Erie by about 10 cm, dewatering wetlands that historically served as spawning and nursery habitat for many valuable fish species. The dollar value of fish lost to water diversions and withdrawals has not yet been estimated, but water withdrawals alone have already reduced the annual economic impact of the Great Lakes fisheries, which has been estimated to be 1.16 billion dollars.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1577/1548-8446(1984)009%3C0019:PIOWDO%3E2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Manny, B.A., 1984, Potential impacts of water diversion on fishery resources in the Great Lakes: Fisheries, v. 9, no. 5, p. 19-23, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8446(1984)009%3C0019:PIOWDO%3E2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"19","endPage":"23","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133294,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, United States","otherGeospatial":"Great Lakes, Lake Erie, Lake Huron, Lake Michigan, Lake Ontario, Lake Superior","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -81.75601275916256,\n 41.41286155008791\n ],\n [\n -80.88047909299209,\n 41.730299442463746\n 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]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"9","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad4e4b07f02db6830f0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Manny, Bruce A. 0000-0002-4074-9329 bmanny@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4074-9329","contributorId":3699,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Manny","given":"Bruce","email":"bmanny@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":308308,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1000547,"text":"1000547 - 1984 - Catches of larval rainbow smelt (Osmerus mordax) and alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus) in plankton nets of different mesh sizes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-25T14:36:53","indexId":"1000547","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2330,"text":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Catches of larval rainbow smelt (Osmerus mordax) and alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus) in plankton nets of different mesh sizes","docAbstract":"Four 0.5-m plankton nets (one each of 0.355-, 0.450-, 0.560-, and 0.750-mm mesh) were used to collect larvae of the alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus) and rainbow smelt (Osmerus mordax) in northwestern Lake Huron and the St. Marys River. The number of larvae collected varied inversely with mesh size and the average length of larvae varied directly with mesh size. Numbers of each species caught in 0.355- and 0.450-mm mesh nets were significantly greater (P < 0.01) than the numbers caught in 0.560- and 0.750-mm mesh nets. Numbers of alewives caught were significantly greater (P < 0.01) in the 0.355- than in the 0.450-mm mesh, but numbers of rainbow smelt caught in the two meshes were about equal. Between the two larger-mesh nets, numbers of each species caught did not differ significantly. Nets with mesh larger than 0.355 mm were less effective at catching recently hatched larvae, and this reduced effectiveness accounted wholly for the smaller numbers caught in the 0.450-mm mesh net. Smaller numbers were caught in the 0.560- and 0.750-mm mesh nets not only because they caught fewer recently hatched larvae but also because they failed to retain older, larger larvae. Information on the effect of mesh size and towing speed on catches of larvae is important for making accurate estimates of larval densities.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/S0380-1330(84)71809-0","usgsCitation":"O’Gorman, R., 1984, Catches of larval rainbow smelt (Osmerus mordax) and alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus) in plankton nets of different mesh sizes: Journal of Great Lakes Research, v. 10, no. 1, p. 73-77, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0380-1330(84)71809-0.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"73","endPage":"77","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133304,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":268254,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0380-1330(84)71809-0"}],"volume":"10","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e2e4b07f02db5e4fcc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"O’Gorman, Robert rogorman@usgs.gov","contributorId":3451,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Gorman","given":"Robert","email":"rogorman@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":308743,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70197498,"text":"70197498 - 1984 - Paleomagnetic constraints on the interpretation of early Cenozoic Pacific Northwest paleogeography","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-06-07T15:41:27","indexId":"70197498","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5693,"text":"Pacific Section S.E.P.M.","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Paleomagnetic constraints on the interpretation of early Cenozoic Pacific Northwest paleogeography","docAbstract":"Widespread Cenozoic clockwise tectonic rotation in the Pacific Northwest is an established fact; however, the geologic reconstructions based on these rotations are the subject of continuing debate. Three basic mechanisms have been proposed to explain the rotations: (1) simple shear rotation of marginal terranes caught in the dextral shear couple between oceanic plates and North America; (2) rotation during oblique microplate collision and accretion to the continental margin; and (3) rotation of continental margin areas during episodes of intracontinental extension. In areas where detailed structure and stratigraphy are available, distributed shear rotations are amplv demonstrated paleomagnetically. However, rotation due to asymmetric interarc extension must be significant, especially for the Oregon Coast Range, in light of recent estimates of large Tertiary extension across the northern Basin and Range. The relative importance of shear versus extension is difficult to determine, but shear could account for nearly onehalf of the observed rotations. Oblique microplate collision has not contributed significantly to the observed Cenozoic rotations because most of the rotation post-dates collision-related deformation in the Oregon and Washington. Coast Range. The resultant continental reconstructions suggest that about 300 km of extension has occurred at 42°N. latitude (southern Oregon border) since early Eocene time. This reconstruction suggests that Cretaceous sedimentary basins east of the Klamath Mountains have undergone significant Tertiary extension (about f<0%) , but little rotation. Upper Cretaceous sedimentary rocks in the Blue Mountains of Oregon near Mitchell are probably rotated at least 15° and perhaps as much as 60°, which allows considerable latitude in the restoration of that part of the basin.
