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Climate change is altering the timing and magnitude of biogeochemical fluxes in many high elevation ecosystems. The consequent changes in alpine nitrification rates have the potential to influence ecosystem scale responses. In order to better understand how changing temperature and moisture conditions may influence ammonia oxidizers and nitrification activity, we conducted laboratory incubations on soils collected in a Colorado watershed from three alpine habitats (glacial outwash, talus, and meadow). We found that bacteria, not archaea, dominated all ammonia oxidizer communities. Nitrification increased with moisture in all soils and under all temperature treatments. However, temperature was not correlated with nitrification rates in all soils. Site-specific temperature trends suggest the development of generalist ammonia oxidizer communities in soils with greater in situ temperature fluctuations and specialists in soils with more steady temperature regimes. Rapidly increasing temperatures and changing soil moisture conditions could explain recent observations of increased nitrate production in some alpine soils.

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D.","contributorId":16334,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wallenstein","given":"Matthew","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":582846,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70159585,"text":"70159585 - 2016 - Aquatic pollution increases use of terrestrial prey subsidies by stream fish","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-08-07T12:27:39","indexId":"70159585","displayToPublicDate":"2015-11-12T12:15:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2163,"text":"Journal of Applied Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Aquatic pollution increases use of terrestrial prey subsidies by stream fish","docAbstract":"
    \n
  1. Stream food webs are connected with their riparian zones through cross-ecosystem movements of energy and nutrients. The use and impact of terrestrial subsidies on aquatic consumers is determined in part by in situ biomass of aquatic prey. Thus, stressors such as aquatic pollutants that greatly reduce aquatic secondary production could increase the need for and reliance of stream consumers on terrestrial resource subsidies.
    2. \n
  2. To test this hypothesis, we surveyed stream fish, their diets and resource availability in 16 subalpine streams over a regional gradient of trace metals known to strongly impact aquatic insect communities (i.e. fish prey) in the Colorado Rocky Mountains, USA.
    3. \n
  3. Fish increased their reliance on terrestrial insect prey as stream metals increased. Relative biomass of terrestrial insects in stomach contents of Brook and Brown Trout increased with respect to aquatic insect biomass and total stomach contents. Drifting insect biomass showed a declining trend for aquatic, but not terrestrial insects, over the metal gradient. Trout densities were unrelated to metal concentrations in streams where we found fish.
    4. \n
  4. Synthesis and applications. Our results indicate that diets of aquatic consumers can become more terrestrial as aquatic stressors that limit in situ food production increase and that these subsidies may compensate for loss of aquatic resources. This work implies an important connection between preserving aquatic–terrestrial linkages and management of fish populations in stressed watersheds. Specifically, intact riparian zones and aquatic–terrestrial linkages are likely to be important for maintaining trout production in streams with moderate metal contamination.
    5. \n
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/1365-2664.12543","usgsCitation":"Kraus, J.M., Pomeranz, J., Todd, A.S., Walters, D., Schmidt, T., and Wanty, R.B., 2016, Aquatic pollution increases use of terrestrial prey subsidies by stream fish: Journal of Applied Ecology, v. 53, no. 1, p. 44-53, https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.12543.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"44","endPage":"53","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-059561","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34983,"text":"Contaminant Biology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":471431,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.12543","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":311202,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -106.6827392578125,\n 38.74444410121545\n ],\n [\n -106.6827392578125,\n 39.68499660118128\n ],\n [\n -105.88623046874999,\n 39.68499660118128\n ],\n [\n -105.88623046874999,\n 38.74444410121545\n ],\n [\n -106.6827392578125,\n 38.74444410121545\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"53","issue":"1","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-10-27","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5645b885e4b0e2669b30f1c8","chorus":{"doi":"10.1111/1365-2664.12543","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.12543","publisher":"Wiley-Blackwell","authors":"Kraus Johanna M., Pomeranz Justin F., Todd Andrew S., Walters David M., Schmidt Travis S., Wanty Richard B.","journalName":"Journal of Applied Ecology","publicationDate":"10/27/2015","auditedOn":"11/17/2015"},"contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kraus, Johanna M. 0000-0002-9513-4129 jkraus@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9513-4129","contributorId":4834,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kraus","given":"Johanna","email":"jkraus@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":579584,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pomeranz, Justin F.","contributorId":149789,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pomeranz","given":"Justin F.","affiliations":[{"id":6737,"text":"Colorado State University, Department of Ecosystem Science and Sustainability, and Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":579585,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Todd, Andrew S. atodd@usgs.gov","contributorId":1022,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Todd","given":"Andrew","email":"atodd@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":579586,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Walters, David M. 0000-0002-4237-2158 waltersd@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4237-2158","contributorId":4444,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walters","given":"David M.","email":"waltersd@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":579587,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Schmidt, Travis S. 0000-0003-1400-0637 tschmidt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1400-0637","contributorId":1300,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmidt","given":"Travis S.","email":"tschmidt@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":685,"text":"Wyoming-Montana Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":579589,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Wanty, Richard B. 0000-0002-2063-6423 rwanty@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2063-6423","contributorId":443,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wanty","given":"Richard","email":"rwanty@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":579588,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70160795,"text":"70160795 - 2016 - Evidence that sea lampreys (Petromyzon marinus) complete their life cycle within a tributary of the Laurentian Great Lakes by parasitizing fishes in inland lakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-12-14T12:47:27","indexId":"70160795","displayToPublicDate":"2015-11-11T17:15:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2330,"text":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evidence that sea lampreys (Petromyzon marinus) complete their life cycle within a tributary of the Laurentian Great Lakes by parasitizing fishes in inland lakes","docAbstract":"

The sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) invaded the upper Laurentian Great Lakes and feeds on valued fish. The Cheboygan River, Michigan, USA, is a large sea lamprey producing tributary to Lake Huron and despite having a renovated dam 2 km from the river mouth that presumably blocks sea lamprey spawning migrations, the watershed upstream of the dam remains infested with larval sea lamprey. A navigational lock near the dam has been hypothesized as the means of escapement of adult sea lampreys from Lake Huron and source of the upper river population (H1). However, an alternative hypothesis (H2) is that some sea lampreys complete their life cycle upstream of the dam, without entering Lake Huron. To evaluate the alternative hypothesis, we gathered angler reports of lamprey wounds on game fishes upstream of the dam, and captured adult sea lampreys downstream and upstream of the dam to contrast abundance, run timing, size, and statolith microchemistry. Results indicate that a small population of adult sea lampreys (n < 200) completed their life cycle upstream of the dam during 2013 and 2014. This is the most comprehensive evidence that sea lampreys complete their life history within a tributary of the upper Great Lakes, and indicates that similar landlocked populations could occur in other watersheds. Because the adult sea lamprey population upstream of the dam is small, complete elimination of the already low adult escapement from Lake Huron might allow multiple control tactics such as lampricides, trapping, and sterile male release to eradicate the population.

","language":"English","publisher":"International Association for Great Lakes Research","doi":"10.1016/j.jglr.2015.10.011","usgsCitation":"Johnson, N., Twohey, M.B., Miehls, S.M., Cwalinski, T.A., Godby, N.A., Lochet, A., Slade, J.W., Jubar, A.K., and Siefkes, M.J., 2016, Evidence that sea lampreys (Petromyzon marinus) complete their life cycle within a tributary of the Laurentian Great Lakes by parasitizing fishes in inland lakes: Journal of Great Lakes Research, v. 42, no. 1, p. 90-98, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jglr.2015.10.011.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"90","endPage":"98","numberOfPages":"9","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-067017","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":313105,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Michigan","otherGeospatial":"Cheboygan River 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Implications of climate change on the heat budget of lentic systems used for power station cooling: Case study Clinton Lake, Illinois","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-01-25T11:07:39","indexId":"70162412","displayToPublicDate":"2015-11-10T12:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Implications of climate change on the heat budget of lentic systems used for power station cooling: Case study Clinton Lake, Illinois","docAbstract":"

We use a numerical model to analyze the impact of climate change--in particular higher air temperatures--on a nuclear power station that recirculates the water from a reservoir for cooling. The model solves the hydrodynamics, the transfer of heat in the reservoir, and the energy balance at the surface. We use the numerical model to (i) quantify the heat budget in the reservoir and determine how this budget is affected by the combined effect of the power station and climate change and (ii) quantify the impact of climate change on both the downstream thermal pollution and the power station capacity. We consider four different scenarios of climate change. Results of simulations show that climate change will reduce the ability to dissipate heat to the atmosphere and therefore the cooling capacity of the reservoir. We observed an increase of 25% in the thermal load downstream of the reservoir, and a reduction in the capacity of the power station of 18% during the summer months for the worst-case climate change scenario tested. These results suggest that climate change is an important threat for both the downstream thermal pollution and the generation of electricity by power stations that use lentic systems for cooling.

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Ryan pjackson@usgs.gov","contributorId":2960,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jackson","given":"P. Ryan","email":"pjackson@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":344,"text":"Illinois Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":589483,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Santacruz, Santiago","contributorId":152485,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Santacruz","given":"Santiago","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":16984,"text":"University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":589485,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Morales, Viviana M","contributorId":152486,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Morales","given":"Viviana","email":"","middleInitial":"M","affiliations":[{"id":16984,"text":"University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":589486,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Garcia, Marcelo H.","contributorId":74236,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Garcia","given":"Marcelo H.","affiliations":[{"id":33106,"text":"University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":589487,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70159579,"text":"70159579 - 2016 - Towards understanding resprouting at the global scale","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-01-18T09:38:10","indexId":"70159579","displayToPublicDate":"2015-11-10T11:45:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2863,"text":"New Phytologist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Towards understanding resprouting at the global scale","docAbstract":"

Understanding and predicting plant response to disturbance is of paramount importance in our changing world. Resprouting ability is often considered a simple qualitative trait and used in many ecological studies. Our aim is to show some of the complexities of resprouting while highlighting cautions that need be taken in using resprouting ability to predict vegetation responses across disturbance types and biomes. There are marked differences in resprouting depending on the disturbance type, and fire is often the most severe disturbance because it includes both defoliation and lethal temperatures. In the Mediterranean biome, there are differences in functional strategies to cope with water deficit between resprouters (dehydration avoiders) and nonresprouters (dehydration tolerators); however, there is little research to unambiguously extrapolate these results to other biomes. Furthermore, predictions of vegetation responses to changes in disturbance regimes require consideration not only of resprouting, but also other relevant traits (e.g. seeding, bark thickness) and the different correlations among traits observed in different biomes; models lacking these details would behave poorly at the global scale. Overall, the lessons learned from a given disturbance regime and biome (e.g. crown-fire Mediterranean ecosystems) can guide research in other ecosystems but should not be extrapolated at the global scale.

