Environmental problems are difficult to solve because their causes and effects are not easily understood. When attempts are made to analyze causes and effects, the principal challenge is organization of information into a framework that is logical, technically defensible, and easy to understand and communicate. When decisionmakers attempt to solve complex problems before an adequate cause and effect analysis is performed there are serious risks. These risks include: greater reliance on subjective reasoning, lessened chance for scoping an effective problem solving approach, impaired recognition of the need for supplemental information to attain understanding, increased chance for making unsound decisions, and lessened chance for gaining approval and financial support for a program/
\nCause and effect relationships can be modeled. This type of modeling has been applied to various environmental problems, including cumulative impact assessment (Dames and Moore 1981; Meehan and Weber 1985; Williamson et al. 1987; Raley et al. 1988) and evaluation of effects of quarrying (Sheate 1986). This guidance for field users was written because of the current interest in documenting cause-effect logic as a part of ecological problem solving. Principal literature sources relating to the modeling approach are: Riggs and Inouye (1975a, b), Erickson (1981), and United States Office of Personnel Management (1986).","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Biological Report","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Research and Development","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","usgsCitation":"Armour, C.L., and Williamson, S.C., 1988, Guidance for modeling causes and effects in environmental problem solving, v. 89, no. 4, 21 p.","productDescription":"21 p.","numberOfPages":"21","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":293073,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"89","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53fef0d7e4b01f35f8fd698d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Armour, Carl L.","contributorId":16499,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Armour","given":"Carl","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":499549,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Williamson, Samuel C.","contributorId":23080,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williamson","given":"Samuel","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":499550,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70014463,"text":"70014463 - 1988 - Midplate seismicity exterior to former rift-basins","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-30T15:43:54.930904","indexId":"70014463","displayToPublicDate":"1988-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3372,"text":"Seismological Research Letters","onlineIssn":"1938-2057","printIssn":"0895-0695","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Midplate seismicity exterior to former rift-basins","docAbstract":"
Midplate seismicity associated with some former rift-zones is distributed diffusely near, but exterior to, the rift basins. This “basin-exterior” seismicity cannot be attributed to reactivation of major basin-border faults on which upper-crustal extension was concentrated at the time of rifting, because the border faults dip beneath the basins. The seismicity may nonetheless represent reactivation of minor faults that were active at the time of rifting but that were located outside of the principal zones of upper-crustal extension; the occurrence of basin-exterior seismicity in some present-day rift-zones supports the existence of such minor basin-exterior faults. Other hypotheses for seismicity exterior to former rift-basins are that the seismicity reflects lobes of high stress due to lithospheric-bending that is centered on the axis of the rift, that the seismicity is localized on the exteriors of rift-basins by basin-interiors that are less deformable in the current epoch than the basin exteriors, and that seismicity is localized on the basin-exteriors by the concentration of tectonic stress in the highly elastic basin-exterior upper-crust. All of the hypotheses considered here appeal to the presence of a rift zone to explain the characteristics of the basin-exterior seismicity, but the hypotheses differ in their implications for the seismic risk of former rift-zones and in their implications for the causes of midplate earthquakes in general.
","language":"English","publisher":"GeoScienceWorld","doi":"10.1785/gssrl.59.4.213","issn":"08950695","usgsCitation":"Dewey, J.W., 1988, Midplate seismicity exterior to former rift-basins: Seismological Research Letters, v. 59, no. 4, p. 213-218, https://doi.org/10.1785/gssrl.59.4.213.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"213","endPage":"218","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225956,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"59","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1988-10-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a56eee4b0c8380cd6d918","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dewey, James W. 0000-0001-8838-2450 jdewey@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8838-2450","contributorId":5819,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dewey","given":"James","email":"jdewey@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":368456,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70013736,"text":"70013736 - 1988 - Structure of the Blytheville arch in the New Madrid seismic zone","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-30T15:57:42.82636","indexId":"70013736","displayToPublicDate":"1988-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3372,"text":"Seismological Research Letters","onlineIssn":"1938-2057","printIssn":"0895-0695","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Structure of the Blytheville arch in the New Madrid seismic zone","docAbstract":"Seismic-reflection profiles across part of the New Madrid seismic zone in northeastern Arkansas and southeastern Missouri show a faulted and structurally complex zone, originally known as Charlie’s ridge but herein renamed Blytheville arch, which is about 10 to 15 km wide and about 110 km long. Several exploratory drill holes in the arch penetrate Upper and possibly Middle Cambrian formations directly below Cretaceous rocks, whereas drill holes off the arch penetrate the Cambrian and Ordovician Knox and Arbuckle Groups equivalents and possibly younger Paleozoic rocks below the Cretaceous; therefore, the pre-Cretaceous rocks in the arch are structurally high. Most earthquakes in the northeast-trending segment of the New Madrid seismic zone along the axis of the Reelfoot rift occur along the arch. Focal mechanisms of earthquakes in the trend show right-lateral, strike-slip movement. Epicenters in the northeastern part of the seismic trend between Caruthersville, MO, and Blytheville, AR, are spatially less dispersed than those to the southwest between Blytheville and Marked Tree, AR. Most of the hypocenters to the northeast cluster between 6 to 12 km deep, whereas those to the southwest range from near the surface to about 15 km deep. Earthquakes in the northeast part of the seismic trend are concentrated along a fault zone under the arch, whereas those to the southwest are more dispersed under the arch. A seismic trend that extends south-southwest from near Charleston, MO, projects to the northwest side of the ridge near Blytheville, where the seismicity changes character and the southeast boundary of the arch trends more easterly. The relationship between the structural boundaries of the arch and the seismicity may establish the extent of part of New Madrid seismicity and improve the basis for seismic hazard assessment.
