The U.S. Bureau of Reclamation (USBR) and local stakeholder groups are evaluating reservoir-management strategies within Paonia Reservoir. This small reservoir fills to capacity each spring and requires approximately half of the snowmelt-runoff volume from its sediment-laden source waters, Muddy Creek. The U.S. Geological Survey is currently conducting high-resolution (15-minute data-recording interval) sediment monitoring to characterize incoming and outgoing sediment flux during reservoir operations at two sites on Muddy Creek. The high-resolution monitoring is being used to establish current rates of reservoir sedimentation, support USBR sediment transport and storage models, and assess the viability of water-storage recovery in Paonia Reservoir. These sites are equipped with in situ, single-frequency, side-looking acoustic Doppler current meters in conjunction with turbidity sensors to monitor sediment flux. This project serves as a demonstration of the capability of using surrogate techniques to predict suspended-sediment concentrations in small streams (less than 20 meters in width and 2 meters in depth). These two sites provide the ability to report near real-time suspended-sediment concentrations through the U.S. Geological Survey National Water Information System (NWIS) web interface and National Real-Time Water Quality websites (NRTWQ) to aid in reservoir operations and assessments.
","conferenceTitle":"10th Federal Interagency Sedimentation Conference / 5th Federal Interagency Hydrologic Modeling Conference","conferenceDate":"April 19-23, 2015","conferenceLocation":"Reno, NV","language":"English","usgsCitation":"Williams, C.A., Richards, R.J., and Collins, K.L., 2015, Suspended-sediment transport and storage: A demonstration of acoustic methods in the evaluation of reservoir management strategies for a small water-supply reservoir in western Colorado, 10th Federal Interagency Sedimentation Conference / 5th Federal Interagency Hydrologic Modeling Conference, Reno, NV, April 19-23, 2015, 11 p.","productDescription":"11 p.","ipdsId":"IP-061300","costCenters":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":340960,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":340958,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.sedhyd.org/2015/openconf/modules/request.php?module=oc_program&action=summary.php&id=235"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -108.89373779296875,\n 38.515937313413474\n ],\n [\n -107.2430419921875,\n 38.515937313413474\n ],\n [\n -107.2430419921875,\n 39.31942523123949\n ],\n [\n -108.89373779296875,\n 39.31942523123949\n ],\n [\n -108.89373779296875,\n 38.515937313413474\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"591183b5e4b0e541a03c1a68","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Williams, Cory A. 0000-0003-1461-7848 cawillia@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1461-7848","contributorId":689,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"Cory","email":"cawillia@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":563975,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Richards, Rodney J. 0000-0003-3953-984X rjrichar@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3953-984X","contributorId":2204,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Richards","given":"Rodney","email":"rjrichar@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":563976,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Collins, Kent L.","contributorId":51179,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Collins","given":"Kent","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":563977,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70148141,"text":"sir20155074 - 2015 - Nutrient attenuation in rivers and streams, Puget Sound Basin, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-17T12:18:48","indexId":"sir20155074","displayToPublicDate":"2015-06-15T13:45:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2015-5074","title":"Nutrient attenuation in rivers and streams, Puget Sound Basin, Washington","docAbstract":"Nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus are important for aquatic ecosystem health. Excessive amounts of nutrients, however, can make aquatic ecosystems harmful for biota because enhanced growth and decay cycles of aquatic algae can reduce dissolved oxygen in the water. In Puget Sound marine waters, low dissolved oxygen concentrations are observed in a number of marine nearshore areas, and nutrients have been identified as a major stressor to the local ecosystem. Delivery of nutrients from major rivers in the Puget Sound Basin to the marine environment can be large. Therefore, it is important to identify factors related to how nutrients are retained (attenuated) within streams and rivers in the Puget Sound Basin. Physical, chemical, and biological factors related to nutrient attenuation were identified through a review of related scientific literature.
\nNumerous empirical modeling approaches for estimating nutrient attenuation in streams and rivers also were compiled, and a subset of these models was applied to the Puget Sound Basin. In particular, models based on the physical characteristics of a river reach (RivR-N model) and on the physical and biological features of a river reach (vf model) were used and compared for the 17 major rivers draining to the Puget Sound. Data on the relative amount of instream attenuation (the fraction of nutrient input removed per kilometer of stream reach) showed some common and general themes. Firstly, headwater reaches throughout the Puget Sound Basin tend to be better than the main stems of the major rivers at attenuating nitrate and orthophosphorus (ortho-P). Secondly, rivers are more efficient at attenuating nitrate than ortho-P, probably because of the close relation between phosphorus and suspended sediment, which was not captured fully in the models. Thirdly, when comparing the RivR-N and vf models for nitrate, physical characteristics of the channel may be more effective predictors of relative nitrate attenuation for main stem reaches, whereas biological factors may be more effective predictors in headwater reaches. These results are explained in terms of four primary factors of attenuation: sinuosity, channel slope, specific discharge, and uptake velocity (vf) of the reach.
\nA simple scoring procedure based on these four factors showed that reaches where attenuation scores were high had higher relative attenuation of nutrients from the RivR-N and vf models. This attenuation \"scorecard\" can be used to quickly assess the potential for a given reach to attenuate nutrients. Seasonal relative attenuation at three case studies was greater in summer months (July through September) and much lower and almost constant from January through June. An analysis of relative attenuation across a range of nutrient concentrations showed that, at some point, relative instream attenuation is minimized. For nitrate, relative attenuation reached a minimum value greater than 3 milligrams of nitrogen per liter (mg N/L) during low flow and 1 mg N/L during high flow. For orthophosphate, minimum relative attenuation was observed at about 0.1 milligram of phosphorus per liter (mg P/L) for both low- and high-flow conditions. Generally, the temporal dynamics of nutrient attenuation are dependent on the travel time through a given reach, the proportion of flow in contact with the sediment, and the amount of biological activity. Improved understanding of nutrient attenuation in Puget Sound Basin will benefit from the compilation of more detailed data for specific discharge, channel slope, and channel sinuosity in Puget Sound streams and rivers. Additionally, field studies examining upstream-downstream changes in nutrient load and field-based measurements of vf are needed.
\nFrom a management perspective, preservation and improvement of instream nutrient attenuation should focus on increasing the travel time through a reach and contact time of water sediment (reactive) surfaces and lowering nutrient concentrations (and loads) to avoid saturation of instream attenuation and increase attenuation efficiency. These goals can be reached by maintaining and restoring channel-flood plain connectivity, maintaining and restoring healthy riparian zones along streams, managing point and nonpoint nutrient loads to streams and rivers, and restoring channel features that promote attenuation such as the addition of woody debris and maintaining pool-riffle morphologies. Many of these management approaches are already being undertaken during projects aimed to restore quality salmon habitat. Therefore, there is a dual benefit to these projects that also may lead to enhanced potential for nitrogen and phosphorus attenuation.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20155074","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Washington State Department of Ecology","usgsCitation":"Sheibley, R.W., Konrad, C.P., and Black, R.W., 2015, Nutrient attenuation in rivers and streams, Puget Sound Basin, Washington (Version 1.0: Originally posted June 15, 2015; Version 1.1: February 2016): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2015-5074, vii, 67 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20155074.","productDescription":"vii, 67 p.","numberOfPages":"80","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-061211","costCenters":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":301233,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20155074.PNG"},{"id":301231,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5074/"},{"id":301232,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5074/pdf/sir20155074.pdf","text":"Report","size":"25.3 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2015-5074 Report"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Puget Sound Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.87109375,\n 48.980216985374994\n ],\n [\n -122.58544921875,\n 48.58932584966972\n ],\n [\n -123.00292968749999,\n 48.38544219115486\n ],\n [\n -123.00292968749999,\n 48.10743118848039\n ],\n [\n -123.92578125,\n 48.21003212234042\n ],\n [\n -124.34326171874999,\n 48.3416461723746\n ],\n [\n -124.71679687499999,\n 48.45835188280866\n ],\n [\n -124.87060546874999,\n 48.1367666796927\n ],\n [\n -124.62890625,\n 47.76886840424207\n ],\n [\n -124.49707031249999,\n 47.487513008956554\n ],\n [\n -124.34326171874999,\n 47.15984001304432\n ],\n [\n -124.23339843749999,\n 46.89023157359399\n ],\n [\n -124.16748046874999,\n 46.63435070293566\n ],\n [\n -124.1455078125,\n 46.28622391806708\n ],\n [\n -119.2236328125,\n 46.27103747280261\n ],\n [\n -119.13574218749999,\n 48.980216985374994\n ],\n [\n -122.87109375,\n 48.980216985374994\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","edition":"Version 1.0: Originally posted June 15, 2015; Version 1.1: February 2016","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":12,"text":"Tacoma PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"557fe91be4b023124e8ef92c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sheibley, Rich W. 0000-0003-1627-8536 sheibley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1627-8536","contributorId":3044,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sheibley","given":"Rich","email":"sheibley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":548705,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Konrad, Christopher P. 0000-0002-7354-547X cpkonrad@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7354-547X","contributorId":1716,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Konrad","given":"Christopher","email":"cpkonrad@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":548706,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Black, Robert W. 0000-0002-4748-8213 rwblack@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4748-8213","contributorId":1820,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Black","given":"Robert","email":"rwblack@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":548707,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70148563,"text":"ofr20141237 - 2015 - Total dissolved gas and water temperature in the lower Columbia River, Oregon and Washington, water year 2014","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-27T18:40:25","indexId":"ofr20141237","displayToPublicDate":"2015-06-15T09:45:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-1237","title":"Total dissolved gas and water temperature in the lower Columbia River, Oregon and Washington, water year 2014","docAbstract":"An analysis of total-dissolved-gas (TDG) and water-temperature data collected at eight fixed monitoring stations on the lower Columbia River in Oregon and Washington in water year 2014 indicated the following:
\nThe study region encompasses the Upper Colorado River Basin (UCRB), which provides water for 40 million people and is a vital part of the water supply in the western U.S.
\nGroundwater and surface water can be considered a single water resource and thus it is important to understand groundwater contributions to streamflow, or baseflow, within a region. Previously, quantification of baseflow using chemical mass balance at large numbers of sites was not possible because of data limitations. A new method using regression-derived daily specific conductance values with conductivity mass balance hydrograph separation allows for baseflow estimation at sites across large regions. This method was applied to estimate baseflow discharge at 229 sites across the UCRB. Subsequently, climate, soil, topography, and land cover characteristics were statistically evaluated using principal component analysis (PCA) to determine their influence on baseflow discharge.
\nResults suggest that approximately half of the streamflow in the UCRB is baseflow derived from groundwater discharge to streams. Higher baseflow yields typically occur in upper elevation areas of the UCRB. PCA identified precipitation, snow, sand content of soils, elevation, land surface slope, percent grasslands, and percent natural barren lands as being positively correlated with baseflow yield; whereas temperature, potential evapotranspiration, silt and clay content of soils, percent agriculture, and percent shrublands were negatively correlated with baseflow yield.
\nPark management of the Whiskeytown National Recreation Area, in northwestern California, identified a critical need to determine if mercury (Hg) or other elements originating from abandoned mines within the Upper Clear Creek watershed were present at concentrations that might adversely affect aquatic biota living within the park. During 2002–03, the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the National Park Service, collected aquatic invertebrates, amphibians, and fish, and analyzed them for Hg, cadmium, zinc, copper, and other metals and trace elements. The data from the biota, in conjunction with data from concurrent community bioassessments, habitat analyses, water quality, and concentrations of metals and trace elements in water and sediment, were used to identify contamination “hot spots.”
\nIn 2002, we selected collection sites within the study area based on the presence of historical mines and results from sampling of bed sediment in 2001. In 2003, collection sites were selected based on sediment data as well as data on water and biota from this study in 2002. Eleven sites were sampled in both 2002 and 2003, 11 sites were sampled only in 2002, and 14 sites were sampled only in 2003.
\nComparisons of sites within the Upper Clear Creek watershed indicated that most of the more contaminated sites were outside of the park boundaries, especially at sites within the French Gulch, Cline Gulch, and Whiskey Creek watersheds. The site with the highest overall contamination within the park, based on both fish and invertebrate data, was WLCC, a site on Willow Creek impacted by acid mine drainage and listed as impaired under Section 303(d) of the Clean Water Act.
