Groundwater flow modeling was used to quantitatively assess the hydrologic processes affecting ground water and solute movement to drain laterals. Modeling results were used to calculate the depth distribution of groundwater flowing into drain laterals at 1.8 m (drain lateral 1) and 2.7 m (drain lateral 2) below land surface. The simulations indicated that under nonirrigated conditions about 89% of the flow in drain lateral 2 was from groundwater originating from depths greater than 6 m below land surface. The deep groundwater has higher selenium concentrations than shallow groundwater. Simulation of irrigated conditions indicates that as recharge (deep percolation) increases, the proportional contribution of deep groundwater to drain lateral flow decreases. Groundwater flow paths and travel times estimated from the simulation results indicate that groundwater containing high concentrations of selenium (greater than 780 μg L−1) probably will continue to enter drain lateral 2 for decades.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/91WR01368","usgsCitation":"Fio, J.L., and Deverel, S.J., 1991, Groundwater flow and solute movement to drain laterals, western San Joaquin Valley, California: 2. Quantitative hydrologic assessment: Water Resources Research, v. 27, no. 9, p. 2247-2257, https://doi.org/10.1029/91WR01368.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"2247","endPage":"2257","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":265509,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Joaquin Valley","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -121.84,35.06 ], [ -121.84,38.17 ], [ -118.67,38.17 ], [ -118.67,35.06 ], [ -121.84,35.06 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"27","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-01-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd5fe6e4b0b290850fc962","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fio, John L.","contributorId":77543,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fio","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":471668,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Deverel, S. J.","contributorId":65478,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Deverel","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":471667,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70042508,"text":"70042508 - 1991 - Groundwater flow and solute movement to drain laterals, western San Joaquin Valley, California: 1. Geochemical assessment","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":18669,"text":"ofr90136 - 1990 - Ground-water flow and solute movement to drain laterals, western San Joaquin Valley, California; I, Geochemical assessment","indexId":"ofr90136","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"title":"Ground-water flow and solute movement to drain laterals, western San Joaquin Valley, California; I, Geochemical assessment"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":70042508,"text":"70042508 - 1991 - Groundwater flow and solute movement to drain laterals, western San Joaquin Valley, California: 1. Geochemical assessment","indexId":"70042508","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"title":"Groundwater flow and solute movement to drain laterals, western San Joaquin Valley, California: 1. Geochemical assessment"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-27T11:57:41","indexId":"70042508","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Groundwater flow and solute movement to drain laterals, western San Joaquin Valley, California: 1. Geochemical assessment","docAbstract":"A study was undertaken to quantitatively evaluate the hydrologic processes affecting the chemical and isotopic composition of drain lateral water in a drained agricultural field in the western San Joaquin Valley, California. The results elucidate the process of mixing of deep and shallow groundwater (below and within 6 m from land surface) entering the drain laterals. The deep groundwater was subject to evapoconcentration prior to drainage system installation and has been displaced downward (to depths greater than 6 m) in the groundwater system. The proportions of deep and shallow groundwater entering the drain laterals was calculated from the end-member oxygen 18 compositions determined in groundwater samples. The percentage of total drain lateral flow which is deep groundwater flow is about 30% for the shallow drain lateral (1.8 m below land surface) (drain lateral 1)) and 60% for the deep drain lateral (2.7 m below land surface (drain lateral 2)). During irrigation, the percentages of deep groundwater flow decrease to 0 and 30% for the shallow and deep drain laterals, respectively. Selenium concentrations in drain lateral waters decrease during irrigation but selenium loads increase. Total estimated annual loads were 1.1 and 5.4 kg of selenium for drain laterals 1 and 2, respectively. Substantial percentages of the annual load occurred during 8 days of irrigation, 23 and 9% for drain laterals 1 and 2, respectively.
Coastal wetlands rank among the most productive and ecologically valuable natural ecosystems on Earth. Unfortunately, they are also some of the most disturbed. Because they are productive and can serve as transportation arteries, coastal wetlands have long attracted human settlement. More than half of the U.S. population currently lives within 80 km of its coasts, and one estimate places 70% of all humanity in the coastal zone. Human impacts to coastal wetlands include physical alteration of hydrological processes; the introduction of toxic materials, nutrients, heat, and exotic species; and the unsustainable harvest of native species. Between 1950 and 1970, coastal wetland losses in the U.S. averaged 8 100 ha/year. In Central and South America, development pressures along the coastal zone rank among the most serious natural resource problems in the region..... Here, we (1) briefly describe coastal wetland avifauna, (2) discuss the threat of global warming on coastal wetlands, (3) use several Western Hemisphere wetlands as site-specific examples of development pressures facing these habitats, and (4) provide synopses of nongovernmental and governmental approaches to wetland conservation. Overall, we provide a socio-economic context for conservation of coastal wetlands in the Western Hemisphere. We suggest that efforts aimed at conserving sites of particular importance for their biological diversity should be pursued within a framework of wise use that addresses the broader issues of human population growth and economic development.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wilson Ornithological Society","usgsCitation":"Bildstein, K., Bancroft, G., Dugan, P., Gordon, D., Erwin, R., Nol, E., Payne, L., and Senner, S.E., 1991, Approaches to the conservation of coastal wetlands in the Western Hemisphere: The Wilson Bulletin, v. 103, no. 2, p. 218-254.","productDescription":"37 p.","startPage":"218","endPage":"254","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":193458,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":16510,"rank":300,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.wilsonsociety.org/pubs/","text":"Journal Website","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"volume":"103","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac6e4b07f02db67a2b9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bildstein, K.L.","contributorId":90836,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bildstein","given":"K.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336536,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bancroft, G.T.","contributorId":41096,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bancroft","given":"G.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336531,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dugan, P.J.","contributorId":92365,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dugan","given":"P.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336537,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gordon, D.H.","contributorId":98826,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gordon","given":"D.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336538,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Erwin, R.M.","contributorId":57396,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Erwin","given":"R.