The response of the terrestrial water cycle to global warming is central to issues including water resources, agriculture and ecosystem health. Recent studies indicate that aridity, defined in terms of atmospheric supply (precipitation, P) and demand (potential evapotranspiration, Ep) of water at the land surface, will increase globally in a warmer world. Recently proposed mechanisms for this response emphasize the driving role of oceanic warming and associated atmospheric processes. Here we show that the aridity response is substantially amplified by land–atmosphere feedbacks associated with the land surface’s response to climate and CO2 change. Using simulations from the Global Land Atmosphere Coupling Experiment (GLACE)-CMIP5 experiment, we show that global aridity is enhanced by the feedbacks of projected soil moisture decrease on land surface temperature, relative humidity and precipitation. The physiological impact of increasing atmospheric CO2 on vegetation exerts a qualitatively similar control on aridity. We reconcile these findings with previously proposed mechanisms by showing that the moist enthalpy change over land is unaffected by the land hydrological response. Thus, although oceanic warming constrains the combined moisture and temperature changes over land, land hydrology modulates the partitioning of this enthalpy increase towards increased aridity.
Background
Contemporary climate change is affecting nearly all biomes, causing shifts in animal distributions, phenology, and persistence. Favorable microclimates may buffer organisms against rapid changes in climate, thereby allowing time for populations to adapt. The degree to which microclimates facilitate the local persistence of climate-sensitive species, however, is largely an open question. We addressed the importance of microrefuges in mammalian thermal specialists, using the American pika (Ochotona princeps) as a model organism. Pikas are sensitive to ambient temperatures, and are active year-round in the alpine where conditions are highly variable. We tested four hypotheses about the relationship between microrefuges and pika occurrence: 1) Local-habitat Hypothesis (local-habitat conditions are paramount, regardless of microrefuge); 2) Surface-temperature Hypothesis (surrounding temperatures, unmoderated by microrefuge, best predict occurrence); 3) Interstitial-temperature Hypothesis (temperatures within microrefuges best predict occurrence), and 4) Microrefuge Hypothesis (the degree to which microrefuges moderate the surrounding temperature facilitates occurrence, regardless of other habitat characteristics). We examined pika occurrence at 146 sites across an elevational gradient. We quantified pika presence, physiographic habitat characteristics and forage availability at each site, and deployed paired temperature loggers at a subset of sites to measure surface and subterranean temperatures.
Results
We found strong support for the Microrefuge Hypothesis. Pikas were more likely to occur at sites where the subsurface environment substantially moderated surface temperatures, especially during the warm season. Microrefugium was the strongest predictor of pika occurrence, independent of other critical habitat characteristics, such as forage availability.
Conclusions
By modulating surface temperatures, microrefuges may strongly influence where temperature-limited animals persist in rapidly warming environments. As climate change continues to manifest, efforts to understand the changing dynamics of animal-habitat relationships will be enhanced by considering the quality of microrefuges.
Wildfire, a dominant disturbance in boreal forests, is highly variable in occurrence and behavior at multiple spatiotemporal scales. New data sets provide more detailed spatial and temporal observations of active fires and the post-burn environment in Alaska. In this study, we employ some of these new data to analyze variations in fire activity by developing three explanatory models to examine the occurrence of (1) seasonal periods of elevated fire activity using the number of MODIS active fire detections data set (MCD14DL) within an 11-day moving window, (2) unburned patches within a burned area using the Monitoring Trends in Burn Severity fire severity product, and (3) short-to-moderate interval (<60 yr) fires using areas of burned area overlap in the Alaska Large Fire Database. Explanatory variables for these three models included dynamic variables that can change over the course of the fire season, such as weather and burn date, as well as static variables that remain constant over a fire season, such as topography, drainage, vegetation cover, and fire history. We found that seasonal periods of high fire activity are associated with both seasonal timing and aggregated weather conditions, as well as the landscape composition of areas that are burning. Important static inputs to the model of seasonal fire activity indicate that when fire weather conditions are suitable, areas that typically resist fire (e.g., deciduous stands) may become more vulnerable to burning and therefore less effective as fire breaks. The occurrence of short-to-moderate interval fires appears to be primarily driven by weather conditions, as these were the only relevant explanatory variables in the model. The unique importance of weather in explaining short-to-moderate interval fires implies that fire return intervals (FRIs) will be sensitive to projected climate changes in the region. Unburned patches occur most often in younger stands, which may be related to a greater deciduous fraction of vegetation as well as lower fuel loads compared with mature stands. The fraction of unburned patches may therefore increase in response to decreasing FRIs and increased deciduousness in the region, or these may decrease if fire weather conditions become more severe.
","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.1002/ecs2.1572","usgsCitation":"Barrett, K., Loboda, T., McGuire, A.D., Genet, H., Hoy, E., and Kasischke, E., 2016, Static and dynamic controls on fire activity at moderate spatial and temporal scales in the Alaskan boreal forest: Ecosphere, v. 7, no. 11, p. 1-21, https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.1572.","productDescription":"e01572; 21 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"21","ipdsId":"IP-071622","costCenters":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":482070,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.1572","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":348461,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","volume":"7","issue":"11","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":12,"text":"Tacoma PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2016-11-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a0425bee4b0dc0b45b453e2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barrett, Kirsten","contributorId":26600,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barrett","given":"Kirsten","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":721265,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Loboda, Tatiana","contributorId":172797,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Loboda","given":"Tatiana","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":721266,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McGuire, A. David 0000-0003-4646-0750 ffadm@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4646-0750","contributorId":166708,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGuire","given":"A.","email":"ffadm@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"David","affiliations":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":716781,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Genet, Hélène","contributorId":195179,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Genet","given":"Hélène","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":721267,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hoy, Elizabeth","contributorId":200169,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hoy","given":"Elizabeth","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":721268,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Kasischke, Eric","contributorId":91980,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kasischke","given":"Eric","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":721269,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70185051,"text":"70185051 - 2016 - Estimation of time-variable fast flow path chemical concentrations for application in tracer-based hydrograph separation analyses","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-13T16:21:41","indexId":"70185051","displayToPublicDate":"2016-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimation of time-variable fast flow path chemical concentrations for application in tracer-based hydrograph separation analyses","docAbstract":"Mixing models are a commonly used method for hydrograph separation, but can be hindered by the subjective choice of the end-member tracer concentrations. This work tests a new variant of mixing model that uses high-frequency measures of two tracers and streamflow to separate total streamflow into water from slowflow and fastflow sources. The ratio between the concentrations of the two tracers is used to create a time-variable estimate of the concentration of each tracer in the fastflow end-member. Multiple synthetic data sets, and data from two hydrologically diverse streams, are used to test the performance and limitations of the new model (two-tracer ratio-based mixing model: TRaMM). When applied to the synthetic streams under many different scenarios, the TRaMM produces results that were reasonable approximations of the actual values of fastflow discharge (±0.1% of maximum fastflow) and fastflow tracer concentrations (±9.5% and ±16% of maximum fastflow nitrate concentration and specific conductance, respectively). With real stream data, the TRaMM produces high-frequency estimates of slowflow and fastflow discharge that align with expectations for each stream based on their respective hydrologic settings. The use of two tracers with the TRaMM provides an innovative and objective approach for estimating high-frequency fastflow concentrations and contributions of fastflow water to the stream. This provides useful information for tracking chemical movement to streams and allows for better selection and implementation of water quality management strategies.