","largerWorkTitle":"Geology of Upper Cretaceous Hornbrook Formation, Oregon and California","language":"English","publisher":"Society for the Sedimentary Geology","usgsCitation":"Wells, R., 1984, Paleomagnetic constraints on the interpretation of early Cenozoic Pacific Northwest paleogeography: Pacific Section S.E.P.M., v. 42, p. 231-237.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"231","endPage":"237","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":354831,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":354830,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://archives.datapages.com/data/pac_sepm/058/058001/pdfs/231.htm"}],"volume":"42","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wells, Ray E. 0000-0002-7796-0160 rwells@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7796-0160","contributorId":2692,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wells","given":"Ray E.","email":"rwells@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":737462,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70168849,"text":"70168849 - 1984 - Earthquakes; September-October 1983","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-03-24T15:47:01","indexId":"70168849","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1435,"text":"Earthquake Information Bulletin (USGS)","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Earthquakes; September-October 1983","docAbstract":"Two major earthquakes (magntidue 7.0-7.9) occurred during the month of October. The first was on October 4 in northern Chile. the second occurred in the United States in the State of Idaho on October 28. This was the first major earthquake in the conterminous United States since a magnitude 7.2 event occurred near the coast of northern California on November 8, 1980, and was the first earthquake to cause fatalities in the conterminous United States since February 9, 1971. The most deadly earthquake occurred in eastern Turkey on October 30.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Person, W., 1984, Earthquakes; September-October 1983: Earthquake Information Bulletin (USGS), v. 16, no. 3, p. 148-151.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"148","endPage":"151","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":318596,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"16","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56dabfd8e4b015c306f84c77","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Person, W. J.","contributorId":91472,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Person","given":"W. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":621979,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":26912,"text":"wri834102 - 1984 - The quality of ground water in the principal aquifers of northeastern-north central Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-14T21:17:12.546657","indexId":"wri834102","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"83-4102","title":"The quality of ground water in the principal aquifers of northeastern-north central Washington","docAbstract":"In 1979 the quality of ground water in major aquifers in northeastern-north central Washington State was assessed in terms of inorganic-chemical, trace-metal, and fecal-coliform concentrations. For the Spokane Valley aquifer some organic-chemical data were also included. Results of this assessment indicate that the ground water in the region is generally suitable for most uses.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri834102","usgsCitation":"Ebbert, J., 1984, The quality of ground water in the principal aquifers of northeastern-north central Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 83-4102, viii, 112 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri834102.","productDescription":"viii, 112 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":410500,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_35726.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":55789,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1983/4102/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":157576,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1983/4102/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -117.028,\n 49\n ],\n [\n -121.158,\n 49\n ],\n [\n -121.158,\n 47.267\n ],\n [\n -117.028,\n 47.267\n ],\n [\n -117.028,\n 49\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a27e4b07f02db60ffb2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ebbert, J.C.","contributorId":57451,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ebbert","given":"J.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197233,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70195043,"text":"70195043 - 1984 - Relationship of fluviodeltaic facies to coal deposition in the lower Fort Union formation (Palaeocene), south-western North Dakota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-05T16:56:06","indexId":"70195043","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5617,"text":"Special Publication of the International Association of Sedimentologists","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":24}},"seriesNumber":"7","chapter":"10","title":"Relationship of fluviodeltaic facies to coal deposition in the lower Fort Union formation (Palaeocene), south-western North Dakota","docAbstract":"Facies analysis of the Ludlow and Tongue River Members of the Palaeocene Fort Union Formation provides an understanding of the relationship between fluviodeltaic environments and associated coal deposition in the south-western Williston Basin. The Ludlow Member consists of high-constructive delta facies that interfinger with brackish-water tongues of the Cannonball Member of the Fort Union Formation. The lower part of the Ludlow Member was deposited on a lower delta plain that consisted of interdistributary crevasse and subdelta lobes. The upper part of the Ludlow Member was deposited in meander belts of the upper delta plain. The delta plain facies of the Ludlow Member is overlain by alluvial plain facies consisting of swamp, crevasse-lobe, lacustrine, and trunk meander belt deposits of the Tongue River Member. The Ludlow delta is believed to have been fed by fluvial systems that probably flowed from the Powder River Basin to the Williston Basin undeterred by the Cedar Creek Anticline. However, the evidence indicates that the Cedar Creek Anticline was prominent enough, during early Tongue River Member deposition, to cause the obstruction of the regional fluvial system flowing from the SW, and the formation of local drainage.
The Ludlow Member contains 18 coal beds in the area studied, of which the T-Cross and Yule coals are as thick as 4 m (12 ft). Abandoned delta lobes served as platforms where coals formed, which in turn, were drowned by mainly fresh water and subordinate brackish water. Repetition of deltaic sedimentation, abandonment, and occupation by swamp led to preservation of the T-Cross and Oyster coals in areas as extensive as 260 km2 (< 100 miles2).