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336534,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Nol, E.","contributorId":45791,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nol","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336532,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Payne, L.X.","contributorId":66365,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Payne","given":"L.X.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336535,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Senner, Stanley E.","contributorId":184110,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Senner","given":"Stanley","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336533,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70016665,"text":"70016665 - 1991 - Sedimentary facies and depositional environments of early Mesozoic Newark Supergroup basins, eastern North America","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-06-05T17:13:29.047401","indexId":"70016665","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-22T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2996,"text":"Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology","printIssn":"0031-0182","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sedimentary facies and depositional environments of early Mesozoic Newark Supergroup basins, eastern North America","docAbstract":"The early Mesozoic Newark Supergroup consists of continental sedimentary rocks and basalt flows that occupy a NE-trending belt of elongate basins exposed in eastern North America. The basins were filled over a period of 30–40 m.y. spanning the Late Triassic to Early Jurassic, prior to the opening of the north Atlantic Ocean. The sedimentary rocks are here divided into four principal lithofacies. The alluvial-fan facies includes deposits dominated by: (1) debris flows; (2) shallow braided streams; (3) deeper braided streams (with trough crossbeds); or (4) intense bioturbation or hyperconcentrated flows (tabular, unstratified muddy sandstone). The fluvial facies include deposits of: (1) shallow, ephemeral braided streams; (2) deeper, flashflooding, braided streams (with poor sorting and crossbeds); (3) perennial braided rivers; (4) meandering rivers; (5) meandering streams (with high suspended loads); (6) overbank areas or local flood-plain lakes; or (7) local streams and/or colluvium. The lacustrine facies includes deposits of: (1) deep perennial lakes; (2) shallow perennial lakes; (3) shallow ephemeral lakes; (4) playa dry mudflats; (5) salt-encrusted saline mudflats; or (6) vegetated mudflats. The lake margin clastic facies includes deposits of: (1) birdfoot deltas; (2) stacked Gilbert-type deltas; (3) sheet deltas; (4) wave-reworked alluvial fans; or (5) wave-sorted sand sheets.
Coal deposits are present in the lake margin clastic and the lacustrine facies of Carnian age (Late Triassic) only in basins of south-central Virginia and North and South Carolina. Eolian deposits are known only from the basins in Nova Scotia and Connecticut. Evaporites (and their pseudomorphs) occur mainly in the northern basins as deposits of saline soils and less commonly of saline lakes, and some evaporite and alkaline minerals present in the Mesozoic rocks may be a result of later diagenesis. These relationships suggest climatic variations across paleolatitudes, more humid to the south where coal beds are preserved, and more arid in the north where evaporites and eolian deposits are common. Fluctuations in paleoclimate that caused lake levels to rise and fall in hydrologically closed basins are preserved as lacustrine cycles of various scales, including major shifts in the Late Triassic from a wet Carnian to an arid Norian. In contrast, fluvial deposits were mainly formed in response to the tectonic evolution of the basins, but to some extent also reflect climatic changes.
The Newark Supergroup illustrates the complexity of rift-basin sedimentation and the problems that may arise from using a single modern analog for sedimentary deposition spanning millions of years. It also shows that a tremendous wealth of depositional, climatic, and tectonic information is preserved in ancient rift-basin deposits which can be recovered if the depositional processes of modern rift-basin deposits are understood.
Integrated studies of geohydrology, geochemistry, and geology of crystalline rocks in the vicinity of Conifer, Colorado, reveal that radon concentrations do not correlate with variations in concentrations of other dissolved species. Concentrations of major ions show systematic variations along selected groundwater flowpaths, whereas radon concentrations are dependent on local geochemical and geologic phenomena (such as localized uranium concentration in the rock or the presence of faults or folds). When radon enters the flow system, concentrations do not increase along flowpaths because its decay rate is fast relative to groundwater flow rates. Radon-222 is not in secular equilibrium with 238U and 226Ra in the water. Therefore, most of the 238U and 226Ra necessary to support the waterborne 222Rn must be present locally in the rock. High concentrations of dissolved radon are not found in zones of high transmissivity, and transmissivity is not correlated with rock type in the study area. A higher transmissivity can be indicative of higher water-volume to rock-surface-area ratios, which could effectively dilute 222Rn entering the water and/or may indicate that emanated radon is carried away more rapidly. Water samples collected from individual wells over periods of several months showed significant fluctuations in the dissolved 222Rn content. This fluctuation may be controlled by changes in the contributions of water-producing zones within the well resulting from seasonal fluctuations of the water table and/or pumping stresses.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(91)90123-Y","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Lawrence, E., Poeter, E., and Wanty, R., 1991, Geohydrologic, geochemical, and geologic controls on the occurrence of radon in ground water near Conifer, Colorado, USA: Journal of Hydrology, v. 127, no. 1-4, p. 367-386, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(91)90123-Y.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"367","endPage":"386","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223164,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","city":"Conifer","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -105.33132774321649,\n 39.53934781770843\n ],\n [\n -105.33132774321649,\n 39.51702083170514\n ],\n [\n -105.29488025665746,\n 39.51702083170514\n ],\n [\n -105.29488025665746,\n 39.53934781770843\n ],\n [\n -105.33132774321649,\n 39.53934781770843\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"127","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a17c8e4b0c8380cd555d5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lawrence, E.","contributorId":80425,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lawrence","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373575,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Poeter, E.","contributorId":48708,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poeter","given":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373574,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wanty, R. 0000-0002-2063-6423","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2063-6423","contributorId":99300,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wanty","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373576,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70016830,"text":"70016830 - 1991 - Hydrogeologic inferences from drillers' logs and from gravity and resistivity surveys in the Amargosa Desert, southern Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-28T17:25:38.892387","indexId":"70016830","displayToPublicDate":"2003-03-27T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hydrogeologic inferences from drillers' logs and from gravity and resistivity surveys in the Amargosa Desert, southern Nevada","docAbstract":"The Amargosa Desert of southern Nevada, in the Basin and Range province, is hydraulically downgradient from Yucca Mountain, the potential site of a repository for high-level nuclear waste. Groundwater flow paths and flow rates beneath the Amargosa Desert are controlled in