","language":"English","publisher":"AGU Publications","doi":"10.1002/2016WR018797","usgsCitation":"Kronholm, S.C., and Capel, P.D., 2016, Estimation of time-variable fast flow path chemical concentrations for application in tracer-based hydrograph separation analyses: Water Resources Research, v. 52, no. 9, p. 6881-6896, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016WR018797.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"6881","endPage":"6896","ipdsId":"IP-075597","costCenters":[{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":470473,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/2016wr018797","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":438519,"rank":0,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/F71R6NMQ","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Real and synthetic data used to test the Two-tracer Ratio-based Mixing Model (TRaMM)"},{"id":337470,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"52","issue":"9","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2016-09-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58c7af9ee4b0849ce9795e8e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kronholm, Scott C.","contributorId":184190,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kronholm","given":"Scott","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":12644,"text":"University of Minnesota, St. Paul","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":684079,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Capel, Paul D. 0000-0003-1620-5185 capel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1620-5185","contributorId":1002,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Capel","given":"Paul","email":"capel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37778,"text":"WMA - Integrated Modeling and Prediction Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":684078,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70192859,"text":"70192859 - 2016 - Hanson Russian River Ponds floodplain restoration: Feasibility study and conceptual design; Appendix G: Physical evaluation of the restoration alternatives","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-14T13:17:54","indexId":"70192859","displayToPublicDate":"2016-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Hanson Russian River Ponds floodplain restoration: Feasibility study and conceptual design; Appendix G: Physical evaluation of the restoration alternatives","docAbstract":"Appendix G: Hanson Russian River Ponds Floodplain Restoration: Feasibility Study and Conceptual Design |G-1Appendix GPhysical Evaluation of the Restoration AlternativesRichard McDonald and Jonathan Nelson, PhDU.S. Geological Survey Geomorphology and Sediment Transport Laboratory, Golden, ColoradoIntroductionTo assess the relative and overall impacts of the scenarios proposed in Chapters 7 and 9,(Stage I-A–I-D and Stage II-A –II-E), each of the topographic configurations were evaluated over a range of flows. Thisevaluation was carried out using computational flow modeling tools available in the iRIC public-domain river modeling interface (www.i-ric.org, Nelsonet al.in press). Using the iRIC modeling tools described in more detail below, basic hydraulic computations of water-surface elevation, velocity, shear stress, and other hydraulic variables were carried out for the alternatives in the reach surrounding the project area, from the confluence of Dry Creek upstream to the Wohler road bridge downstream, for the full range of observed flows. This methodology allows comparison of the current channel configuration with the proposed alternatives in terms of inundation period and frequency, depth, water velocity, and other hydraulic information. By integrating this kind of information over the reach of interest and the flow record, critical metrics assessing the impacts of various topographic modifications can be compared to those same metrics for the existing condition or other modification scenarios. In addition, because the iRIC tools include predictions of sediment mobility, suspension of fines, and the potential evolution of the land surface in response to flow, these methods provide evaluation of sediment transport, stability of current and proposed surfaces, and evaluation of how these surfaces might evolve into the future. This hydraulic and sediment transport information is critically important for understanding theimpacts of various proposed alternatives on the physical system; perhaps even more importantly given the objectives of the proposed restoration, this information can be related to biological impacts, as is discussed in subsequent chapters of this document.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Hanson Russian River Ponds floodplain restoration: Feasibility study and conceptual design","language":"English","publisher":"California Coastal Commision","usgsCitation":"McDonald, R.R., and Nelson, J.M., 2016, Hanson Russian River Ponds floodplain restoration: Feasibility study and conceptual design; Appendix G: Physical evaluation of the restoration alternatives, chap. of Hanson Russian River Ponds floodplain restoration: Feasibility study and conceptual design, 103 p.","productDescription":"103 p.","ipdsId":"IP-067536","costCenters":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":351609,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5afee952e4b0da30c1bfc54c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McDonald, Richard R. 0000-0002-0703-0638 rmcd@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0703-0638","contributorId":2428,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McDonald","given":"Richard","email":"rmcd@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":37778,"text":"WMA - Integrated Modeling and Prediction Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":717230,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nelson, Jonathan M. 0000-0002-7632-8526 jmn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7632-8526","contributorId":2812,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"Jonathan","email":"jmn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":37778,"text":"WMA - Integrated Modeling and Prediction Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":717231,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70179629,"text":"70179629 - 2016 - Effect of land cover change on snow free surface albedo across the continental United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-07T14:28:00","indexId":"70179629","displayToPublicDate":"2016-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1844,"text":"Global and Planetary Change","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effect of land cover change on snow free surface albedo across the continental United States","docAbstract":"
Land cover changes (e.g., forest to grassland) affect albedo, and changes in albedo can influence radiative forcing (warming, cooling). We empirically tested albedo response to land cover change for 130 locations across the continental United States using high resolution (30 m-×-30 m) land cover change data and moderate resolution (~ 500 m-×-500 m) albedo data. The land cover change data spanned 10 years (2001 − 2011) and the albedo data included observations every eight days for 13 years (2001 − 2013). Empirical testing was based on autoregressive time series analysis of snow free albedo for verified locations of land cover change. Approximately one-third of the autoregressive analyses for woody to herbaceous or forest to shrub change classes were not significant, indicating that albedo did not change significantly as a result of land cover change at these locations. In addition, ~ 80% of mean differences in albedo arising from land cover change were less than ± 0.02, a nominal benchmark for precision of albedo measurements that is related to significant changes in radiative forcing. Under snow free conditions, we found that land cover change does not guarantee a significant albedo response, and that the differences in mean albedo response for the majority of land cover change locations were small.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.gloplacha.2016.09.005","usgsCitation":"Wickham, J., Nash, M., and Barnes, C., 2016, Effect of land cover change on snow free surface albedo across the continental United States: Global and Planetary Change, v. 146, p. 1-9, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2016.09.005.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"9","ipdsId":"IP-072381","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":333016,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","volume":"146","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":4,"text":"Rolla PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58760116e4b04eac8e0746df","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wickham, J.","contributorId":102230,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wickham","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":657954,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nash, M.S.","contributorId":43946,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nash","given":"M.