","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/nph.13644","usgsCitation":"Pausas, J.G., Pratt, R., Keeley, J.E., Jacobsen, A.L., Ramirez, A.R., Vilagrosa, A., Paula, S., Kanekua-Pia, I.N., and Davis, S.D., 2016, Towards understanding resprouting at the global scale: New Phytologist, v. 209, no. 3, p. 945-954, https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.13644.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"945","endPage":"954","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-066488","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":471434,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.13644","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":311153,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"209","issue":"3","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":1,"text":"Sacramento PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-10-07","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56431535e4b0aafbcd017fb8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pausas, Juli G.","contributorId":91347,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pausas","given":"Juli","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":579550,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pratt, R. Brandon","contributorId":149778,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pratt","given":"R. Brandon","affiliations":[{"id":17822,"text":"CA State U., Bakersfield, CA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":579551,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Keeley, Jon E. 0000-0002-4564-6521 jon_keeley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4564-6521","contributorId":1268,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keeley","given":"Jon","email":"jon_keeley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":579549,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Jacobsen, Anna L.","contributorId":149779,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jacobsen","given":"Anna","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":17823,"text":"CA State U, Bakersfield, CA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":579552,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Ramirez, Aaron R.","contributorId":149780,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ramirez","given":"Aaron","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":17824,"text":"UC Berkeley, CA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":579553,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Vilagrosa, Alberto","contributorId":149781,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Vilagrosa","given":"Alberto","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":17825,"text":"CEAM-Universitat d'Alacant, Alacant, Spain","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":579554,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Paula, Susana","contributorId":149782,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Paula","given":"Susana","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":17826,"text":"ICAE, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":579555,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Kanekua-Pia, Iolana N.","contributorId":149783,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kanekua-Pia","given":"Iolana","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":17827,"text":"Pepperdine U, Malibu, CA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":579556,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Davis, Stephen D.","contributorId":149784,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Davis","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":17827,"text":"Pepperdine U, Malibu, CA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":579557,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":70159536,"text":"70159536 - 2016 - Effects of dam removal on Tule Fall Chinook salmon spawning habitat in the White Salmon River, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-09-06T14:12:05","indexId":"70159536","displayToPublicDate":"2015-11-04T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3301,"text":"River Research and Applications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of dam removal on Tule Fall Chinook salmon spawning habitat in the White Salmon River, Washington","docAbstract":"

Condit Dam is one of the largest hydroelectric dams ever removed in the USA. Breached in a single explosive event in October 2011, hundreds-of-thousands of cubic metres of sediment washed down the White Salmon River onto spawning grounds of a threatened species, Columbia River tule fall Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha. We investigated over a 3-year period (2010–2012) how dam breaching affected channel morphology, river hydraulics, sediment composition and tule fall Chinook salmon (hereafter ‘tule salmon’) spawning habitat in the lower 1.7 km of the White Salmon River (project area). As expected, dam breaching dramatically affected channel morphology and spawning habitat due to a large load of sediment released from Northwestern Lake. Forty-two per cent of the project area that was previously covered in water was converted into islands or new shoreline, while a large pool near the mouth filled with sediments and a delta formed at the mouth. A two-dimensional hydrodynamic model revealed that pool area decreased 68.7% in the project area, while glides and riffles increased 659% and 530%, respectively. A spatially explicit habitat model found the mean probability of spawning habitat increased 46.2% after dam breaching due to an increase in glides and riffles. Shifting channels and bank instability continue to negatively affect some spawning habitat as sediments continue to wash downstream from former Northwestern Lake, but 300 m of new spawning habitat (river kilometre 0.6 to 0.9) that formed immediately post-breach has persisted into 2015. Less than 10% of tule salmon have spawned upstream of the former dam site to date, but the run sizes appear healthy and stable. Published 2015. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.

","language":"English","publisher":"John Wiley & Sons, Inc.","doi":"10.1002/rra.2982","usgsCitation":"Hatten, J.R., Batt, T.R., Skalicky, J., Engle, R., Barton, G., Fosness, R.L., and Warren, J., 2016, Effects of dam removal on Tule Fall Chinook salmon spawning habitat in the White Salmon River, Washington: River Research and Applications, v. 32, no. 7, p. 1481-1492, https://doi.org/10.1002/rra.2982.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"1481","endPage":"1492","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-061792","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":311133,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Condit Dam, Lower White Salmon River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -121.4916229248047,\n 45.931572625309286\n ],\n [\n -121.47033691406249,\n 45.92488619186047\n ],\n [\n -121.49642944335938,\n 45.891919851282076\n ],\n [\n -121.48475646972656,\n 45.84362946735877\n ],\n [\n -121.47994995117188,\n 45.821621922335794\n ],\n [\n -121.50054931640625,\n 45.821621922335794\n ],\n [\n -121.52595520019531,\n 45.86132487333675\n ],\n [\n -121.52595520019531,\n 45.897654534346884\n ],\n [\n -121.49642944335938,\n 45.924408558629004\n ],\n [\n -121.4916229248047,\n 45.931572625309286\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"32","issue":"7","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":12,"text":"Tacoma PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-11-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5641d1bde4b0831b7d62e737","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hatten, James R. 0000-0003-4676-8093 jhatten@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4676-8093","contributorId":3431,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hatten","given":"James","email":"jhatten@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":579452,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Batt, Thomas R. tbatt@usgs.gov","contributorId":3432,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Batt","given":"Thomas","email":"tbatt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":579453,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Skalicky, Joseph J.","contributorId":91386,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Skalicky","given":"Joseph J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":579454,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Engle, Rod","contributorId":149763,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Engle","given":"Rod","affiliations":[{"id":17818,"text":"USFWS, Columbia River Fisheries Program Office","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":579455,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Barton, Gary J. gbarton@usgs.gov","contributorId":1147,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barton","given":"Gary J.","email":"gbarton@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":579456,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Fosness, Ryan L. 0000-0003-4089-2704 rfosness@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4089-2704","contributorId":2703,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fosness","given":"Ryan","email":"rfosness@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":579457,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Warren, Joe jwarren@usgs.gov","contributorId":149764,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warren","given":"Joe","email":"jwarren@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":579458,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70159441,"text":"70159441 - 2016 - A quantitative framework for estimating risk of collision between marine mammals and boats","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-07-17T23:21:24","indexId":"70159441","displayToPublicDate":"2015-10-29T12:45:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2717,"text":"Methods in Ecology and Evolution","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A quantitative framework for estimating risk of collision between marine mammals and boats","docAbstract":"

Speed regulations of watercraft in protected areas are designed to reduce lethal collisions with wildlife but can have economic consequences. We present a quantitative framework for investigating the risk of deadly collisions between boats and wildlife.

\n

We apply encounter rate theory to demonstrate how marine mammal-boat encounter rate can be used to predict the expected number of deaths associated with management scenarios. We illustrate our approach with management scenarios for two endangered species: the Florida manatee Trichechus manatus latirostris and the North Atlantic right whale Eubalaena glacialis. We used a Monte Carlo simulation approach to demonstrate the uncertainty that is associated with our estimate of relative mortality.

\n

We show that encounter rate increased with vessel speed but that the expected number of encounters varies depending on the boating activities considered. For instance, in a scenario involving manatees and boating activities such as water skiing, the expected number of encounters in a given area (in a fixed time interval) increased with vessel speed. In another scenario in which a vessel made a transit of fixed length the expected number of encounters decreases slightly with boat speed. In both cases the expected number of encounters increased with distanced travelled by the boat. For whales, we found a slight reduction (~0.1%) in the number of encounters under a scenario where speed is unregulated; this reduction, however, is negligible, and overall expected relative mortality was ~30% lower under the scenario with speed regulation. The probability of avoidance by the animal or vessel was set to 0 because of lack of data, but we explored the importance of this parameter on the model predictions. In fact, expected relative mortality under speed regulations decreases even further when the probability of avoidance is a decreasing function of vessel speed.

\n

By applying encounter rate theory to the case of boat collisions with marine mammals, we gained new insights about encounter processes between wildlife and watercraft. Our work emphasizes the importance of considering uncertainty when estimating wildlife mortality. Finally, our findings are relevant to other systems and ecological processes involving the encounter between moving agents.

","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/2041-210X.12447","usgsCitation":"Martin, J., Sabatier, Q., Gowan, T.A., Giraud, C., Gurarie, E., Calleson, S., Ortega-Ortiz, J.G., Deutsch, C., Rycyk, A., and Koslovsky, S., 2016, A quantitative framework for estimating risk of collision between marine mammals and boats: Methods in Ecology and Evolution, v. 7, no. 1, p. 42-50, https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210X.12447.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"42","endPage":"50","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-060059","costCenters":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":471437,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210x.12447","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":310761,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"7","issue":"1","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":8,"text":"Raleigh PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-11-12","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5633357ce4b048076347ee95","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Martin, Julien 0000-0002-7375-129X julienmartin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7375-129X","contributorId":5785,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martin","given":"Julien","email":"julienmartin@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":566,"text":"Southeast Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":578671,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sabatier, Quentin","contributorId":149517,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sabatier","given":"Quentin","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":12556,"text":"Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":578672,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gowan, Timothy A.","contributorId":138595,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gowan","given":"Timothy","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":12456,"text":"former USGS scientist","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":578673,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Giraud, Christophe","contributorId":149518,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Giraud","given":"Christophe","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":17764,"text":"Universite Paris Sud","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":578674,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Gurarie, Eliezer","contributorId":149519,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gurarie","given":"Eliezer","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":7083,"text":"University of Maryland","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":578675,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Calleson, Scott","contributorId":149520,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Calleson","given":"Scott","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":12556,"text":"Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":578676,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Ortega-Ortiz, Joel G.","contributorId":149521,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ortega-Ortiz","given":"Joel","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":5112,"text":"University of Miami","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":578677,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Deutsch, Charles J.","contributorId":64135,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Deutsch","given":"Charles J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":578678,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Rycyk, Athena","contributorId":149522,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rycyk","given":"Athena","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":7092,"text":"Florida State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":578679,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Koslovsky, Stacie M.","contributorId":149523,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Koslovsky","given":"Stacie M.","affiliations":[{"id":12556,"text":"Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":578680,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}} ,{"id":70159434,"text":"70159434 - 2016 - A generalizable energetics-based model of avian migration to facilitate continental-scale waterbird conservation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-06-15T16:07:28","indexId":"70159434","displayToPublicDate":"2015-10-29T10:45:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1450,"text":"Ecological Applications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A generalizable energetics-based model of avian migration to facilitate continental-scale waterbird conservation","docAbstract":"