part by the total saturated thickness and the hydraulic properties of basin-fill alluvial sediments. Drillers' logs of water wells completed in alluvium were analyzed to help characterize the hydrogeologic framework underlying the Amargosa Desert. Fractions of coarse-grained sediments, calculated from each of these logs, were contoured using a universal-kriging routine to interpolate values. Results from a previous electrical sounding survey also were contoured, including the estimated depth to Paleozoic (?) basement rocks. The vertical electric sounding results were obtained from individual depth-to-resistivity profiles, from which the average resistivity of the total profile and the resistivity of the upper 75 m were calculated. The distribution and variations in average resistivity of the total depth correlated reasonably well with the distribution of variations in regional gravity. Patterns of contours of the resistivity of the upper 75 m of alluvium were similar to patterns of regional contours of the predominant cation (sodium) in ground water. Gravity lows correspond in some places to the presence of lacustrine, eolian, or marsh surface deposits, which may function as barriers to groundwater flow. Gravity lows also correspond to areas with thick basin-fill sediments, which was corroborated by depth-to-basement data determined from vertical electric soundings. Depths to Paleozoic (?) basement rocks may be as much as 1600 m based on data from the resistivity survey, which were corroborated in part by seismic-refraction survey data. Small variations exist in the percentage of the basin fill that is saturated. The unsaturated zone is always < 15% of the alluvial column. Analysis of depth-to-water and hydrochemical data, in conjunction with average resistivity data for the upper 75 m of alluvium, suggest a hydrologic barrier near the center of the Amargosa Desert.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(91)90010-F","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Oatfield, W.J., and Czarnecki, J., 1991, Hydrogeologic inferences from drillers' logs and from gravity and resistivity surveys in the Amargosa Desert, southern Nevada: Journal of Hydrology, v. 124, no. 1-2, p. 131-158, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(91)90010-F.","productDescription":"28 p.","startPage":"131","endPage":"158","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224990,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Amargosa Desert","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -116.66677406563883,\n 36.77913498918501\n ],\n [\n -116.66677406563883,\n 36.35692916698059\n ],\n [\n -116.19501460556401,\n 36.35692916698059\n ],\n [\n -116.19501460556401,\n 36.77913498918501\n ],\n [\n -116.66677406563883,\n 36.77913498918501\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"124","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a33e8e4b0c8380cd5f376","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Oatfield, W. J.","contributorId":34531,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oatfield","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374608,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Czarnecki, J.B.","contributorId":51768,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Czarnecki","given":"J.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374609,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70016790,"text":"70016790 - 1991 - Detectability of the effects of a hypothetical temperature increase on the Thornthwaite moisture index","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-28T17:40:26.33029","indexId":"70016790","displayToPublicDate":"2003-03-27T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Detectability of the effects of a hypothetical temperature increase on the Thornthwaite moisture index","docAbstract":"Climatic changes that result from increasing concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide may affect the availability of water for vegetation, groundwater recharge, runoff, and human consumption. Most studies of the effects of climatic change on water resources focus on changes in mean characteristics of hydrologic variables and do not consider the effects of these changes amid natural climatic variability. In this study, the Thornthwaite moisture index, an index of the supply of water in an area (precipitation) relative to the climatic demand for water (potential evapotranspiration), was used to examine the effects of a hypothetical increase in air temperature on moisture conditions in the United States. The effects of a gradual increase in air temperature at the rate of 4°C per 100 years, with no accompanying change in precipitation, was used to induce a change in Thornthwaite moisture index values for the United States in order to: (i) determine the relation between natural variability in climate and the time needed for significant trends in the moisture index to occur in response to hypothetical warming; (ii) identify the characteristics of areas (e.g. wet/cool, hot/dry etc.) that are most likely to be the first to experience significant changes in the moisture index given the hypothetical temperature increase.
The increased temperature resulted in increased potential evapotranspiration and a decrease in the moisture index across the United States. Decreases in the moisture index were greatest in cool/wet regions and least in hot/dry regions. The time required to detect significant trends in the moisture index was a function of both the magnitude of change in the moisture index and the natural year-to-year variability of the moisture index. In general, when the ratio of the magnitude of change in the moisture index to the magnitude of variability was large, the time required to detect significant trends was short. This ratio was largest in cool/wet regions resulting in the shortest detection times.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(91)90081-R","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"McCabe, G.J., and Wolock, D., 1991, Detectability of the effects of a hypothetical temperature increase on the Thornthwaite moisture index: Journal of Hydrology, v. 125, no. 1-2, p. 25-35, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(91)90081-R.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"25","endPage":"35","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224461,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"MultiPolygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n [\n -94.81758,\n 49.38905\n ],\n [\n -94.64,\n 48.84\n ],\n [\n -94.32914,\n 48.67074\n ],\n [\n -93.63087,\n 48.60926\n ],\n [\n -92.61,\n 48.45\n ],\n [\n -91.64,\n 48.14\n ],\n [\n -90.83,\n 48.27\n ],\n [\n -89.6,\n 48.01\n 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-95.15609,\n 49.38425\n ],\n [\n -94.81758,\n 49.38905\n ]\n ]\n ]\n ]\n },\n \"properties\": {\n \"name\": \"United States\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"125","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ff5de4b0c8380cd4f147","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McCabe, G. J. Jr.","contributorId":77551,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCabe","given":"G.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374503,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wolock, D.M. 0000-0002-6209-938X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6209-938X","contributorId":36601,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolock","given":"D.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374502,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70016390,"text":"70016390 - 1991 - Effects of wetlands creation on groundwater flow","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-28T17:46:31.681606","indexId":"70016390","displayToPublicDate":"2003-03-27T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of wetlands creation on groundwater flow","docAbstract":"Changes in groundwater flow were observed near four Experimental Wetland Areas (EWAs) constructed along a reach of the Des Plaines River in northeastern Illinois. These changes were observed during monthly monitoring of groundwater elevation in nested piezometers and shallow observation wells before and after the wetlands were filled with water. A numerical model was calibrated with observed data and used to estimate seepage from the wetlands into the Des Plaines River.