\nCompared with other recently evaluated mine-impacted watersheds in northern California, invertebrates, amphibians, and fish from sites within the Upper Clear Creek watershed tended to have significantly lower concentrations of Hg than at most other sites. For other metals and trace elements, Upper Clear Creek sites were only compared with the Deer Creek watershed, Nevada County, California. Copper from both Willow Creek sites (WLCC and WLTH) in the Clear Creek watershed was the only metal with concentrations in biota that were significantly higher than biota from Deer Creek
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20151077","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the National Park Service","usgsCitation":"Hothem, R.L., May, J.T., Gibson, J.K., and Brussee, B.E., 2015, Concentrations of metals and trace elements in aquatic biota associated with abandoned mine lands in the Whiskeytown National Recreation Area and nearby Clear Creek watershed, Shasta County, northwestern California, 2002-2003: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015-1077, Report: x, 64 p.; 6 Appendices, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151077.","productDescription":"Report: x, 64 p.; 6 Appendices","numberOfPages":"78","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","temporalStart":"2002-01-01","temporalEnd":"2003-12-31","ipdsId":"IP-062279","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":301207,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20151077.jpg"},{"id":301206,"rank":8,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1077/download/ofr2015-1077_appendix6.xlsx","text":"Appendix 6. Metals and trace elements in individual and composite samples of riffle sculpin, rainbow trout, and California roach","size":"87 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"Appendix 6. Metals and trace elements in individual and composite samples of riffle sculpin, rainbow trout, and California roach"},{"id":301205,"rank":7,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1077/download/ofr2015-1077_appendix5.xlsx","text":"Appendix 5. Metals and trace elements in individual bullfrogs, Pacific chorus frogs, and foothill yellow-legged frogs","size":"50 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"Appendix 5. Metals and trace elements in individual bullfrogs, Pacific chorus frogs, and foothill yellow-legged frogs"},{"id":301199,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1077/"},{"id":301200,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1077/pdf/ofr20151077.pdf","text":"Report","size":"6 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":301201,"rank":3,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1077/download/ofr2015-1077_appendix1.xlsx","text":"Appendix 1. Metals and trace elements in invertebrate composites","size":"45 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"Appendix 1. Metals and trace elements in invertebrate composites"},{"id":301202,"rank":5,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1077/download/ofr2015-1077_appendix3.xlsx","text":"Appendix 3. Metals and trace elements in filtered and raw water samples","size":"52 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"Appendix 3. Metals and trace elements in filtered and raw water samples"},{"id":301203,"rank":4,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1077/download/ofr2015-1077_appendix2.xlsx","text":"Appendix 2. Water-quality parameters","size":"79 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"Appendix 2. Water-quality parameters"},{"id":301204,"rank":6,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1077/download/ofr2015-1077_appendix4.xlsx","text":"Appendix 4. Metals and trace elements in sediment samples","size":"115 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"Appendix 4. Metals and trace elements in sediment samples"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"Shasta County","otherGeospatial":"Whiskeytown National Recreation Area","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.92053222656249,\n 40.45948689837198\n ],\n [\n -122.92053222656249,\n 41.072104440201606\n ],\n [\n -122.01141357421875,\n 41.072104440201606\n ],\n [\n -122.01141357421875,\n 40.45948689837198\n ],\n [\n -122.92053222656249,\n 40.45948689837198\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":1,"text":"Sacramento PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"557bf4a5e4b023124e8edde5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hothem, Roger L. roger_hothem@usgs.gov","contributorId":1721,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hothem","given":"Roger","email":"roger_hothem@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":547469,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"May, Jason T. 0000-0002-5699-2112 jasonmay@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5699-2112","contributorId":617,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"May","given":"Jason","email":"jasonmay@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":547470,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gibson, Jennifer K.","contributorId":140892,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gibson","given":"Jennifer","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":7237,"text":"NPS, Olympic National Park","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":547471,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Brussee, Brianne E. 0000-0002-2452-7101 bbrussee@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2452-7101","contributorId":4249,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brussee","given":"Brianne","email":"bbrussee@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":547472,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70148425,"text":"ds938 - 2015 - Seismic data collection from water gun and industrial background sources in the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal area, Illinois, 2011","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-06-12T08:55:55","indexId":"ds938","displayToPublicDate":"2015-06-12T09:45:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"938","title":"Seismic data collection from water gun and industrial background sources in the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal area, Illinois, 2011","docAbstract":"The water gun is a tool adapted from deep marine geophysical surveys that is being evaluated for use as an acoustic fish deterrent to control the movement of invasive marine species. The water gun creates a seismic signal by using a compressed air discharge to move a piston rapidly within the water, resulting in an implosion. This energy pulse may be able to modify fish behavior or destroy marine life, such as the Asian carp, at some distance. The effects of this energy pulse on structures in the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal (CSSC), such as canal walls, shore lines, and lock structures, are not known. The potential effects of the use of a water gun on structures was identified as a concern in the CSSC and was assessed relative to existing background sources during this study. During September 2011, two water guns with piston sizes of 80 and 343 cubic inches, respectively, were tested in the CSSC at varying pressures and distances from a canal wall consisting of dolomite and dolomite setblock. Seismic data were collected during these water gun firings using geophones on land, in boreholes, and at the canal wall interface. Data were collected at varying depths in the canal water using hydrophones. Seismic data were also collected during the occurrences of barge traffic, railroad traffic located near the electric fish barrier in Lemont, and coal-loading operations at a coal power plant near the electric fish barrier. In general, energy produced by barge and railroad sources was less than energy created by the water gun. Energy levels produced by coal-loading operations at least 200 feet from geophones were approximately four times lower than energy levels measured during water gun operations.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ds938","usgsCitation":"Morrow, W.S., Carpenter, P.J., and Adams, R.F., 2015, Seismic data collection from water gun and industrial background sources in the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal area, Illinois, 2011: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 938, Report: iv, 23 p.; Downloads Directory, https://doi.org/10.3133/ds938.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 23 p.; Downloads Directory","numberOfPages":"31","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-036766","costCenters":[{"id":344,"text":"Illinois Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":301178,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ds938.jpg"},{"id":301175,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/0938/"},{"id":301176,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/0938/pdf/ds938.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.33 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":301177,"rank":3,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/0938/downloads","text":"Downloads Directory","linkHelpText":"Contains water gun and industrial background data files that were collected in September, October, and November 2011. Seismic data can be accessed through standard geophysical software capable of reading SEG-2 files. Software capable of reading SEG-2 format is also freely available and documented in U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Open-File Report 03-141 (Ellefsen, 2003), available at http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/ofr-03-141. Other open-source software, such as Geopsy (available at http://www.geopsy.org), are available to read SEG-2 formatted data."}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois","city":"Chicago","otherGeospatial":"Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -88.07464599609375,\n 41.63545984052713\n ],\n [\n -88.07464599609375,\n 41.70521588311188\n ],\n [\n -87.97027587890624,\n 41.70521588311188\n ],\n [\n -87.97027587890624,\n 41.63545984052713\n ],\n [\n -88.07464599609375,\n 41.63545984052713\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":6,"text":"Columbus PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"557bf4ace4b023124e8eddef","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Morrow, William S. 0000-0002-2250-3165 wsmorrow@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2250-3165","contributorId":1886,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morrow","given":"William","email":"wsmorrow@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":344,"text":"Illinois Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":548195,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Carpenter, Phillip J.","contributorId":141062,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Carpenter","given":"Phillip","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":13666,"text":"Northern Illinois University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":548196,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Adams, Ryan F. 0000-0001-7299-329X rfadams@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7299-329X","contributorId":5499,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Adams","given":"Ryan","email":"rfadams@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":344,"text":"Illinois Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":24708,"text":"Lower Mississippi-Gulf Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5064,"text":"Southeast Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":548197,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70144268,"text":"sir20155025 - 2015 - Physical characteristics and fish assemblage composition at site and mesohabitat scales over a range of streamflows in the Middle Rio Grande, New Mexico, winter 2011-12, summer 2012","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-05T12:01:51","indexId":"sir20155025","displayToPublicDate":"2015-06-12T09:30:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2015-5025","title":"Physical characteristics and fish assemblage composition at site and mesohabitat scales over a range of streamflows in the Middle Rio Grande, New Mexico, winter 2011-12, summer 2012","docAbstract":"In winter 2011–12 and summer 2012, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Albuquerque District and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service New Mexico Fish and Wildlife Conservation Office in Albuquerque, New Mexico, evaluated the physical characteristics and fish assemblage composition of available mesohabitats over a range of streamflows at 15 sites on the Middle Rio Grande in New Mexico. The fish assemblage of the Middle Rio Grande includes several minnow species adapted to hydrologically variable but seasonably predictable rivers, including theHybognathus amarus (Rio Grande silvery minnow), a federally listed endangered species. Gaining a better understanding of habitat usage by the Rio Grande silvery minnow was the impetus for studying physical characteristics and fish assemblages in the Middle Rio Grande during different streamflow conditions. Data were collected at all 15 sites during winter 2011–12 (moderate streamflow), and a subset was collected at the 13 most downstream sites in summer 2012 (low streamflow). Sites were grouped into four river reaches separated by diversion dams listed in downstream order (names of the diversion dams are followed by short names of the sites nearest each dam in parentheses, listed in downstream order): (1) Cochiti (Peña Blanca), (2) Angostura (Bernalillo, La Orilla, Barelas, Los Padillas), (3) Isleta (Los Lunas I, Los Lunas II, Abeytas, La Joya, Rio Salado), and (4) San Acacia (Lemitar, Arroyo del Tajo, San Pedro, Bosque del Apache I, and Bosque del Apache II). Stream habitat was mapped in the field by using a geographic information system in conjunction with a Global Positioning System. Fish assemblage composition was determined during both streamflow regimes, and fish were collected by seining in each mesohabitat where physical characteristic data (depth, velocity, dominant substrate type and size, and percent embeddedness) and water-quality properties (temperature, dissolved oxygen, specific conductance, and pH; during summer 2012 only) were measured.
\nNineteen species of fish were collected among the 15 sites and four reaches over both sampling periods; 10 of these 19 species are introduced. Fish-species richness (total number of fish species collected at each site during each sampling event) among sites that were sampled during both sampling periods ranged from 6 at Rio Salado to 12 at La Orilla. Fish were most abundant at the Lemitar site (1,786 individuals) and least abundant at the San Pedro site (275 individuals). The native Cyprinella lutrensis (red shiner) was the most abundant species collected among all of the sites, accounting for about 42 percent of fish collected. Fish-species richness and catch per unit effort (CPUE) were higher (or equivalent) at all sites during summer 2012 compared to winter 2011–12.
\nThe relations between fish assemblage composition (that is, total abundance, which refers to the number of individuals of each species that were collected) and selected environmental variables (physical characteristic data collected at the mesohabitat scale [depth, velocity, and substrate particle size], and mesohabitat types) were explored by using canonical correspondence analysis. Environmental variables explained 8 percent (p=0.48) of the variability in the Middle Rio Grande fish assemblage during winter 2011–12, and Rio Grande silvery minnow were weakly associated with sand substrates, relatively moderate velocities (qualitative descriptors are derived from synthetic gradients extracted from CCAs), and relatively shallow depths. Environmental variables explained 14 percent (p < 0.01) of the variability in the Middle Rio Grande fish assemblage during summer 2012, when Rio Grande silvery minnow were associated with run mesohabitats, relatively high velocities, sand substrates, and relatively moderate depths.
\nThe mean fish-species richness was greater in summer 2012 than in winter 2011–12 for each mesohabitat type, and the overall fish-species richness across all mesohabitat types was 0.62 during winter 2011–12, compared to 1.49 during summer 2012. The highest mean CPUE during winter 2011–12 was in isolated pools (54.3 fish per 100 square meters [m2]), whereas the lowest was in flats (18.9 fish per 100 m2). Ranges in CPUE were higher in summer 2012 relative to winter 2011–12 in each mesohabitat type sampled. As in winter 2011–12, the highest mean CPUE during summer 2012 was in isolated pools (233 fish per 100 m2), whereas the lowest was in flats (29.6 fish per 100 m2). Overall mean CPUE per mesohabitat across all mesohabitat types was 29.1 fish per 100 m2 during winter 2011–12 compared to 85.3 fish per 100 m2 during summer 2012.
\nFour species of minnows (red shiner, Rio Grande silvery minnow, Pimephales promelas [fathead minnow], and Platygobio gracilis[flathead chub]) were selected to compare preferred mesohabitat characteristics because all are small-bodied minnows and because more than 200 individuals of each of these species were collected. Red shiner were collected across the largest range of depths in both winter 2011–12 (0.02–4.31 feet [ft]) and summer 2012 (0.05–3.4 ft), as well as the largest range of velocities (0.0–4.31 feet per second [ft/s]) during winter 2011–12 among the four minnow species of interest. Rio Grande silvery minnow occurred in the narrowest range of depths (0.30–2.1 ft) during summer 2012, as well as the narrowest range of velocities in both winter 2011–12 (0.0–3.18 ft/s) and summer 2012 (0.02–1.51 ft/s).