Conserving migratory birds is made especially difficult because of movement among spatially disparate locations across the annual cycle. In light of challenges presented by the scale and ecology of migratory birds, successful conservation requires integrating objectives, management, and monitoring across scales, from local management units to ecoregional and flyway administrative boundaries. We present an integrated approach using a spatially explicit energetic-based mechanistic bird migration model useful to conservation decision-making across disparate scales and locations. This model moves a mallard-like bird (Anas platyrhynchos), through spring and fall migration as a function of caloric gains and losses across a continental scale energy landscape. We predicted with this model that fall migration, where birds moved from breeding to wintering habitat, took a mean of 27.5 days of flight with a mean seasonal survivorship of 90.5% (95% CI = 89.2%, 91.9%) whereas spring migration took a mean of 23.5 days of flight with mean seasonal survivorship of 93.6% (95% CI = 92.5%, 94.7%). Sensitivity analyses suggested that survival during migration was sensitive to flight speed, flight cost, the amount of energy the animal could carry and the spatial pattern of energy availability, but generally insensitive to total energy availability per se. Nevertheless, continental patterns in the bird-use days occurred principally in relation to wetland cover and agricultural habitat in the fall. Bird-use days were highest in both spring and fall in the Mississippi Alluvial Valley and along the coast and near-shore environments of South Carolina. Spatial sensitivity analyses suggested that locations nearer to migratory endpoints were less important to survivorship; for instance, removing energy from a 1,036 km2 stopover site at a time from the Atlantic Flyway suggested coastal areas between New Jersey and North Carolina, including Chesapeake Bay and the North Carolina piedmont, are essential locations for efficient migration and increasing survivorship during spring migration but not locations in Ontario and Massachusetts. This sort of spatially explicit information may allow decision-makers to prioritize their conservation actions toward locations most influential to migratory success. Thus, this mechanistic model of avian migration provides a decision-analytic medium integrating the potential consequences of local actions to flyway-scale phenomena.

","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.1890/14-1947","usgsCitation":"Lonsdorf, E.V., Thogmartin, W.E., Jacobi, S., Coppen, J., Davis, A.Y., Fox, T.J., Heglund, P.J., Johnson, R., Jones, T., Kenow, K.P., Lyons, J., Luke, K.E., Still, S., and Tavernia, B., 2016, A generalizable energetics-based model of avian migration to facilitate continental-scale waterbird conservation: Ecological Applications, v. 26, no. 4, p. 1136-1153, https://doi.org/10.1890/14-1947.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"1136","endPage":"1153","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-059704","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":310752,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, United 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Predictive empirical modeling is used in many locations worldwide as a rapid, alternative recreational water quality management tool to eliminate delayed notifications associated with traditional fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) culturing (referred to as the persistence model, PM) and to prevent errors in releasing swimming advisories. The goal of this study was to develop a fully automated water quality management system for multiple beaches using predictive empirical models (EM) and state-of-the-art technology. Many recent EMs rely on samples or data collected manually, which adds to analysis time and increases the burden to the beach manager. In this study, data from water quality buoys and weather stations were transmitted through cellular telemetry to a web hosting service. An executable program simultaneously retrieved and aggregated data for regression equations and calculated EM results each morning at 9:30 AM; results were transferred through RSS feed to a website, mapped to each beach, and received by the lifeguards to be posted at the beach. Models were initially developed for five beaches, but by the third year, 21 beaches were managed using refined and validated modeling systems. The adjusted R2 of the regressions relating Escherichia coli to hydrometeorological variables for the EMs were greater than those for the PMs, and ranged from 0.220 to 0.390 (2011) and 0.103 to 0.381 (2012). Validation results in 2013 revealed reduced predictive capabilities; however, three of the originally modeled beaches showed improvement in 2013 compared to 2012. The EMs generally showed higher accuracy and specificity than those of the PMs, and sensitivity was low for both approaches. In 2012 EM accuracy was 70–97%; specificity, 71–100%; and sensitivity, 0–64% and in 2013 accuracy was 68–97%; specificity, 73–100%; and sensitivity 0–36%. Factors that may have affected model capabilities include instrument malfunction, non-point source inputs, and sparse calibration data. The modeling system developed is the most extensive, fully-automated system for recreational water quality developed to date. Key insights for refining and improving large-scale empirical models for beach management have been developed through this multi-year effort.

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Oxford, UK","doi":"10.1016/j.jenvman.2015.10.011","usgsCitation":"Shively, D., Nevers, M., Breitenbach, C., Phanikumar, M., Przybyla-Kelly, K., Spoljaric, A., and Whitman, R.L., 2016, Prototypic automated continuous recreational water quality monitoring of nine Chicago beaches: Journal of Environmental Management, v. 166, p. 285-293, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2015.10.011.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"285","endPage":"293","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-061853","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":311747,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois","city":"Chicago","otherGeospatial":"Great Lakes, Lake Michigan","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -87.65647888183594,\n 42.03552434403621\n ],\n [\n -87.62626647949217,\n 41.99011884096809\n ],\n [\n -87.615966796875,\n 41.91454130182335\n ],\n [\n -87.59193420410156,\n 41.89767733570708\n ],\n [\n -87.56309509277344,\n 41.80766096027984\n ],\n [\n -87.53700256347656,\n 41.7672146942102\n ],\n [\n -87.52601623535156,\n 41.75338543627463\n ],\n [\n -87.52670288085938,\n 41.73084248230534\n ],\n [\n -87.52395629882812,\n 41.70931682567252\n ],\n [\n -87.53837585449219,\n 41.699063978799174\n ],\n [\n -87.63107299804688,\n 41.840408844786396\n ],\n [\n -87.681884765625,\n 41.99522219923445\n ],\n [\n -87.69218444824219,\n 42.02838405374952\n ],\n [\n -87.68119812011717,\n 42.037054301883806\n ],\n [\n -87.659912109375,\n 42.03603433407788\n ],\n [\n -87.65647888183594,\n 42.03552434403621\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"166","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":6,"text":"Columbus PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"565d8140e4b071e7ea543480","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shively, Dawn","contributorId":150065,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Shively","given":"Dawn","affiliations":[{"id":6601,"text":"Michigan State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":580618,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nevers, Meredith 0000-0001-6963-6734 mnevers@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6963-6734","contributorId":2013,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nevers","given":"Meredith","email":"mnevers@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":580617,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Breitenbach, Cathy","contributorId":150066,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Breitenbach","given":"Cathy","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":17899,"text":"Chicago Park District","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":580619,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Phanikumar, Mantha S.","contributorId":17888,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Phanikumar","given":"Mantha S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":580623,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Przybyla-Kelly, Kasia","contributorId":150067,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Przybyla-Kelly","given":"Kasia","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6601,"text":"Michigan State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":580620,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Spoljaric, Ashley M.","contributorId":150068,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Spoljaric","given":"Ashley M.","affiliations":[{"id":6601,"text":"Michigan State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":580621,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Whitman, Richard L.","contributorId":150069,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Whitman","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":12443,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey (retired)","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":580622,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70170543,"text":"70170543 - 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Demand for woody biomass fuels is increasing amidst concerns about global energy security and climate change, but there may be negative implications of increased harvesting for forest ecosystem functions and their benefits to society (ecosystem services). Using new methods for assessing ecosystem services based on long-term experimental research, post-harvest changes in ten potential benefits were assessed for ten first-order northern hardwood forest watersheds at three long-term experimental research sites in northeastern North America. As expected, we observed near-term tradeoffs between biomass provision and greenhouse gas regulation, as well as tradeoffs between intensive harvest and the capacity of the forest to remediate nutrient pollution. In both cases, service provision began to recover along with the regeneration of forest vegetation; in the case of pollution remediation, the service recovered to pre-harvest levels within 10 years. By contrast to these two services, biomass harvesting had relatively nominal and transient impacts on other ecosystem services. Our results are sensitive to empirical definitions of societal demand, including methods for scaling societal demand to ecosystem units, which are often poorly resolved. Reducing uncertainty around these parameters can improve confidence in our results and increase their relevance for decision-making. Our synthesis of long-term experimental studies provides insights on the social-ecological resilience of managed forest ecosystems to multiple drivers of change.

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M","contributorId":168873,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Groffman","given":"Peter M","affiliations":[{"id":25372,"text":"Senior Research Scientist, Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":627578,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Burns, Douglas A. 0000-0001-6516-2869 daburns@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6516-2869","contributorId":1237,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burns","given":"Douglas","email":"daburns@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":627579,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Beall, Frederick D","contributorId":168874,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Beall","given":"Frederick","email":"","middleInitial":"D","affiliations":[{"id":25373,"text":"Research Forester, Natual Resources Canada - Canada Forest 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catchment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-08-08T10:38:02","indexId":"70159637","displayToPublicDate":"2015-10-16T03:45:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2286,"text":"Journal of Fish Diseases","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mycobacterial infection in Northern snakehead (Channa argus) from the Potomac River catchment","docAbstract":"

The Northern snakehead, Channa argus (Cantor), is a non-native predatory fish that has become established regionally in some temperate freshwater habitats within the United States. Over the past decade, Northern snakehead populations have developed within aquatic ecosystems throughout the eastern USA, including the Potomac River system within Virginia, Maryland and Washington, D.C. Since this species was initially observed in this region in 2002, the population has expanded considerably (Odenkirk & Owens 2007). In the Chesapeake Bay watershed, populations of Northern snakehead exist in the lower Potomac River and Rappahannock Rivers on the Western shore of the Bay, and these fish have also been found in middle or upper reaches of river systems on the Eastern shore of the Bay, including the Nanticoke and Wicomico Rivers among others. Over the past several years, many aspects of Northern snakehead life history in the Potomac River have been described, including range and dispersal patterns, microhabitat selection and diet (Lapointe, Thorson & Angermeier 2010; Saylor, Lapointe & Angermeier 2012; Lapointe, Odenkirk & Angermeier 2013). However, comparatively little is known about their health status including susceptibility to parasitism and disease and their capacity to serve as reservoirs of disease for native wildlife. Although considered hardy by fisheries biologists, snakehead fish have demonstrated susceptibility to a number of described piscine diseases within their native range and habitat in Asia. Reported pathogens of significance in snakehead species in Asia include snakehead rhabdovirus (Lio-Po et al. 2000), aeromonad bacteria (Zheng, Cao & Yang 2012), Nocardia (Wang et al. 2007) andMycobacterium spp. (Chinabut, Limsuwan & Chantatchakool 1990; ). Mycobacterial isolates recovered from another snakehead species (Channa striata) in the previous studies have included M. marinum and M. fortuitum, as identified through molecular-based diagnostics (Puttinaowarat et al. 2002). We have conducted health screenings of Northern snakehead from the Potomac River system over the past several years and have detected few associated pathogens. Typical observations have largely consisted of incidental identification of parasitism with protozoal, monogenean or trematode organisms (unpublished data). We have also identified largemouth bass virus (LMBV) in clinically normal Northern snakehead collected from the Potomac River (Iwanowicz et al. 2013). Continued research concerning these and other pathogens of this introduced species is important to fully understand the potential impacts of these fish on indigenous wildlife and aquatic ecosystems.