After the wetlands became operational, groundwater levels in adjacent wells increased by about 0.5m, while water levels in wells distant from the wetlands decreased. The increase in groundwater levels near the wetlands is a result of seepage from the wetlands. Numerical predictions of seepage from the wetlands are 60–150 m3 day−1 for two wetlands situated over sand and gravel and less than 1 m3 day−1 for two wetlands situated over clayey till. The difference in seepage rates is attributed to two factors. First, the hydraulic conductivity of the sand and gravel unit is greater than that of the till, and thus there is less mounding and a greater capacity for transmitting water beneath the wetlands overlying this deposit. Secondly, the wetlands located over till are groundwater flow-through ponds, whereas the wetlands over the sand and gravel are primarily groundwater recharge areas.
The model was used to estimate that seepage from the wetlands will double groundwater discharge into the Des Plaines River and a tributary relative to pre-operational discharge from the study area. Overall, the wetlands have acted as a constant head boundary, stabilizing groundwater flow patterns.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(91)90161-A","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Hensel, B., and Miller, M., 1991, Effects of wetlands creation on groundwater flow: Journal of Hydrology, v. 126, no. 3-4, p. 293-314, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(91)90161-A.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"293","endPage":"314","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223009,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois","otherGeospatial":"Des Plaines River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -88.40451297304003,\n 41.655774271771435\n ],\n [\n -88.40451297304003,\n 41.286983415428296\n ],\n [\n -88.03797076571307,\n 41.286983415428296\n ],\n [\n -88.03797076571307,\n 41.655774271771435\n ],\n [\n -88.40451297304003,\n 41.655774271771435\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"126","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0841e4b0c8380cd51a46","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hensel, B.R.","contributorId":83669,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hensel","given":"B.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373347,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Miller, M.V.","contributorId":78474,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"M.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373346,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70016561,"text":"70016561 - 1991 - Channel evolution and hydrologic variations in the Colorado River basin: Factors influencing sediment and salt loads","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-28T17:32:42.793409","indexId":"70016561","displayToPublicDate":"2003-03-27T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Channel evolution and hydrologic variations in the Colorado River basin: Factors influencing sediment and salt loads","docAbstract":"Suspended-sediment and dissolved-solid (salt) loads decreased after the early 1940s in the Colorado Plateau portion of the Colorado River basin, although discharge of major rivers - the Colorado, Green and San Juan - did not change significantly. This decline followed a period of high sediment yield caused by arroyo cutting. Reduced sediment loads have previously been explained by a change in sediment sampling procedures or changes in climate, land-use and conservation practices. More recent work has revealed that both decreased sediment production and sediment storage in channels of tributary basins produced the decline of sediment and salt loads. Sediment production and sediment storage are important components of incised-channel evolution, which involves sequential channel deepening, widening and finally floodplain formation. Accordingly, the widespread arroyo incision of the late nineteenth century resulted initially in high sediment loads. Since then, loads have decreased as incised channels (arroyos) have stabilized and begun to aggrade. However, during the 1940s, a period of low peak discharges permitted vegetational colonization of the valley floors, which further reduced sediment loads and promoted channel stabilization. This explanation is supported by experimental studies and field observations. Both geomorphic and hydrologic factors contributed to sediment storage and decreased sediment and salt loads in the upper Colorado River basin.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(91)90022-A","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Gellis, A., Hereford, R., Schumm, S.A., and Hayes, B., 1991, Channel evolution and hydrologic variations in the Colorado River basin: Factors influencing sediment and salt loads: Journal of Hydrology, v. 124, no. 3-4, p. 317-344, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(91)90022-A.","productDescription":"28 p.","startPage":"317","endPage":"344","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222861,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona, California, Colorado, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Colorado River basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -110.06212946619769,\n 42.48159064949746\n ],\n [\n -111.23900509430709,\n 39.019325258325075\n ],\n [\n -115.92525921027271,\n 37.42221817263926\n ],\n [\n -115.10301851202337,\n 34.49307855417464\n ],\n [\n -110.8774357237487,\n 31.929937911024723\n ],\n [\n -108.13739661570591,\n 31.929937911024723\n ],\n [\n -107.0771193081043,\n 34.849228742263904\n ],\n [\n -106.19385101309899,\n 38.93390298939673\n ],\n [\n -108.34430480924303,\n 42.255482453387316\n ],\n [\n -110.06212946619769,\n 42.48159064949746\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"124","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f452e4b0c8380cd4bc7d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gellis, A.","contributorId":32680,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gellis","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373898,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hereford, R.","contributorId":84437,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hereford","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373900,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schumm, S. A.","contributorId":71957,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schumm","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373899,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hayes, B.R.","contributorId":32300,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hayes","given":"B.