","language":"English","publisher":"GeoScienceWorld","doi":"10.1785/gssrl.59.4.117","issn":"08950695","usgsCitation":"Hamilton, R.M., and McKeown, F.A., 1988, Structure of the Blytheville arch in the New Madrid seismic zone: Seismological Research Letters, v. 59, no. 4, p. 117-121, https://doi.org/10.1785/gssrl.59.4.117.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"117","endPage":"121","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220276,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arkansas, Kentucky, Missouri, Tennessee","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -90.62266103742384,\n 35.92282644599075\n ],\n [\n -90.60592036859272,\n 35.310149869745985\n ],\n [\n -88.38566313092106,\n 36.2053838998349\n ],\n [\n -88.69796912583067,\n 36.960955444757346\n ],\n [\n -89.70703047773134,\n 36.41817623077918\n ],\n [\n -90.62266103742384,\n 35.92282644599075\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"59","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1988-10-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9c5be4b08c986b31d3bf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hamilton, R. M.","contributorId":69995,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hamilton","given":"R.","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366756,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McKeown, F. A.","contributorId":106100,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McKeown","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366757,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70014338,"text":"70014338 - 1988 - Seismicity in South Carolina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-30T15:51:19.368016","indexId":"70014338","displayToPublicDate":"1988-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3372,"text":"Seismological Research Letters","onlineIssn":"1938-2057","printIssn":"0895-0695","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seismicity in South Carolina","docAbstract":"The largest historical earthquake in South Carolina, and in the southeastern US, occurred in the Coastal Plain province, probably northwest of Charleston, in 1886. Locations for aftershocks associated with this earthquake, estimated using intensities based on newspaper accounts, defined a northwest trending zone about 250 km long that was at least 100 km wide in the Coastal Plain but widened to a northeast trending zone in the Piedmont. The subsequent historical and instrumentally recorded seismicity in South Carolina images the 1886 aftershock zone. Except for a few scattered earthquakes and a swarm of shallow (≤ 4 km deep), small (ML ≤ 2.5), primarily reverse faulting earthquakes that occurred along the flanks of a granite pluton about 60 km northwest of Columbia, the seismicity in the Piedmont province has been associated with water level changes in reservoirs. Reservoir induced seismicity (RIS) is shallow (≤ 6 km deep), primarily strike-slip or thrust faulting corresponding to an inferred maximum horizontal compressive stress oriented approximately N 60° E. Instrumentally recorded seismicity in the Coastal Plain province occurs in 3 seismic zones or clusters: Middleton Place-Summerville (MPSSZ), Adams Run (ARC), and Bowman (BSZ). Approximately 68% of the Coastal Plain earthquakes occur in the MPSSZ, a north trending zone about 22 km long and 12 km wide, lying about 20 km northwest of Charleston. The hypocenters of MPSSZ earthquakes range in depth from near the surface to almost 12 km. Thrust, strike-slip, and some normal faulting are indicated by the fault plane solutions for Coastal Plain earthquakes. The maximum horizontal compressive stress, inferred from the P-axes of the fault plane solutions, is oriented NE-SW in the shallow crust (< 9 km deep) but appears to be diffusely E-W between 9 to 12 km deep. Although there is localized variability, the current seismicity and associated faulting in South Carolina probably represent a regional response to the NE-SW maximum horizontal compressive stress prevalent throughout eastern North America.
","language":"English","publisher":"GeoScienceWorld","doi":"10.1785/gssrl.59.4.165","issn":"08950695","usgsCitation":"Shedlock, K.M., 1988, Seismicity in South Carolina: Seismological Research Letters, v. 59, no. 4, p. 165-171, https://doi.org/10.1785/gssrl.59.4.165.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"165","endPage":"171","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225768,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"South Carolina","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -83.11119998356874,\n 35.01023290788176\n ],\n [\n -83.31606862062566,\n 34.73773119477824\n ],\n [\n -82.24585743653857,\n 33.68055625183999\n ],\n [\n -81.25191560426644,\n 32.40101840790609\n ],\n [\n -80.83242368941809,\n 32.078392275765026\n ],\n [\n -80.49876867802588,\n 32.15921712319552\n ],\n [\n -78.73480777221232,\n 33.28232451476005\n ],\n [\n -78.59177906612226,\n 33.90139801811003\n ],\n [\n -79.65010123771732,\n 34.809047318434686\n ],\n [\n -80.77875723907695,\n 34.835749705563\n ],\n [\n -81.08742558870982,\n 35.1596579758138\n ],\n [\n -82.29591995937459,\n 35.26068178662756\n ],\n [\n -83.11119998356874,\n 35.01023290788176\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"59","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1988-10-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8b94e4b08c986b317942","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shedlock, Kaye M.","contributorId":61788,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shedlock","given":"Kaye","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368154,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70014344,"text":"70014344 - 1988 - Evidence of land plant affinity for the Devonian fossil Protosalvinia (Foerstia)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-05-01T16:30:36.16348","indexId":"70014344","displayToPublicDate":"1988-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2614,"text":"Lethaia","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evidence of land plant affinity for the Devonian fossil Protosalvinia (Foerstia)","docAbstract":"The Devonian plant fossil Protosalvinia (Foerstia) has been examined by solid-state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) and pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (PY-GC-MS). Results of these studies reveal that the chemical structure of Protosalvinia is remarkably similar to that of coalified wood. A well-defined phenolic carbon peak in the NMR spectra and the appearance of phenol and alkylated phenols in pyrolysis products are clearly indicative of lignin-like compounds. These data represent significant new information on the chemical nature of Protosalvinia and provide the first substantial organic geochemical evidence for land plant affinity. Protosalvinia, Foerstia, Upper Devonian, biostratigraphy, carbon-13 NMR, PY-GC-MS, lignin.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1502-3931.1988.tb01772.x","issn":"00241164","usgsCitation":"Romankiw, L., Hatcher, P.G., and Roen, J., 1988, Evidence of land plant affinity for the Devonian fossil Protosalvinia (Foerstia): Lethaia, v. 21, no. 4, p. 417-423, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1502-3931.1988.tb01772.x.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"417","endPage":"423","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225891,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"21","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0d64e4b0c8380cd52fba","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Romankiw, L.A.","contributorId":85724,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Romankiw","given":"L.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368183,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hatcher, Patrick G.","contributorId":93625,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hatcher","given":"Patrick","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368184,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Roen, J.B.","contributorId":85564,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roen","given":"J.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368182,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70236865,"text":"70236865 - 1988 - AVIRIS data characteristics and their effects on spectral discrimination of rocks exposed in the Drum Mountains, Utah — Results of a preliminary study","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-20T16:36:43.012697","indexId":"70236865","displayToPublicDate":"1988-09-15T11:24:37","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"AVIRIS data characteristics and their effects on spectral discrimination of rocks exposed in the Drum Mountains, Utah — Results of a preliminary study","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings Of the airborne visible/infrared imaging spectrometer (AVIRIS) performance evaluation workshop","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) Performance Evaluation Workshop","conferenceDate":"Jun 6-8, 1988","conferenceLocation":"Pasadena, CA","language":"English","publisher":"NASA","usgsCitation":"Bailey, G., Dwyer, J.L., and Meyer, D.J., 1988, AVIRIS data characteristics and their effects on spectral discrimination of rocks exposed in the Drum Mountains, Utah — Results of a preliminary study, in Proceedings Of the airborne visible/infrared imaging spectrometer (AVIRIS) performance evaluation workshop, Pasadena, CA, Jun 6-8, 1988, p. 109-121.