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":657955,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Barnes, Christopher A. 0000-0002-4608-4364 christopher.barnes.ctr@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4608-4364","contributorId":178108,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barnes","given":"Christopher A.","email":"christopher.barnes.ctr@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":657953,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70179744,"text":"70179744 - 2016 - Evaluation of gas production potential from gas hydrate deposits in National Petroleum Reserve Alaska using numerical simulations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-17T10:26:02","indexId":"70179744","displayToPublicDate":"2016-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5264,"text":"Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evaluation of gas production potential from gas hydrate deposits in National Petroleum Reserve Alaska using numerical simulations","docAbstract":"An evaluation of the gas production potential of Sunlight Peak gas hydrate accumulation in the eastern portion of the National Petroleum Reserve Alaska (NPRA) of Alaska North Slope (ANS) is conducted using numerical simulations, as part of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) gas hydrate Life Cycle Assessment program. A field scale reservoir model for Sunlight Peak is developed using Advanced Processes & Thermal Reservoir Simulator (STARS) that approximates the production design and response of this gas hydrate field. The reservoir characterization is based on available structural maps and the seismic-derived hydrate saturation map of the study region. A 3D reservoir model, with heterogeneous distribution of the reservoir properties (such as porosity, permeability and vertical hydrate saturation), is developed by correlating the data from the Mount Elbert well logs. Production simulations showed that the Sunlight Peak prospect has the potential of producing 1.53 × 109 ST m3 of gas in 30 years by depressurization with a peak production rate of around 19.4 × 104 ST m3/day through a single horizontal well. To determine the effect of uncertainty in reservoir properties on the gas production, an uncertainty analysis is carried out. It is observed that for the range of data considered, the overall cumulative production from the Sunlight Peak will always be within the range of ±4.6% error from the overall mean value of 1.43 × 109 ST m3. A sensitivity analysis study showed that the proximity of the reservoir from the base of permafrost and the base of hydrate stability zone (BHSZ) has significant effect on gas production rates. The gas production rates decrease with the increase in the depth of the permafrost and the depth of BHSZ. From the overall analysis of the results it is concluded that Sunlight Peak gas hydrate accumulation behaves differently than other Class III reservoirs (Class III reservoirs are composed of a single layer of hydrate with no underlying zone of mobile fluids) due to its smaller thickness and high angle of dip.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.jngse.2016.11.021","usgsCitation":"Nandanwar, M.S., Anderson, B.J., Ajayi, T., Collett, T.S., and Zyrianova, M.V., 2016, Evaluation of gas production potential from gas hydrate deposits in National Petroleum Reserve Alaska using numerical simulations: Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering, v. 36, no. A, p. 760-772, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jngse.2016.11.021.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"760","endPage":"772","ipdsId":"IP-079065","costCenters":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":333231,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -154.86328125,\n 69.38804929116819\n ],\n [\n -154.86328125,\n 70.90226826757711\n ],\n [\n -151.402587890625,\n 70.90226826757711\n ],\n [\n -151.402587890625,\n 69.38804929116819\n ],\n [\n -154.86328125,\n 69.38804929116819\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"36","issue":"A","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"587f3c31e4b0d96de2564547","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nandanwar, Manish S.","contributorId":178323,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Nandanwar","given":"Manish","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":658498,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Anderson, Brian J.","contributorId":147120,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Anderson","given":"Brian","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":12432,"text":"West Virginia University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":658499,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ajayi, Taiwo","contributorId":178324,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ajayi","given":"Taiwo","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":658500,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Collett, Timothy S. 0000-0002-7598-4708 tcollett@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7598-4708","contributorId":1698,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Collett","given":"Timothy","email":"tcollett@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":255,"text":"Energy Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":658501,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Zyrianova, Margarita V. 0000-0002-3669-1320 rita@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3669-1320","contributorId":1203,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zyrianova","given":"Margarita","email":"rita@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":658497,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70184430,"text":"70184430 - 2016 - Scale-dependent seasonal pool habitat use by sympatric Wild Brook Trout and Brown Trout populations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-09T11:56:05","indexId":"70184430","displayToPublicDate":"2016-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Scale-dependent seasonal pool habitat use by sympatric Wild Brook Trout and Brown Trout populations","docAbstract":"Sympatric populations of native Brook Trout Salvelinus fontinalis and naturalized Brown Trout Salmo truttaexist throughout the eastern USA. An understanding of habitat use by sympatric populations is of importance for fisheries management agencies because of the close association between habitat and population dynamics. Moreover, habitat use by stream-dwelling salmonids may be further complicated by several factors, including the potential for fish to display scale-dependent habitat use. Discrete-choice models were used to (1) evaluate fall and early winter daytime habitat use by sympatric Brook Trout and Brown Trout populations based on available residual pool habitat within a stream network and (2) assess the sensitivity of inferred habitat use to changes in the spatial scale of the assumed available habitat. Trout exhibited an overall preference for pool habitats over nonpool habitats; however, the use of pools was nonlinear over time. Brook Trout displayed a greater preference for deep residual pool habitats than for shallow pool and nonpool habitats, whereas Brown Trout selected for all pool habitat categories similarly. Habitat use by both species was found to be scale dependent. At the smallest spatial scale (50 m), habitat use was primarily related to the time of year and fish weight. However, at larger spatial scales (250 and 450 m), habitat use varied over time according to the study stream in which a fish was located. Scale-dependent relationships in seasonal habitat use by Brook Trout and Brown Trout highlight the importance of considering scale when attempting to make inferences about habitat use; fisheries managers may want to consider identifying the appropriate spatial scale when devising actions to restore and protect Brook Trout populations and their habitats.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/00028487.2016.1167777","usgsCitation":"Davis, L.A., and Wagner, T., 2016, Scale-dependent seasonal pool habitat use by sympatric Wild Brook Trout and Brown Trout populations: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 145, p. 888-902, https://doi.org/10.1080/00028487.2016.1167777.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"888","endPage":"902","ipdsId":"IP-071257","costCenters":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337175,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Pennsylvania","otherGeospatial":"Hunts Run Watershed ","volume":"145","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2016-06-29","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58c277d8e4b014cc3a3e76b3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Davis, Lori A.","contributorId":187762,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Davis","given":"Lori","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":6661,"text":"US Fish and Wildlife Service","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":681596,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wagner, Tyler 0000-0003-1726-016X twagner@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1726-016X","contributorId":1050,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wagner","given":"Tyler","email":"twagner@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":681459,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70178631,"text":"70178631 - 2016 - Direct photolysis rates and transformation pathways of the lampricides TFM and niclosamide in simulated sunlight","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-07-12T16:12:02","indexId":"70178631","displayToPublicDate":"2016-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Direct photolysis rates and transformation pathways of the lampricides TFM and niclosamide in simulated sunlight","docAbstract":"The lampricides 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol (TFM) and 2′,5-dichloro-4′-nitrosalicylanilide (niclosamide) are directly added to many tributaries of the Great Lakes that harbor the invasive parasitic sea lamprey. Despite their long history of use, the fate of lampricides is not well understood. This study evaluates the rate and pathway of direct photodegradation of both lampricides under simulated sunlight. The estimated half-lives of TFM range from 16.6 ± 0.2 h (pH 9) to 32.9 ± 1.0 h (pH 6), while the half-lives of niclosamide range from 8.88 ± 0.52 days (pH 6) to 382 ± 83 days (pH 9) assuming continuous irradiation over a water depth of 55 cm. Both compounds degrade to form a series of aromatic intermediates, simple organic acids, ring cleavage products, and inorganic ions. Experimental data were used to construct a kinetic model which demonstrates that the aromatic products of TFM undergo rapid photolysis and emphasizes that niclosamide degradation is the rate-limiting step to dehalogenation and mineralization of the lampricide. This study demonstrates that TFM photodegradation is likely to occur on the time scale of lampricide applications (2–5 days), while niclosamide, the less selective lampricide, will undergo minimal direct photodegradation during its passage to the Great Lakes.