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373897,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70016719,"text":"70016719 - 1991 - The temperature dependence of ponded infiltration under isothermal conditions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-28T17:12:55.237239","indexId":"70016719","displayToPublicDate":"2003-03-26T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The temperature dependence of ponded infiltration under isothermal conditions","docAbstract":"A simple temperature-sensitive modification to the Green and Ampt infiltration equation is described; this assumes that the temperature dependence of the hydraulic conductivity is reciprocally equal to the temperature dependence of the viscosity of liquid water, and that both the transmission zone saturation and the wetting front matric potential gradient are independent of temperature. This modified Green and Ampt equation is compared with ponded, isothermal infiltration experiments run on repacked columns of Olympic Sand and Aiken Loam at 5, 25, and 60°C. Experimental results showed increases in infiltration rates of at least 300% between 5 and 60°C for both soil materials, with subsequent increases in cumulative infiltration of even greater magnitudes for the loam. There is good agreement between measured and predicted initial infiltration rates at 25°C for both soil materials, yet at 60°C, the predicted results overestimate initial infiltration rates for the sand and underestimate initial rates for the loam. Measurements of the wetting depth vs. cumulative infiltration indicate that the transmission zone saturation increased with increasing temperature for both soil materials. In spite of this increased saturation with temperature, the final infiltration rates at both 25 and 60°C were predicted accurately using the modified Green and Ampt equation. This suggests that increased saturation occurred primarily in dead-end pore spaces, so that transmission zone hydraulic conductivities were unaffected by these temperature-induced changes in saturation. In conclusion, except for initial infiltration rates at 60°C, the measured influence of temperature on infiltration rates was fully accounted for by the temperature dependence of the viscosity of liquid water.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(91)90175-H","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Constantz, J., and Murphy, F., 1991, The temperature dependence of ponded infiltration under isothermal conditions: Journal of Hydrology, v. 122, no. 1-4, p. 119-128, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(91)90175-H.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"119","endPage":"128","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224938,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"122","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb0ece4b08c986b325129","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Constantz, J.","contributorId":29953,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Constantz","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374303,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Murphy, F.","contributorId":42358,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murphy","given":"F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374304,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70016774,"text":"70016774 - 1991 - A comparison of short-term measurements of lake evaporation using eddy correlation and energy budget methods","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-28T17:18:38.13965","indexId":"70016774","displayToPublicDate":"2003-03-26T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A comparison of short-term measurements of lake evaporation using eddy correlation and energy budget methods","docAbstract":"Concurrent short-term measurements of evaporation from a shallow lake, using eddy correlation and energy budget methods, indicate that sensible and latent heat flux between lake and atmosphere, and energy storage in the lake, may vary considerably across the lake. Measuring net radiation with a net radiometer on the lake appeared to be more accurate than measuring incoming radiation nearby and modeling outgoing radiation. Short-term agreement between the two evaporation measurements was obtained by using an energy storage term that was weighted to account for the area-of-influence of the eddy correlation sensors. Relatively short bursts of evaporation were indicated by the eddy correlation sensors shortly after midnight on two of three occasions.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(91)90168-H","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Stannard, D., and Rosenberry, D., 1991, A comparison of short-term measurements of lake evaporation using eddy correlation and energy budget methods: Journal of Hydrology, v. 122, no. 1-4, p. 15-22, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(91)90168-H.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"15","endPage":"22","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224988,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oklahoma","otherGeospatial":"Lake Hefner","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -97.62819146440343,\n 35.589009637494655\n ],\n [\n -97.62819146440343,\n 35.54492865517361\n ],\n [\n -97.56614054595696,\n 35.54492865517361\n ],\n [\n -97.56614054595696,\n 35.589009637494655\n ],\n [\n -97.62819146440343,\n 35.589009637494655\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"122","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e373e4b0c8380cd46027","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stannard, D.I.","contributorId":100884,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stannard","given":"D.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374459,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rosenberry, D.O. 0000-0003-0681-5641","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0681-5641","contributorId":38500,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosenberry","given":"D.O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":374458,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":135,"text":"wsp2375 - 1991 - National water summary 1988–89 — Hydrologic events and floods and droughts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-20T21:39:54.300779","indexId":"wsp2375","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T07:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2375","title":"National water summary 1988–89 — Hydrologic events and floods and droughts","docAbstract":"National Water Summary 1988-89 - Hydrologic Events and Floods and Droughts documents the occurrence in the United States, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands of two types of extreme hydrologic events floods and droughts on the basis of analysis of stream-discharge data. This report details, for the first time, the areal extent of the most notable floods and droughts in each State, portrays their severity in terms of annual peak discharge for floods and annual departure from long-term discharge for droughts for selected stream-gaging stations, and estimates how frequently floods and droughts of such severity can be expected to recur. These two types of extreme hydrologic events are very different in their duration, cause, areal extent, and effect on human activities. Floods are short-term phenomena that typically last only a few hours to a few days and are associated with weather systems that produce unusually large amounts of rain or that cause snow to melt quickly. The large amount of runoff produced causes rivers to overflow their banks and, thus, is highly dangerous to human life and property. In contrast, droughts are long-term phenomena that typically persist for months to a decade or more and are associated with the absence of precipitation producing weather. They affect large geographic areas that can be statewide, regional, or even nationwide in extent. Droughts can cause great economic hardship and even loss of life in developing countries, although the loss of life results almost wholly from diminished water supplies and catastrophic crop failures rather than from the direct and obvious peril to human life that is common to floods. The following discussion is an overview of the three parts of this 1988-89 National Water Summary \"Hydrologic Conditions and Water-Related Events, Water Years 1988-89,\" \"Hydrologic Perspectives on Water Issues,\" and \"State Summaries of Floods and Droughts.\" Background information on sources of atmospheric moisture to the States from a study sponsored by the U.S. Geological Survey to enable related information to be presented in each of the State summaries also is given.