","language":"English","publisher":"Blackwell Science","publisherLocation":"Oxford, England","doi":"10.1111/jfd.12412","usgsCitation":"Densmore, C.L., Iwanowicz, L., Henderson, A., Iwanowicz, D.D., and Odenkirk, J., 2016, Mycobacterial infection in Northern snakehead (Channa argus) from the Potomac River catchment: Journal of Fish Diseases, v. 39, no. 6, p. 771-775, https://doi.org/10.1111/jfd.12412.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"771","endPage":"775","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-065068","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34983,"text":"Contaminant Biology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":311384,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Potomac River, Pohick Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -77.12471008300781,\n 38.6895295540336\n ],\n [\n -77.13912963867188,\n 38.6999799615129\n ],\n [\n -77.16041564941406,\n 38.70667813760075\n ],\n [\n -77.19543457031249,\n 38.6999799615129\n ],\n [\n -77.20333099365233,\n 38.674253135311496\n ],\n [\n -77.19509124755858,\n 38.662726661586646\n ],\n [\n -77.17655181884766,\n 38.65387950468725\n ],\n [\n -77.15835571289062,\n 38.64369051578083\n ],\n [\n -77.13912963867188,\n 38.628940728833264\n ],\n [\n -77.10479736328125,\n 38.622503507032874\n ],\n [\n -77.07664489746094,\n 38.626258623311166\n ],\n [\n -77.05432891845703,\n 38.64288606020925\n ],\n [\n -77.05982208251953,\n 38.67452117076055\n ],\n [\n -77.08076477050781,\n 38.691673351832996\n ],\n [\n -77.12471008300781,\n 38.6895295540336\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"39","issue":"6","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":10,"text":"Baltimore PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-10-16","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"564b0c55e4b0ebfbef0d3172","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Densmore, Christine L. 0000-0001-6440-0781 cdensmore@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6440-0781","contributorId":4560,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Densmore","given":"Christine","email":"cdensmore@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":579837,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Iwanowicz, Luke R. 0000-0002-1197-6178 liwanowicz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1197-6178","contributorId":150383,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Iwanowicz","given":"Luke R. ","email":"liwanowicz@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":579896,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Henderson, Anne ahenderson@usgs.gov","contributorId":4373,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Henderson","given":"Anne","email":"ahenderson@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":579897,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Iwanowicz, Deborah D. 0000-0002-9613-8594 diwanowicz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9613-8594","contributorId":2253,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Iwanowicz","given":"Deborah","email":"diwanowicz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":579898,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Odenkirk, J.S.","contributorId":149880,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Odenkirk","given":"J.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":579899,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70158932,"text":"70158932 - 2016 - Relating mesocarnivore relative abundance to anthropogenic land-use with a hierarchical spatial count model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-06-02T10:32:38","indexId":"70158932","displayToPublicDate":"2015-10-13T14:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1445,"text":"Ecography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Relating mesocarnivore relative abundance to anthropogenic land-use with a hierarchical spatial count model","docAbstract":"

There is growing need to develop models of spatial patterns in animal abundance, yet comparatively few examples of such models exist. This is especially true in situations where the abundance of one species may inhibit that of another, such as the intensively-farmed landscape of the Prairie Pothole Region (PPR) of the central United States, where waterfowl production is largely constrained by mesocarnivore nest predation. We used a hierarchical Bayesian approach to relate the distribution of various land-cover types to the relative abundances of four mesocarnivores in the PPR: coyote Canis latrans, raccoon Procyon lotor, red fox Vulpes vulpes, and striped skunk Mephitis mephitis. We developed models for each species at multiple spatial resolutions (41.4 km2, 10.4 km2, and 2.6 km2) to address different ecological and management-related questions. Model results for each species were similar irrespective of resolution. We found that the amount of row-crop agriculture was nearly ubiquitous in our best models, exhibiting a positive relationship with relative abundance for each species. The amount of native grassland land-cover was positively associated with coyote and raccoon relative abundance, but generally absent from models for red fox and skunk. Red fox and skunk were positively associated with each other, suggesting potential niche overlap. We found no evidence that coyote abundance limited that of other mesocarnivore species, as might be expected under a hypothesis of mesopredator release. The relationships between relative abundance and land-cover types were similar across spatial resolutions. Our results indicated that mesocarnivores in the PPR are most likely to occur in portions of the landscape with large amounts of agricultural land-cover. Further, our results indicated that track-survey data can be used in a hierarchical framework to gain inferences regarding spatial patterns in animal relative abundance.

","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/ecog.01179","collaboration":"Prepared in collaboration with U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Crimmins, S.M., Walleser, L.R., Hertel, D.R., McKann, P., Rohweder, J.J., and Thogmartin, W.E., 2016, Relating mesocarnivore relative abundance to anthropogenic land-use with a hierarchical spatial count model: Ecography, v. 39, no. 6, p. 524-532, https://doi.org/10.1111/ecog.01179.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"524","endPage":"532","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-057940","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":309843,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Iowa, Minnesota","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -96.8115234375,\n 42.71473218539458\n ],\n [\n -96.8115234375,\n 47.754097979680026\n ],\n [\n -93.71337890625,\n 47.754097979680026\n ],\n [\n -93.71337890625,\n 42.71473218539458\n ],\n [\n -96.8115234375,\n 42.71473218539458\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"39","issue":"6","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":6,"text":"Columbus PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-06-30","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"561e1d28e4b0cdb063e59ca5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Crimmins, Shawn M. 0000-0001-6229-5543 scrimmins@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6229-5543","contributorId":5498,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crimmins","given":"Shawn","email":"scrimmins@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":576938,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Walleser, Liza R. lwalleser@usgs.gov","contributorId":4329,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walleser","given":"Liza","email":"lwalleser@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":576939,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hertel, Dan R.","contributorId":149113,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hertel","given":"Dan","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":17647,"text":"United States Fish and Wildlife Service, Habitat and Population Evaluation Team","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":576940,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"McKann, Patrick C.","contributorId":14940,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McKann","given":"Patrick C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":576941,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Rohweder, Jason J. jrohweder@usgs.gov","contributorId":460,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rohweder","given":"Jason","email":"jrohweder@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":576942,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Thogmartin, Wayne E. 0000-0002-2384-4279 wthogmartin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2384-4279","contributorId":2545,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thogmartin","given":"Wayne","email":"wthogmartin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":576937,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70159529,"text":"70159529 - 2016 - Effects of temperature on Renibacterium salmoninarum infection and transmission potential in Chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (Walbaum)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-12-19T11:56:02","indexId":"70159529","displayToPublicDate":"2015-10-09T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2286,"text":"Journal of Fish Diseases","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of temperature on Renibacterium salmoninarum infection and transmission potential in Chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (Walbaum)","docAbstract":"

Renibacterium salmoninarum is a significant pathogen of salmonids and the causative agent of bacterial kidney disease (BKD). Water temperature affects the replication rate of pathogens and the function of the fish immune system to influence the progression of disease. In addition, rapid shifts in temperature may serve as stressors that reduce host resistance. This study evaluated the effect of shifts in water temperature on established R. salmoninarum infections. We challenged Chinook salmon with R. salmoninarum at 12°C for 2 weeks and then divided the fish into three temperature groups (8, 12 and 15°C). Fish in the 8°C group had significantly higher R. salmoninarum-specific mortality, kidney R. salmoninarum loads and bacterial shedding rates relative to the fish held at 12 or 15°C. There was a trend towards suppressed bacterial load and shedding in the 15°C group, but the results were not significant. Bacterial load was a significant predictor of shedding for the 8 and 12°C groups but not for the 15°C group. Overall, our results showed little effect of temperature stress on the progress of infection, but do support the conclusion that cooler water temperatures contribute to infection progression and increased transmission potential in Chinook salmon infected with R. salmoninarum.

","language":"English","publisher":"Blackwell Science","doi":"10.1111/jfd.12409","usgsCitation":"Purcell, M., McKibben, C.L., Pearman-Gillman, S., Elliott, D.G., and Winton, J., 2016, Effects of temperature on Renibacterium salmoninarum infection and transmission potential in Chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (Walbaum): Journal of Fish Diseases, v. 39, no. 7, p. 787-798, https://doi.org/10.1111/jfd.12409.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"787","endPage":"798","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-065789","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":311135,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"39","issue":"7","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":12,"text":"Tacoma PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-10-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5641d1bee4b0831b7d62e73a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Purcell, Maureen K. mpurcell@usgs.gov","contributorId":138685,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Purcell","given":"Maureen K.","email":"mpurcell@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":579408,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McKibben, Constance L. cmckibben@usgs.gov","contributorId":3831,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McKibben","given":"Constance","email":"cmckibben@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":579409,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pearman-Gillman, Schuyler spearman-gillman@usgs.gov","contributorId":149756,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pearman-Gillman","given":"Schuyler","email":"spearman-gillman@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":579411,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Elliott, Diane G. 0000-0002-4809-6692 dgelliott@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4809-6692","contributorId":2947,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elliott","given":"Diane","email":"dgelliott@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":579412,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Winton, James R. jwinton@usgs.gov","contributorId":149757,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winton","given":"James R.","email":"jwinton@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":579413,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70158943,"text":"70158943 - 2016 - Measuring spatial variation in secondary production and food quality using a common consumer approach in Lake Erie","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-06-02T10:31:07","indexId":"70158943","displayToPublicDate":"2015-10-08T09:45:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1450,"text":"Ecological Applications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Measuring spatial variation in secondary production and food quality using a common consumer approach in Lake Erie","docAbstract":"

Lake Erie is a large lake straddling the border of the U.S. and Canada that has become increasingly eutrophic in recent years. Eutrophication is particularly focused in the shallow western basin. The western basin of Lake Erie is hydrodynamically similar to a large estuary, with riverine inputs from the Detroit and Maumee Rivers mixing together and creating gradients in chemical and physical conditions. This study was driven by two questions: How does secondary production and food quality for consumers vary across this large mixing zone? and Are there correlations between cyanobacterial abundance and secondary production or food quality for consumers? Measuring spatial and temporal variation in secondary production and food quality is difficult for a variety of logistical reasons, so here a common consumer approach was used. In a common consumer approach, individuals of a single species are raised under similar conditions until placed in the field across environmental gradients of interest. After some period of exposure, the response of that common consumer is measured to provide an index of spatial variation in conditions. Here, a freshwater mussel (Lampsilis siliquoidea) was deployed at 32 locations that spanned habitat types and a gradient in cyanobacterial abundance in the western basin of Lake Erie to measure spatial variation in growth (an index of secondary production) and fatty acid (FA) content (an index of food quality). We found secondary production was highest within the Maumee rivermouth and lowest in the open waters of the lake. Mussel tissues in the Maumee rivermouth also included more eicosapentaenoic and docosapentaenoic fatty acids (EPA and DPA, respectively), but fewer bacterial FAs, suggesting more algae at the base of the food web in the Maumee rivermouth compared to open lake sites. The satellite-derived estimate of cyanobacterial abundance was not correlated to secondary production, but was positively related to EPA and DPA content in the mussels, suggesting more of these important FAs in locations with more cyanobacteria. These results suggest that growth of secondary consumers and the availability of important fatty acids in the western basin are centered on the Maumee rivermouth.