","language":"English","publisher":"ACS Publications","doi":"10.1021/acs.est.6b02607","usgsCitation":"McConville, M.B., Hubert, T.D., and Remucal, C.K., 2016, Direct photolysis rates and transformation pathways of the lampricides TFM and niclosamide in simulated sunlight: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 50, no. 18, p. 9998-10006, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6b02607.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"9998","endPage":"10006","ipdsId":"IP-076266","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":331398,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"50","issue":"18","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2016-08-26","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"584144dee4b04fc80e507398","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McConville, Megan B.","contributorId":177099,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McConville","given":"Megan","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":654640,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hubert, Terrance D. 0000-0001-9712-1738 thubert@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9712-1738","contributorId":3036,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hubert","given":"Terrance","email":"thubert@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":654641,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Remucal, Christina K.","contributorId":177100,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Remucal","given":"Christina","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":654642,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70182778,"text":"70182778 - 2016 - Spatial prediction of wheat Septoria leaf blotch (Septoria tritici) disease severity in central Ethiopia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-31T16:05:26","indexId":"70182778","displayToPublicDate":"2016-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1457,"text":"Ecological Informatics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Spatial prediction of wheat Septoria leaf blotch (Septoria tritici) disease severity in central Ethiopia","docAbstract":"A number of studies have reported the presence of wheat septoria leaf blotch (Septoria tritici; SLB) disease in Ethiopia. However, the environmental factors associated with SLB disease, and areas under risk of SLB disease, have not been studied. Here, we tested the hypothesis that environmental variables can adequately explain observed SLB disease severity levels in West Shewa, Central Ethiopia. Specifically, we identified 50 environmental variables and assessed their relationships with SLB disease severity. Geographically referenced disease severity data were obtained from the field, and linear regression and Boosted Regression Trees (BRT) modeling approaches were used for developing spatial models. Moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) derived vegetation indices and land surface temperature (LST) variables highly influenced SLB model predictions. Soil and topographic variables did not sufficiently explain observed SLB disease severity variation in this study. Our results show that wheat growing areas in Central Ethiopia, including highly productive districts, are at risk of SLB disease. The study demonstrates the integration of field data with modeling approaches such as BRT for predicting the spatial patterns of severity of a pathogenic wheat disease in Central Ethiopia. Our results can aid Ethiopia's wheat disease monitoring efforts, while our methods can be replicated for testing related hypotheses elsewhere.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier ","doi":"10.1016/j.ecoinf.2016.09.003","usgsCitation":"Wakie, T., Kumar, S., Senay, G., Takele, A., and Lencho, A., 2016, Spatial prediction of wheat Septoria leaf blotch (Septoria tritici) disease severity in central Ethiopia: Ecological Informatics, v. 36, p. 15-30, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoinf.2016.09.003.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"15","endPage":"30","ipdsId":"IP-079364","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":462043,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoinf.2016.09.003","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":336745,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"36","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":4,"text":"Rolla PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58b7eba5e4b01ccd5500baf5","chorus":{"doi":"10.1016/j.ecoinf.2016.09.003","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoinf.2016.09.003","publisher":"Elsevier BV","authors":"Wakie Tewodros T., Kumar Sunil, Senay Gabriel B., Takele Abera, Lencho Alemu","journalName":"Ecological Informatics","publicationDate":"11/2016"},"contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wakie, Tewodros","contributorId":138730,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wakie","given":"Tewodros","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6737,"text":"Colorado State University, Department of Ecosystem Science and Sustainability, and Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":680410,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kumar, Sunil","contributorId":84992,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kumar","given":"Sunil","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":680411,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Senay, Gabriel B. 0000-0002-8810-8539 senay@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8810-8539","contributorId":166812,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Senay","given":"Gabriel","email":"senay@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":673717,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Takele, Abera","contributorId":187439,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Takele","given":"Abera","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":680412,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Lencho, Alemu","contributorId":187440,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lencho","given":"Alemu","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":680413,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70179079,"text":"70179079 - 2016 - Do rivermouths alter nutrient and seston delivery to the nearshore?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-15T14:11:03","indexId":"70179079","displayToPublicDate":"2016-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1696,"text":"Freshwater Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Do rivermouths alter nutrient and seston delivery to the nearshore?","docAbstract":"The occurrence of pesticide mixtures is common in stream waters of the United States, and the impact of multiple compounds on aquatic organisms is not well understood. Watershed Regressions for Pesticides (WARP) models were developed to predict Pesticide Toxicity Index (PTI) values in unmonitored streams in the Midwest and are referred to as WARP-PTI models. The PTI is a tool for assessing the relative toxicity of pesticide mixtures to fish, benthic invertebrates, and cladocera in stream water. One hundred stream sites in the Midwest were sampled weekly in May through August 2013, and the highest calculated PTI for each site was used as the WARP-PTI model response variable. Watershed characteristics that represent pesticide sources and transport were used as the WARP-PTI model explanatory variables. Three WARP-PTI models—fish, benthic invertebrates, and cladocera—were developed that include watershed characteristics describing toxicity-weighted agricultural use intensity, land use, agricultural management practices, soil properties, precipitation, and hydrologic properties. The models explained between 41 and 48% of the variability in the measured PTI values. WARP-PTI model evaluation with independent data showed reasonable performance with no clear bias. The models were applied to streams in the Midwest to demonstrate extrapolation for a regional assessment to indicate vulnerable streams and to guide more intensive monitoring.