\nWater-quality properties were only collected during summer 2012, when low-streamflow conditions existed and water-quality properties were thought to be potentially most limiting to aquatic life. Area-weighted mean water temperatures tended to be higher at the sites that were sampled in August 2012 (25.57 degrees Celsius [°C]) compared to June 2012 (24.61 °C). The highest area-weighted mean water temperature at a given site (29.03 °C) was measured at the Lemitar site on August 7, 2012, coincident with the lowest measured discharge (4.13 cubic feet per second [ft3/s]). Area-weighted mean dissolved oxygen concentrations tended to be lower in August (7.46 milligrams per liter [mg/L]) compared to June (8.33 mg/L). The highest area-weighted mean dissolved oxygen concentration (9.13 mg/L) was measured at the Lemitar site on August 7, 2012, and the lowest area-weighted mean dissolved oxygen concentration (6.23 mg/L) was measured at the Los Padillas site on August 10, 2012. Area-weighted specific conductance in the sites upstream from La Joya did not exceed 400 microsiemens per centimeter (μS/cm) at 25 °C, whereas the area-weighted mean specific conductance at La Joya (837 μs/cm at 25 °C), Rio Salado (857 μs/cm at 25 °C), and Lemitar (1,300 μs/cm at 25 °C) were all well above the average of the area-weighted means for the 10 remaining sites (433 μs/cm at 25 °C). Lower area-weighted mean pH values were measured at the 3 sites in and near Albuquerque (La Orilla, Barelas, and Los Padillas—7.98, 8.08, and 7.81, respectively) compared to any of the 10 remaining sites, which had an overall mean pH of 8.44.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20155025","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Albuquerque District, and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Braun, C.L., Pearson, D., Porter, M., and Moring, J.B., 2015, Physical characteristics and fish assemblage composition at site and mesohabitat scales over a range of streamflows in the Middle Rio Grande, New Mexico, winter 2011-12, summer 2012: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2015-5025, Report: viii, 90 p.; Downloads Directory, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20155025.","productDescription":"Report: viii, 90 p.; Downloads Directory","startPage":"90","numberOfPages":"102","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","temporalStart":"2011-01-01","temporalEnd":"2012-12-31","ipdsId":"IP-056792","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":301190,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20155025.jpg"},{"id":301187,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5025/downloads/","text":"Downloads Directory","description":"Downloads Directory","linkHelpText":"Contains: geospatial database."},{"id":301160,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5025/"},{"id":301186,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5025/pdf/sir2015-5025.pdf","text":"Report","size":"6.43 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"projection":"Transverse Mercator Zone 13 projection","datum":"North American Datum of 1983","country":"United States","state":"New Mexico","otherGeospatial":"Middle Rio Grande","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -106.32396697998047,\n 35.63051198300061\n ],\n [\n -106.31675720214844,\n 35.61683738705965\n ],\n [\n -106.35417938232422,\n 35.53278501016141\n ],\n [\n -106.39949798583984,\n 35.46598295825904\n ],\n [\n -106.4798355102539,\n 35.383451974194934\n ],\n [\n -106.55708312988281,\n 35.30672036715779\n ],\n [\n -106.5890121459961,\n 35.280379599547345\n ],\n [\n -106.58008575439452,\n 35.23776788438302\n ],\n [\n -106.60926818847656,\n 35.209721645221386\n ],\n [\n -106.6827392578125,\n 35.130859846051834\n ],\n [\n -106.68685913085938,\n 35.10024874332443\n ],\n [\n -106.65390014648438,\n 35.071312088842085\n ],\n [\n -106.65390014648438,\n 35.05332686137622\n ],\n [\n -106.66831970214844,\n 35.009190072031764\n ],\n [\n -106.67999267578125,\n 34.99794122085656\n ],\n [\n -106.66900634765625,\n 34.91239942857935\n ],\n [\n -106.71432495117188,\n 34.86903170200863\n ],\n [\n -106.70333862304688,\n 34.80985701468082\n ],\n [\n -106.74247741699219,\n 34.70436443445848\n ],\n [\n -106.73080444335938,\n 34.649025753526985\n ],\n [\n -106.7376708984375,\n 34.59760673724307\n ],\n [\n -106.7596435546875,\n 34.53597500508991\n ],\n [\n -106.78573608398438,\n 34.517306850896034\n ],\n [\n -106.79534912109375,\n 34.41370754457088\n ],\n [\n -106.85371398925781,\n 34.34173522170086\n ],\n [\n -106.83242797851562,\n 34.28275121215075\n ],\n [\n -106.85989379882811,\n 34.25154099726973\n ],\n [\n -106.89010620117188,\n 34.24302711044684\n ],\n [\n -106.87294006347656,\n 34.14136162745489\n ],\n [\n -106.86264038085938,\n 34.075981185564046\n ],\n [\n -106.84616088867188,\n 33.95161924203359\n ],\n [\n -106.842041015625,\n 33.81908916394128\n ],\n [\n -106.89353942871094,\n 33.731763584299635\n ],\n [\n -106.91551208496094,\n 33.74660950260304\n ],\n [\n -106.85920715332031,\n 33.83563103307716\n ],\n [\n -106.86195373535156,\n 33.949625692375044\n ],\n [\n -106.89971923828124,\n 34.12317388304314\n ],\n [\n -106.90864562988281,\n 34.19987684946339\n ],\n [\n -106.90521240234375,\n 34.261189027714515\n ],\n [\n -106.85646057128906,\n 34.28615526208525\n ],\n [\n -106.87156677246094,\n 34.342869123388596\n ],\n [\n -106.81526184082031,\n 34.41767272412844\n ],\n [\n -106.81320190429686,\n 34.47712785074854\n ],\n [\n -106.75689697265625,\n 34.64394177616416\n ],\n [\n -106.7596435546875,\n 34.70944470408129\n ],\n [\n -106.72874450683594,\n 34.81323957119389\n ],\n [\n -106.72805786132811,\n 34.87748175566141\n ],\n [\n -106.68685913085938,\n 34.92253403714306\n ],\n [\n -106.70059204101562,\n 35.003565839769195\n ],\n [\n -106.66900634765625,\n 35.06316302357556\n ],\n [\n -106.70402526855467,\n 35.10024874332443\n ],\n [\n -106.69715881347655,\n 35.137317600016935\n ],\n [\n -106.64566040039062,\n 35.2080385626545\n ],\n [\n -106.60171508789062,\n 35.23440284749622\n ],\n [\n -106.60240173339842,\n 35.28430323585091\n ],\n [\n -106.52069091796875,\n 35.384011790948705\n ],\n [\n -106.4849853515625,\n 35.39912537474419\n ],\n [\n -106.41494750976562,\n 35.49421989176051\n ],\n [\n -106.37924194335938,\n 35.537255129717714\n ],\n [\n -106.36756896972656,\n 35.58752680772205\n ],\n [\n -106.34078979492188,\n 35.619349222857494\n ],\n [\n -106.32396697998047,\n 35.63051198300061\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":5,"text":"Lafayette PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"557bf4abe4b023124e8edded","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Braun, Christopher L. 0000-0002-5540-2854 clbraun@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5540-2854","contributorId":925,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Braun","given":"Christopher","email":"clbraun@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":48595,"text":"Oklahoma-Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":548601,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pearson, Daniel K. dpearson@usgs.gov","contributorId":1525,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pearson","given":"Daniel K.","email":"dpearson@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":548602,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Porter, Michael D.","contributorId":139912,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Porter","given":"Michael D.","affiliations":[{"id":590,"text":"U.S. Army Corps of Engineers","active":false,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":548604,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Moring, J. Bruce","contributorId":139911,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Moring","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"Bruce","affiliations":[{"id":13311,"text":"Plateau Land and Wildlife Mgmt.","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":548603,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70148417,"text":"ofr20151111 - 2015 - First steps of integrated spatial modeling of titanium, zirconium, and rare earth element resources within the Coastal Plain sediments of the southeastern United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-06-12T09:37:02","indexId":"ofr20151111","displayToPublicDate":"2015-06-12T08:45:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2015-1111","title":"First steps of integrated spatial modeling of titanium, zirconium, and rare earth element resources within the Coastal Plain sediments of the southeastern United States","docAbstract":"The Coastal Plain of the southeastern United States has extensive, unconsolidated sedimentary deposits that are enriched in heavy minerals containing titanium, zirconium, and rare earth element resources. Areas favorable for exploration and development of these resources are being identified by geochemical data, which are supplemented with geological, geophysical, hydrological, and geographical data. The first steps of this analysis have been completed. The concentrations of lanthanum, yttrium, and titanium tend to decrease as distance from the Piedmont (which is the likely source of these resources) increases and are moderately correlated with airborne measurements of equivalent thorium concentration. The concentrations of lanthanum, yttrium, and titanium are relatively high in those watersheds that adjoin the Piedmont, south of the Cape Fear Arch. Although this relation suggests that the concentrations are related to the watersheds, it may be simply an independent regional trend. The concentration of zirconium is unrelated to the distance from the Piedmont, the equivalent thorium concentration, and the watershed. These findings establish a foundation for more sophisticated analyses using integrated spatial modeling.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20151111","usgsCitation":"Ellefsen, K.J., Van Gosen, B.S., Fey, D.L., Budahn, J.R., Smith, S.M., and Shah, A.K., 2015, First steps of integrated spatial modeling of titanium, zirconium, and rare earth element resources within the Coastal Plain sediments of the southeastern United States: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015-1111, vi, 40 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151111.","productDescription":"vi, 40 p.","startPage":"40","numberOfPages":"46","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-063270","costCenters":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":301183,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20151111.jpg"},{"id":301159,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1111/"},{"id":301174,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1111/pdf/ofr2015-1111.pdf","text":"Report","size":"3.55 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -81.1669921875,\n 25.12539261151203\n ],\n [\n -80.244140625,\n 25.18505888358067\n ],\n [\n -80.00244140625,\n 26.843677401113002\n ],\n [\n -81.474609375,\n 30.41078179084589\n ],\n [\n -80.9912109375,\n 31.914867503276223\n ],\n [\n -79.189453125,\n 33.22949814144951\n ],\n [\n -78.92578124999999,\n 33.706062655101206\n ],\n [\n -78.20068359374999,\n 33.779147331286474\n ],\n [\n -76.37695312499999,\n 34.867904962568716\n ],\n [\n -75.43212890625,\n 35.29943548054545\n ],\n [\n -75.9814453125,\n 36.721273880045004\n ],\n [\n -75.76171875,\n 37.474858084971046\n ],\n [\n -74.970703125,\n 38.272688535980976\n ],\n [\n -74.90478515625,\n 38.976492485539424\n ],\n [\n -74.42138671875,\n 39.30029918615029\n ],\n [\n -73.89404296875,\n 40.29628651711716\n ],\n [\n -74.267578125,\n 40.53050177574321\n ],\n [\n -74.8828125,\n 40.27952566881291\n ],\n [\n -77.255859375,\n 39.04478604850143\n ],\n [\n -78.64013671875,\n 36.54494944148322\n ],\n [\n -80.7275390625,\n 34.831841149828655\n ],\n [\n -82.353515625,\n 33.8339199536547\n ],\n [\n -85.14404296875,\n 32.76880048488168\n ],\n [\n -87.56103515625,\n 35.02999636902566\n ],\n [\n -88.2861328125,\n 37.43997405227057\n ],\n [\n -89.1650390625,\n 37.125286284966805\n ],\n [\n -89.82421875,\n 35.8356283888737\n ],\n [\n -90.10986328125,\n 35.10193405724606\n ],\n [\n -90.52734374999999,\n 34.687427949314845\n ],\n [\n -90.54931640625,\n 34.470335121217495\n ],\n [\n -91.01074218749999,\n 34.016241889667015\n ],\n [\n -91.1865234375,\n 33.46810795527896\n ],\n [\n -90.98876953125,\n 32.32427558887655\n ],\n [\n -91.318359375,\n 31.80289258670676\n ],\n [\n -91.5380859375,\n 31.409912194070973\n ],\n [\n -91.60400390625,\n 31.034108344903512\n ],\n [\n -90.52734374999999,\n 31.015278981711266\n ],\n [\n -90,\n 29.973970240516614\n ],\n [\n -89.36279296875,\n 30.35391637229704\n ],\n [\n -88.06640625,\n 30.29701788337205\n ],\n [\n -85.95703125,\n 30.29701788337205\n ],\n [\n -85.18798828125,\n 29.66896252599253\n ],\n [\n -84.72656249999999,\n 29.76437737516313\n ],\n [\n -84.111328125,\n 30.06909396443887\n ],\n [\n -83.60595703125,\n 29.859701442126756\n ],\n [\n -83.29833984375,\n 29.34387539941801\n ],\n [\n -82.79296874999999,\n 29.075375179558346\n ],\n [\n -82.59521484375,\n 28.497660832963472\n ],\n [\n -82.85888671875,\n 28.07198030177986\n ],\n [\n -82.72705078125,\n 27.566721430409707\n ],\n [\n -82.24365234375,\n 26.78484736105119\n ],\n [\n -82.08984375,\n 26.62781822639305\n ],\n [\n -81.71630859375,\n 26.05678288577881\n ],\n [\n -81.54052734375,\n 25.878994400196202\n ],\n [\n -81.27685546875,\n 25.62171595984575\n ],\n [\n -81.1669921875,\n 25.12539261151203\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"557bf4a9e4b023124e8edde9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ellefsen, Karl J. 0000-0003-3075-4703 ellefsen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3075-4703","contributorId":789,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellefsen","given":"Karl","email":"ellefsen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":82803,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":true,"id":548595,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Van Gosen, Bradley S. 0000-0003-4214-3811 bvangose@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4214-3811","contributorId":1174,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Gosen","given":"Bradley","email":"bvangose@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":387,"text":"Mineral Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":548596,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fey, David L. dfey@usgs.gov","contributorId":713,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fey","given":"David","email":"dfey@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":548597,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Budahn, James R. 0000-0001-9794-8882 jbudahn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9794-8882","contributorId":1175,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Budahn","given":"James","email":"jbudahn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":548598,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Smith, Steven M. 0000-0003-3591-5377 smsmith@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3591-5377","contributorId":1460,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Steven","email":"smsmith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":387,"text":"Mineral Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":548599,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Shah, Anjana K. 0000-0002-3198-081X ashah@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3198-081X","contributorId":2297,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shah","given":"Anjana","email":"ashah@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":548600,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70146914,"text":"sim3328 - 2015 - Geologic map of the Vashon 7.5' quadrangle and selected areas, King County, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-04-18T20:14:38.961466","indexId":"sim3328","displayToPublicDate":"2015-06-12T08:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":333,"text":"Scientific Investigations Map","code":"SIM","onlineIssn":"2329-132X","printIssn":"2329-1311","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"3328","title":"Geologic map of the Vashon 7.5' quadrangle and selected areas, King County, Washington","docAbstract":"This map is an interpretation of a 6-ft-resolution lidar-derived digital elevation model combined with geology by Derek B. Booth and Kathy Goetz Troost. Field work by Booth and Troost was located on the 1:24,000-scale topographic map of the Vashon and Des Moines 7.5' quadrangles that were published in 1997 and 1995, respectively. Much of the geology was interpreted from landforms portrayed on the topographic maps, supplemented by field exposures, where available. In 2001, the Puget Sound Lidar Consortium (see http://pugetsoundlidar.org/) obtained a lidar-derived digital elevation model (DEM) for Vashon Island and the Des Moines quadrangle. For a brief description of lidar and this data acquisition program, see Haugerud and others (2003). This new DEM has a horizontal resolution of 6 ft (1.83 m) and mean vertical accuracy of about 1 ft (about 0.3 m). The greater resolution and accuracy of the lidar DEM facilitated a much-improved interpretation of many aspects of the surficial geology, especially the distribution and relative age of landforms and the materials inferred to comprise them. Booth and Troost were joined by Tabor to interpret the new lidar DEM but have done no futher field work for this map.