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"109","endPage":"121","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":407067,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":407066,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/19890012783","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","otherGeospatial":"Drum Mountains","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -113.16123962402344,\n 39.49609322494774\n ],\n [\n -112.94013977050781,\n 39.49609322494774\n ],\n [\n -112.94013977050781,\n 39.66808510414671\n ],\n [\n -113.16123962402344,\n 39.66808510414671\n ],\n [\n -113.16123962402344,\n 39.49609322494774\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bailey, G. B.","contributorId":105041,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bailey","given":"G. B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":852398,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dwyer, John L. 0000-0002-8281-0896 dwyer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8281-0896","contributorId":3481,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dwyer","given":"John","email":"dwyer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":852399,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Meyer, D. J.","contributorId":46721,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meyer","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":852400,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70171481,"text":"70171481 - 1988 - Recovery efficiency from single-well injection/recovery tests in a limestone aquifer of high secondary porosity","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-06-01T13:04:57","indexId":"70171481","displayToPublicDate":"1988-09-14T14:30:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Recovery efficiency from single-well injection/recovery tests in a limestone aquifer of high secondary porosity","largerWorkType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the American Society of Civil Engineers, Irrigation and Drainage Division, Artificial Recharge of Ground Water, International Symposium","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"conferenceTitle":"American Society of Civil Engineers, Irrigation and Drainage Division, Artificial Recharge of Ground Water, International Symposium","conferenceDate":"August 23-27, 1988","conferenceLocation":"Anaheim, California","language":"English","publisher":"ASCE","publisherLocation":"New York, NY","isbn":"9780872627130","usgsCitation":"Quinones-Aponte, V., 1988, Recovery efficiency from single-well injection/recovery tests in a limestone aquifer of high secondary porosity, in Proceedings of the American Society of Civil Engineers, Irrigation and Drainage Division, Artificial Recharge of Ground Water, International Symposium, Anaheim, California, August 23-27, 1988, p. 54-63.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"54","endPage":"63","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":156,"text":"Caribbean Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":322020,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57500770e4b0ee97d51bb705","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Quinones-Aponte, Vicente","contributorId":48552,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Quinones-Aponte","given":"Vicente","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":631265,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70074645,"text":"70074645 - 1988 - The ecology of the soft-bottom benthos of San Francisco Bay: a community profile","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-09-15T11:20:36","indexId":"70074645","displayToPublicDate":"1988-09-01T13:20:17","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":93,"text":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Biological Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"85(7.23)","title":"The ecology of the soft-bottom benthos of San Francisco Bay: a community profile","docAbstract":"This profile, part of a series of profiles concerning coastal habitats of the United States, is a detailed examination of the soft-bottom benthos of San Francisco Bay. A U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and California Department of Fish and Game report (1979) entitled \"Protection and Restoration of San Francisco Bay Fish and Wildlife Habitat\" provides clear recognition of the importance of intertidal and subtidal soft-bottom habitats and their associated organisms to the bay's birds and fishes and to the overall functioning of the estuary. The purpose of this profile is to provide a description of the structure and functioning of the benthic community in San Francisco Bay (exclusive of its tidal marshes, which are discussed by M. Josselyn [1983] in another profile). The habitats covered in this volume include all nonvegetated soft-bottom intertidal and subtidal areas of the bay between the Golden Gate and the mouths of the Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers to the northeast, and to the southern extremity of the bay.
\n\n
The profile provides a reference to the scientific information concerning the animals and plants of the bay's benthic communities, their importance to the bay ecosystem, and their value as a resource measured in human terms. Because there have been few process-oriented studies of the benthos of San Francisco Bay (e.g., field and laboratory rate-measurement experiments), the material presented herein is largely descriptive. Nonetheless, we have described the processes that interconnect the various physical, chemical, and biological components of the benthic environment, and the important couplings between this environment and the water column above, with reference to research results from other estuaries where necessary. We consider the role of the benthic community as a food source for fish, aquatic birds, and humans; as a consumer or degrader of organic materials including wastes; as a recycler of minerals and nutrients; and as an accumulator of pollutants.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","publisherLocation":"Slidell, LA","usgsCitation":"Nichols, F.H., and Pamatmat, M.M., 1988, The ecology of the soft-bottom benthos of San Francisco Bay: a community profile: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Biological Report 85(7.23), xi, 73 p.","productDescription":"xi, 73 p.","numberOfPages":"87","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":281776,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":281777,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://archive.usgs.gov/archive/sites/www.nwrc.usgs.gov/techrpt/85-7-23.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"San Francisco","otherGeospatial":"Sacramento River;San Francisco Bay;San Joaquin River","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -126.0,32.3 ], [ -126.0,49.0 ], [ -114.0,49.0 ], [ -114.0,32.3 ], [ -126.0,32.3 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd77bfe4b0b2908510bae6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nichols, Frederic H.","contributorId":25548,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"Frederic","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489649,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pamatmat, Mario M.","contributorId":91016,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pamatmat","given":"Mario","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489650,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70122708,"text":"70122708 - 1988 - Conservation of North American rallids","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-27T13:37:22","indexId":"70122708","displayToPublicDate":"1988-09-01T13:19:56","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3783,"text":"The Wilson Bulletin","printIssn":"0043-5643","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Conservation of North American rallids","docAbstract":"The Rallidae are a diverse group in their habitat selection, yet most North American species occur in or near wetlands As a consequence, most species are subject to habitat enhancement or perturbation from waterfowl management programs. The overall effects of these management programs relative to rallid conservation have been assessed for few species, and there is a need for synthesis of such information. In the cases of some species or raves, population status is not known, and suggested directions for conservation and management are needed. Rare, endangered, or status undetermined species or races often occur in areas where related species are classified as game birds, and the effects of such hunting on rarer forms are not known. Their generally secretive nature, the endangered status of several races and populations, and continued loss of habitat and threats to present habitat, warrant an examination of the conservation status of the North American taxa in this group.