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States\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b00e4b07f02db698365","contributors":{"compilers":[{"text":"Paulson, Richard W.","contributorId":106861,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paulson","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":573842,"contributorType":{"id":3,"text":"Compilers"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chase, Edith B.","contributorId":11192,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chase","given":"Edith","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":573843,"contributorType":{"id":3,"text":"Compilers"},"rank":2},{"text":"Roberts, Robert S.","contributorId":148089,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Roberts","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":573844,"contributorType":{"id":3,"text":"Compilers"},"rank":3},{"text":"Moody, David W.","contributorId":84729,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moody","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":573845,"contributorType":{"id":3,"text":"Compilers"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":29489,"text":"wri904164 - 1991 - A steady-state unsaturated-zone model to simulate pesticide transport","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-28T10:18:57","indexId":"wri904164","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"90-4164","title":"A steady-state unsaturated-zone model to simulate pesticide transport","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ","doi":"10.3133/wri904164","usgsCitation":"Rutledge, A.T., and Helgesen, J.O., 1991, A steady-state unsaturated-zone model to simulate pesticide transport: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 90-4164, iv, 13 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/wri904164.","productDescription":"iv, 13 p. ","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":119615,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1990/4164/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58330,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1990/4164/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b17e4b07f02db6a6298","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rutledge, A. T.","contributorId":38532,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rutledge","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201600,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Helgesen, J. O.","contributorId":62600,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Helgesen","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201601,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":2449,"text":"wsp2346 - 1991 - Geohydrology and ground-water resources of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-20T09:51:18","indexId":"wsp2346","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2346","title":"Geohydrology and ground-water resources of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","docAbstract":"The aquifers underlying the 134.6-square-mile city of Philadelphia are divided by the Fall Line into the unconsolidated aquifers (chiefly sand and gravel) of the Coastal Plain and the consolidated-rock aquifers (chiefly schist of the Wissahickon Formation) of the Piedmont. Ground water is present under confined and unconfined conditions. The principal units of the confined-aquifer system are the lower and middle sands of the Potomac-Raritan-Magothy aquifer system. The lower sand unit is the most productive aquifer in Philadelphia. The median yield of wells screened in the lower sand unit is 275 gal/min (gallons per minute), and yields of some wells are as high as 1,350 gal/min. The median specific capacity is 16 (gal/min)/ft (gallons per minute per foot of drawdown). The principal units of the unconsolidated unconfined-aquifer system are the upper sand unit of the Potomac-Raritan-Magothy aquifer system and the informally named Trenton gravel. The median yield of wells tapping these two undifferentiated units is 90 gal/min, and yields of some wells are as high as 1,370 gal/min. The median specific capacity is 12 (gal/min)/ft. The consolidated unconfined-aquifer system consists mainly of the Wissahickon Formation. The median yield of nondomestic wells that tap the Wissahickon Formation is 45 gal/min, and yields are as high as 350 gal/min. The median specific capacity is 0.5 (gal/min)/ft. \r\n\r\nUrbanization has considerably modified the hydrologic cycle in Philadelphia. Impervious surfaces have reduced recharge areas and evapotranspiration and have increased direct runoff. Leakage from the water-distribution system, which is supplied from the Delaware and Schuylkill Rivers, was about 60 to 72 Mgal/d (million gallons per day) in 1980. Groundwater infiltration to sewers is estimated to be as much as 135 Mgal/d when the water table is high. The potentiometric surface of the lower sand unit has been lowered substantially by pumping. By 1954, cones of depression were more than 50 ft (feet) below sea level at the U.S. Naval Base and more than 70 ft below sea level along the Delaware River northeast of the naval base. As a result of withdrawals, declining heads in the lower sand unit caused water to flow downward from the overlying unconsolidated deposits and the water table to decline below sea level along the Delaware River. Beginning in the mid1960's, ground-water withdrawals from the lower sand unit decreased, and, by 1979, water levels had risen 25 ft at the U.S. Naval Base and 45 ft farther north along the Delaware River. As of 1985, water levels in the lower sand unit were controlled largely by pumping in nearby parts of New Jersey. \r\n\r\nUrbanization also has caused substantial degradation of the quality of ground water in Philadelphia. By 1945, the quality of water in the unconfined aquifer system began to deteriorate as contaminants present at the land surface migrated down- ward. Withdrawal of water from the deeper confined aquifers caused a head decline that resulted in downward movement of contaminated water from the overlying unconfined aquifer system. Consequently, water in the confined aquifers deteriorated progressively in chemical quality so it resembles water in the unconfined aquifer system. \r\n\r\nThe concentration of dissolved solids in water samples collected during 1979-80 ranged from 90 to 4,480 mg/L (milligrams per liter). The average concentration of 778 mg/L was 45 percent higher than that of samples collected during 1945-58. Water from the unconfined unconsolidated aquifers generally had the highest dissolved-solids concentration. The concentration of dissolved iron in water samples collected during 197980 ranged from 0 to 220 mg/L and exceeded 0.30 mg/L in 71 percent of the samples. The average concentration of 17 mg/L was nearly 30 percent higher than that of samples collected during 1945-58. Many wells have been abandoned because of elevated iron concentrations. The concentration of dissolved manganese in water ","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","doi":"10.3133/wsp2346","usgsCitation":"Paulachok, G.N., 1991, Geohydrology and ground-water resources of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2346, vii, 79 p. :ill., maps (some col.) ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2346.","productDescription":"vii, 79 p. :ill., maps (some col.) ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":138129,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2346/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":28524,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2346/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a8d1f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Paulachok, Gary N. gnpaulac@usgs.gov","contributorId":3500,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paulachok","given":"Gary","email":"gnpaulac@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":145222,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":2635,"text":"wsp2367 - 1991 - Results of hydrologic research at a low-level radioactive-waste disposal site near Sheffield, Illinois","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":17633,"text":"ofr88318 - 1989 - Results of hydrologic research at a low-level radioactive-waste disposal site near Sheffield, Illinois","indexId":"ofr88318","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"title":"Results of hydrologic research at a low-level radioactive-waste disposal site near Sheffield, Illinois"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":2635,"text":"wsp2367 - 1991 - Results of hydrologic research at a low-level radioactive-waste disposal site near Sheffield, Illinois","indexId":"wsp2367","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"title":"Results of hydrologic research at a low-level radioactive-waste disposal site near Sheffield, Illinois"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:28","indexId":"wsp2367","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2367","title":"Results of hydrologic research at a low-level radioactive-waste disposal site near Sheffield, Illinois","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O. ;\r\nFor sale by the Books and Open-File Reports Section, U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wsp2367","usgsCitation":"Ryan, B.J., 1991, Results of hydrologic research at a low-level radioactive-waste disposal site near Sheffield, Illinois: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2367, viii, 73 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2367.","productDescription":"viii, 73 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":138725,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2367/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":28952,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2367/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a2ce4b07f02db613c5d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ryan, Barbara J.","contributorId":62989,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ryan","given":"Barbara","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145535,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":16878,"text":"ofr91126 - 1991 - Analytical results for sedge samples collected on the wetland receiving acid mine drainage waters from St. Kevin Gulch, Leadville, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-04-13T12:53:34.990417","indexId":"ofr91126","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"91-126","title":"Analytical results for sedge samples collected on the wetland receiving acid mine drainage waters from St. Kevin Gulch, Leadville, Colorado","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr91126","usgsCitation":"Erickson, B., Briggs, P., Kennedy, K.R., and Peacock, T., 1991, Analytical results for sedge samples collected on the wetland receiving acid mine drainage waters from St. Kevin Gulch, Leadville, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 91-126, 83 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr91126.","productDescription":"83 p. ","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":45991,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1991/0126/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":149466,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1991/0126/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","county":"Lake 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B.M.","contributorId":53389,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Erickson","given":"B.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":174016,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Briggs, Paul H.","contributorId":107691,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Briggs","given":"Paul H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":174019,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kennedy, K. R.","contributorId":66267,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kennedy","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":174017,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Peacock, T.R.","contributorId":93072,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peacock","given":"T.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":174018,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":17139,"text":"ofr9152 - 1991 - Geohydrology and evaluation of water-resource potential of the Upper Floridan aquifer in the Albany area, southwestern Georgia","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":17139,"text":"ofr9152 - 1991 - Geohydrology and evaluation of water-resource potential of the Upper Floridan aquifer in the Albany area, southwestern Georgia","indexId":"ofr9152","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"title":"Geohydrology and evaluation of water-resource potential of the Upper Floridan aquifer in the Albany area, southwestern Georgia"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":59,"text":"wsp2391 - 1993 - Geohydrology and evaluation of water-resource potential of the upper Floridan Aquifer in the Albany area, southwestern Georgia","indexId":"wsp2391","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"title":"Geohydrology and evaluation of water-resource potential of the upper Floridan Aquifer in the Albany area, southwestern Georgia"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":59,"text":"wsp2391 - 1993 - Geohydrology and evaluation of water-resource potential of the upper Floridan Aquifer in the Albany area, southwestern Georgia","indexId":"wsp2391","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"title":"Geohydrology and evaluation of water-resource potential of the upper Floridan Aquifer in the Albany area, southwestern Georgia"},"lastModifiedDate":"2022-04-06T18:17:18.108896","indexId":"ofr9152","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"91-52","title":"Geohydrology and evaluation of water-resource potential of the Upper Floridan aquifer in the Albany area, southwestern Georgia","docAbstract":"In the Albany area of southwestern Georgia, the Upper Floridan aquifer lies entirely within the Dougherty Plain district of the Coastal Plain physiographic province, and consists of the Ocala Limestone of late Eocene age. The aquifer is divided throughout most of the study area into an upper and a lower lithologic unit, which creates an upper and a lower water-bearing zone. The lower water-bearing zone consists of alternating layers of sandy limestone and medium-brown, recrystallized dolomitic limestone, and ranges in thickness from about 50 to 100 feet. It is highly fractured, and exhibits well-developed permeability by solution features that are responsible for transmitting most of the ground water in the aquifer. Transmissivity of the lower water-bearing zone ranges from about 90,000 to 178,000 feet squared per day. The upper water-bearing zone is a finely crystallized-to-oolitic, locally dolomitic limestone having an average thickness of about 60 feet. Transmissivities in the upper water-bearing zone are considerably less than those in the lower water-bearing zone. The Upper Floridan aquifer is overlain by about 20 to 120 feet of undifferentiated overburden consisting of fine-to-coarse quartz sand and noncalcareous clay. A clay zone about 10 to 30 feet thick may be continuous throughout the southwestern part of the Albany area, and where present, causes confinement of the Upper Floridan aquifer and creates perched ground water after periods of heavy rainfall. The Upper Floridan aquifer is confined below by the Lisbon Formation, a mostly dolomitic limestone that contains trace amounts of glauconite. The Lisbon Formation is at least 50 feet thick in the study area, and acts as an impermeable base to the Upper Floridan aquifer. The quality of ground-water in the Upper Floridan aquifer is suitable for most uses; wells generally yield water of the hard, calcium-bicarbonate type that generally meets the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Primary or Secondary Drinking Water Regulations.
The water-resource potential of the Upper Floridan aquifer was evaluated by compiling results of test drilling and aquifer testing in the study area, and by conducting computer simulations of the ground-water-flow system under the seasonal-low conditions of November 1985, and under conditions of pumping within a 12square-mile area located southwest of Albany. Results of test drilling, aquifer testing, and water-quality analyses indicate that, in the area southwest of Albany, geohydrologic conditions in the Upper Floridan aquifer, undifferentiated overburden, and Lisbon Formation were favorable for the aquifer to provide a large quantity of water without having adverse effects on the ground-water system. The confinement of the Upper Floridan aquifer by the undifferentiated overburden and the rural setting of the area of potential development decreases the likelihood that chemical constituents will enter the aquifer during development of the ground-water resources.