","language":"English","publisher":"ACSESS","doi":"10.2134/jeq2015.12.0624","usgsCitation":"Shoda, M.E., Stone, W.W., and Nowell, L.H., 2016, Prediction of pesticide toxicity in Midwest streams: Journal of Environmental Quality, v. 45, no. 6, p. 1856-1864, https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2015.12.0624.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"1856","endPage":"1864","ipdsId":"IP-064521","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":346,"text":"Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":470462,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2015.12.0624","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":330980,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Midwest","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -98.41552734375,\n 36.65079252503471\n ],\n [\n -98.41552734375,\n 45.336701909968134\n ],\n [\n -81.71630859375,\n 45.336701909968134\n ],\n [\n -81.71630859375,\n 36.65079252503471\n ],\n [\n -98.41552734375,\n 36.65079252503471\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"45","issue":"6","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":6,"text":"Columbus PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"582adb45e4b0c253bdfff0af","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shoda, Megan E. 0000-0002-5343-9717 meshoda@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5343-9717","contributorId":4352,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shoda","given":"Megan","email":"meshoda@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":27231,"text":"Indiana-Kentucky Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":346,"text":"Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":35860,"text":"Ohio-Kentucky-Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":653653,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stone, Wesley W. 0000-0003-0239-2063 wwstone@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0239-2063","contributorId":1496,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stone","given":"Wesley","email":"wwstone@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":346,"text":"Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":27231,"text":"Indiana-Kentucky Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":653652,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nowell, Lisa H. 0000-0001-5417-7264 lhnowell@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5417-7264","contributorId":490,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nowell","given":"Lisa","email":"lhnowell@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":653654,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70194308,"text":"70194308 - 2016 - Mid-21st-century climate changes increase predicted fire occurrence and fire season length, Northern Rocky Mountains, United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-22T11:48:40","indexId":"70194308","displayToPublicDate":"2016-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1475,"text":"Ecosphere","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mid-21st-century climate changes increase predicted fire occurrence and fire season length, Northern Rocky Mountains, United States","docAbstract":"Climate changes are expected to increase fire frequency, fire season length, and cumulative area burned in the western United States. We focus on the potential impact of mid-21st-century climate changes on annual burn probability, fire season length, and large fire characteristics including number and size for a study area in the Northern Rocky Mountains. Although large fires are rare they account for most of the area burned in western North America, burn under extreme weather conditions, and exhibit behaviors that preclude methods of direct control. Allocation of resources, development of management plans, and assessment of fire effects on ecosystems all require an understanding of when and where fires are likely to burn, particularly under altered climate regimes that may increase large fire occurrence. We used the large fire simulation model FSim to model ignition, growth, and containment of wildfires under two climate scenarios: contemporary (based on instrumental weather) and mid-century (based on an ensemble average of global climate models driven by the A1B SRES emissions scenario). Modeled changes in fire patterns include increased annual burn probability, particularly in areas of the study region with relatively short contemporary fire return intervals; increased individual fire size and annual area burned; and fewer years without large fires. High fire danger days, represented by threshold values of Energy Release Component (ERC), are projected to increase in number, especially in spring and fall, lengthening the climatic fire season. For fire managers, ERC is an indicator of fire intensity potential and fire economics, with higher ERC thresholds often associated with larger, more expensive fires. Longer periods of elevated ERC may significantly increase the cost and complexity of fire management activities, requiring new strategies to maintain desired ecological conditions and limit fire risk. Increased fire activity (within the historical range of frequency and severity, and depending on the extent to which ecosystems are adapted) may maintain or restore ecosystem functionality; however, in areas that are highly departed from historical fire regimes or where there is disequilibrium between climate and vegetation, ecosystems may be rapidly and persistently altered by wildfires, especially those that burn under extreme conditions.
","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.1002/ecs2.1543","usgsCitation":"Riley, K.L., and Loehman, R.A., 2016, Mid-21st-century climate changes increase predicted fire occurrence and fire season length, Northern Rocky Mountains, United States: Ecosphere, v. 7, no. 11, e01543; 19 p., https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.1543.","productDescription":"e01543; 19 p.","ipdsId":"IP-076686","costCenters":[{"id":118,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geography","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":470467,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.1543","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":349271,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","otherGeospatial":"Idaho Panhandle National Forest, Nez Perce-Clearwater National Forest","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -117.04833984375001,\n 45.058001435398275\n ],\n [\n -113.66455078125,\n 45.058001435398275\n ],\n [\n -113.66455078125,\n 48.980216985374994\n ],\n [\n -117.04833984375001,\n 48.980216985374994\n ],\n [\n -117.04833984375001,\n 45.058001435398275\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"7","issue":"11","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":12,"text":"Tacoma PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2016-11-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a60fc9ce4b06e28e9c24048","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Riley, Karin L.","contributorId":169453,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Riley","given":"Karin","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":25512,"text":"US Forest Service Fire Science Lab","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":723212,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Loehman, Rachel A. 0000-0001-7680-1865 rloehman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7680-1865","contributorId":187605,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Loehman","given":"Rachel","email":"rloehman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":118,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geography","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":723211,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70194545,"text":"70194545 - 2016 - A glacier runoff extension to the Precipitation Runoff Modeling System","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-05T11:00:44","indexId":"70194545","displayToPublicDate":"2016-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2318,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research F: Earth Surface","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A glacier runoff extension to the Precipitation Runoff Modeling System","docAbstract":"A module to simulate glacier runoff, PRMSglacier, was added to PRMS (Precipitation Runoff Modeling System), a distributed-parameter, physical-process hydrological simulation code. The extension does not require extensive on-glacier measurements or computational expense but still relies on physical principles over empirical relations as much as is feasible while maintaining model usability. PRMSglacier is validated on two basins in Alaska, Wolverine, and Gulkana Glacier basin, which have been studied since 1966 and have a substantial amount of data with which to test model performance over a long period of time covering a wide range of climatic and hydrologic conditions. When error in field measurements is considered, the Nash-Sutcliffe efficiencies of streamflow are 0.87 and 0.86, the absolute bias fractions of the winter mass balance simulations are 0.10 and 0.08, and the absolute bias fractions of the summer mass balances are 0.01 and 0.03, all computed over 42 years for the Wolverine and Gulkana Glacier basins, respectively. Without taking into account measurement error, the values are still within the range achieved by the more computationally expensive codes tested over shorter time periods.
","language":"English","publisher":"AGU Publications","doi":"10.1002/2015JF003789","usgsCitation":"Van Beusekom, A.E., and Viger, R.J., 2016, A glacier runoff extension to the Precipitation Runoff Modeling System: Journal of Geophysical Research F: Earth Surface, v. 121, no. 11, p. 2001-2021, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JF003789.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"2001","endPage":"2021","ipdsId":"IP-081396","costCenters":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":438520,"rank":0,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/F75T3HMV","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Supporting data for A Glacier Runoff Extension to the Precipitation Runoff Modeling System"},{"id":349679,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"121","issue":"11","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2016-11-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a60fc9be4b06e28e9c24045","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Van Beusekom, Ashley E. 0000-0002-6996-978X beusekom@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6996-978X","contributorId":3992,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Beusekom","given":"Ashley","email":"beusekom@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":724413,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Viger, Roland J. 0000-0003-2520-714X rviger@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2520-714X","contributorId":168799,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Viger","given":"Roland","email":"rviger@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37778,"text":"WMA - Integrated Modeling and Prediction Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":724414,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70176359,"text":"ofr20161152 - 2016 - Bedrock morphology and structure, upper Santa Cruz Basin, south-central Arizona, with transient electromagnetic survey data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-11-01T11:23:24","indexId":"ofr20161152","displayToPublicDate":"2016-10-31T16:30:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2016-1152","title":"Bedrock morphology and structure, upper Santa Cruz Basin, south-central Arizona, with transient electromagnetic survey data","docAbstract":"The upper Santa Cruz Basin is an important groundwater basin containing the regional aquifer for the city of Nogales, Arizona. This report provides data and interpretations of data aimed at better understanding the bedrock morphology and structure of the upper Santa Cruz Basin study area which encompasses the Rio Rico and Nogales 1:24,000-scale U.S. Geological Survey quadrangles. Data used in this report include the Arizona Aeromagnetic and Gravity Maps and Data referred to here as the 1996 Patagonia Aeromagnetic survey, Bouguer gravity anomaly data, and conductivity-depth transforms (CDTs) from the 1998 Santa Cruz transient electromagnetic survey (whose data are included in appendixes 1 and 2 of this report).