","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.1890/15-0440","collaboration":"Prepared in collaboration with National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration","usgsCitation":"Larson, J.H., Richardson, W.B., Evans, M.A., Schaeffer, J., Wynne, T., Bartsch, M., Bartsch, L., Nelson, J., and Vallazza, J., 2016, Measuring spatial variation in secondary production and food quality using a common consumer approach in Lake Erie: Ecological Applications, v. 26, no. 3, p. 873-885, https://doi.org/10.1890/15-0440.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"873","endPage":"885","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-063448","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":471445,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1890/15-0440","text":"External Repository"},{"id":438649,"rank":0,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/F7BZ6426","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Ecological Process Monitoring in the Western Basin Lake Erie, 2013."},{"id":309756,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Lake Erie","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -83.17611694335938,\n 42.017672114390415\n ],\n [\n -82.81631469726561,\n 41.73033005046653\n ],\n [\n -82.8533935546875,\n 41.57641597789266\n ],\n [\n -82.90008544921875,\n 41.51783221717116\n ],\n [\n -82.99072265625,\n 41.53017005175159\n ],\n [\n -83.08135986328124,\n 41.6062013751795\n ],\n [\n -83.33541870117188,\n 41.700602010054794\n ],\n [\n -83.59634399414061,\n 41.59285100004955\n ],\n [\n -83.61419677734375,\n 41.605174521299304\n ],\n [\n 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C. 0000-0002-7105-0107 jcnelson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7105-0107","contributorId":459,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"J. C.","email":"jcnelson@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":577004,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Vallazza, Jon M. jvallazza@usgs.gov","contributorId":139282,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vallazza","given":"Jon M.","email":"jvallazza@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":577005,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":70191236,"text":"70191236 - 2016 - An evaluation of unsupervised and supervised learning algorithms for clustering landscape types in the United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-10-02T16:19:59","indexId":"70191236","displayToPublicDate":"2015-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1191,"text":"Cartography and Geographic Information Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An evaluation of unsupervised and supervised learning algorithms for clustering landscape types in the United States","docAbstract":"

Knowledge of landscape type can inform cartographic generalization of hydrographic features, because landscape characteristics provide an important geographic context that affects variation in channel geometry, flow pattern, and network configuration. Landscape types are characterized by expansive spatial gradients, lacking abrupt changes between adjacent classes; and as having a limited number of outliers that might confound classification. The US Geological Survey (USGS) is exploring methods to automate generalization of features in the National Hydrography Data set (NHD), to associate specific sequences of processing operations and parameters with specific landscape characteristics, thus obviating manual selection of a unique processing strategy for every NHD watershed unit. A chronology of methods to delineate physiographic regions for the United States is described, including a recent maximum likelihood classification based on seven input variables. This research compares unsupervised and supervised algorithms applied to these seven input variables, to evaluate and possibly refine the recent classification. Evaluation metrics for unsupervised methods include the Davies–Bouldin index, the Silhouette index, and the Dunn index as well as quantization and topographic error metrics. Cross validation and misclassification rate analysis are used to evaluate supervised classification methods. The paper reports the comparative analysis and its impact on the selection of landscape regions. The compared solutions show problems in areas of high landscape diversity. There is some indication that additional input variables, additional classes, or more sophisticated methods can refine the existing classification.

","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/15230406.2015.1067829","usgsCitation":"Wendel, J., Buttenfield, B., and Stanislawski, L.V., 2016, An evaluation of unsupervised and supervised learning algorithms for clustering landscape types in the United States: Cartography and Geographic Information Science, v. 43, no. 3, p. 233-249, https://doi.org/10.1080/15230406.2015.1067829.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"233","endPage":"249","ipdsId":"IP-062949","costCenters":[{"id":5074,"text":"Center for Geospatial Information Science (CEGIS)","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":346332,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","volume":"43","issue":"3","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":6,"text":"Columbus PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-09-15","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59d35029e4b05fe04cc34d65","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wendel, Jochen","contributorId":196803,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wendel","given":"Jochen","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":711651,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Buttenfield, Barbara P.","contributorId":145538,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Buttenfield","given":"Barbara P.","affiliations":[{"id":16144,"text":"University of Colorado-Boulder","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":711652,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stanislawski, Larry V. 0000-0002-9437-0576 lstan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9437-0576","contributorId":3386,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stanislawski","given":"Larry","email":"lstan@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[{"id":5074,"text":"Center for Geospatial Information Science (CEGIS)","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":404,"text":"NGTOC Rolla","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":711650,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70157593,"text":"70157593 - 2016 - Human activities cause distinct dissolved organic matter composition across freshwater ecosystems","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-01T13:16:17","indexId":"70157593","displayToPublicDate":"2015-09-29T11:30:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1837,"text":"Global Change Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Human activities cause distinct dissolved organic matter composition across freshwater ecosystems","docAbstract":"

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) composition in freshwater ecosystems is influenced by interactions between physical, chemical, and biological processes that are controlled, at one level, by watershed landscape, hydrology, and their connections. Against this environmental template, humans may strongly influence DOM composition. Yet, we lack a comprehensive understanding of DOM composition variation across freshwater ecosystems differentially affected by human activity. Using optical properties, we described DOM variation across five ecosystem groups of the Laurentian Great Lakes Region: large lakes, Kawartha Lakes, Experimental Lakes Area, urban stormwater ponds, and rivers (n = 184 sites). We determined how between ecosystem variation in DOM composition related to watershed size, land use and cover, water quality measures (conductivity, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), nutrient concentration, chlorophyll a), and human population density. The five freshwater ecosystem groups had distinctive DOM composition from each other. These significant differences were not explained completely through differences in watershed size nor spatial autocorrelation. Instead, multivariate partial least squares regression showed that DOM composition was related to differences in human impact across freshwater ecosystems. In particular, urban/developed watersheds with higher human population densities had a unique DOM composition with a clear anthropogenic influence that was distinct from DOM composition in natural land cover and/or agricultural watersheds. This nonagricultural, human developed impact on aquatic DOM was most evident through increased levels of a microbial, humic-like parallel factor analysis component (C6). Lotic and lentic ecosystems with low human population densities had DOM compositions more typical of clear water to humic-rich freshwater ecosystems but C6 was only present at trace to background levels. Consequently, humans are strongly altering the quality of DOM in waters nearby or flowing through highly populated areas, which may alter carbon cycles in anthropogenically disturbed ecosystems at broad scales.

","language":"English","publisher":"John Wiley & Sons Ltd.","doi":"10.1111/gcb.13094","usgsCitation":"Williams, C.J., Frost, P.C., Morales-Williams, A.M., Larson, J.H., Richardson, W.B., Chiandet, A.S., and Xenopoulos, M.A., 2016, Human activities cause distinct dissolved organic matter composition across freshwater ecosystems: Global Change Biology, v. 22, no. 2, p. 613-626, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13094.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"613","endPage":"626","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-064700","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":308689,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"22","issue":"2","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":6,"text":"Columbus PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-12-11","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"560ba83de4b058f706e53a7f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Williams, Clayton J.","contributorId":138631,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Williams","given":"Clayton","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":12468,"text":"Department of Ecology, Evolution and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":573702,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Frost, Paul C.","contributorId":138628,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Frost","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":12467,"text":"Department of Biology, Trent University, Peterborough, ON CA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":573703,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Morales-Williams, Ana M.","contributorId":148057,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Morales-Williams","given":"Ana","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":16985,"text":"Trent University & Iowa State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":573704,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Larson, James H. 0000-0002-6414-9758 jhlarson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6414-9758","contributorId":4250,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Larson","given":"James","email":"jhlarson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":573701,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Richardson, William B. 0000-0002-7471-4394 wrichardson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7471-4394","contributorId":3277,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Richardson","given":"William","email":"wrichardson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":573705,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Chiandet, Aisha S.","contributorId":148058,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Chiandet","given":"Aisha","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":16986,"text":"Severn Sound Environmental Association","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":573706,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Xenopoulos, Marguerite A.","contributorId":138629,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Xenopoulos","given":"Marguerite","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":12467,"text":"Department of Biology, Trent University, Peterborough, ON CA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":573707,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70160785,"text":"70160785 - 2016 - Behavioural response of adult sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) to predator and conspecific alarm cues: evidence of additive effects","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-12-14T12:45:15","indexId":"70160785","displayToPublicDate":"2015-09-26T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1919,"text":"Hydrobiologia","onlineIssn":"1573-5117","printIssn":"0018-8158","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Behavioural response of adult sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) to predator and conspecific alarm cues: evidence of additive effects","docAbstract":"

Sea lampreys Petromyzon marinus, an invasive pest in the Upper Great Lakes, avoid odours that represent danger in their habitat. These odours include conspecific alarm cues and predator cues, like 2-phenylethylamine hydrochloride (PEA HCl), which is found in the urine of mammalian predators. Whether conspecific alarm cues and predator cues function additively or synergistically when mixed together is unknown. The objectives of this experimental study were to determine if the avoidance response of sea lamprey to PEA HCl is proportional to the concentration delivered, and if the avoidance response to the combination of a predator cue (PEA HCl) and sea lamprey alarm cue is additive. To accomplish the first objective, groups of ten sea lampreys were placed in an artificial stream channel and presented with stepwise concentrations of PEA HCl ranging from 5 × 10−8 to 5 × 10−10 M and a deionized water control. Sea lampreys exhibited an increase in their avoidance behaviour in response to increasing concentrations of PEA HCl. To accomplish the second objective, sea lampreys were exposed to PEA HCl, conspecific alarm cue and a combination of the two. Sea lampreys responded to the combination of predator cue and conspecific alarm cue in an additive manner.