Computer simulations of ground-water flow in the Upper Floridan aquifer, incorporating conditions for regional flow across model boundaries, leakage from rivers and other surface-water features, and vertical leakage from the undifferentiated overburden, were conducted by using a finite-element model for groundwater flow in two dimensions. Comparison of computed and measured water levels in the Upper Floridan aquifer for November 1985 at 74 locations indicated that computed water levels generally were within 5 feet of the measured values, which is the accuracy to which measured water levels were known. Water-level altitudes ranged from about 260 feet to 130 feet above sea level in the study area during calibration. Aquifer discharge to the Flint River downstream from the Lake Worth dam was computed by the calibrated model to be about 1 billion gallons per day; about 300 million gallons per day greater than was measured for similar low-flow conditions. The excess computed discharge was attributed partially to stream withdrawals for industrial use, non-reported use, and channel evaporation, but mostly to increased gradients and increased flow from the aquifer to the river than existed during calibration.
Results from the calibrated finite-element model indicate that ground-water flow is dominated by inflow from regional-flow components to the west, north, and east of the study area, and by outflow to the Flint River downstream from the Lake Worth dam. Simulation results indicated that directions of ground-water flow were not changed appreciably by pumping at the November 1985 rates. However, vertical leakage from the undifferentiated overburden caused local deviations in the regional flow pattern.
A sensitivity analysis that was performed on 18 hydrologic factors affecting the flow system in the Upper Floridan aquifer showed that computed water levels changed the most (were the most sensitive) in response to changes in hydraulic conductivity of the aquifer, vertical leakage coefficient and water level in the undifferentiated overburden, and stage of the Flint River downstream from the Lake Worth dam. Computed water levels were least sensitive to changes in well pumpage, flow across the northern boundary and from Lake Worth, the boundary coefficient for the Flint River downstream from the Lake Worth dam, and flow from Cooleewahee Creek.
Simulations of six pumping scenarios in the area of potential development southwest of Albany showed that the Upper Floridan aquifer is capable of providing at least 72 million gallons per day from five locations (14.4 million gallons per day each) within this area without causing adverse affects on the flow system. The 72million-gallon-per-day scenario yielded a maximum drawdown of about 9.4 feet, which placed the water level in the Upper Floridan aquifer about 50 feet above the top of the lower water-bearing zone. Hence, the likelihood of aquifer dewatering, well interference, or sinkhole development from pumping as much as 72 million gallons per day from within the area of potential development is small. All pumping scenarios showed that about 81 percent of the ground-water pumpage was derived from regional flow that would have discharged to the Flint River downstream from the Lake Worth dam. The dominant ground-water-flow direction toward the Flint River was not changed and no induced recharge from the Flint River entered the potential-development area. Induced recharge from the undifferentiated overburden contributed to about 1.5 percent of the total volume pumped during the simulations.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr9152","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with City of Albany Water, Gas, and Light Commission","usgsCitation":"Torak, L.J., Davis, G.S., Strain, G.A., and Herndon, J.G., 1991, Geohydrology and evaluation of water-resource potential of the Upper Floridan aquifer in the Albany area, southwestern Georgia: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 91-52, vii, 86 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9152.","productDescription":"vii, 86 p.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":398248,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1991/0052/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":149855,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1991/0052/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Georgia","city":"Albany","otherGeospatial":"Upper Floridan 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S.","contributorId":28995,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":175116,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Strain, George A.","contributorId":68287,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Strain","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":175118,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Herndon, Jennifer G.","contributorId":17592,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herndon","given":"Jennifer","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":175115,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":17241,"text":"ofr9156 - 1991 - Hydrologic and water-quality data for selected sites, Grand Teton National Park, Wyoming, September 1988 through September 1990","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:15","indexId":"ofr9156","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"91-56","title":"Hydrologic and water-quality data for selected sites, Grand Teton National Park, Wyoming, September 1988 through September 1990","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr9156","usgsCitation":"Young, H., Parliman, D., Jones, M., and Stone, M., 1991, Hydrologic and water-quality data for selected sites, Grand Teton National Park, Wyoming, September 1988 through September 1990: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 91-56, iv, 23 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9156.","productDescription":"iv, 23 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":149358,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1991/0056/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":46391,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1991/0056/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afde4b07f02db696c2d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Young, H.W.","contributorId":68278,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Young","given":"H.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":175565,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Parliman, D. J.","contributorId":64220,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parliman","given":"D. 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Also, concern has been expressed about the potential for seepage of water from Jordanelle Reservoir to underground mines. The Utah Congressional Delegation requested that the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) review the results of analyses performed by and for the USBR.
Purpose and Scope: The purpose of this report is to present the results of the USGS review of (1) the hydrologic data, techniques, and model used by the USBR in their hydrologic analyses of the Provo River drainage basin and (2) the results of a study of the potential for seepage from the Jordanelle Reservoir to nearby underground mines.
The USGS reviewed USBR-supplied water demands, water utilization studies, and models of seepage from Jordanelle Reservoir. The USBR estimated that about 90 percent of the water supply for Jordanelle Reservoir will be water from Strawberry Reservoir exchanged for water from the Provo River stored in Utah Lake. If the Utah State Engineer allows the USBR to claim an estimated 19,700 acre-feet of return flows from the CUP, only about 77 percent of the supply would be derived from exchange of existing water rights in Utah Lake. The USGS assumed that planned importations of water from the Uinta Basin will be available and deliverable to fulfill the proposed exchanges.
Water rights and demands are important for determining water availability. The USGS did not conduct an independent review of water rights and demands. The USSR and Utah Division of Water Rights use different methods in some areas for determining stress on the system based on past records. The USSR used \"historical observed diversions\" and the Utah Division of Water Rights use \"diversion entitlements\", which may not be equal to the historical diversions. The USGS based its review upon water demands used by the USSR. The Utah Division of Water Rights has responsibility for granting and enforcing water rights, and the final decisions on how the rights will be adjudicated lies with the Utah Division of Water Rights and with the courts. The USGS review did not consider the draft water distribution plan for the Utah Lake drainage basin proposed by the Utah State Engineer (written commun., October 15,1991). This plan, when finalized, may have an effect on water availability to the CUP.
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