Analyses based on magnetic gradients worked well to identify the range-front faults along the Mt. Benedict horst block, the location of possibly fault-controlled canyons to the west of Mt. Benedict, the edges of buried lava flows, and numerous other concealed faults and contacts. Applying the 1996 Patagonia aeromagnetic survey data using the horizontal gradient method produced results that were most closely correlated with the observed geology.
The 1996 Patagonia aeromagnetic survey was used to estimate depth to bedrock in the upper Santa Cruz Basin study area. Three different depth estimation methods were applied to the data: Euler deconvolution, horizontal gradient magnitude, and analytic signal. The final depth to bedrock map was produced by choosing the maximum depth from each of the three methods at a given location and combining all maximum depths. In locations of rocks with a known reversed natural remanent magnetic field, gravity based depth estimates from Gettings and Houser (1997) were used.
The depth to bedrock map was supported by modeling aeromagnetic anomaly data along six profiles. These cross sectional models demonstrated that by using the depth to bedrock map generated in this study, known and concealed faults, measured and estimated magnetic susceptibilities of rocks found in the study area, and estimated natural remanent magnetic intensities and directions, reasonable geologic models can be built. This indicates that the depth to bedrock map is reason-able and geologically possible.
Finally, CDTs derived from the 1998 Santa Cruz Basin transient electromagnetic survey were used to help identify basin structure and some physical properties of the basin fill in the study area. The CDTs also helped to confirm depth to bedrock estimates in the Santa Cruz Basin, in particular a region of elevated bedrock in the area of Potrero Canyon, and a deep basin in the location of the Arizona State Highway 82 microbasin. The CDTs identified many concealed faults in the study area and possibly indicate deep water-saturated clay-rich sediments in the west-central portion of the study area. These sediments grade to more sand-rich saturated sediments to the south with relatively thick, possibly unsaturated, sediments at the surface. Also, the CDTs may indicate deep saturated clay-rich sediments in the Highway 82 microbasin and in the Mount Benedict horst block from Proto Canyon south to the international border.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20161152","usgsCitation":"Bultman, M.W., and Page, W.R., 2016, Bedrock morphology and structure, upper Santa Cruz Basin, south-central Arizona, with transient electromagnetic survey data: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2016–1152, 49 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20161152.","productDescription":"Report: viii, 49 p.; 2 Plates: 36.00 x 37.00 inches and 38.00 x 36.50 inches; 2 Appendixes; Read Me","numberOfPages":"60","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-060430","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":330512,"rank":4,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2016/1152/ofr20161152_Appendix1.zip","text":"Appendix 1. Santa Cruz Transient Electromagnetic Survey Conductivity-Depth Transforms (CDT) Plots","size":"11.7 MB","linkFileType":{"id":6,"text":"zip"},"description":"OFR 2016-1152 Appendix 1"},{"id":330439,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2016/1152/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":330513,"rank":5,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2016/1152/ofr20161152_Appendix2.zip","text":"Appendix 2. Santa Cruz Transient Electromagnetic Survey Data","size":"45.6 MB","linkFileType":{"id":6,"text":"zip"},"description":"OFR 2016-1152 Appendix 2"},{"id":330440,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2016/1152/ofr20161152.pdf","text":"Report","size":"8.93 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2016-1152 Report"},{"id":330441,"rank":3,"type":{"id":20,"text":"Read Me"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2016/1152/ofr2011152_Readme.txt","text":"Read Me","size":"8.0 kB","linkFileType":{"id":2,"text":"txt"},"description":"OFR 2016-1152 Read Me"},{"id":330514,"rank":6,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2016/1152/ofr20161152_plate_1.pdf","text":"Plate 1 Map showing potential field boundaries plotted over upper Santa Cruz Basin study area geology","size":"135 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2016-1152 Plate 1"},{"id":330515,"rank":7,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2016/1152/ofr20161152_plate_2.pdf","text":"Plate 2 Map showing conductivity-depth transforms plotted over upper Santa Cruz Basin study area geology","size":"101 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2016-1152 Plate 2"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","otherGeospatial":"Upper Santa Cruz Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -110.74356079101562,\n 31.33604401284106\n ],\n [\n -110.74356079101562,\n 31.77837995377096\n ],\n [\n -111.18026733398438,\n 31.77837995377096\n ],\n [\n -111.181640625,\n 31.36653633110671\n ],\n [\n -111.07452392578125,\n 31.33252503230784\n ],\n [\n -110.74356079101562,\n 31.33604401284106\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Center Director, USGS Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center
Box 25046, Mail Stop 980
Denver, CO 80225
The analysis of ecological data has changed in two important ways over the last 15 years. The development and easy availability of Bayesian computational methods has allowed and encouraged the fitting of complex hierarchical models. At the same time, there has been increasing emphasis on acknowledging and accounting for model uncertainty. Unfortunately, the ability to fit complex models has outstripped the development of tools for model selection and model evaluation: familiar model selection tools such as Akaike's information criterion and the deviance information criterion are widely known to be inadequate for hierarchical models. In addition, little attention has been paid to the evaluation of model adequacy in context of hierarchical modeling, i.e., to the evaluation of fit for a single model. In this paper, we describe Bayesian cross-validation, which provides tools for model selection and evaluation. We describe the Bayesian predictive information criterion and a Bayesian approximation to the BPIC known as the Watanabe-Akaike information criterion. We illustrate the use of these tools for model selection, and the use of Bayesian cross-validation as a tool for model evaluation, using three large data sets from the North American Breeding Bird Survey.
","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.1890/15-1286.1","usgsCitation":"Link, W.A., and Sauer, J., 2016, Bayesian cross-validation for model evaluation and selection, with application to the North American Breeding Bird Survey: Ecology, v. 97, no. 7, p. 1746-1758, https://doi.org/10.1890/15-1286.1.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"1746","endPage":"1758","ipdsId":"IP-066970","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":330578,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"97","issue":"7","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":10,"text":"Baltimore PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5818582ce4b0bb36a4c6f9ff","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Link, William A. 0000-0002-9913-0256 wlink@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9913-0256","contributorId":146920,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Link","given":"William","email":"wlink@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":652456,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sauer, John R. jrsauer@usgs.gov","contributorId":3737,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sauer","given":"John R.","email":"jrsauer@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":652457,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70177938,"text":"70177938 - 2016 - Uncertainty in biological monitoring: a framework for data collection and analysis to account for multiple sources of sampling bias","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-11-01T09:18:02","indexId":"70177938","displayToPublicDate":"2016-10-31T12:15:55","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2717,"text":"Methods in Ecology and Evolution","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Uncertainty in biological monitoring: a framework for data collection and analysis to account for multiple sources of sampling bias","docAbstract":"Indo-Pacific sea surface temperature dynamics play a prominent role in Asian summer monsoon variability. Two interactive climate modes of the Indo-Pacific—the El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the Indian Ocean dipole mode—modulate the amount of precipitation over India, in addition to precipitation over Africa, Indonesia, and Australia. However, this modulation is not spatially uniform. The precipitation in southern India is strongly forced by the Indian Ocean dipole mode and ENSO. In contrast, across northern India, encompassing the Ganges and Brahmaputra basins, the climate mode influence on precipitation is much less. Understanding the forcing of precipitation in these river basins is vital for food security and ecosystem services for over half a billion people. Using 28 years of remote sensing observations, we demonstrate that (i) the tropical west-east differential heating in the Indian Ocean influences the Ganges precipitation and (ii) the north-south differential heating in the Indian Ocean influences the Brahmaputra precipitation. The El Niño phase induces warming in the warm pool of the Indian Ocean and exerts more influence on Ganges precipitation than Brahmaputra precipitation. The analyses indicate that both the magnitude and position of the sea surface temperature anomalies in the Indian Ocean are important drivers for precipitation dynamics that can be effectively summarized using two new indices, one tuned for each basin. These new indices have the potential to aid forecasting of drought and flooding, to contextualize land cover and land use change, and to assess the regional impacts of climate change.