\nIn 1977, a committee of the International Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies summarized available information on management and biology of American Coots (Fulica americana), rails, and gallinules in North America (Holliman 1977). That summary was intended to provide relatively complete information on conservation of these species, and also to provide guidance for research within the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's (FWS) Accelerated Research Program for Webless Migratory Shore and Upland Game Birds (ARP). Subsequently, a number of rallid studies were funded under this program. The program was eliminated in 1982, following substantial research activities on North American rallids.
\nSince the demise of the ARP, additional research on rallids in North America has focused on an area the International Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies report failed to cover in detail--that of endangered rallids in the U.S. and their possessions. Most of these studies have been of threatened and endangered taxa in western coastal marshes. This report updates and summarizes information on North American rallids since the ARP report and identifies the major conservation problems of this group with the intent of focusing future efforts on these priority issues. Consideration of island forms occurring within U.S. possessions is beyond the scope of this report, mainly because of the special conservation problems associated with their insular distribution. The major topics include habitat requirements, effects of habitat and hunting management techniques currently practiced on wetland areas, and conservation of endangered and threatened populations. Research needs are identified. Habitats of the American Coot are similar to those of several waterfowl species, and the biology of coots is considered only as it is typical of rails in general.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Wilson Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Wilson Ornithological Society","publisherLocation":"Lawrence, KS","usgsCitation":"Eddleman, W.R., Knopf, F., Manley, B., Reid, F.A., and Zembal, R., 1988, Conservation of North American rallids: The Wilson Bulletin, v. 100, no. 3, p. 458-475.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"458","endPage":"475","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":293129,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"100","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53fef0d1e4b01f35f8fd695e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Eddleman, William R.","contributorId":40685,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eddleman","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":499651,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Knopf, Fritz L.","contributorId":30549,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knopf","given":"Fritz L.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":499648,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Manley, Brooke","contributorId":21474,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Manley","given":"Brooke","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":499647,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Reid, Frederic A.","contributorId":33235,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reid","given":"Frederic","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":499649,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Zembal, Richard","contributorId":38482,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zembal","given":"Richard","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":499650,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":5220762,"text":"5220762 - 1988 - Toxicity of organic and inorganic selenium to mallard ducklings","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-12T15:37:26.556735","indexId":"5220762","displayToPublicDate":"1988-09-01T12:19:04","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":887,"text":"Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Toxicity of organic and inorganic selenium to mallard ducklings","docAbstract":"The toxicity of selenomethionine and sodium selenite to mallard ducklings (Anas platyrhynchos) was measured by feeding each form from hatching to six weeks of age at dietary concentrations of 0, 10, 20, 40, and 80 ppm selenium. At 80 ppm selenium, sodium selenite caused 97.5% mortality by six weeks and selenomethionine caused 100% mortality. At 40 ppm, these two forms of selenium caused 25 and 12.5% mortality. No mortality occurred at 10 or 20 ppm. Diets containing 20, 40, or 80 ppm selenium in both forms caused decreases in food consumption and growth. The only statistically significant effect of 10 ppm selenium was with sodium selenite, which resulted in larger livers than controls. Selenomethionine was more readily stored in the liver than sodium selenite at levels above 10 ppm selenium in the diet. Based on comparisons of residues of selenium in livers of surviving and dead ducklings, concentrations in the liver were not diagnostic of death due to selenium poisoning. Because both forms of selenium resulted in severe reductions in food consumption, selenium-induced starvation may have been related to duckling mortality. It was not clear whether either form of selenium at 10 ppm in the diet resulted in a leveling off of selenium concentrations in the liver within six weeks.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF01055823","usgsCitation":"Heinz, G., Hoffman, D.J., and Gold, L.G., 1988, Toxicity of organic and inorganic selenium to mallard ducklings: Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, v. 17, no. 5, p. 561-568, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01055823.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"561","endPage":"568","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":196468,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"17","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ee4b07f02db627fb5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Heinz, Gary gheinz@usgs.gov","contributorId":3049,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heinz","given":"Gary","email":"gheinz@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":332416,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hoffman, David J.","contributorId":86075,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoffman","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":332415,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gold, Lyn G.","contributorId":12132,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gold","given":"Lyn","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":332414,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70199720,"text":"70199720 - 1988 - Trace element residues in bluegills and common carp from the lower San Joaquin River, California, and its tributaries","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-26T10:56:44","indexId":"70199720","displayToPublicDate":"1988-09-01T10:56:24","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3352,"text":"Science of the Total Environment","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Trace element residues in bluegills and common carp from the lower San Joaquin River, California, and its tributaries","docAbstract":"Whole-body samples of bluegills (Lepomis macrochirus) and common carp (Cyprinus carpio) from the San Joaquin River and two tributaries (Merced River and Salt Slough) were analyzed to determine if the concentrations of any of nine elements were elevated as a result of exposure of the fish to agricultural subsurface (tile) drainage water. Highest concentrations (μg/g dry weight) detected were as follows (first number in each pair applies to bluegills and the second to carp): arsenic (As), 0.97 and 1.5; boron (B), 14 and 20; cadmium (Cd), 0.14 and 0.27; chromium (Cr), 2.7 and 2.2; mercury (hg), 3.3 and 2.9; molybdenum (Mo), 2.8 and 3.6; nickel (Ni), 0.87 and 2.2; lead (Pb), 0.26 and 2.3; and selenium (Se), 3.2 and 5.5. The lowest concentrations were below the levels of detection, except for Hg (0.15 in bluegills and 0.12 in carp) and Se (0.43 and 0.56). As judged by comparisons with data from the National Contaminant Biomonitoring Program and other published surveys, the concentrations of B, Hg, Mo, and Se were moderately elevated in fish from several sites in the San Joaquin Valley. However, only the Se concentrations were positively correlated with water quality variables (e.g., total alkalinity, conductivity, and turbidity) known to be influenced by irrigation return flows. Historical data from one site (Salt Slough), where trace elements in whole fish have been measured since 1969, indicated that Se concentrations increased more than twofold between 1973 and 1977, but thereafter remained near 3.0 μg g−1 (dry weight basis), presumably due to the continuing practice of disposing seleniferous tile drainage water into the most convenient stream channel.