","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s10750-015-2508-6","usgsCitation":"Di Rocco, R.T., Imre, I., Johnson, N., and Brown, G.B., 2016, Behavioural response of adult sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) to predator and conspecific alarm cues: evidence of additive effects: Hydrobiologia, v. 767, no. 1, p. 279-287, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-015-2508-6.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"279","endPage":"287","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-065576","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":471452,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://spectrum.library.concordia.ca/979649/1/Di_Rocco_MSc_Thesis.pdf","text":"External Repository"},{"id":313136,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada; United States","otherGeospatial":"St.Mary's River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -84.57824707031249,\n 46.53052428878426\n ],\n [\n -84.63043212890625,\n 46.479482189368646\n ],\n [\n -84.6002197265625,\n 46.42081919374916\n ],\n [\n -84.495849609375,\n 46.43596408010131\n ],\n [\n -84.462890625,\n 46.45488927067795\n ],\n [\n -84.39971923828125,\n 46.492719928122746\n ],\n [\n -84.28985595703124,\n 46.47380788661107\n ],\n [\n -84.254150390625,\n 46.38672781370433\n ],\n [\n -84.2156982421875,\n 46.29950860500902\n ],\n [\n -84.1827392578125,\n 46.23685258143992\n ],\n [\n -84.23492431640624,\n 46.21215024064958\n ],\n [\n -84.23492431640624,\n 46.17222297845542\n ],\n [\n -84.14154052734374,\n 46.176026824576574\n ],\n [\n -84.0673828125,\n 46.145588688591964\n ],\n [\n -84.03717041015625,\n 46.1322667089571\n ],\n [\n -84.0673828125,\n 46.09228143052649\n ],\n [\n -83.9739990234375,\n 46.01603873833416\n ],\n [\n -83.91357421875,\n 46.010316293096196\n ],\n [\n -83.7982177734375,\n 46.14749156542368\n ],\n [\n -83.74603271484375,\n 46.272936008641494\n ],\n [\n -83.76800537109374,\n 46.29381556233369\n ],\n [\n -83.89984130859374,\n 46.32796494040748\n ],\n [\n -84.0618896484375,\n 46.320378031062354\n ],\n [\n -84.1058349609375,\n 46.3583020562222\n ],\n [\n -84.09484863281249,\n 46.464349400461124\n ],\n [\n -84.10308837890624,\n 46.50784482789971\n ],\n [\n -84.17724609375,\n 46.53808200546305\n ],\n [\n -84.26239013671875,\n 46.50973514453879\n ],\n [\n -84.36676025390625,\n 46.5002829039397\n ],\n [\n -84.46563720703125,\n 46.48704700597017\n ],\n [\n -84.49859619140625,\n 46.47380788661107\n ],\n [\n -84.561767578125,\n 46.522965520307295\n ],\n [\n -84.57824707031249,\n 46.53052428878426\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"767","issue":"1","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":6,"text":"Columbus PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-09-26","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56865fbee4b0e7594ee74cb6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Di Rocco, Richard T.","contributorId":150984,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Di Rocco","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":6586,"text":"Concordia University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":583894,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Imre, Istvan","contributorId":150985,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Imre","given":"Istvan","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6585,"text":"Algoma University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":583895,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Johnson, Nicholas S. 0000-0002-7419-6013 njohnson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7419-6013","contributorId":150983,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Nicholas S.","email":"njohnson@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":583893,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Brown, Grant B","contributorId":150986,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Brown","given":"Grant","email":"","middleInitial":"B","affiliations":[{"id":6586,"text":"Concordia University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":583896,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70174886,"text":"70174886 - 2016 - Evaluating the adequacy of a reference site pool for ecological assessments in environmentally complex regions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-07-20T11:03:34","indexId":"70174886","displayToPublicDate":"2015-09-24T14:30:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1699,"text":"Freshwater Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evaluating the adequacy of a reference site pool for ecological assessments in environmentally complex regions","docAbstract":"

Many advances in the field of bioassessment have focused on approaches for objectively selecting the pool of reference sites used to establish expectations for healthy waterbodies, but little emphasis has been placed on ways to evaluate the suitability of the reference-site pool for its intended applications (e.g., compliance assessment vs ambient monitoring). These evaluations are critical because an inadequately evaluated reference pool may bias assessments in some settings. We present an approach for evaluating the adequacy of a reference-site pool for supporting biotic-index development in environmentally heterogeneous and pervasively altered regions. We followed common approaches for selecting sites with low levels of anthropogenic stress to screen 1985 candidate stream reaches to create a pool of 590 reference sites for assessing the biological integrity of streams in California, USA. We assessed the resulting pool of reference sites against 2 performance criteria. First, we evaluated how well the reference-site pool represented the range of natural gradients present in the entire population of streams as estimated by sites sampled through probabilistic surveys. Second, we evaluated the degree to which we were successful in rejecting sites influenced by anthropogenic stress by comparing biological metric scores at reference sites with the most vs fewest potential sources of stress. Using this approach, we established a reference-site pool with low levels of human-associated stress and broad coverage of environmental heterogeneity. This approach should be widely applicable and customizable to particular regional or programmatic needs.

","language":"English","publisher":"The Society for Freshwater Science and the University of Chicago Press","doi":"10.1086/684003","collaboration":"Southern California Coastal Water Research Project; California Department of Fish and Wildlife","usgsCitation":"Ode, P.R., Rehn, A.C., Mazor, R.D., Schiff, K.C., Stein, E.D., May, J., Brown, L.R., Herbst, D.B., Gillette, D., Lunde, K., and Hawkins, C., 2016, Evaluating the adequacy of a reference site pool for ecological assessments in environmentally complex regions: Freshwater Science, v. 35, no. 1, p. 237-248, https://doi.org/10.1086/684003.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"237","endPage":"248","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-063272","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":488459,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1086/684003","text":"Publisher Index 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D.D.","contributorId":34283,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gillette","given":"D.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":642996,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Lunde, Kevin","contributorId":173014,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lunde","given":"Kevin","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":27142,"text":"San Francisco Bay Regional Water Quality Control Board","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":642997,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Hawkins, Charles P.","contributorId":173015,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hawkins","given":"Charles P.","affiliations":[{"id":6682,"text":"Utah State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":642998,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11}]}} ,{"id":70156410,"text":"70156410 - 2016 - Copahue volcano and its regional magmatic setting","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-08-24T12:29:54","indexId":"70156410","displayToPublicDate":"2015-09-22T12:15:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Copahue volcano and its regional magmatic setting","docAbstract":"

Copahue volcano (Province of Neuquen, Argentina) has produced lavas and strombolian deposits over several 100,000s of years, building a rounded volcano with a 3 km elevation. The products are mainly basaltic andesites, with the 2000–2012 eruptive products the most mafic. The geochemistry of Copahue products is compared with those of the main Andes arc (Llaima, Callaqui, Tolhuaca), the older Caviahue volcano directly east of Copahue, and the back arc volcanics of the Loncopue graben. The Caviahue rocks resemble the main Andes arc suite, whereas the Copahue rocks are characterized by lower Fe and Ti contents and higher incompatible element concentrations. The rocks have negative Nb-Ta anomalies, modest enrichments in radiogenic Sr and Pb isotope ratios and slightly depleted Nd isotope ratios. The combined trace element and isotopic data indicate that Copahue magmas formed in a relatively dry mantle environment, with melting of a subducted sediment residue. The back arc basalts show a wide variation in isotopic composition, have similar water contents as the Copahue magmas and show evidence for a subducted sedimentary component in their source regions. The low 206Pb/204Pb of some backarc lava flows suggests the presence of a second endmember with an EM1 flavor in its source. The overall magma genesis is explained within the context of a subducted slab with sediment that gradually looses water, water-mobile elements, and then switches to sediment melt extracts deeper down in the subduction zone. With the change in element extraction mechanism with depth comes a depletion and fractionation of the subducted complex that is reflected in the isotope and trace element signatures of the products from the main arc to Copahue to the back arc basalts.

","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Copahue Volcano","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Springer","publisherLocation":"Heidelburg, Germany","doi":"10.1007/978-3-662-48005-2_5","usgsCitation":"Varekamp, J.C., Zareski, J.E., Camfield, L.M., and Todd, E., 2016, Copahue volcano and its regional magmatic setting, chap. of Copahue Volcano, p. 81-117, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-48005-2_5.","productDescription":"37 p.","startPage":"81","endPage":"117","numberOfPages":"37","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-068587","costCenters":[{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":318956,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Argentina, Chile","otherGeospatial":"Copahue volcano","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -71.18831634521484,\n -37.87878283303809\n ],\n [\n -71.18831634521484,\n -37.84273253222221\n ],\n [\n -71.13407135009766,\n -37.84273253222221\n ],\n [\n -71.13407135009766,\n -37.87878283303809\n ],\n [\n -71.18831634521484,\n -37.87878283303809\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":12,"text":"Tacoma PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-09-22","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56ed26afe4b0f59b85db09ec","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Varekamp, J. C.","contributorId":146816,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Varekamp","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":16751,"text":"Earth and Environmental Sciences Wesleyan Univeristy Middletown, CT","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":569058,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zareski, J. E.","contributorId":146817,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Zareski","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":16751,"text":"Earth and Environmental Sciences Wesleyan Univeristy Middletown, CT","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":569059,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Camfield, L. M.","contributorId":146818,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Camfield","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":16751,"text":"Earth and Environmental Sciences Wesleyan Univeristy Middletown, CT","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":569060,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Todd, Erin 0000-0002-4871-9730 etodd@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4871-9730","contributorId":202811,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Todd","given":"Erin","email":"etodd@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":569057,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70159326,"text":"70159326 - 2016 - Prediction of plant vulnerability to salinity increase in a coastal ecosystem by stable isotopic composition (δ18O) of plant stem water: a model study","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-25T08:32:50","indexId":"70159326","displayToPublicDate":"2015-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1478,"text":"Ecosystems","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Prediction of plant vulnerability to salinity increase in a coastal ecosystem by stable isotopic composition (δ18O) of plant stem water: a model study","docAbstract":"

Sea level rise and the subsequent intrusion of saline seawater can result in an increase in soil salinity, and potentially cause coastal salinity-intolerant vegetation (for example, hardwood hammocks or pines) to be replaced by salinity-tolerant vegetation (for example, mangroves or salt marshes). Although the vegetation shifts can be easily monitored by satellite imagery, it is hard to predict a particular area or even a particular tree that is vulnerable to such a shift. To find an appropriate indicator for the potential vegetation shift, we incorporated stable isotope 18O abundance as a tracer in various hydrologic components (for example, vadose zone, water table) in a previously published model describing ecosystem shifts between hammock and mangrove communities in southern Florida. Our simulations showed that (1) there was a linear relationship between salinity and the δ18O value in the water table, whereas this relationship was curvilinear in the vadose zone; (2) hammock trees with higher probability of being replaced by mangroves had higher δ18O values of plant stem water, and this difference could be detected 2 years before the trees reached a tipping point, beyond which future replacement became certain; and (3) individuals that were eventually replaced by mangroves from the hammock tree population with a 50% replacement probability had higher stem water δ18O values 3 years before their replacement became certain compared to those from the same population which were not replaced. Overall, these simulation results suggest that it is promising to track the yearly δ18O values of plant stem water in hammock forests to predict impending salinity stress and mortality.