\nThis map, the Vashon quadrangle and selected adjacent areas, encompasses most of Vashon Island, Maury Island, and Three Tree Point in the south-central Puget Sound. One small area in the Vashon quadrangle on the east side of Puget Sound is excluded from this map but included on the adjacent Seattle quadrangle (Booth and others, 2005). The map displays a wide variety of surficial geologic deposits, which reflect many geologic environments and processes. Multiple ice-sheet glaciations and intervening nonglacial intervals have constructed a complexly layered sequence of deposits that underlie both islands to a depth of more than 300 m below sea level. These deposits not only record glacial and nonglacial history but also control the flow and availability of ground water, determine the susceptibility of the slopes to landslides, and provide economic reserves of sand and gravel. The islands are surrounded by channels of Puget Sound, some as deep as the islands are high (>600 ft (~200 m)). The shorelines provide many kilometers of well-exposed coastal outcrops that reveal abundant lithologic and stratigraphic details not ordinarily displayed in the heavily vegetated Puget Lowland.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sim3328","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with King County, Washington","usgsCitation":"Booth, D.B., Troost, K.G., and Tabor, R.W., 2015, Geologic map of the Vashon 7.5' quadrangle and selected areas, King County, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map 3328, Pamphlet: ii, 11 p.; 1 Plate: 29.01 x 36.67 inches; Database; Readme; Metadata, https://doi.org/10.3133/sim3328.","productDescription":"Pamphlet: ii, 11 p.; 1 Plate: 29.01 x 36.67 inches; Database; Readme; Metadata","numberOfPages":"13","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-049122","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":301167,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sim3328.gif"},{"id":301150,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3328/"},{"id":301165,"type":{"id":16,"text":"Metadata"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3328/downloads/vashgeol-genmd.txt","linkFileType":{"id":2,"text":"txt"}},{"id":301164,"type":{"id":20,"text":"Read Me"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3328/sim_3328_readme.txt","linkFileType":{"id":2,"text":"txt"}},{"id":301161,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3328/downloads/sim_3328_map.pdf","text":"Map","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Map"},{"id":301163,"type":{"id":9,"text":"Database"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3328/downloads/sim3328_database.zip","text":"Database","linkFileType":{"id":6,"text":"zip"},"description":"Database","linkHelpText":"Contains: geospatial database. Refer to the Readme and Metadata files for more information."},{"id":301162,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3328/downloads/sim_3328_pamphlet.pdf","text":"Pamphlet","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Pamphlet"},{"id":398999,"rank":8,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_103699.htm"}],"scale":"24000","projection":"Lambert Conformal Conic projection","datum":"North American Datum of 1983","country":"United States","state":"Washington","county":"King County","otherGeospatial":"Maury Island, Puget Sound, Three Tree Point, Vashon Island","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.5,\n 47.375\n ],\n [\n -122.5,\n 47.5125\n ],\n [\n -122.3708,\n 47.5125\n ],\n [\n -122.3708,\n 47.375\n ],\n [\n -122.5,\n 47.375\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"557bf4aae4b023124e8eddeb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Booth, Derek B.","contributorId":100873,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Booth","given":"Derek","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":6934,"text":"University of Washington","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":548564,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Troost, Kathy Goetz","contributorId":127391,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Troost","given":"Kathy","email":"","middleInitial":"Goetz","affiliations":[{"id":6934,"text":"University of Washington","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":548565,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Tabor, Rowland W. rtabor@usgs.gov","contributorId":3816,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tabor","given":"Rowland","email":"rtabor@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":548563,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70159691,"text":"70159691 - 2015 - Quantifying water flow and retention in an unsaturated fracture-facial domain","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-06-28T16:04:04","indexId":"70159691","displayToPublicDate":"2015-06-12T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Quantifying water flow and retention in an unsaturated fracture-facial domain","docAbstract":"Hydrologically significant flow and storage of water occur in macropores and fractures that are only partially filled. To accommodate such processes in flow models, we propose a three-domain framework. Two of the domains correspond to water flow and water storage in a fracture-facial region, in addition to the third domain of matrix water. The fracture-facial region, typically within a fraction of a millimeter of the fracture wall, includes a flowing phase whose fullness is determined by the availability and flux of preferentially flowing water, and a static storage portion whose fullness is determined by the local matric potential. The flow domain can be modeled with the source-responsive preferential flow model, and the roughness-storage domain can be modeled with capillary relations applied on the fracture-facial area. The matrix domain is treated using traditional unsaturated flow theory. We tested the model with application to the hydrology of the Chalk formation in southern England, coherently linking hydrologic information including recharge estimates, streamflow, water table fluctuation, imaging by electron microscopy, and surface roughness. The quantitative consistency of the three-domain matrix-microcavity-film model with this body of diverse data supports the hypothesized distinctions and active mechanisms of the three domains and establishes the usefulness of this framework.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Fluid dynamics in complex fractured-porous systems","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/9781118877517.ch12","usgsCitation":"Nimmo, J.R., and Malek-Mohammadi, S., 2015, Quantifying water flow and retention in an unsaturated fracture-facial domain, chap. of Fluid dynamics in complex fractured-porous systems, p. 169-182, https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118877517.ch12.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"169","endPage":"182","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-054366","costCenters":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":324559,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-06-12","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57739fb5e4b07657d1a90d33","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nimmo, John R. 0000-0001-8191-1727 jrnimmo@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8191-1727","contributorId":757,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nimmo","given":"John","email":"jrnimmo@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":580104,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Malek-Mohammadi, Siamak","contributorId":149944,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Malek-Mohammadi","given":"Siamak","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":17862,"text":"Bradley University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":580105,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70147324,"text":"sir20155059 - 2015 - Water levels and water quality in the Mississippi River Valley alluvial aquifer in eastern Arkansas, 2012","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-06-11T15:47:35","indexId":"sir20155059","displayToPublicDate":"2015-06-11T15:30:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2015-5059","title":"Water levels and water quality in the Mississippi River Valley alluvial aquifer in eastern Arkansas, 2012","docAbstract":"During the spring of 2012, the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Arkansas Natural Resources Commission and the Arkansas Geological Survey, measured water levels in 342 wells completed in the Mississippi River Valley alluvial aquifer in eastern Arkansas. The Arkansas Natural Resources Commission measured water levels in 11 wells, and the U.S. Department of Agriculture-Natural Resources Conservation Service measured water levels in 239 wells completed in the alluvial aquifer and provided these data to the Arkansas Natural Resources Commission. In 2010, estimated water withdrawals from the alluvial aquifer in Arkansas totaled about 7,592 million gallons per day. Withdrawals more than doubled between 1985 and 2010, about a 115-percent increase.
\nThe regional direction of groundwater flow is generally to the south and east except where flow is affected by groundwater withdrawals. East of Crowleys Ridge, water flows from north to south along Crowleys Ridge and northeast to southwest along the Mississippi River. West of Crowleys Ridge, water flows from northeast to southwest along Crowleys Ridge from Clay County to Craighead County. From Craighead County to Monroe County, a depression redirects groundwater flow from all directions. A depression in Arkansas, Lonoke, and Prairie Counties alters groundwater flow from all directions. South of the Arkansas River, the flow is towards the southeast, except near depressions in Lincoln and Desha Counties and Desha and Chicot Counties where flow is towards the depression. In 2012, the lowest water-level altitude was 73 feet (ft) in Arkansas County. The highest water-level altitude was 288 ft in northeastern Clay County on the western side of Crowleys Ridge.
\nThe 2012 potentiomentric-surface map shows eight depressions, two large depressions and six small depressions. One large depression begins in southeastern Arkansas County, at the Arkansas and Desha County line, extends north into Prairie County, west into Lonoke County, and east into the westernmost part of Monroe County. The area in Lonoke, Prairie, and White Counties in the northwestern half of the depression has a water-level altitude measurement of 90 ft and has expanded into the northern third of Prairie County.
\nThe 2012 potentiometric-surface map shows a general north-south depression with the southern end in central Monroe County through western Lee, St. Francis, Cross, Poinsett, and Craighead Counties and eastern Woodruff and Jackson Counties. There are two deeper areas in this depression, one at the Monroe and Lee County line, with a low water-level altitude measurement of 123 ft, and the second in Poinsett County, with a low water-level altitude measurement of 113 ft. The six small depressions are located in northern Ashley County, in southern Desha and northern Chicot Counties, in eastern Lincoln and western Chicot Counties, at the Arkansas and Desha County line, in northern Phillips County, and in southeastern Greene County.
\nA map showing the difference in water levels was constructed using 541 differences in water levels measured during 2008 and 2012. The difference in measured water levels from 2008 to 2012 ranged from -27.4 ft to 18.7 ft, with a mean of -1.0 ft. The largest decline of -27.4 ft occurred in Lonoke County, and the largest rise of 18.7 ft occurred in Prairie County. Four areas were predominated by declines—west of Crowleys Ridge from Greene County south to Lee County, including Lawrence and southern Woodruff Counties; east of Crowleys Ridge from Clay County south to Poinsett County and Mississippi County; Lonoke and Jefferson Counties; and Ashley, Chicot, Desha, and Drew Counties. Three areas are predominated by rises in measured water levels—east of Crowleys Ridge in Crittenden, Cross, Lee, and St. Francis Counties; Jackson and northern Woodruff Counties; and Arkansas, Monroe, Phillips, Prairie, and White Counties.
\nLong-term water-level changes were evaluated using hydrographs from 319 wells in the alluvial aquifer for the period from 1988 to 2012. The annual rise or decline in water level for the entire study area was -0.45 feet per year (ft/yr) with a range from -2.08 to 0.84 ft/yr. Arkansas County had two different rates of annual decline for the two hydrographs shown, about 0.97 ft/yr and about 0.26 ft/yr.
\nIn Craighead, Cross, Lee, Poinsett, and St. Francis Counties, water levels are declining at a greater rate in areas west of Crowleys Ridge than in areas east of Crowleys Ridge. Two hydrographs are shown in each of Craighead, Cross, Lee, Poinsett, and St. Francis Counties, one on the west side of Crowleys Ridge and one on the east side of Crowleys Ridge. The hydrographs west of Crowleys Ridge have annual water-level declines from -0.91 to -1.24 ft/yr. The hydrographs east of Crowleys Ridge have annual water-level declines from -0.07 to -0.40 ft/yr. The mean county annual water-level declines for these counties range from -0.55 to -0.87 ft/yr.
\nWater samples were collected in the summer of 2012 from142 wells completed in the alluvial aquifer and measured onsite for specific conductance, temperature, and pH. Samples were collected from 94 wells for dissolved chloride analysis. Specific conductance ranged from 91 microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius (μS/cm at 25 °C) in Drew County to 984 μS/cm at 25 °C in Monroe County. The mean specific conductance was 547 μS/cm at 25 °C. Temperature ranged from 18.1 degrees Celsius (°C) in Crittenden County to 22.4 °C in Prairie County. The mean temperature was 22.1 °C. The pH ranged from 8.3 in Randolph County to 6.2 in Drew County and had a median of 7.3. Dissolved chloride concentrations ranged from 3.34 milligrams per liter (mg/L) in Randolph County to 182 mg/L in Lincoln County. The mean chloride concentration was 27.6 mg/L.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20155059","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Arkansas Natural Resources Commission and the Arkansas Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Schrader, T.P., 2015, Water levels and water quality in the Mississippi River Valley alluvial aquifer in eastern Arkansas, 2012: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2015-5059, Report: iv, 63 p.; 2 Plates: 15.0 x 19.0 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20155059.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 63 p.; 2 Plates: 15.0 x 19.0 inches","numberOfPages":"70","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","temporalStart":"2008-01-01","temporalEnd":"2012-12-31","ipdsId":"IP-056983","costCenters":[{"id":129,"text":"Arkansas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":301158,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20155059.jpg"},{"id":301144,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5059/"},{"id":301154,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5059/pdf/sir2015-5059.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.41 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":301155,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5059/downloads/sir2015-5059-pl1.pdf","text":"Plate 1","size":"1.86 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Plate 1"},{"id":301156,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5059/downloads/sir2015-5059-pl2.pdf","text":"Plate 2","size":"1.33 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Plate 2"}],"projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator projection, zone 15","datum":"North American Datum of 1927","country":"United States","state":"Arkansas","otherGeospatial":"Mississippi River Valley alluvial aquifer","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -92.06954956054688,\n 33.00808767987181\n ],\n [\n -92.14302062988281,\n 33.09786930351166\n ],\n [\n -92.12928771972656,\n 33.20824398778792\n ],\n [\n -91.97479248046875,\n 33.30987251398259\n ],\n [\n -91.99058532714844,\n 33.39762556684172\n ],\n [\n -91.73103332519531,\n 33.395332495793745\n ],\n [\n -91.95419311523436,\n 34.09588492955209\n ],\n [\n -92.18490600585938,\n 34.49354133080471\n ],\n [\n -92.25151062011719,\n 34.74330519389396\n ],\n [\n -92.00637817382812,\n 35.068783155653904\n ],\n [\n -91.48521423339844,\n 35.44053326772722\n ],\n [\n -91.62940979003906,\n 35.753756674845675\n ],\n [\n -91.24832153320312,\n 35.888493789015975\n ],\n [\n -91.07734680175781,\n 36.12789245231783\n ],\n [\n -90.78140258789062,\n 36.49804547361385\n ],\n [\n -90.15037536621094,\n 36.49804547361385\n ],\n [\n -90.06179809570312,\n 36.37817351148144\n ],\n [\n -90.06317138671875,\n 36.295204533693536\n ],\n [\n -90.37353515625,\n 35.99578538642032\n ],\n [\n -89.73358154296875,\n 36.005784428799934\n ],\n [\n -89.63607788085938,\n 35.905736972317364\n ],\n [\n -89.91897583007811,\n 35.51881428123057\n ],\n [\n -90.098876953125,\n 35.33977430038646\n ],\n [\n -90.1153564453125,\n 35.110921809704756\n ],\n [\n -90.560302734375,\n 34.58347505599177\n ],\n [\n -90.582275390625,\n 34.420504880133834\n ],\n [\n -90.9283447265625,\n 34.129994745824746\n ],\n [\n -90.9063720703125,\n 34.02990029603907\n ],\n [\n -91.1920166015625,\n 33.4955977448657\n ],\n [\n -91.0821533203125,\n 33.463525475613785\n ],\n [\n -91.0601806640625,\n 33.250172902093894\n ],\n [\n -91.175537109375,\n 33.00405687168934\n ],\n [\n -92.06954956054688,\n 33.00808767987181\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":5,"text":"Lafayette PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"557aa31ae4b0c350d7b9a969","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schrader, Tony P. tpschrad@usgs.gov","contributorId":3027,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schrader","given":"Tony","email":"tpschrad@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":129,"text":"Arkansas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":548520,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70160110,"text":"70160110 - 2015 - Linear models for airborne-laser-scanning-based operational forest inventory with small field sample size and highly correlated LiDAR data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-12-11T15:27:53","indexId":"70160110","displayToPublicDate":"2015-06-10T16:30:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1944,"text":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Linear models for airborne-laser-scanning-based operational forest inventory with small field sample size and highly correlated LiDAR data","docAbstract":"Modern operational forest inventory often uses remotely sensed data that cover the whole inventory area to produce spatially explicit estimates of forest properties through statistical models. The data obtained by airborne light detection and ranging (LiDAR) correlate well with many forest inventory variables, such as the tree height, the timber volume, and the biomass. To construct an accurate model over thousands of hectares, LiDAR data must be supplemented with several hundred field sample measurements of forest inventory variables. This can be costly and time consuming. Different LiDAR-data-based and spatial-data-based sampling designs can reduce the number of field sample plots needed. However, problems arising from the features of the LiDAR data, such as a large number of predictors compared with the sample size (overfitting) or a strong correlation among predictors (multicollinearity), may decrease the accuracy and precision of the estimates and predictions. To overcome these problems, a Bayesian linear model with the singular value decomposition of predictors, combined with regularization, is proposed. The model performance in predicting different forest inventory variables is verified in ten inventory areas from two continents, where the number of field sample plots is reduced using different sampling designs. The results show that, with an appropriate field plot selection strategy and the proposed linear model, the total relative error of the predicted forest inventory variables is only 5%–15% larger using 50 field sample plots than the error of a linear model estimated with several hundred field sample plots when we sum up the error due to both the model noise variance and the model’s lack of fit.