The hydraulic potentiomanometer described herein consists of a potentiometer connected to a manometer by a flexible tube. The device is used to directly measure the direction of seepage as well as the hydraulic-head difference between groundwater and surface water. The device works most effectively in sandy materials. For accurate measurements the device must be free of air leaks.
","language":"English","publisher":"ASLO","doi":"10.4319/lo.1988.33.5.1209","usgsCitation":"Winter, T.C., LaBaugh, J.W., and Rosenberry, D.O., 1988, The design and use of a hydraulic potentiomanometer for direct measurement of differences in hydraulic head between groundwater and surface water: Limnology and Oceanography, v. 33, no. 5, p. 1209-1214, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1988.33.5.1209.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"1209","endPage":"1214","costCenters":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479979,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1988.33.5.1209","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":352431,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"33","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2003-12-22","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5aff3379e4b0da30c1bfd903","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Winter, Thomas C.","contributorId":84736,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winter","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":730869,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"LaBaugh, James W. 0000-0002-4112-2536 jlabaugh@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4112-2536","contributorId":1311,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LaBaugh","given":"James","email":"jlabaugh@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":27111,"text":"National Water Quality Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":730870,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rosenberry, Donald O. 0000-0003-0681-5641 rosenber@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0681-5641","contributorId":1312,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosenberry","given":"Donald","email":"rosenber@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":730871,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70014452,"text":"70014452 - 1988 - Cobalt in ferromanganese crusts as a monitor of hydrothermal discharge on the Pacific sea floor","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-06-02T16:17:28.744597","indexId":"70014452","displayToPublicDate":"1988-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2840,"text":"Nature","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Cobalt in ferromanganese crusts as a monitor of hydrothermal discharge on the Pacific sea floor","docAbstract":"Ferromanganese oxide crusts, which accumulate on unsedimented surfaces in the open ocean1–6, derive most of their metal content from dissolved and particulate matter in ambient bottom water7,8, in proportions modified by the variable scavenging efficiency of the oxide phase for susceptible ions9. They differ in this respect from abyssal nodules, much of whose metals are remobilized from host sediments. Here we present maps of cobalt concentration and inferred accumulation rate of ferromanganese crusts from the Pacific Ocean. We propose that depletion of cobalt in Pacific crusts measures the location and intensity of submarine hydrothermal discharge. Use of the 'cobalt chronometer', an algorithm inversely relating cobalt content and crust growth rate, permits mapping of the accumulation rate of ferromanganese crusts with only indirect recourse to radioactivity-based dating methods. These maps show that crusts in hydrothermal areas grow from two to more than four orders of magnitude faster than in the Central Pacific Ocean. Cobalt-enriched crusts are found where water masses are most isolated from continental-coastal and hydrothermal sources of metals, now and in the past. This relationship can resolve the problem of cobalt enrichment in crusts without recourse to hypotheses invoking special cobalt sources or enrichment mechanisms.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer Nature","doi":"10.1038/335059a0","issn":"00280836","usgsCitation":"Manheim, F., and Lane-Bostwick, C., 1988, Cobalt in ferromanganese crusts as a monitor of hydrothermal discharge on the Pacific sea floor: Nature, v. 335, no. 6185, p. 59-62, https://doi.org/10.1038/335059a0.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"59","endPage":"62","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":225773,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"335","issue":"6185","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1988-09-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f796e4b0c8380cd4cbc8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Manheim, F.T. 0000-0003-4005-4524","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4005-4524","contributorId":55421,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Manheim","given":"F.T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368425,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lane-Bostwick, C.M.","contributorId":90748,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lane-Bostwick","given":"C.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368426,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70176809,"text":"70176809 - 1988 - Pleistocene Proboscideans and Michigan salt deposits","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-10-06T14:44:20","indexId":"70176809","displayToPublicDate":"1988-08-12T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2815,"text":"National Geographic Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Pleistocene Proboscideans and Michigan salt deposits","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"National Geographic Society","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","usgsCitation":"Holman, A., Abraczinskas, L., and Westjohn, D., 1988, Pleistocene Proboscideans and Michigan salt deposits: National Geographic Research, v. 4, no. 1, p. 4-5.","startPage":"4","endPage":"5","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[{"id":382,"text":"Michigan Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":329388,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"4","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57f7c08be4b0bc0bec09c7e7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Holman, A.J.","contributorId":175194,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Holman","given":"A.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":650389,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Abraczinskas, L.M.","contributorId":175195,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Abraczinskas","given":"L.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":650390,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Westjohn, D.B.","contributorId":68411,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Westjohn","given":"D.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":650391,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70199731,"text":"70199731 - 1988 - Effects of spatial orientation of multiple plate artificial substrates on invertebrate colonization","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-26T13:03:33","indexId":"70199731","displayToPublicDate":"1988-08-01T13:02:45","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2529,"text":"Journal of the American Water Resources Association","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of spatial orientation of multiple plate artificial substrates on invertebrate colonization","docAbstract":"Jumbo multiple plate samplers were suspended in a river at 0.3 and 1 m depth in one of three orientations: interplate spaces closed to downwelling light and open to flow, open to light and flow, or open to light and closed to flow. Mean numbers of colonizing taxa and individuals were not significantly different among orientations after eight weeks of submergence. All variables tested decreased significantly with depth. Mean number of taxa, number of individuals (1 m only), and insect diversity decreased between samplings at four and eight weeks for samplers that were closed to light and open to flow. All orientations, depths, and durations had one‐half to two‐thirds of the total taxa. Colonization was affected by location in the river and position on sampler suspension equipment. The results indicate lack of orientation effects on colonization or high variability that obscured such effects. The sampler suspension equipment possibly increased among‐sampler variability by forming artificial snag habitats, and interplate light and flow conditions at different orientations may not have been sufficiently distinct to elicit different biological responses. Individual samplers provided diverse microhabitats regardless of orientation, but it would be prudent to include orientation among the variables considered in use of multiple plate samplers.