","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s10021-015-9916-3","usgsCitation":"Zhai, L., Jiang, J., DeAngelis, D.L., and Sternberg, L.D., 2016, Prediction of plant vulnerability to salinity increase in a coastal ecosystem by stable isotopic composition (δ18O) of plant stem water: a model study: Ecosystems, v. 19, no. 1, p. 32-49, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-015-9916-3.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"32","endPage":"49","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-068438","costCenters":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":310336,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"19","issue":"1","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":8,"text":"Raleigh PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-09-21","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"562a08e5e4b011227bf1fdbd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zhai, Lu","contributorId":147395,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Zhai","given":"Lu","affiliations":[{"id":16839,"text":"Department of Biology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":578048,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jiang, Jiang","contributorId":46838,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jiang","given":"Jiang","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":578049,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"DeAngelis, Donald L. 0000-0002-1570-4057 don_deangelis@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1570-4057","contributorId":148065,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeAngelis","given":"Donald","email":"don_deangelis@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":566,"text":"Southeast Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":578016,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sternberg, Leonel d.S.L","contributorId":67051,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sternberg","given":"Leonel","email":"","middleInitial":"d.S.L","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":578050,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70156724,"text":"70156724 - 2016 - Dramatic increase in sea otter mortality from white sharks in California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-01-04T10:23:03","indexId":"70156724","displayToPublicDate":"2015-08-31T13:45:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2671,"text":"Marine Mammal Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Dramatic increase in sea otter mortality from white sharks in California","docAbstract":"

Although southern sea otters (Enhydra lutris nereis) are not considered prey for white sharks (Carcharodon carcharias), sharks do nonetheless bite sea otters. We analyzed spatial and temporal trends in shark bites on sea otters in California, assessing the frequency of shark bite wounds in 1,870 carcasses collected since 1985. The proportion of stranded sea otters having shark bites has increased sharply since 2003, and white shark bites now account for >50% of recovered carcasses. The trend was most pronounced in the southern part of the range, from Estero Bay to Point Conception, where shark bite frequency has increased eightfold. Seasonal trends were also evident: most shark-bitten carcasses are recovered in late summer and fall; however, the period of elevated shark bite frequency has lengthened. The causes of these trends are unclear, but possible contributing factors include increased white shark abundance and/or changes in white shark behavior and distribution. In particular, the spatiotemporal patterns of shark-bitten sea otters match increases in pinniped populations, and the increased availability of marine mammal prey for white sharks may have led to more sharks spending more time in nearshore waters utilized by both sea otters and pinnipeds.

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\"}}]}","volume":"32","issue":"1","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":1,"text":"Sacramento PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-08-14","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55e56ca3e4b05561fa20866e","chorus":{"doi":"10.1111/mms.12261","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/mms.12261","publisher":"Wiley-Blackwell","authors":"Tinker M. Tim, Hatfield Brian B., Harris Michael D., Ames Jack A.","journalName":"Marine Mammal Science","publicationDate":"8/14/2015","auditedOn":"10/5/2015"},"contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tinker, M. Tim 0000-0002-3314-839X ttinker@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3314-839X","contributorId":2796,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tinker","given":"M.","email":"ttinker@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Tim","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":570267,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hatfield, Brian B. 0000-0003-1432-2660 brian_hatfield@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1432-2660","contributorId":127457,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hatfield","given":"Brian","email":"brian_hatfield@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":570268,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Harris, Michael D.","contributorId":127460,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Harris","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":6952,"text":"California Department of Fish and Wildlife","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":570269,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ames, Jack A.","contributorId":127458,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ames","given":"Jack","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":6952,"text":"California Department of Fish and Wildlife","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":570270,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70156835,"text":"70156835 - 2016 - Experimental infection of six North American fish species with the North Carolina strain of spring Viremia of Carp Virus","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-12-19T11:46:49","indexId":"70156835","displayToPublicDate":"2015-08-31T12:45:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":853,"text":"Aquaculture","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Experimental infection of six North American fish species with the North Carolina strain of spring Viremia of Carp Virus","docAbstract":"

Spring viremia of carp virus (SVCV) is a rhabdoviral pathogen associated with disease outbreaks in cultured and wild fish worldwide. Common carp (Cyprinus carpio carp), and koi (C. carpio koi) suffer the highest mortalities from SVCV infections, while other cyprinid fish species have varying susceptibility. Although salmonid fish typically are considered refractory to infection by SVCV, there have been a few reports suggesting infection has occurred in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). There have been no reports of Percid fish being infected with SVCV. Since the first North American outbreak of SVCV at a North Carolina koi farm in 2002 there have been eight subsequent detections or outbreaks of SVCV among fish species from the families of Cyprinidae andCentrarchidae within the US and Canada. Thus, this exotic virus is considered a potential threat to native and cultured fish populations in North America. We performed multiple experimental challenges with fish species from three families (Salmonidae, Cyprinidae, and Percidae) to identify the potential risk associated with SVCV exposure of resident fish populations in North America.

\n

Three salmonid species, rainbow and steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), Chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha), and sockeye salmon (O. nerka), were challenged by immersion or injection with the North Carolina SVCV isolate. Two cyprinid species, koi and fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) and one percid species, yellow perch (Perca flavescens) were also challenged. Koi were highly susceptible to SVCV up to 11 months of age and fathead minnows had chronic disease expression with moderate mortality (29%). SVCV also induced moderate mortalities (33%) in yellow perch fry. Virus challenged salmonid fish had cumulative percent mortalities ranging from 0 to 100%, with sockeye salmon fry being the most vulnerable. A sub-sample of mortalities and survivors were screened for virus by plaque assay and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. In general, all mortalities tested positive for SVCV with high viral titers while survivors had variable persistence of SVCV with overall lower virus titers. Our SVCV challenges of multiple North American fish species suggested that host age is a key factor in determining disease outcome. Other factors, such as fish broodstock, virus strain, water temperature, and rearing conditions in association with the intrinsic level of species susceptibility may also impact infection dynamics. This is the first report of SVCV infecting a species (yellow perch) in the family Percidae and that sockeye salmon fry can suffer similarly high mortalities as the primary SVCV host species.

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.aquaculture.2015.07.007","usgsCitation":"Emmenegger, E.J., Sanders, G.E., Conway, C.M., Binkowski, F.P., Winton, J., and Kurath, G., 2016, Experimental infection of six North American fish species with the North Carolina strain of spring Viremia of Carp Virus: Aquaculture, v. 450, p. 273-282, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2015.07.007.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"273","endPage":"282","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-065791","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":471462,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2015.07.007","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":307724,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"450","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":12,"text":"Tacoma PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55e56ca3e4b05561fa208670","chorus":{"doi":"10.1016/j.aquaculture.2015.07.007","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2015.07.007","publisher":"Elsevier BV","authors":"Emmenegger Eveline J., Sanders George E., Conway Carla M., Binkowski Fred P., Winton James R., Kurath Gael","journalName":"Aquaculture","publicationDate":"1/2016"},"contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Emmenegger, Eveline J. 0000-0001-5217-6030 eemmenegger@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5217-6030","contributorId":2434,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Emmenegger","given":"Eveline","email":"eemmenegger@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":570764,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sanders, George E.","contributorId":147207,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sanders","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":16803,"text":"University of Washington, School of Medicine, Dept. of Comparative Medicine, T-160 Health Sciences Center, Seattle, WA 98195","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":570765,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Conway, Carla M. 0000-0002-3851-3616 cmconway@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3851-3616","contributorId":2946,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Conway","given":"Carla","email":"cmconway@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":570766,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Binkowski, Fred P.","contributorId":147208,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Binkowski","given":"Fred","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":16804,"text":"University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, School of Freshwater Sciences, 600 E. Greenfield Ave., Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53204","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":570767,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Winton, James R. jwinton@usgs.gov","contributorId":147209,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winton","given":"James R.","email":"jwinton@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":570768,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Kurath, Gael 0000-0003-3294-560X gkurath@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3294-560X","contributorId":2629,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kurath","given":"Gael","email":"gkurath@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":570769,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70156836,"text":"70156836 - 2016 - Detecting significant change in stream benthic macroinvertebrate communities in wilderness areas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-01T13:16:49","indexId":"70156836","displayToPublicDate":"2015-08-31T12:45:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1456,"text":"Ecological Indicators","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Detecting significant change in stream benthic macroinvertebrate communities in wilderness areas","docAbstract":"

A major challenge in the biological monitoring of stream ecosystems in protected wilderness areas is discerning whether temporal changes in community structure are significantly outside of a reference condition that represents natural or acceptable annual variation in population cycles. Otherwise sites could erroneously be classified as impaired. Long-term datasets are essential for understanding these trends, to ascertain whether any changes in community structure significantly beyond the reference condition are permanent shifts or with time move back to within previous limits. To this end, we searched for long-term (>8 years) quantitative data sets of macroinvertebrate communities in wadeable rivers collected by similar methods and time of year in protected wilderness areas with minimal anthropogenic disturbance. Four geographic areas with datasets that met these criteria in the USA were identified, namely: McLaughlin Nature Reserve in California (1 stream), Great Smoky Mountains National Park in Tennesse-North Carolina (14 streams), Wind River Wilderness Areas in Wyoming (3 streams) and Denali National Park and Preserve in Alaska (6 streams).