","language":"English","publisher":"IEEE","publisherLocation":"New York","doi":"10.1109/TGRS.2015.2425916","issn":"01962892","usgsCitation":"Junttila, V., Kauranne, T., Finley, A., and Bradford, J.B., 2015, Linear models for airborne-laser-scanning-based operational forest inventory with small field sample size and highly correlated LiDAR data: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, v. 53, no. 10, p. 5600-5612, https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2015.2425916.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"5600","endPage":"5612","numberOfPages":"13","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-043945","costCenters":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":312193,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":312171,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/articleDetails.jsp?arnumber=7108001"}],"volume":"53","issue":"10","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"566c01ebe4b09cfe53ca5aee","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Junttila, Virpi","contributorId":103547,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Junttila","given":"Virpi","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":581932,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kauranne, Tuomo","contributorId":75037,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kauranne","given":"Tuomo","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":581931,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Finley, Andrew O.","contributorId":70666,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finley","given":"Andrew O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":581930,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bradford, John B. 0000-0001-9257-6303 jbradford@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9257-6303","contributorId":611,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradford","given":"John","email":"jbradford@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":581929,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70148420,"text":"sim3330 - 2015 - Bathymetric survey of Lake Calumet, Cook County, Illinois","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-09-04T09:24:52","indexId":"sim3330","displayToPublicDate":"2015-06-10T14:45:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":333,"text":"Scientific Investigations Map","code":"SIM","onlineIssn":"2329-132X","printIssn":"2329-1311","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"3330","title":"Bathymetric survey of Lake Calumet, Cook County, Illinois","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey collected bathymetric data in Lake Calumet and a portion of the Calumet River in the vicinity of Lake Calumet to produce a bathymetric map. The bathymetric survey was made over 3 days (July 26, September 11, and November 7, 2012). Lake Calumet has become a focus area for Asian carp rapid-response efforts by state and federal agencies, and very little bathymetric data existed prior to this survey. This bathymetric survey provides data for a variety of scientific and engineering studies of the area; for example, hydraulic modeling of water and sediment transport from Lake Calumet to the Calumet River.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sim3330","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Great Lakes Restoration Initiative","usgsCitation":"Duncker, J.J., Johnson, K.K., and Sharpe, J.B., 2015, Bathymetric survey of Lake Calumet, Cook County, Illinois: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map 3330, 1 sheet, https://doi.org/10.3133/sim3330.","productDescription":"1 sheet","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-042792","costCenters":[{"id":344,"text":"Illinois Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":301134,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sim3330.jpg"},{"id":301132,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3330/"},{"id":301133,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3330/pdf/sim3330.pdf","text":"SIM 3330","size":"80 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois","county":"Cook County","otherGeospatial":"Lake Calumet","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -87.60068893432617,\n 41.66284553398066\n ],\n [\n -87.60068893432617,\n 41.687912152121875\n ],\n [\n -87.57777214050293,\n 41.687912152121875\n ],\n [\n -87.57777214050293,\n 41.66284553398066\n ],\n [\n -87.60068893432617,\n 41.66284553398066\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":6,"text":"Columbus PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"557951afe4b032353cc173ef","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Duncker, James J. 0000-0001-5464-7991 jduncker@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5464-7991","contributorId":4316,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duncker","given":"James","email":"jduncker@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":35680,"text":"Illinois-Iowa-Missouri Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":344,"text":"Illinois Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":36532,"text":"Central Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":548121,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnson, Kevin K. 0000-0003-2703-5994 johnsonk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2703-5994","contributorId":4220,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Kevin","email":"johnsonk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":36532,"text":"Central Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":548122,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sharpe, Jennifer B. 0000-0002-5192-7848 jbsharpe@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5192-7848","contributorId":2825,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sharpe","given":"Jennifer","email":"jbsharpe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":36532,"text":"Central Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":548120,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70155002,"text":"70155002 - 2015 - Organic carbon burial in lakes and reservoirs of the conterminous United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-08-09T12:49:27","indexId":"70155002","displayToPublicDate":"2015-06-10T12:30:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Organic carbon burial in lakes and reservoirs of the conterminous United States","docAbstract":"Organic carbon (OC) burial in lacustrine sediments represents an important sink in the global carbon cycle; however, large-scale OC burial rates are poorly constrained, primarily because of the sparseness of available data sets. Here we present an analysis of OC burial rates in water bodies of the conterminous U.S. (CONUS) that takes advantage of recently developed national-scale data sets on reservoir sedimentation rates, sediment OC concentrations, lake OC burial rates, and water body distributions. We relate these data to basin characteristics and land use in a geostatistical analysis to develop an empirical model of OC burial in water bodies of the CONUS. Our results indicate that CONUS water bodies sequester 20.8 (95% CI: 9.4–65.8) Tg C yr–1, and spatial patterns in OC burial are strongly influenced by water body type, size, and abundance; land use; and soil and vegetation characteristics in surrounding areas. Carbon burial is greatest in the central and southeastern regions of the CONUS, where cultivation and an abundance of small water bodies enhance accumulation of sediment and OC in aquatic environments.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Chemical Society","publisherLocation":"Easton, PA","doi":"10.1021/acs.est.5b00373","usgsCitation":"Clow, D.W., Stackpoole, S.M., Verdin, K.L., Butman, D.E., Zhu, Z., Krabbenhoft, D.P., and Striegl, R.G., 2015, Organic carbon burial in lakes and reservoirs of the conterminous United States: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 49, no. 13, p. 7614-7622, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b00373.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"7614","endPage":"7622","numberOfPages":"9","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-064948","costCenters":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":305957,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"MultiPolygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[[-75.867044,36.550754],[-75.536428,35.780118],[-75.723662,36.003139],[-75.85147,36.415785],[-76.019261,36.503506],[-75.793974,36.07171],[-75.922344,36.244122],[-75.904999,36.164188],[-76.184702,36.298166],[-76.064224,36.143775],[-76.447812,36.192514],[-76.298733,36.1012],[-76.514335,36.00564],[-76.676484,36.043612],[-76.693253,36.278357],[-76.7521,36.147328],[-76.667547,35.933509],[-76.024162,35.970891],[-76.04015,35.65131],[-75.947293,35.959835],[-75.80935,35.959308],[-75.71294,35.69849],[-75.775328,35.579335],[-75.895045,35.573152],[-76.149655,35.326411],[-76.485762,35.371375],[-76.586349,35.508957],[-76.471207,35.55742],[-76.634468,35.510332],[-76.580187,35.387113],[-77.023912,35.514802],[-76.467776,35.276951],[-76.60042,35.067867],[-76.801426,34.964369],[-76.982904,35.060607],[-76.762931,34.920374],[-76.463468,35.076411],[-76.395625,34.975179],[-76.288354,35.005726],[-76.524712,34.681964],[-76.604796,34.787482],[-76.673619,34.71491],[-76.523303,34.652271],[-76.038648,35.065045],[-76.535946,34.588577],[-76.726969,34.69669],[-77.169701,34.622023],[-77.740136,34.272546],[-77.970606,33.844517],[-78.276147,33.912364],[-78.772737,33.768511],[-79.084588,33.483669],[-79.18787,33.173712],[-79.359961,33.006672],[-79.55756,33.021269],[-79.576006,32.906235],[-79.999374,32.611851],[-80.472068,32.496964],[-80.455192,32.326458],[-80.858735,32.099581],[-80.862814,31.969346],[-81.203572,31.719448],[-81.133493,31.623348],[-81.260076,31.54828],[-81.177254,31.517074],[-81.288403,31.211065],[-81.493651,30.977528],[-81.403409,30.957914],[-81.447087,30.503679],[-81.163581,29.55529],[-80.525094,28.459454],[-80.606874,28.336484],[-80.566432,28.09563],[-80.031362,26.796339],[-80.127987,25.772245],[-80.154972,25.66549],[-80.197674,25.74437],[-80.296719,25.622195],[-80.31036,25.3731],[-80.418872,25.235532],[-81.079859,25.118797],[-81.352731,25.822015],[-81.527665,25.901531],[-81.68954,25.85271],[-81.868983,26.378648],[-82.105672,26.48393],[-82.181565,26.681712],[-82.093023,26.665614],[-82.063126,26.950214],[-82.175241,26.916867],[-82.147068,26.789803],[-82.259867,26.717398],[-82.745748,27.538834],[-82.65072,27.523115],[-82.393383,27.837519],[-82.478063,27.92768],[-82.47244,27.822559],[-82.553946,27.848462],[-82.553918,27.966998],[-82.678606,27.993715],[-82.720395,27.937199],[-82.566819,27.858002],[-82.733076,27.612972],[-82.846526,27.854301],[-82.654138,28.590837],[-82.804736,29.146624],[-83.053207,29.130839],[-83.686423,29.923735],[-84.000716,30.096209],[-84.256439,30.103791],[-84.358923,30.058224],[-84.349066,29.896812],[-85.344768,29.654793],[-85.413575,29.85294],[-85.353885,29.684765],[-85.302591,29.808094],[-85.405052,29.938487],[-86.2987,30.363049],[-86.750906,30.391881],[-88.028401,30.221132],[-87.755263,30.277292],[-88.008396,30.684956],[-88.136173,30.320729],[-88.841328,30.409598],[-89.291444,30.303296],[-89.335942,30.374016],[-89.461275,30.174745],[-89.857558,30.004439],[-89.660568,29.862909],[-89.481926,30.079128],[-89.372375,30.054729],[-89.433411,29.991205],[-89.368019,29.911491],[-89.218071,29.97275],[-89.322289,29.887333],[-89.236298,29.877081],[-89.383789,29.838928],[-89.271034,29.756355],[-89.651237,29.749479],[-89.485367,29.624357],[-89.688141,29.615055],[-89.700501,29.515967],[-89.508551,29.386168],[-89.189354,29.345061],[-89.000674,29.180091],[-89.41148,28.925011],[-89.354798,29.072543],[-89.482844,29.215053],[-89.850305,29.311768],[-89.849642,29.477996],[-90.01251,29.462775],[-90.009678,29.294785],[-90.096038,29.240673],[-89.949925,29.263154],[-90.174273,29.105301],[-90.348768,29.057817],[-90.234235,29.110268],[-90.271251,29.204639],[-90.332796,29.276956],[-90.472489,29.192688],[-90.510555,29.290925],[-90.803699,29.063709],[-90.637495,29.066608],[-90.839345,29.039167],[-90.961278,29.180817],[-91.278792,29.247776],[-91.33275,29.305816],[-91.221166,29.436421],[-91.531021,29.531543],[-91.553537,29.632766],[-91.648941,29.633635],[-91.632829,29.742576],[-91.88075,29.710839],[-91.889118,29.836023],[-92.149349,29.697052],[-91.712002,29.56474],[-91.782387,29.482882],[-92.046316,29.584362],[-92.61627,29.578729],[-93.267456,29.778113],[-94.056506,29.671163],[-94.778691,29.361483],[-94.495025,29.525031],[-94.779674,29.530533],[-94.735271,29.785433],[-94.893107,29.661336],[-94.965963,29.70033],[-95.018253,29.554885],[-94.909898,29.49691],[-94.893994,29.30817],[-95.16525,29.113566],[-94.72253,29.331446],[-95.38239,28.866348],[-96.378616,28.383909],[-95.978526,28.650594],[-96.228909,28.580873],[-96.222802,28.698431],[-96.487943,28.569677],[-96.648758,28.709627],[-96.403973,28.44245],[-96.672677,28.335579],[-96.775985,28.405809],[-96.800413,28.224128],[-96.934765,28.123873],[-97.037008,28.185528],[-97.214039,28.087494],[-97.022806,28.107588],[-97.186709,27.825453],[-97.379042,27.837867],[-97.253955,27.696696],[-97.401942,27.335574],[-97.532223,27.278577],[-97.501688,27.366618],[-97.639094,27.253131],[-97.42408,27.264073],[-97.563266,26.842188],[-97.295072,26.108342],[-97.216954,25.993838],[-97.152009,26.062108],[-97.145567,25.971132],[-97.422636,25.840378],[-97.649176,26.021499],[-98.197046,26.056153],[-98.807348,26.369421],[-99.085126,26.398782],[-99.268613,26.843213],[-99.446524,27.023008],[-99.512219,27.568094],[-99.841708,27.766464],[-99.931812,27.980967],[-100.293468,28.278475],[-100.333814,28.499252],[-100.797671,29.246943],[-101.254895,29.520342],[-101.415402,29.756561],[-102.315389,29.87992],[-102.386678,29.76688],[-102.670971,29.741954],[-102.866846,29.225015],[-103.115328,28.98527],[-103.28119,28.982138],[-104.507568,29.639624],[-104.924796,30.604832],[-106.207837,31.468188],[-106.451541,31.764808],[-108.208394,31.783599],[-108.208573,31.333395],[-111.074825,31.332239],[-114.813613,32.494277],[-114.719633,32.718763],[-117.124862,32.534156],[-117.469794,33.296417],[-118.132698,33.753217],[-118.411211,33.741985],[-118.519514,34.027509],[-119.130169,34.100102],[-119.559459,34.413395],[-120.471376,34.447846],[-120.637805,34.56622],[-120.644311,35.139616],[-120.856047,35.206487],[-120.884757,35.430196],[-121.284973,35.674109],[-121.503112,36.000299],[-121.888491,36.30281],[-121.978592,36.580488],[-121.814462,36.682858],[-121.862266,36.931552],[-122.105976,36.955951],[-122.405073,37.195791],[-122.514483,37.780829],[-122.398139,37.80563],[-122.378545,37.605592],[-122.111344,37.50758],[-122.430087,37.963115],[-122.273006,38.07438],[-122.489974,38.112014],[-122.438268,37.880974],[-122.505383,37.822128],[-122.882114,38.025273],[-123.024066,37.994878],[-122.977082,38.267902],[-123.725367,38.917438],[-123.851714,39.832041],[-124.363414,40.260974],[-124.408601,40.443201],[-124.137066,40.925732],[-124.063076,41.439579],[-124.147412,41.717955],[-124.255994,41.783014],[-124.214213,42.005939],[-124.410982,42.250547],[-124.401177,42.627192],[-124.552441,42.840568],[-124.233534,43.55713],[-124.067569,44.428582],[-123.927891,46.009564],[-124.024305,46.229256],[-123.854801,46.157342],[-123.547636,46.265595],[-124.080671,46.267239],[-124.068655,46.634879],[-124.026032,46.462978],[-123.943667,46.477197],[-123.960642,46.636364],[-123.84621,46.716795],[-124.092176,46.741624],[-124.138225,46.905534],[-123.86018,46.948556],[-124.122057,47.04165],[-124.180111,46.926357],[-124.425195,47.738434],[-124.672427,47.964414],[-124.733174,48.163393],[-124.65894,48.331057],[-124.731828,48.381157],[-123.981032,48.164761],[-123.332699,48.11297],[-123.133445,48.177276],[-122.877641,48.047025],[-122.833173,48.134406],[-122.760448,48.14324],[-122.766648,48.04429],[-122.68724,48.101662],[-122.718082,47.987739],[-122.610341,47.887343],[-122.811929,47.679861],[-122.820178,47.835904],[-123.15598,47.355745],[-122.549072,47.919072],[-122.470333,47.757109],[-122.554454,47.745704],[-122.479089,47.583654],[-122.547521,47.285344],[-122.611464,47.2181],[-122.697378,47.283969],[-122.632463,47.376394],[-122.725738,47.33047],[-122.641802,47.205013],[-122.711997,47.127681],[-122.832799,47.243412],[-122.803688,47.355071],[-122.863732,47.270221],[-122.858735,47.167955],[-122.67813,47.103866],[-122.547747,47.316403],[-122.4442,47.266723],[-122.324833,47.348521],[-122.421139,47.57602],[-122.339513,47.599113],[-122.429841,47.658919],[-122.224979,48.016626],[-122.395499,48.228551],[-122.479008,48.175703],[-122.358375,48.056133],[-122.512031,48.133931],[-122.530996,48.249821],[-122.371693,48.287839],[-122.712322,48.464143],[-122.471832,48.470724],[-122.534719,48.574246],[-122.425271,48.599522],[-122.535803,48.776128],[-122.673472,48.733082],[-122