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Water Resources Association","doi":"10.1111/j.1752-1688.1988.tb00929.x","usgsCitation":"Slack, K.V., Ferreira, R.F., Averert, R., and Kennelly, S., 1988, Effects of spatial orientation of multiple plate artificial substrates on invertebrate colonization: Journal of the American Water Resources Association, v. 24, no. 4, p. 781-789, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1988.tb00929.x.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"781","endPage":"789","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":357785,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","volume":"24","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-06-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c113001e4b034bf6a824cf1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Slack, K. V.","contributorId":82386,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Slack","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":746384,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ferreira, R. F.","contributorId":80690,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ferreira","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":746385,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Averert, R.C.","contributorId":208201,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Averert","given":"R.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":746386,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kennelly, S.S.","contributorId":75697,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kennelly","given":"S.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":746387,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":5220729,"text":"5220729 - 1988 - Assessment of sampling stability in ecological applications of discriminant analysis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-18T15:45:17.753448","indexId":"5220729","displayToPublicDate":"1988-08-01T12:19:06","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1465,"text":"Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Assessment of sampling stability in ecological applications of discriminant analysis","docAbstract":"A simulation study was undertaken to assess the sampling stability of the variable loadings in linear discriminant function analysis. A factorial design was used for the factors of multivariate dimensionality, dispersion structure, configuration of group means, and sample size. A total of 32 400 discriminant analyses were conducted, based on data from simulated populations with appropriate underlying statistical distributions. Results from the simulations suggest that minimum sample sizes must exceed multivariate dimensionality by at least a factor of three to achieve reasonable levels of stability in discriminant function loadings. However, the requisite sample size would vary with respect to each of the design factors and, especially, with the overall amount of system variation. A review of 60 published studies and 142 individual analyses indicated that sample sizes in ecological studies often have met that requirement. However, individual group sample sizes frequently were very unequal, and checks of assumptions usually were not reported. We recommend that ecologists obtain group sample sizes that are at least three times as large as the number of variables measured.
","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.2307/1941283","usgsCitation":"Williams, B.K., and Titus, K., 1988, Assessment of sampling stability in ecological applications of discriminant analysis: Ecology, v. 69, no. 4, p. 1275-1285, https://doi.org/10.2307/1941283.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"1275","endPage":"1285","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479980,"rank":2,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10919/46812","text":"External Repository"},{"id":198215,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"69","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae4e4b07f02db68a1be","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Williams, Byron K. 0000-0001-7644-1396","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7644-1396","contributorId":207067,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"Byron","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":554,"text":"Science and Decisions Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":332306,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Titus, Kimberly","contributorId":149923,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Titus","given":"Kimberly","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":7058,"text":"Alaska Department of Fish and Game","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":332305,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70234318,"text":"70234318 - 1988 - A broad-band, wide-dynamic range, strong-motion array near Parkheld, California, USA for measurement of acceleration and volumetric strain","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-08T17:22:26.04864","indexId":"70234318","displayToPublicDate":"1988-08-01T12:06:31","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"A broad-band, wide-dynamic range, strong-motion array near Parkheld, California, USA for measurement of acceleration and volumetric strain","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the ninth World Conference on Earthquake Engineering Tokyo-Kyoto, Japan, 1988","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"World Conference on Earthquake Engineering","conferenceDate":"August 2-9, 1988","conferenceLocation":"Tokyo-Kyoto, Japan","language":"English","publisher":"Japan Association for Earthquake Disaster Prevention","usgsCitation":"Borcherdt, R.D., Johnston, M.J., Noce, T., Glassmoyer, G., and Myren, D., 1988, A broad-band, wide-dynamic range, strong-motion array near Parkheld, California, USA for measurement of acceleration and volumetric strain, in Proceedings of the ninth World Conference on Earthquake Engineering Tokyo-Kyoto, Japan, 1988, v. 8, Tokyo-Kyoto, Japan, August 2-9, 1988, p. 125-130.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"125","endPage":"130","costCenters":[{"id":234,"text":"Earthquake Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":404938,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":404937,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.iitk.ac.in/nicee/wcee/ninth_conf_Japan/#Volume%20VIII"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"Parkfield","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -120.52997589111327,\n 36.03549631945669\n ],\n [\n -120.4153060913086,\n 36.03549631945669\n ],\n [\n -120.4153060913086,\n 36.12706053949718\n ],\n [\n -120.52997589111327,\n 36.12706053949718\n ],\n [\n -120.52997589111327,\n 36.03549631945669\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Borcherdt, Roger D. 0000-0002-8668-0849 borcherdt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8668-0849","contributorId":2373,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Borcherdt","given":"Roger","email":"borcherdt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":848549,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnston, Malcolm J. S. 0000-0003-4326-8368 mal@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4326-8368","contributorId":622,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnston","given":"Malcolm","email":"mal@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J. S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":848550,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Noce, Thomas","contributorId":39386,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Noce","given":"Thomas","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":848551,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Glassmoyer, Gary","contributorId":28619,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Glassmoyer","given":"Gary","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":848552,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Myren, Douglas","contributorId":294675,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Myren","given":"Douglas","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":848553,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70122686,"text":"70122686 - 1988 - Genetic variability in the Florida manatee (Trichechus manatus)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-27T12:02:11","indexId":"70122686","displayToPublicDate":"1988-08-01T12:00:45","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2373,"text":"Journal of Mammalogy","onlineIssn":"1545-1542","printIssn":"0022-2372","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Genetic variability in the Florida manatee (Trichechus manatus)","docAbstract":"Tissue was obtained from 59 manatee (Trichechus manatus) carcasses salvaged from 20 counties in Florida. Allozyme phenotypes at 24 structural loci were determined by gel electrophoresis. Averages for the proportion of polymorphic loci and mean heterozygosity were 0.300 (range, 0.167-0.417) and 0.050 (range, 0.028-0.063), respectively. These estimates are equivalent to or higher than those generally reported for other species of marine mammals and do not support the hypothesis that body size and heterozygosity in mammals are related inversely. Among-region gene diversity accounted for only 4% of the total diversity. High rates of gene flow probably account for genetic homogeneity across regions. An F-statistic analysis revealed a general tendency toward excess homozygosity within regions. Management efforts to prevent future reductions in population size that would erode existing genic diversity should continue.