","language":"English","publisher":"MDPI","doi":"10.3390/rs8110901","usgsCitation":"Pervez, M., and Henebry, G.M., 2016, Differential heating in the Indian Ocean differentially modulates precipitation in the Ganges and Brahmaputra basins: Remote Sensing, v. 8, no. 11, p. 1-16, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs8110901.","productDescription":"Article 901; 16 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"16","ipdsId":"IP-080231","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":470480,"rank":4,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs8110901","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":438523,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/F77P8WH6","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Differential heating in the Indian Ocean differentially modulates precipitation in the Ganges and Brahmaputra basins"},{"id":330570,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":337120,"rank":2,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.5066/F77P8WH6","text":"Differential heating in the Indian Ocean differentially modulates precipitation in the Ganges and Brahmaputra Basins"}],"otherGeospatial":"Indian Ocean","volume":"8","issue":"11","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":4,"text":"Rolla PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2016-10-31","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5818582de4b0bb36a4c6fa0b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pervez, Md Shahriar 0000-0003-3417-1871 spervez@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3417-1871","contributorId":3099,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pervez","given":"Md Shahriar","email":"spervez@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":652473,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Henebry, Geoffrey M.","contributorId":124528,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Henebry","given":"Geoffrey","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":5087,"text":"Geographic Information Science Center of Excellence (GIScCE), South Dakota State University, Brookings, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":652474,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70189146,"text":"70189146 - 2016 - Large along-strike variations in the onset of Subandean exhumation: Implications for Central Andean orogenic growth","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-07-03T09:29:19","indexId":"70189146","displayToPublicDate":"2016-10-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1427,"text":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Large along-strike variations in the onset of Subandean exhumation: Implications for Central Andean orogenic growth","docAbstract":"Plate tectonics drives mountain building in general, but the space-time pattern and style of deformation is influenced by how climate, geodynamics, and basement structure modify the orogenic wedge. Growth of the Subandean thrust belt, which lies at the boundary between the arid, high-elevation Central Andean Plateau and its humid, low-elevation eastern foreland, figures prominently into debates of orogenic wedge evolution. We integrate new apatite and zircon (U-Th)/He thermochronometer data with previously published apatite fission-track data from samples collected along four Subandean structural cross-sections in Bolivia between 15° and 20°S. We interpret cooling ages vs. structural depth to indicate the onset of Subandean exhumation and signify the forward propagation of deformation. We find that Subandean growth is diachronous south (11 ± 3 Ma) vs. north (6 ± 2 Ma) of the Bolivian orocline and that Subandean exhumation magnitudes vary by more than a factor of two. Similar north-south contrasts are present in foreland deposition, hinterland erosion, and paleoclimate; these observations both corroborate diachronous orogenic growth and illuminate potential propagation mechanisms. Of particular interest is an abrupt shift to cooler, more arid conditions in the Altiplano hinterland that is diachronous in southern Bolivia (16-13 Ma) vs. northern Bolivia (10-7 Ma) and precedes the timing of Subandean propagation in each region. Others have interpreted the paleoclimate shift to reflect either rapid surface uplift due to lithosphere removal or an abrupt change in climate dynamics once orographic threshold elevations were exceeded. These mechanisms are not mutually exclusive and both would drive forward propagation of the orogenic wedge by augmenting the hinterland backstop, either through surface uplift or spatially variable erosion. In summary, we suggest that diachronous Subandean exhumation was driven by piecemeal hinterland uplift, orography, and the outward propagation of deformation.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.epsl.2016.07.004","usgsCitation":"Lease, R.O., Ehlers, T., and Enkelmann, E., 2016, Large along-strike variations in the onset of Subandean exhumation: Implications for Central Andean orogenic growth: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 451, p. 62-76, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2016.07.004.","productDescription":"15 p. ","startPage":"62","endPage":"76","ipdsId":"IP-070854","costCenters":[{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":462049,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2016.07.004","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":343267,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Argentina, Bolivia, Chile","otherGeospatial":"Andes","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -69.08203125,\n -29.535229562948444\n ],\n [\n -64.16015624999999,\n -29.535229562948444\n ],\n [\n -64.16015624999999,\n -19.890723023996898\n ],\n [\n -69.08203125,\n -19.890723023996898\n ],\n [\n -69.08203125,\n -29.535229562948444\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"451","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":12,"text":"Tacoma PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"595b5798e4b0d1f9f0536dbc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lease, Richard O. 0000-0003-2582-8966 rlease@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2582-8966","contributorId":5098,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lease","given":"Richard","email":"rlease@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":703160,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ehlers, T.A.","contributorId":193510,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ehlers","given":"T.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":703184,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Enkelmann, E.","contributorId":27256,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Enkelmann","given":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":703185,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70192934,"text":"70192934 - 2016 - Loads of nitrate, phosphorus, and total suspended solids from Indiana watersheds","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-10-30T11:11:51","indexId":"70192934","displayToPublicDate":"2016-10-30T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3159,"text":"Proceedings of the Indiana Academy of Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Loads of nitrate, phosphorus, and total suspended solids from Indiana watersheds","docAbstract":"Transport of excess nutrients and total suspended solids (TSS) such as sediment by freshwater systems has led to degradation of aquatic ecosystems around the world. Nutrient and TSS loads from Midwestern states to the Mississippi River are a major contributor to the Gulf of Mexico Hypoxic Zone, an area of very low dissolved oxygen concentration in the Gulf of Mexico. To better understand Indiana’s contribution of nutrients and TSS to the Mississippi River, annual loads of nitrate plus nitrite as nitrogen, total phosphorus, and TSS were calculated for nine selected watersheds in Indiana using the load estimation model, S-LOADEST. Discrete water-quality samples collected monthly by the Indiana Department of Environmental Management’s Fixed Stations Monitoring Program from 2000–2010 and concurrent discharge data from the U. S. Geological Survey streamflow gages were used to create load models. Annual nutrient and TSS loads varied across Indiana by watershed and hydrologic condition. Understanding the loads from large river sites in Indiana is important for assessing contributions of nutrients and TSS to the Mississippi River Basin and in determining the effectiveness of best management practices in the state. Additionally, evaluation of loads from smaller upstream watersheds is important to characterize improvements at the local level and to identify priorities for reduction.","language":"English","publisher":"Indiana Academy of Sciences","usgsCitation":"Bunch, A.R., 2016, Loads of nitrate, phosphorus, and total suspended solids from Indiana watersheds: Proceedings of the Indiana Academy of Science, v. 125, p. 137-150.