.821631,48.941369],[-122.75802,49.002357],[-95.153711,48.998903],[-95.15335,49.383079],[-94.957465,49.370186],[-94.816222,49.320987],[-94.645083,48.744143],[-93.840754,48.628548],[-93.794454,48.516021],[-92.954876,48.631493],[-92.634931,48.542873],[-92.712562,48.463013],[-92.456325,48.414204],[-92.369174,48.220268],[-92.26228,48.354933],[-92.055228,48.359213],[-91.567254,48.043719],[-90.88548,48.245784],[-90.751608,48.090968],[-89.489226,48.014528],[-90.86827,47.5569],[-92.094089,46.787839],[-91.961889,46.682539],[-90.855874,46.962232],[-90.750952,46.890293],[-90.951476,46.597033],[-90.73726,46.692267],[-90.436512,46.561748],[-88.972802,47.002096],[-88.418841,47.371058],[-87.929672,47.478743],[-87.710471,47.4062],[-87.957058,47.38726],[-88.227552,47.199938],[-88.443901,46.972251],[-88.462349,46.786711],[-88.142807,46.966302],[-88.175197,46.90458],[-87.681561,46.842392],[-87.352448,46.501324],[-87.008724,46.532723],[-86.850111,46.434114],[-86.698139,46.438624],[-86.678182,46.561039],[-86.586168,46.463324],[-86.161681,46.669475],[-84.989497,46.772403],[-85.015211,46.479712],[-84.551496,46.418522],[-84.128925,46.530119],[-84.097766,46.256512],[-84.251424,46.175888],[-83.873147,45.993426],[-83.765277,46.018363],[-83.815826,46.108529],[-83.581315,46.089613],[-83.510623,45.929324],[-84.376429,45.931962],[-84.656567,46.052654],[-84.746985,45.835597],[-85.01399,46.010774],[-85.499422,46.09692],[-85.697203,45.960158],[-86.278007,45.942057],[-86.616893,45.606796],[-86.718191,45.67732],[-86.541464,45.890234],[-86.78208,45.860195],[-86.964275,45.672761],[-87.031435,45.837238],[-87.600796,45.146842],[-87.630298,44.976865],[-87.837647,44.933091],[-88.005518,44.539216],[-87.756048,44.649117],[-87.609784,44.838514],[-87.384821,44.865532],[-87.238426,45.166492],[-86.970355,45.278455],[-87.467089,44.553557],[-87.512903,44.192808],[-87.735436,43.882219],[-87.702685,43.687596],[-87.911787,43.250406],[-87.766675,42.784896],[-87.828569,42.269922],[-87.42344,41.642835],[-87.066033,41.661845],[-86.616978,41.896625],[-86.297168,42.358207],[-86.208654,42.69209],[-86.254646,43.083409],[-86.540916,43.633158],[-86.43114,43.815569],[-86.514704,44.057672],[-86.26871,44.345324],[-86.254996,44.691935],[-85.551072,45.210742],[-85.652355,44.849092],[-85.593833,44.768651],[-85.475204,44.991053],[-85.576566,44.760208],[-85.3958,44.931018],[-85.371593,45.270834],[-84.91585,45.393115],[-85.115479,45.539406],[-84.942636,45.714292],[-85.014509,45.760329],[-84.726192,45.786905],[-84.215268,45.634767],[-84.095905,45.497298],[-83.488826,45.355872],[-83.265896,45.026844],[-83.454168,45.03188],[-83.274747,44.714893],[-83.332533,44.340464],[-83.53771,44.248171],[-83.58409,44.056748],[-83.877047,43.959351],[-83.909479,43.672622],[-83.666052,43.591292],[-83.26153,43.973525],[-82.967439,44.066138],[-82.746255,43.996037],[-82.643166,43.852468],[-82.412965,42.977041],[-82.518782,42.613888],[-82.686417,42.518597],[-82.630851,42.673341],[-82.813518,42.640833],[-82.894013,42.389437],[-83.096521,42.290138],[-83.133511,42.088143],[-83.455626,41.727445],[-82.934369,41.514353],[-82.834101,41.587587],[-82.499099,41.381541],[-82.011966,41.515639],[-81.738755,41.48855],[-81.288892,41.758945],[-80.329976,42.036168],[-79.148723,42.553672],[-78.851355,42.791758],[-79.074467,43.077855],[-79.070469,43.262454],[-78.370221,43.376505],[-77.760231,43.341161],[-77.551022,43.235763],[-76.958402,43.270005],[-76.235834,43.529256],[-76.28272,43.858601],[-76.125023,43.912773],[-76.360306,44.070907],[-76.312647,44.199044],[-74.992756,44.977449],[-71.502487,45.013367],[-71.443882,45.235462],[-71.296509,45.29919],[-71.13943,45.242958],[-71.01081,45.34725],[-70.857042,45.22916],[-70.795009,45.428145],[-70.634661,45.383608],[-70.688214,45.563981],[-70.259117,45.890755],[-70.292736,46.191599],[-70.057061,46.415036],[-69.997086,46.69523],[-69.22442,47.459686],[-69.043947,47.427634],[-69.050334,47.256621],[-68.902425,47.178839],[-68.329879,47.36023],[-67.955669,47.199542],[-67.789461,47.062544],[-67.750422,45.917898],[-67.817892,45.693705],[-67.429716,45.583773],[-67.489464,45.282653],[-67.345585,45.126392],[-67.157919,45.161004],[-66.950569,44.814539],[-67.293403,44.599265],[-67.308538,44.707454],[-67.405492,44.594236],[-67.551133,44.621938],[-67.568159,44.531117],[-67.839896,44.558771],[-67.855108,44.419434],[-68.049334,44.33073],[-68.117746,44.475038],[-68.261708,44.484062],[-68.173608,44.328397],[-68.317588,44.225101],[-68.430946,44.298624],[-68.3791,44.430049],[-68.565161,44.39907],[-68.525302,44.227554],[-68.827197,44.31216],[-68.783679,44.473879],[-68.927452,44.448039],[-69.100863,44.104529],[-69.031878,44.079036],[-69.214205,43.935583],[-69.398455,43.971804],[-69.838689,43.70514],[-69.884066,43.778035],[-70.041351,43.738053],[-70.009869,43.859315],[-70.190014,43.771866],[-70.196911,43.565146],[-70.361214,43.52919],[-70.810069,42.909549],[-70.778671,42.693622],[-70.594014,42.63503],[-70.871382,42.546404],[-71.01568,42.326019],[-70.722269,42.207959],[-70.63848,42.081579],[-70.710034,41.999544],[-70.552941,41.929641],[-70.471552,41.761563],[-70.024734,41.787364],[-70.095595,42.032832],[-70.245385,42.063733],[-70.058531,42.040363],[-69.935952,41.809422],[-69.998071,41.54365],[-70.007011,41.671579],[-70.351634,41.634687],[-70.948431,41.409193],[-70.658659,41.543385],[-70.623652,41.707398],[-70.718739,41.73574],[-71.19302,41.457931],[-71.240709,41.619225],[-71.24071,41.474872],[-71.337695,41.448902],[-71.19564,41.67509],[-71.350057,41.727835],[-71.449318,41.687401],[-71.483295,41.371722],[-72.916827,41.282033],[-73.643478,41.002171],[-73.781369,40.794907],[-73.485365,40.946397],[-72.585327,40.997587],[-72.278789,41.158722],[-72.317238,41.088659],[-72.10216,40.991509],[-71.856214,41.070598],[-73.23914,40.6251],[-73.934512,40.545175],[-74.024543,40.709436],[-74.186027,40.646076],[-74.261889,40.464706],[-73.978282,40.440208],[-74.096906,39.76303],[-74.864458,38.94041],[-74.971995,38.94037],[-74.887167,39.158825],[-75.136548,39.179425],[-75.536431,39.460559],[-75.509342,39.685313],[-75.587147,39.651012],[-75.402035,39.066885],[-75.089473,38.797198],[-75.048939,38.451263],[-75.195382,38.093582],[-75.514921,37.799149],[-75.906734,37.114193],[-76.018645,37.31782],[-75.663095,37.961195],[-75.892686,37.916848],[-75.812913,38.058932],[-75.843862,38.144599],[-75.958786,38.135572],[-75.848473,38.20934],[-75.970514,38.233668],[-75.973876,38.36585],[-76.032044,38.216684],[-76.258189,38.318373],[-76.33636,38.492235],[-76.147158,38.63684],[-76.238685,38.735434],[-76.347998,38.686234],[-76.271575,38.851771],[-76.19343,38.821787],[-76.203638,38.928382],[-76.376031,38.848777],[-76.311766,39.035257],[-76.164004,38.99953],[-76.145174,39.092824],[-76.231765,39.018518],[-76.274741,39.164961],[-76.170588,39.331954],[-76.002408,39.367501],[-75.970337,39.557637],[-76.096072,39.536912],[-76.060988,39.447775],[-76.281374,39.304531],[-76.341443,39.354217],[-76.425281,39.205708],[-76.535885,39.211008],[-76.394358,39.01216],[-76.557535,38.744687],[-76.321499,38.03805],[-76.920778,38.291529],[-77.016371,38.445572],[-77.250172,38.382781],[-77.263599,38.512344],[-77.12634,38.6177],[-77.246704,38.635217],[-77.279633,38.339444],[-77.043526,38.400548],[-76.962311,38.214075],[-76.613939,38.148587],[-76.236725,37.889174],[-76.339892,37.655966],[-76.28037,37.613715],[-76.36232,37.610368],[-76.784618,37.869569],[-76.542666,37.616857],[-76.300144,37.561734],[-76.360474,37.51924],[-76.265056,37.481365],[-76.275552,37.309964],[-76.415167,37.402133],[-76.349489,37.273963],[-76.50364,37.233856],[-76.292344,37.126615],[-76.304272,37.001378],[-76.428869,36.969947],[-76.649869,37.220914],[-76.802511,37.198308],[-76.685614,37.198851],[-76.662558,37.045748],[-76.469914,36.882898],[-76.297663,36.968147],[-75.996252,36.922047],[-75.867044,36.550754]],[[-77.038598,38.791513],[-76.910795,38.891712],[-77.040999,38.99511],[-77.1199,38.934311],[-77.038598,38.791513]]],[[[-88.124658,30.28364],[-88.075856,30.246139],[-88.313323,30.230024],[-88.124658,30.28364]]],[[[-120.248484,33.999329],[-120.043259,34.035806],[-119.97026,33.944359],[-120.121817,33.895712],[-120.248484,33.999329]]],[[[-119.789798,34.05726],[-119.52064,34.034262],[-119.758141,33.959212],[-119.923337,34.069361],[-119.789798,34.05726]]],[[[-118.524531,32.895488],[-118.605534,33.030999],[-118.353504,32.821962],[-118.524531,32.895488]]],[[[-118.500212,33.449592],[-118.305084,33.310323],[-118.465368,33.326056],[-118.60403,33.47654],[-118.500212,33.449592]]],[[[-81.582923,24.658732],[-81.425483,24.752989],[-81.298028,24.656774],[-81.81289,24.546468],[-81.582923,24.658732]]],[[[-84.777208,29.707398],[-84.696726,29.76993],[-85.097082,29.625215],[-84.777208,29.707398]]],[[[-85.156415,29.679628],[-85.077237,29.670862],[-85.222546,29.678039],[-85.156415,29.679628]]],[[[-82.255777,26.703437],[-82.166042,26.489679],[-82.013913,26.452058],[-82.177017,26.471558],[-82.255777,26.703437]]],[[[-80.250581,25.34193],[-80.659395,24.897433],[-80.174544,25.518406],[-80.250581,25.34193]]],[[[-88.865067,29.752714],[-88.944435,29.658806],[-88.8312,29.878839],[-88.881454,30.053202],[-88.865067,29.752714]]],[[[-70.59628,41.471905],[-70.451084,41.348161],[-70.838777,41.347209],[-70.59628,41.471905]]],[[[-70.092142,41.297741],[-70.049053,41.391702],[-69.960181,41.264546],[-70.275526,41.310464],[-70.092142,41.297741]]],[[[-68.453236,44.189998],[-68.384903,44.154955],[-68.502096,44.152388],[-68.453236,44.189998]]],[[[-68.680773,44.279242],[-68.605906,44.230772],[-68.675056,44.137131],[-68.680773,44.279242]]],[[[-68.785601,44.053503],[-68.944597,44.11284],[-68.825067,44.186338],[-68.785601,44.053503]]],[[[-68.942826,44.281073],[-68.868444,44.38144],[-68.95189,44.218719],[-68.942826,44.281073]]],[[[-88.684434,48.115785],[-88.418244,48.18037],[-88.968903,47.901675],[-88.899698,47.902445],[-89.255202,47.876102],[-88.684434,48.115785]]],[[[-84.612845,45.834528],[-84.35602,45.771895],[-84.484128,45.73071],[-84.612845,45.834528]]],[[[-85.566441,45.760222],[-85.487026,45.621211],[-85.561634,45.572213],[-85.630016,45.598166],[-85.566441,45.760222]]],[[[-88.710719,30.250799],[-88.562067,30.227476],[-88.771991,30.245523],[-88.710719,30.250799]]],[[[-75.753765,35.199612],[-75.529393,35.288272],[-75.533512,35.773577],[-75.458659,35.596597],[-75.52592,35.233839],[-76.013145,35.061855],[-75.753765,35.199612]]],[[[-74.144428,40.53516],[-74.254588,40.502303],[-74.1894,40.642121],[-74.075884,40.648101],[-74.144428,40.53516]]],[[[-97.240849,26.411504],[-97.387459,26.820789],[-97.361796,27.359988],[-96.879424,28.131402],[-96.403206,28.371475],[-96.966996,27.950531],[-97.30447,27.407734],[-97.370731,26.909706],[-97.154271,26.066841],[-97.240849,26.411504]]],[[[-122.519535,48.288314],[-122.668385,48.223967],[-122.54512,48.05255],[-122.376259,48.034457],[-122.380497,47.904023],[-122.770045,48.224395],[-122.664659,48.401508],[-122.519535,48.288314]]],[[[-122.474684,47.511068],[-122.373628,47.388718],[-122.51885,47.33332],[-122.474684,47.511068]]],[[[-122.800217,48.60169],[-122.803521,48.428748],[-122.874135,48.418196],[-123.203026,48.596178],[-122.987296,48.561895],[-123.048652,48.621002],[-122.894599,48.71503],[-122.743049,48.661991],[-122.800217,48.60169]]],[[[-90.572383,46.958835],[-90.508157,46.956836],[-90.654796,46.919249],[-90.572383,46.958835]]],[[[-90.757147,47.03372],[-90.544875,47.017383],[-90.671581,46.948973],[-90.757147,47.03372]]],[[[-86.880572,45.331467],[-86.943041,45.41525],[-86.810055,45.422619],[-86.880572,45.331467]]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Alabama\",\"nation\":\"USA \"}}]}\n","volume":"49","issue":"13","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-06-22","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55b361b5e4b09a3b01b5dab1","chorus":{"doi":"10.1021/acs.est.5b00373","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b00373","publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","authors":"Clow David W., Stackpoole Sarah M., Verdin Kristine L., Butman David E., Zhu Zhiliang, Krabbenhoft David P., Striegl Robert G.","journalName":"Environmental Science & Technology","publicationDate":"7/7/2015","auditedOn":"7/24/2015"},"contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clow, David W. 0000-0001-6183-4824 dwclow@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6183-4824","contributorId":1671,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clow","given":"David","email":"dwclow@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":564537,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stackpoole, Sarah M. 0000-0002-5876-4922 sstackpoole@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5876-4922","contributorId":3784,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stackpoole","given":"Sarah","email":"sstackpoole@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":564538,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Verdin, Kristine L. 0000-0002-6114-4660 kverdin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6114-4660","contributorId":3070,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Verdin","given":"Kristine","email":"kverdin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":564539,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Butman, David E.","contributorId":145535,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Butman","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":16142,"text":"School of Environmental and Forest Sciences & Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":564540,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Zhu, Zhi-Liang zzhu@usgs.gov","contributorId":3636,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhu","given":"Zhi-Liang","email":"zzhu@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":564541,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Krabbenhoft, David P. 0000-0003-1964-5020 dpkrabbe@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1964-5020","contributorId":1658,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krabbenhoft","given":"David","email":"dpkrabbe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":37464,"text":"WMA - Laboratory & Analytical Services Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":564542,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Striegl, Robert G. 0000-0002-8251-4659 rstriegl@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8251-4659","contributorId":1630,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Striegl","given":"Robert","email":"rstriegl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":36183,"text":"Hydro-Ecological Interactions Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":564543,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70148495,"text":"70148495 - 2015 - The influence of prefire tree growth and crown condition on postfire mortality of sugar pine following prescribed fire in Sequoia National Park","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-06-11T10:27:58","indexId":"70148495","displayToPublicDate":"2015-06-10T11:30:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1170,"text":"Canadian Journal of Forest Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The influence of prefire tree growth and crown condition on postfire mortality of sugar pine following prescribed fire in Sequoia National Park","docAbstract":"Tree mortality is a vital component of forest management in the context of prescribed fires; however, few studies have examined the effect of prefire tree health on postfire mortality. This is especially relevant for sugar pine (Pinus lambertiana Douglas), a species experiencing population declines due to a suite of anthropogenic factors. Using data from an old-growth mixed-conifer forest in Sequoia National Park, we evaluated the effects of fire, tree size, prefire radial growth, and crown condition on postfire mortality. Models based only on tree size and measures of fire damage were compared with models that included tree size, fire damage, and prefire tree health (e.g., measures of prefire tree radial growth or crown condition). Immediately following the fire, the inclusion of different metrics of prefire tree health produced variable improvements over the models that included only tree size and measures of fire damage, as models that included measures of crown condition performed better than fire-only models, but models that included measures of prefire radial growth did not perform better. However, 5 years following the fire, sugar pine mortality was best predicted by models that included measures of both fire damage and prefire tree health, specifically, diameter at breast height (DBH, 1.37 m), crown scorch, 30-year mean growth, and the number of sharp declines in growth over a 30-year period. This suggests that factors that influence prefire tree health (e.g., drought, competition, pathogens, etc.) may partially determine postfire mortality, especially when accounting for delayed mortality following fire.