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Mammalogy","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Mammalogists","publisherLocation":"Provo, UT","doi":"10.2307/1381339","usgsCitation":"McClenaghan, L.R., and O'Shea, T., 1988, Genetic variability in the Florida manatee (Trichechus manatus): Journal of Mammalogy, v. 69, no. 3, p. 481-488, https://doi.org/10.2307/1381339.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"481","endPage":"488","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":293112,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":293111,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1381339"}],"volume":"69","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53fef0d6e4b01f35f8fd6983","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McClenaghan, Leroy R. Jr.","contributorId":17148,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McClenaghan","given":"Leroy","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":499611,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"O'Shea, Thomas J. 0000-0002-0758-9730","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0758-9730","contributorId":78071,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O'Shea","given":"Thomas J.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":499612,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70122681,"text":"70122681 - 1988 - User's guide to the wetland creation/restoration data base","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-27T11:53:29","indexId":"70122681","displayToPublicDate":"1988-08-01T11:53:02","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"title":"User's guide to the wetland creation/restoration data base","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","usgsCitation":"Muhlenbruck, J., Manci, K., and Schneller-McDonald, K., 1988, User's guide to the wetland creation/restoration data base.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":293108,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53fef0f2e4b01f35f8fd6a71","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Muhlenbruck, J.","contributorId":61756,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Muhlenbruck","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":499597,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Manci, K.M.","contributorId":24285,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Manci","given":"K.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":499596,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schneller-McDonald, K.","contributorId":18279,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schneller-McDonald","given":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":499595,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70122126,"text":"70122126 - 1988 - Agonistic asymmetries and the foraging ecology of Bald Eagles","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-18T15:47:08.514503","indexId":"70122126","displayToPublicDate":"1988-08-01T09:40:20","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1465,"text":"Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Agonistic asymmetries and the foraging ecology of Bald Eagles","docAbstract":"We investigated the effects of both asymmetries and differing food levels on contest outcomes of wintering Bald Eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) feeding on chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) carcasses. Large eagles, regardless of age, were more successful in pirating than smaller eagles. Small pirating eagles were usually unsuccessful unless they were adults attempting to supplant other small eagles. Feeding eagles were more successful in defeating pirating eagles according to (1) whether their heads were up to prior to a pirating attempt, (2) how long their heads had been up, and (3) whether they displayed. During periods of food scarcity pirating eagles were less successful, a fact attributed in a proximate sense to the increase incidence of retaliation by feeding birds. When food was scarce and eagles had a choice between scavenging the pirating, they chose to scavenge more often. Body size appears to be an important factor in determining social dominance and influencing differences in foraging modes of wintering Bald Eagles.
","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.2307/1941273","usgsCitation":"Knight, R., and Skagen, S.K., 1988, Agonistic asymmetries and the foraging ecology of Bald Eagles: Ecology, v. 69, no. 4, p. 1188-1194, https://doi.org/10.2307/1941273.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"1188","endPage":"1194","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":293015,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"69","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53fd9f41e4b0adaeea6c4ddc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Knight, Richard L.","contributorId":46014,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knight","given":"Richard L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":499435,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Skagen, Susan Knight 0000-0002-6744-1244 skagens@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6744-1244","contributorId":81811,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Skagen","given":"Susan","email":"skagens@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Knight","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":499436,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70122642,"text":"70122642 - 1988 - Tunnel-construction methods and foraging path of a fossorial herbivore, Geomys bursarius","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-27T09:21:38","indexId":"70122642","displayToPublicDate":"1988-08-01T09:18:34","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2373,"text":"Journal of Mammalogy","onlineIssn":"1545-1542","printIssn":"0022-2372","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Tunnel-construction methods and foraging path of a fossorial herbivore, Geomys bursarius","docAbstract":"The fossorial rodent Geomys bursarius excavates tunnels to find and gain access to belowground plant parts. This is a study of how the foraging path of this animal, as denoted by feeding-tunnel systems constructed within experimental gardens, reflects both adaptive behavior and constraints associated with the fossorial lifestyle. The principal method of tunnel construction involves the end-to-end linking of short, linear segments whose directionalities are bimodal, but symmetrically distributed about 0°. The sequence of construction of left- and right-directed segments is random, and segments tend to be equal in length. The resulting tunnel advances, zigzag-fashion, along a single heading. This linearity, and the tendency for branches to be orthogonal to the originating tunnel, are consistent with the search path predicted for a \"harvesting animal\" (Pyke, 1978) from optimal-foraging theory. A suite of physical and physiological constraints on the burrowing process, however, may be responsible for this geometric pattern. That is, by excavating in the most energy-efficient manner, G. bursarius automatically creates the basic components to an optimal-search path. The general search pattern was not influenced by habitat quality (plant density). Branch origins are located more often than expected at plants, demonstrating area-restricted search, a tactic commonly noted in aboveground foragers. The potential trade-offs between construction methods that minimize energy cost and those that minimize vulnerability to predators are discussed.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Mammalogy","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Mammalogists","publisherLocation":"Provo, UT","doi":"10.2307/1381348","usgsCitation":"Andersen, D., 1988, Tunnel-construction methods and foraging path of a fossorial herbivore, Geomys bursarius: Journal of Mammalogy, v. 69, no. 3, p. 565-582, https://doi.org/10.2307/1381348.