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"137","endPage":"150","numberOfPages":"14","ipdsId":"IP-070855","costCenters":[{"id":346,"text":"Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":347653,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":347652,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.indianaacademyofscience.org/publications/proceedings"}],"volume":"125","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":6,"text":"Columbus PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59f83a3be4b063d5d3098102","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bunch, Aubrey R. 0000-0002-2453-3624 aurbunch@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2453-3624","contributorId":4351,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bunch","given":"Aubrey","email":"aurbunch@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":35860,"text":"Ohio-Kentucky-Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":27231,"text":"Indiana-Kentucky Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":346,"text":"Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":717378,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70177930,"text":"sir20105070N - 2016 - Sedimentary exhalative (sedex) zinc-lead-silver deposit model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-10-31T10:13:43","indexId":"sir20105070N","displayToPublicDate":"2016-10-28T12:30:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2010-5070","chapter":"N","title":"Sedimentary exhalative (sedex) zinc-lead-silver deposit model","docAbstract":"This report draws on previous syntheses and basic research studies of sedimentary exhalative (sedex) deposits to arrive at the defining criteria, both descriptive and genetic, for sedex-type deposits. Studies of the tectonic, sedimentary, and fluid evolution of modern and ancient sedimentary basins have also been used to select defining criteria. The focus here is on the geologic characteristics of sedex deposit-hosting basins that contain greater than 10 million metric tons of zinc and lead. The enormous size of sedex deposits strongly suggests that basin-scale geologic processes are involved in their formation. It follows that mass balance constraints of basinal processes can provide a conceptual underpinning for the evaluation of potential ore-forming mechanisms and the identification of geologic indicators for ore potential in specific sedimentary basins. Empirical data and a genetic understanding of the physicochemical, geologic, and mass balance conditions required for each of these elements are used to establish a hierarchy of quantifiable geologic criteria that can be used in U.S. Geological Survey national assessments. In addition, this report also provides a comprehensive evaluation of environmental considerations associated with the mining of sedex deposits.
Center Director, USGS Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center
Box 25046, Mail Stop 973
Denver, CO 80225
http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/
","tableOfContents":"With growing climate change concerns and energy constraints, there is an increasing need for renewable energy sources within the United States and globally. Looking forward, offshore wind-energy infrastructure (OWEI) has the potential to produce a significant proportion of the power needed to reach our Nation’s renewable energy goal. Offshore wind-energy sites can capitalize open areas within Federal waters that have persistent, high winds with large energy production potential. Although there are few locations in the California Current System (CCS) where it would be acceptable to build pile-mounted wind turbines in waters less than 50 m deep, the development of technology able to support deep-water OWEI (>200 m depth) could enable wind-energy production in the CCS. As with all human-use of the marine environment, understanding the potential impacts of wind-energy infrastructure on the marine ecosystem is an integral part of offshore wind-energy research and planning. Herein, we present a comprehensive database to quantify marine bird vulnerability to potential OWEI in the CCS (see https://doi.org/10.5066/F79C6VJ0). These data were used to quantify marine bird vulnerabilities at the population level. For 81 marine bird species present in the CCS, we created three vulnerability indices: Population Vulnerability, Collision Vulnerability, and Displacement Vulnerability. Population Vulnerability was used as a scaling factor to generate two comprehensive indicies: Population Collision Vulnerability (PCV) and Population Displacement Vulnerability (PDV). Within the CCS, pelicans, terns (Forster’s [Sterna forsteri], Caspian [Hydroprogne caspia], Elegant [Thalasseus elegans], and Least Tern [Sternula antillarum]), gulls (Western [Larus occidentalis] and Bonaparte’s Gull [Chroicocephalus philadelphia]), South Polar Skua (Stercorarius maccormicki), and Brandt’s Cormorant (Phalacrocorax penicillatus) had the greatest PCV scores. Brown Pelican (Pelicanus occidentalis) had the greatest overall PCV score. Some alcids (Scripps’s Murrelet [Synthliboramphus scrippsi], Marbled Murrelet [Brachyramphus marmoratus], and Tufted Puffin [Fratercula cirrhata]), terns (Elegant and Least Lern), and loons (Yellow-billed [Gavia adamsii] and Common Loon [G. immer]) had the greatest PDV scores. Ashy Storm-Petrel (Oceanodroma homochroa) had the greatest overall PDV score. To help inform decisions that will impact seabird conservation, vulnerability assessment results can now be combined with recent marine bird at-sea distribution and abundance data for the CCS to evaluate vulnerability areas where OWEI development is being considered. Lastly, it is important to note that as new information about seabird behavior and populations in the CCS becomes available, this database can be easily updated and modified.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20161154","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (OCS Study, BOEM 2016-043)","usgsCitation":"Adams, J., Kelsey, E.C., Felis, J.J., and Pereksta, D.M., 2017, Collision and displacement vulnerability among marine birds of the California Current System associated with offshore wind energy infrastructure (ver. 1.1, July 2017): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2016-1154, 116 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20161154.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 116 p.; Data Release","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-071912","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":438527,"rank":4,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/F79C6VJ0","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Data for calculating population, collision and displacement vulnerability among marine birds of the California Current System associated with offshore wind energy infrastructure (ver. 2.0, June 2017)"},{"id":341751,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2016/1154/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":344436,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2016/1154/ofr20161154.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2.4 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2016-1154"},{"id":344437,"rank":3,"type":{"id":25,"text":"Version History"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2016/1154/ofr20161154_revision history.docx","size":"153 KB docx","description":"OFR 2016-1154 Revision History"}],"edition":"Version 1.0: Originally posted October 27, 2016; Version 1.1: July 2017","contact":"Director, Western Ecological Research Center
U.S. Geological Survey
3020 State University Drive East
Sacramento, California 95819
Behavior of coastal systems on time scales ranging from single storm events to years and decades is controlled by both small-scale sediment transport processes and large-scale geologic, oceanographic, and morphologic processes. Improved understanding of coastal behavior at multiple time scales is required for refining models that predict potential erosion hazards and for coastal management planning and decision-making. Here we investigate the primary controls on shoreline response along a geologically-variable barrier island on time scales resolving extreme storms and decadal variations over a period of nearly one century. An empirical orthogonal function analysis is applied to a time series of shoreline positions at Fire Island, NY to identify patterns of shoreline variance along the length of the island. We establish that there are separable patterns of shoreline behavior that represent response to oceanographic forcing as well as patterns that are not explained by this forcing. The dominant shoreline behavior occurs over large length scales in the form of alternating episodes of shoreline retreat and advance, presumably in response to storms cycles. Two secondary responses include long-term response that is correlated to known geologic variations of the island and the other reflects geomorphic patterns with medium length scale. Our study also includes the response to Hurricane Sandy and a period of post-storm recovery. It was expected that the impacts from Hurricane Sandy would disrupt long-term trends and spatial patterns. We found that the response to Sandy at Fire Island is not notable or distinguishable from several other large storms of the prior decade.
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