","language":"English","publisher":"NRC Research Press","doi":"10.1139/cjfr-2014-0449","usgsCitation":"Nesmith, J.C., Das, A., O’Hara, K.L., and van Mantgem, P.J., 2015, The influence of prefire tree growth and crown condition on postfire mortality of sugar pine following prescribed fire in Sequoia National Park: Canadian Journal of Forest Research, v. 45, p. 910-919, https://doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2014-0449.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"910","endPage":"919","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-030332","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":301116,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Sequoia National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -118.92288208007812,\n 36.33614694088851\n ],\n [\n -118.92288208007812,\n 36.677230602346214\n ],\n [\n -118.6083984375,\n 36.677230602346214\n ],\n [\n -118.6083984375,\n 36.33614694088851\n ],\n [\n -118.92288208007812,\n 36.33614694088851\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"45","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":1,"text":"Sacramento PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"557951b5e4b032353cc17401","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nesmith, Jonathan C. B.","contributorId":88618,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nesmith","given":"Jonathan","email":"","middleInitial":"C. B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":548429,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Das, Adrian J. 0000-0002-3937-2616 adas@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3937-2616","contributorId":3842,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Das","given":"Adrian J.","email":"adas@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":548428,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"O’Hara, Kevin L.","contributorId":9923,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Hara","given":"Kevin","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":548430,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"van Mantgem, Phillip J. 0000-0002-3068-9422 pvanmantgem@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3068-9422","contributorId":2838,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"van Mantgem","given":"Phillip","email":"pvanmantgem@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":548427,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70148506,"text":"70148506 - 2015 - Application of Bayesian Networks to hindcast barrier island morphodynamics","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-06-10T10:19:06","indexId":"70148506","displayToPublicDate":"2015-06-10T11:15:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1262,"text":"Coastal Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Application of Bayesian Networks to hindcast barrier island morphodynamics","docAbstract":"Prediction of coastal vulnerability is of increasing concern to policy makers, coastal managers and other stakeholders. Coastal regions and barrier islands along the Atlantic and Gulf coasts are subject to frequent, large storms, whose waves and storm surge can dramatically alter beach morphology, threaten infrastructure, and impact local economies. Given that precise forecasts of regional hazards are challenging, because of the complex interactions between processes on many scales, a range of probable geomorphic change in response to storm conditions is often more helpful than deterministic predictions. Site-specific probabilistic models of coastal change are reliable because they are formulated with observations so that local factors, of potentially high influence, are inherent in the model. The development and use of predictive tools such as Bayesian Networks in response to future storms has the potential to better inform management decisions and hazard preparation in coastal communities. We present several Bayesian Networks designed to hindcast distinct morphologic changes attributable to the Nor'Ida storm of 2009, at Fire Island, New York. Model predictions are informed with historical system behavior, initial morphologic conditions, and a parameterized treatment of wave climate.
\nWe refine a preliminary Bayesian Network by 1) increasing model experience through additional observations, 2) including anthropogenic modification history, and 3) replacing parameterized wave impact values with maximum run-up elevation. Further, we develop and train a pair of generalized models with an additional dataset encompassing a different storm event, which expands the observations beyond our hindcast objective. We compare the skill of the generalized models against the Nor'Ida specific model formulation, balancing the reduced skill with an expectation of increased transferability. Results of Nor'Ida hindcasts ranged in skill from 0.37 to 0.51 and accuracy of 65.0 to 81.9%.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.coastaleng.2015.04.006","usgsCitation":"Wilson, K.E., Adams, P.N., Hapke, C.J., Lentz, E., and Brenner, O.T., 2015, Application of Bayesian Networks to hindcast barrier island morphodynamics: Coastal Engineering, v. 102, p. 30-43, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coastaleng.2015.04.006.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"30","endPage":"43","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-059455","costCenters":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":301114,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","otherGeospatial":"Fire Island","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -73.34884643554688,\n 40.63688312646408\n ],\n [\n -73.32824707031249,\n 40.60873982383701\n ],\n [\n -73.20602416992188,\n 40.622291783092706\n ],\n [\n -73.00140380859375,\n 40.67126439151552\n ],\n [\n -72.82562255859375,\n 40.73581157695217\n ],\n [\n -72.69653320312499,\n 40.7701418259051\n ],\n [\n -72.71438598632812,\n 40.791979118109566\n ],\n [\n -72.80364990234375,\n 40.76494141246851\n ],\n [\n -72.88467407226562,\n 40.74101426921151\n ],\n [\n -72.94097900390625,\n 40.724364221722716\n ],\n [\n -73.01101684570312,\n 40.69834018178775\n ],\n [\n -73.05084228515625,\n 40.67959657544238\n ],\n [\n -73.14285278320312,\n 40.6629311662891\n ],\n [\n -73.23486328124999,\n 40.64521960545374\n ],\n [\n -73.30078125,\n 40.6410514961004\n ],\n [\n -73.34884643554688,\n 40.63688312646408\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"102","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":8,"text":"Raleigh PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"557951aee4b032353cc173ed","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wilson, Kathleen E. kwilson@usgs.gov","contributorId":5788,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"Kathleen","email":"kwilson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":548489,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Adams, Peter N.","contributorId":64361,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Adams","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":548491,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hapke, Cheryl J. 0000-0002-2753-4075 chapke@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2753-4075","contributorId":2981,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hapke","given":"Cheryl","email":"chapke@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":6676,"text":"USGS (retired)","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":true,"id":548490,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lentz, Erika E. elentz@usgs.gov","contributorId":141129,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lentz","given":"Erika E.","email":"elentz@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":548492,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Brenner, Owen T. 0000-0002-1588-721X obrenner@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1588-721X","contributorId":4933,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brenner","given":"Owen","email":"obrenner@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":548493,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70148505,"text":"70148505 - 2015 - The importance of range edges for an irruptive species during extreme weather events","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-06-10T10:26:17","indexId":"70148505","displayToPublicDate":"2015-06-10T11:15:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2602,"text":"Landscape Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The importance of range edges for an irruptive species during extreme weather events","docAbstract":"Threats to wildlife species from extreme events, such as droughts, are predicted to increase in frequency and magnitude with climate change. Extreme events can cause mortality and community-level changes, but for some mobile species, movement away from areas affected may be a viable option.
\nWe examined the effect of extreme weather on spatial patterns of abundance for an irruptive grassland bird species, the Dickcissel (Spiza americana).
\nWe calculated route-level annual abundances and abundance anomalies from 1980 to 2012 from North American Breeding Bird Survey data, and classified the Dickcissel’s range into core and edge regions using these abundances. We then compared abundances in the core and edge regions to the standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index, a measure of drought, in linear regressions.
\nWe found that Dickcissel irruptions in the northern range edges were related to drought conditions in the range core, potentially a consequence of birds being ‘pushed’ to the range edge when weather was unsuitable. Specifically, Dickcissels moved into refuge sites containing a high proportion of cultivated crops, with higher vegetation greenness, than those areas they leave during drought years.