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"565","endPage":"582","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":293058,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":293057,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1381348"}],"volume":"69","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53fef0f1e4b01f35f8fd6a63","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Andersen, Douglas C. doug_andersen@usgs.gov","contributorId":2216,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andersen","given":"Douglas C.","email":"doug_andersen@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":499530,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70122641,"text":"70122641 - 1988 - The relationship between habitat quality and mound building by a fossorial rodent, Geomys bursarius","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-27T09:16:18","indexId":"70122641","displayToPublicDate":"1988-08-01T09:15:18","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2373,"text":"Journal of Mammalogy","onlineIssn":"1545-1542","printIssn":"0022-2372","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The relationship between habitat quality and mound building by a fossorial rodent, Geomys bursarius","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Mammalogy","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Mammalogists","publisherLocation":"Provo, UT","doi":"10.2307/1381349","usgsCitation":"Sparks, D., and Andersen, D., 1988, The relationship between habitat quality and mound building by a fossorial rodent, Geomys bursarius: Journal of Mammalogy, v. 69, no. 3, p. 583-587, https://doi.org/10.2307/1381349.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"583","endPage":"587","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":293056,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":293055,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1381349"}],"volume":"69","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53fef0efe4b01f35f8fd6a5a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sparks, Daniel W.","contributorId":26188,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sparks","given":"Daniel W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":499529,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Andersen, Douglas C. doug_andersen@usgs.gov","contributorId":2216,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andersen","given":"Douglas C.","email":"doug_andersen@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":499528,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70210454,"text":"70210454 - 1988 - Comment and reply on \"Sediment-yield history of a small basin in southern Utah, 1937-1976: Implications for land management and geomorphology\"","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-06-03T14:22:49.068537","indexId":"70210454","displayToPublicDate":"1988-08-01T09:12:44","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comment and reply on \"Sediment-yield history of a small basin in southern Utah, 1937-1976: Implications for land management and geomorphology\"","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0091-7613(1988)016<0759:CAROSY>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Nuhfer, E., and Hereford, R., 1988, Comment and reply on \"Sediment-yield history of a small basin in southern Utah, 1937-1976: Implications for land management and geomorphology\": Geology, v. 16, no. 8, p. 759-760, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1988)016<0759:CAROSY>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"759","endPage":"760","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":375328,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"16","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nuhfer, E.B.","contributorId":89281,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nuhfer","given":"E.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":790322,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hereford, Richard 0000-0002-0892-7367 rhereford@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0892-7367","contributorId":3620,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hereford","given":"Richard","email":"rhereford@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":790323,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70185888,"text":"70185888 - 1988 - Book review--\"Coupled processes associated with nuclear waste repositories\"","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-03-05T18:35:26","indexId":"70185888","displayToPublicDate":"1988-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Book review--\"Coupled processes associated with nuclear waste repositories\"","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(88)90201-3","usgsCitation":"Nordstrom, D.K., 1988, Book review--\"Coupled processes associated with nuclear waste repositories\": Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 52, no. 8, p. 2185-2185, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(88)90201-3.","productDescription":"1 p. ","startPage":"2185","endPage":"2185","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338635,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"52","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58dcc820e4b02ff32c68574c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nordstrom, D. Kirk 0000-0003-3283-5136 dkn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3283-5136","contributorId":749,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nordstrom","given":"D.","email":"dkn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Kirk","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":687004,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70211195,"text":"70211195 - 1988 - Stochastic analysis of solute arrival time in heterogeneous porous media","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-07-16T19:55:17.312836","indexId":"70211195","displayToPublicDate":"1988-07-16T14:40:55","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Stochastic analysis of solute arrival time in heterogeneous porous media","docAbstract":"Longitudinal advective solute movement in heterogeneous porous media is investigated by considering the solute arrival time at a plane perpendicular to the mean fluid velocity. The moments of the solute arrival time are defined in terms of the stochastic properties of a statistically anisotropic hydraulic conductivity field. The flux‐averaged concentration is specified by introducing the moments of the arrival time into a probability density function for the arrival time. The quadratic dependence of the arrival time variance on position in the vicinity of an injection point is indicative of a nondiffusive process. For the assumed spatial correlation of the hydraulic conductivity, the variance of the arrival time asymptotically approaches a linear dependence on the position from the injection point similar to a diffusion process. The impact of assuming solute movement to be a diffusive process from the onset of the solute injection causes erroneous estimates of flux‐averaged concentrations at distances from the injection point that are of the order of the correlation length of the hydraulic conductivity. The arrival time analysis and the particle position analysis given in Dagan (1982, 1984) are complementary interpretations of advective solute movement that yield different definitions of the solute concentration; the position analysis intrinsically defines the resident or volume‐averaged concentration, while the flux‐averaged concentration is defined from the arrival time analysis. The temporal variation of the resident and flux‐averaged concentration are similar at a given position for small values of the variance of the hydraulic conductivity, or at distances from the solute injection point that are large relative to correlation length of the hydraulic conductivity.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1029/WR024i010p01711","usgsCitation":"Shapiro, A.M., and Cvetkovic, V., 1988, Stochastic analysis of solute arrival time in heterogeneous porous media: Water Resources Research, v. 24, no. 40, p. 1711-1718, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR024i010p01711.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"1711","endPage":"1718","costCenters":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":376453,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"24","issue":"40","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shapiro, Allen M. 0000-0002-6425-9607 ashapiro@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6425-9607","contributorId":2164,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shapiro","given":"Allen","email":"ashapiro@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":793089,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cvetkovic, V.D.","contributorId":52335,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cvetkovic","given":"V.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":793090,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}