\n

Two statistical approaches were applied: Taxonomic Distinctness (TD) to describe changes in diversity over time and non-metric multidimensional scaling (MDS) to describe changes over time in community persistence (Jaccards Index) and community stability (Bray–Curtis Index). Control charts were used to determine if years in MDS plots were significantly outside a reference condition. For Hunting Creek, TD showed three years outside natural variation which could be attributed to severe hydrological events but years outside the natural-variation funnel at sites in other geographical areas were inconsistent and could not be explained by environmental variables. TD identified simulated severe pollutant events which caused the removal of entire invertebrate assemblages but not simulated water temperature shifts.

\n

Within a region, both MDS analyses typically identified similar years as exceeding reference condition variation, illustrating the utility of the approach for identifying wider spatial scale effects that influence more than one stream. MDS responded to both simulated water temperature stress and a pollutant event, and generally outlying years on MDS plots could be explained by environmental variables, particularly higher precipitation. Multivariate control charts successfully identified whether shifts in community structure identified by MDS were significant and whether the shift represented a press disturbance (long-term change) or a pulse disturbance. We consider a combination of TD and MDS with control charts to be a potentially powerful tool for determining years significantly outside of a reference condition variation.

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.ecolind.2015.07.025","usgsCitation":"Milner, A.M., Woodward, A., Freilich, J.E., Black, R.W., and Resh, V.H., 2016, Detecting significant change in stream benthic macroinvertebrate communities in wilderness areas: Ecological Indicators, v. 60, p. 524-537, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2015.07.025.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"524","endPage":"537","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-052838","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":307725,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska, California, North Carolina, Tennesse, Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Denali National Park and Preserve, Great Smoky Mountains National Park, McLaughlin Nature Reserve, Wind River Wilderness Area","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.40966796874999,\n 39.027718840211605\n ],\n [\n -122.40966796874999,\n 40.027614437486655\n ],\n [\n -121.26708984374999,\n 40.027614437486655\n ],\n [\n -121.26708984374999,\n 39.027718840211605\n ],\n [\n -122.40966796874999,\n 39.027718840211605\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -110.19287109375,\n 42.76314586689494\n ],\n [\n -110.19287109375,\n 43.8503744993026\n ],\n [\n -108.52294921875,\n 43.8503744993026\n ],\n [\n -108.52294921875,\n 42.76314586689494\n ],\n [\n -110.19287109375,\n 42.76314586689494\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -153.87451171875,\n 62.21163423606344\n ],\n [\n -153.87451171875,\n 64.52954819942195\n ],\n [\n -148.18359375,\n 64.52954819942195\n ],\n [\n -148.18359375,\n 62.21163423606344\n ],\n [\n -153.87451171875,\n 62.21163423606344\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -83.9794921875,\n 35.31736632923788\n ],\n [\n -83.9794921875,\n 36.13787471840729\n ],\n [\n -82.8369140625,\n 36.13787471840729\n ],\n [\n -82.8369140625,\n 35.31736632923788\n ],\n [\n -83.9794921875,\n 35.31736632923788\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"60","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":12,"text":"Tacoma PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55e56ca2e4b05561fa20866c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Milner, Alexander M.","contributorId":90341,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Milner","given":"Alexander","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":570771,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Woodward, Andrea 0000-0003-0604-9115 awoodward@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0604-9115","contributorId":3028,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woodward","given":"Andrea","email":"awoodward@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":570770,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Freilich, Jerome E.","contributorId":147210,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Freilich","given":"Jerome","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":12587,"text":"Olympic National Park, Port Angeles, WA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":570772,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Black, Robert W. 0000-0002-4748-8213 rwblack@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4748-8213","contributorId":1820,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Black","given":"Robert","email":"rwblack@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":570773,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Resh, Vincent H.","contributorId":12169,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Resh","given":"Vincent","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":570774,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70156834,"text":"70156834 - 2016 - Chemical considerations for an updated National assessment of brackish groundwater resources","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-07-28T11:01:26","indexId":"70156834","displayToPublicDate":"2015-08-27T11:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3825,"text":"Groundwater","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Chemical considerations for an updated National assessment of brackish groundwater resources","docAbstract":"

Brackish groundwater (BGW) is increasingly used for water supplies where fresh water is scarce, but the distribution and availability of such resources have not been characterized at the national scale in the United States since the 1960s. Apart from its distribution and accessibility, BGW usability is a function of the chemical requirements of the intended use, chemical characteristics of the resource, and treatment options to make the resource compatible with the use. Here, we discuss relations between these three chemical factors using national-scale examples and local case studies. In a preliminary compilation of BGW data in the United States, five water types accounted for the major-ion composition of 70% of samples. PHREEQC calculations indicate that 57–77% of samples were oversaturated with respect to barite, calcite, or chalcedony. In the study, 5–14% of samples had concentrations of arsenic, fluoride, nitrate, or uranium that exceeded drinking-water standards. In case studies of the potential use of BGW for drinking water, irrigation, and hydraulic fracturing, PHREEQC simulations of a hypothetical treatment process resembling reverse osmosis (RO) showed that BGW had the potential to form various assemblages of mineral deposits (scale) during treatment that could adversely affect RO membranes. Speciation calculations showed that most boron in the irrigation example occurred as boric acid, which has relatively low removal efficiency by RO. Results of this preliminary study indicate that effective national or regional assessments of BGW resources should include geochemical characterizations that are guided in part by specific use and treatment requirements.

","language":"English","publisher":"National Ground Water Association","publisherLocation":"Worthington, OH","doi":"10.1111/gwat.12367","usgsCitation":"McMahon, P.B., Bohlke, J.K., Dahm, K., Parkhurst, D.L., Anning, D.W., and Stanton, J.S., 2016, Chemical considerations for an updated National assessment of brackish groundwater resources: Groundwater, v. 54, no. 4, p. 464-475, https://doi.org/10.1111/gwat.12367.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"464","endPage":"475","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-065662","costCenters":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":307711,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"54","issue":"4","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-08-27","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55e57aace4b05561fa208685","chorus":{"doi":"10.1111/gwat.12367","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gwat.12367","publisher":"Wiley-Blackwell","authors":"McMahon P.B., Böhlke J.K., Dahm K.G., Parkhurst D.L., Anning D.W., Stanton J.S.","journalName":"Groundwater","publicationDate":"8/2015"},"contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McMahon, Peter B. 0000-0001-7452-2379 pmcmahon@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7452-2379","contributorId":724,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McMahon","given":"Peter","email":"pmcmahon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":570752,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bohlke, John Karl 0000-0001-5693-6455 jkbohlke@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5693-6455","contributorId":127841,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bohlke","given":"John","email":"jkbohlke@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Karl","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":570753,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dahm, Katharine 0000-0002-4024-8110","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4024-8110","contributorId":147205,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dahm","given":"Katharine","affiliations":[{"id":7183,"text":"U.S. Bureau of Reclamation","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":570754,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Parkhurst, David L. 0000-0003-3348-1544 dlpark@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3348-1544","contributorId":1088,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parkhurst","given":"David","email":"dlpark@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":570755,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Anning, David W. dwanning@usgs.gov","contributorId":432,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anning","given":"David","email":"dwanning@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":570756,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Stanton, Jennifer S. 0000-0002-2520-753X jstanton@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2520-753X","contributorId":830,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stanton","given":"Jennifer","email":"jstanton@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":464,"text":"Nebraska Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":376,"text":"Massachusetts Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":570757,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70160398,"text":"70160398 - 2016 - Endocrine-disrupting chemicals and oil and natural gas operations: Potential environmental contamination and recommendations to assess complex environmental mixtures","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-08-08T10:39:09","indexId":"70160398","displayToPublicDate":"2015-08-27T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1542,"text":"Environmental Health Perspectives","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Endocrine-disrupting chemicals and oil and natural gas operations: Potential environmental contamination and recommendations to assess complex environmental mixtures","docAbstract":"

Background: Hydraulic fracturing technologies, developed over the last 65 years, have only recently been combined with horizontal drilling to unlock oil and gas reserves previously deemed inaccessible. While these technologies have dramatically increased domestic oil and natural gas production, they have also raised concerns for the potential contamination of local water supplies with the approximately 1,000 chemicals used throughout the process, including many known or suspected endocrine-disrupting chemicals.
Objectives: We discuss the need for an endocrine component to health assessments for drilling-dense regions in the context of hormonal and anti-hormonal activities for chemicals used.
Methods: We discuss the literature on 1) surface and ground water contamination by oil and gas extraction operations, and 2) potential human exposure, particularly in context of the total hormonal and anti-hormonal activities present in surface and ground water from natural and anthropogenic sources, with initial analytical results and critical knowledge gaps discussed.
Discussion: In light of the potential for environmental release of oil and gas chemicals that can disrupt hormone receptor systems, we recommend methods for assessing complex hormonally active environmental mixtures.
Conclusions: We describe a need for an endocrine-centric component for overall health assessments and provide supporting information that using this may help explain reported adverse health trends as well as help develop recommendations for environmental impact assessments and monitoring programs.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of Health, Education, and Welfare","publisherLocation":"Research Triangle Park, NC","doi":"10.1289/ehp.1409535","usgsCitation":"Kassotis, C., Tillitt, D.E., Lin, C., McElroy, J.A., and Nagel, S., 2016, Endocrine-disrupting chemicals and oil and natural gas operations: Potential environmental contamination and recommendations to assess complex environmental mixtures: Environmental Health Perspectives, v. 124, p. 256-264, https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1409535.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"256","endPage":"264","ipdsId":"IP-061600","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34983,"text":"Contaminant Biology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":471463,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1409535","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":312545,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"124","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":4,"text":"Rolla PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56753c3ae4b0da412f4f8bcd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kassotis, Christopher D.","contributorId":26967,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kassotis","given":"Christopher D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":582833,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tillitt, Donald E. 0000-0002-8278-3955 dtillitt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8278-3955","contributorId":1875,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tillitt","given":"Donald","email":"dtillitt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":582832,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lin, Chung-Ho","contributorId":150703,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lin","given":"Chung-Ho","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":18071,"text":"Department of Forestry, School of Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":582834,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"McElroy, Jane A.","contributorId":150738,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McElroy","given":"Jane","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":18084,"text":"Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":582835,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Nagel, Susan C.","contributorId":56147,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nagel","given":"Susan C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":582836,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ]}