\nIn a changing climate where more frequent extreme weather may be more common, conservation strategies for weather-sensitive species may require consideration of habitat in the edges of species’ ranges, even though non-core areas may be unoccupied in ‘normal’ years. Our results highlight the conservation importance of range edges in providing refuge from extreme events, such as drought, and climate change.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s10980-015-0212-6","usgsCitation":"Bateman, B.L., Pidgeon, A.M., Radeloff, V.C., Allstadt, A.J., Akcakaya, H.R., Thogmartin, W.E., Vavrus, S.J., and Heglund, P., 2015, The importance of range edges for an irruptive species during extreme weather events: Landscape Ecology, v. 30, no. 6, p. 1095-1110, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-015-0212-6.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"1095","endPage":"1110","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-059595","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":301115,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"30","issue":"6","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":6,"text":"Columbus PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-05-16","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"557951b4e4b032353cc173ff","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bateman, Brooke L.","contributorId":141122,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bateman","given":"Brooke","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":13679,"text":"SILVIS Lab, Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":548482,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pidgeon, Anna M.","contributorId":141123,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pidgeon","given":"Anna","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":13679,"text":"SILVIS Lab, Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":548483,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Radeloff, Volker C.","contributorId":141124,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Radeloff","given":"Volker","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":13679,"text":"SILVIS Lab, Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":548484,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Allstadt, Andrew J.","contributorId":141125,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Allstadt","given":"Andrew","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":13679,"text":"SILVIS Lab, Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":548485,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Akcakaya, H. Resit","contributorId":141126,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Akcakaya","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"Resit","affiliations":[{"id":13680,"text":"Department of Ecology and Evolution, Stony Brook University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":548486,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Thogmartin, Wayne E. 0000-0002-2384-4279 wthogmartin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2384-4279","contributorId":2545,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thogmartin","given":"Wayne","email":"wthogmartin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":548481,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Vavrus, Stephen J.","contributorId":141127,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Vavrus","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":13681,"text":"Center for Climate Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":548487,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Heglund, Patricia J.","contributorId":141128,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Heglund","given":"Patricia J.","affiliations":[{"id":6678,"text":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Alaska Maritime National Wildlife Refuge","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":548488,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70148501,"text":"70148501 - 2015 - Lake Ontario water quality during the 2003 and 2008 intensive field years and comparison with long-term trends","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-10-20T11:06:34","indexId":"70148501","displayToPublicDate":"2015-06-10T10:30:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":865,"text":"Aquatic Ecosystem Health & Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Lake Ontario water quality during the 2003 and 2008 intensive field years and comparison with long-term trends","docAbstract":"Phosphorus loading declined between the 1970s and the 1990s, leading to oligotrophication of the offshore waters of Lake Ontario during that time period. Using lake-wide data from the intensive field years of 2003 and 2008 and from available long-term data sets on several trophic state indicators (total phosphorus [TP], soluble reactive silica [SRSi], chlorophyll a and Secchi disc transparency [SDT]), we tested the hypothesis that oligotrophication of the offshore waters of Lake Ontario has continued in the 2000s. Significant differences between 2003 and 2008 include higher spring (April) TP, SRSi, and SDT in 2008, lower summer (July–August) SDT in 2008, higher summer chlorophyll a in 2008, and lower fall (September) TP, SRSi, and chlorophyll a in 2008. The decline in SRSi from spring to summer was greater in 2008 than in 2003. Change point and regression analyses on the long-term data revealed no trend in spring TP since 1996, in summer chlorophyll a since 1994, in spring SDT since 1998, in spring SRSi or SRSi decline from spring to summer since 1999, or in summer SDT since 2001. Neither the comparison of the 2003 and 2008 surveys nor the analysis of the long-term data supported our hypothesis of continued oligotrophication of the offshore of Lake Ontario in the 2000s.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/14634988.2015.1000787","usgsCitation":"Holeck, K., Rudstam, L.G., Watkins, J., Luckey, F.J., Lantry, J.R., Lantry, B.F., Trometer, E.S., Koops, M., and Johnson, T.B., 2015, Lake Ontario water quality during the 2003 and 2008 intensive field years and comparison with long-term trends: Aquatic Ecosystem Health & Management, v. 18, no. 1, p. 7-17, https://doi.org/10.1080/14634988.2015.1000787.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"7","endPage":"17","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-057587","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":301109,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, United States","otherGeospatial":"Lake Ontario","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -79.85412597656249,\n 43.257205668363206\n ],\n [\n -79.31579589843749,\n 43.185152509372955\n ],\n [\n -79.090576171875,\n 43.25320494908846\n ],\n [\n -78.5302734375,\n 43.369119087738554\n ],\n [\n -78.057861328125,\n 43.37311218382002\n ],\n [\n -77.71728515624999,\n 43.329173667843904\n ],\n [\n -77.5634765625,\n 43.213183300738876\n ],\n [\n -77.3492431640625,\n 43.265206318396025\n ],\n [\n -77.0965576171875,\n 43.28520334369384\n ],\n [\n -76.893310546875,\n 43.25320494908846\n ],\n [\n -76.7010498046875,\n 43.33316939281735\n ],\n [\n -76.387939453125,\n 43.52465500687185\n ],\n [\n -76.201171875,\n 43.52863784832998\n ],\n [\n -76.1572265625,\n 43.691707903073805\n ],\n [\n -76.22863769531249,\n 43.84245116699036\n ],\n [\n -76.124267578125,\n 43.93350594453702\n ],\n [\n -76.0198974609375,\n 44.000717834282774\n ],\n [\n -76.1517333984375,\n 44.08758502824518\n ],\n [\n -76.2890625,\n 44.08363928284644\n ],\n [\n -76.3055419921875,\n 44.13885576756881\n ],\n [\n -76.00341796875,\n 44.308126684886126\n ],\n [\n -75.83862304687499,\n 44.457309801319305\n ],\n [\n -75.926513671875,\n 44.50434127765394\n ],\n [\n -76.13525390624999,\n 44.731125592643274\n ],\n [\n -76.497802734375,\n 44.731125592643274\n ],\n [\n -76.695556640625,\n 44.731125592643274\n ],\n [\n -76.761474609375,\n 44.63739123445585\n ],\n [\n -76.541748046875,\n 44.308126684886126\n ],\n [\n -76.728515625,\n 44.18220395771566\n ],\n [\n -77.431640625,\n 44.213709909702054\n ],\n [\n -77.662353515625,\n 44.040218713142146\n ],\n [\n -78.134765625,\n 44.000717834282774\n ],\n [\n -78.804931640625,\n 43.9058083561574\n ],\n [\n -79.134521484375,\n 43.8503744993026\n ],\n [\n -79.508056640625,\n 43.6599240747891\n ],\n [\n -79.73876953125,\n 43.476840397778915\n ],\n [\n -79.903564453125,\n 43.25320494908846\n ],\n [\n -79.85412597656249,\n 43.257205668363206\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"18","issue":"1","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":6,"text":"Columbus PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"557951b3e4b032353cc173f9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Holeck, K. T.","contributorId":53751,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holeck","given":"K. T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":548459,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rudstam, L. G.","contributorId":24720,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rudstam","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":548460,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Watkins, J. M.","contributorId":93846,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Watkins","given":"J. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":548461,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Luckey, F. J.","contributorId":141110,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Luckey","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":6914,"text":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":548462,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Lantry, J. R.","contributorId":141111,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lantry","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":13678,"text":"New York State Department of Environmental Conservation","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":548464,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Lantry, Brian F. 0000-0001-8797-3910 bflantry@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8797-3910","contributorId":3435,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lantry","given":"Brian","email":"bflantry@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":548458,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Trometer, E. S.","contributorId":141112,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Trometer","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":6678,"text":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Alaska Maritime National Wildlife Refuge","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":548465,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Koops, M. A.","contributorId":141113,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Koops","given":"M. A.","affiliations":[{"id":13677,"text":"Fisheries and Oceans Canada","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":548466,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Johnson, Terry B.","contributorId":115694,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Terry","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":548467,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":70148497,"text":"70148497 - 2015 - Sea lamprey mark type, marking rate, and parasite-host relationships for lake trout and other species in Lake Ontario","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-09-24T19:15:05.343424","indexId":"70148497","displayToPublicDate":"2015-06-10T10:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2330,"text":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sea lamprey mark type, marking rate, and parasite-host relationships for lake trout and other species in Lake Ontario","docAbstract":"We examined how attack frequency by sea lampreys on fishes in Lake Ontario varied in response to sea lamprey abundance and preferred host abundance (lake trout > 433 mm). For this analysis we used two gill net assessment surveys, one angler creel survey, three salmonid spawning run datasets, one adult sea lamprey assessment, and a bottom trawl assessment of dead lake trout. The frequency of fresh sea lamprey marks observed on lake trout from assessment surveys was strongly related to the frequency of sea lamprey attacks observed on salmon and trout from the creel survey and spawning migrations. Attack frequencies on all salmonids examined were related to the ratio between the abundances of adult sea lampreys and lake trout. Reanalysis of the susceptibility to sea lamprey attack for lake trout strains stocked into Lake Ontario reaffirmed that Lake Superior strain lake trout were among the most and Seneca Lake strain among the least susceptible and that Lewis Lake strain lake trout were even more susceptible than the Superior strain. Seasonal attack frequencies indicated that as the number of observed sea lamprey attacks decreased during June–September, the ratio of healing to fresh marks also decreased. Simulation of the ratios of healing to fresh marks indicated that increased lethality of attacks by growing sea lampreys contributed to the decline in the ratios and supported laboratory studies about wound healing duration.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.jglr.2014.12.013","usgsCitation":"Lantry, B.F., Adams, J.V., Christie, G., Schaner, T., Bowlby, J., Keir, M., Lantry, J., Sullivan, P., Bishop, D., Treska, T., and Morrison, B., 2015, Sea lamprey mark type, marking rate, and parasite-host relationships for lake trout and other species in Lake Ontario: Journal of Great Lakes Research, v. 41, no. 1, p. 266-279, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jglr.2014.12.013.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"266","endPage":"279","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-053444","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":301113,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, United States","otherGeospatial":"Lake Ontario","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -79.85412597656249,\n 43.257205668363206\n ],\n [\n -79.31579589843749,\n 43.185152509372955\n ],\n [\n -79.090576171875,\n 43.25320494908846\n ],\n [\n -78.5302734375,\n 43.369119087738554\n ],\n [\n -78.057861328125,\n 43.37311218382002\n ],\n [\n -77.71728515624999,\n 43.329173667843904\n ],\n [\n -77.5634765625,\n 43.213183300738876\n ],\n [\n -77.3492431640625,\n 43.265206318396025\n ],\n [\n -77.0965576171875,\n 43.28520334369384\n ],\n [\n -76.893310546875,\n 43.25320494908846\n ],\n [\n -76.7010498046875,\n 43.33316939281735\n ],\n [\n -76.387939453125,\n 43.52465500687185\n ],\n [\n -76.201171875,\n 43.52863784832998\n ],\n [\n -76.1572265625,\n 43.691707903073805\n ],\n [\n -76.22863769531249,\n 43.84245116699036\n ],\n [\n -76.124267578125,\n 43.93350594453702\n ],\n [\n -76.0198974609375,\n 44.000717834282774\n ],\n [\n -76.1517333984375,\n 44.08758502824518\n ],\n [\n -76.2890625,\n 44.08363928284644\n ],\n [\n -76.3055419921875,\n 44.13885576756881\n ],\n [\n -76.00341796875,\n 44.308126684886126\n ],\n [\n -75.83862304687499,\n 44.457309801319305\n ],\n [\n -75.926513671875,\n 44.50434127765394\n ],\n [\n -76.13525390624999,\n 44.731125592643274\n ],\n [\n -76.497802734375,\n 44.731125592643274\n ],\n [\n -76.695556640625,\n 44.731125592643274\n ],\n [\n -76.761474609375,\n 44.63739123445585\n ],\n [\n -76.541748046875,\n 44.308126684886126\n ],\n [\n -76.728515625,\n 44.18220395771566\n ],\n [\n -77.431640625,\n 44.213709909702054\n ],\n [\n -77.662353515625,\n 44.040218713142146\n ],\n [\n -78.134765625,\n 44.000717834282774\n ],\n [\n -78.804931640625,\n 43.9058083561574\n ],\n [\n -79.134521484375,\n 43.8503744993026\n ],\n [\n -79.508056640625,\n 43.6599240747891\n ],\n [\n -79.73876953125,\n 43.476840397778915\n ],\n [\n -79.903564453125,\n 43.25320494908846\n ],\n [\n -79.85412597656249,\n 43.257205668363206\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"41","issue":"1","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":6,"text":"Columbus PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"557951b3e4b032353cc173fb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lantry, Brian F. 0000-0001-8797-3910 bflantry@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8797-3910","contributorId":3435,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lantry","given":"Brian","email":"bflantry@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":548494,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Adams, Jean V. 0000-0002-9101-068X jvadams@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9101-068X","contributorId":3140,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Adams","given":"Jean","email":"jvadams@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":548495,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Christie, Gavin","contributorId":14778,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Christie","given":"Gavin","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":548496,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Schaner, Teodore","contributorId":141099,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schaner","given":"Teodore","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6780,"text":"Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":548497,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Bowlby, James","contributorId":141100,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bowlby","given":"James","affiliations":[{"id":6780,"text":"Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":548498,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Keir, Michael","contributorId":141101,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Keir","given":"Michael","affiliations":[{"id":6779,"text":"Environment Canada, Burlington, Ontario, Canada","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":548499,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Lantry, Jana","contributorId":141102,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lantry","given":"Jana","affiliations":[{"id":13678,"text":"New York State Department of Environmental Conservation","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":548500,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Sullivan, Paul","contributorId":141103,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sullivan","given":"Paul","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":13677,"text":"Fisheries and Oceans Canada","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":548501,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Bishop, Daniel","contributorId":141104,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bishop","given":"Daniel","affiliations":[{"id":13678,"text":"New York State Department of Environmental Conservation","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":548502,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Treska, Ted","contributorId":141105,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Treska","given":"Ted","affiliations":[{"id":6661,"text":"US Fish and Wildlife Service","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":548503,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Morrison, Bruce","contributorId":141106,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Morrison","given":"Bruce","affiliations":[{"id":6780,"text":"Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":548504,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11}]}} ,{"id":70142463,"text":"ds925 - 2015 - Hydrogeologic data and water-quality data from a thick unsaturated zone at a proposed wastewater-treatment facility site, Yucca Valley, San Bernardino County, California, 2008-11","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-06-10T09:04:49","indexId":"ds925","displayToPublicDate":"2015-06-10T09:45:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"925","title":"Hydrogeologic data and water-quality data from a thick unsaturated zone at a proposed wastewater-treatment facility site, Yucca Valley, San Bernardino County, California, 2008-11","docAbstract":"The Hi-Desert Water District, in the community of Yucca Valley, California, is considering constructing a wastewater-treatment facility and using the reclaimed water to recharge the aquifer system through surface spreading. The Hi-Desert Water District is concerned with possible effects of this recharge on water quality in the underlying groundwater system; therefore, an unsaturated-zone monitoring site was constructed by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) to characterize the unsaturated zone, monitor a pilot-scale recharge test, and, ultimately, to monitor the flow of reclaimed water to the water table once the treatment facility is constructed.
\nIn June and July 2008, a borehole (YVUZ-5) was drilled by the USGS through the unsaturated zone in the vicinity of the proposed wastewater-treatment facility site by using an overburden drilling method. In addition to a variety of unsaturated-zone instrumentation, an observation well screened near the water table was installed in the borehole. The drilling procedures, lithologic and geophysical data, construction details, physical properties of unsaturated alluvial deposits, and instrumentation installed in YVUZ-5 are described in this report. Core material was analyzed for bulk-density, porosity, effective porosity, volumetric water content, residual water content, saturation, effective saturation, matric-potential, and saturated hydraulic conductivity. Concentrations of soluble anions, including bromide, chloride, fluoride, sulfate, nitrate, nitrite, phosphate, and orthophosphate, in unsaturated-zone sediment and dissolved in unsaturated-zone water were determined by analyzing water extracted from drill-cutting material. A 0.1-acre pilot-scale infiltration pond was constructed in the vicinity of YVUZ-5. Water was applied to the pond over a period of about 8 months and allowed to infiltrate into the underlying unsaturated zone. Data were collected on chemical and isotopic composition of the groundwater, unsaturated-zone water, and infiltration pond water before, during, and after infiltration of water from the constructed pond. Selected drill cuttings and core samples collected during drilling were analyzed for the presence or absence of denitrifying and nitrate-reducing bacteria.
\nWater levels in the observation well ranged from about 367 to 370 feet below land surface during the period of the study. Measured saturated hydraulic conductivity of core material ranged from 2.1 to 11.0 feet per day. Average vertical infiltration rates in the pilot-scale infiltration pond ranged from 0.7 to 2.4 feet per day. Both denitrifying and nitrate-reducing bacteria were present in drill cutting material in most probable numbers ranging from below detection limits to 2,400,000 for denitrifying and to 93,000 for nitrate-reducing bacteria.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ds925","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Hi-Desert Water District","usgsCitation":"O’Leary, D., Clark, D.A., and Izbicki, J., 2015, Hydrogeologic data and water-quality data from a thick unsaturated zone at a proposed wastewater-treatment facility site, Yucca Valley, San Bernardino County, California, 2008-11: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 925, x, 68 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ds925.","productDescription":"x, 68 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"2008-06-01","temporalEnd":"2011-12-31","ipdsId":"IP-010954","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":301106,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ds925.jpg"},{"id":301105,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/0925/pdf/ds925.pdf","text":"Report","size":"4.3 MB","description":"Report"},{"id":301103,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/0925/"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"San Bernardino County","otherGeospatial":"Yucca Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -116.4121627807617,\n 34.13511003175254\n ],\n [\n -116.40117645263673,\n 34.13979877188829\n ],\n [\n -116.39173507690428,\n 34.14164577990677\n ],\n [\n -116.38074874877931,\n 34.14235615685566\n ],\n [\n -116.37662887573241,\n 34.14406103716462\n ],\n [\n -116.37096405029297,\n 34.14420310897081\n ],\n [\n -116.36392593383789,\n 34.14292445411448\n ],\n [\n -116.36341094970702,\n 34.12388441525915\n ],\n [\n -116.36787414550781,\n 34.117205176698675\n ],\n [\n -116.36959075927736,\n 34.11024115351507\n ],\n [\n -116.36924743652344,\n 34.10498222546687\n ],\n [\n -116.36804580688475,\n 34.093468295940426\n ],\n [\n -116.36838912963867,\n 34.08550713253843\n ],\n [\n -116.38675689697266,\n 34.082094976194774\n ],\n [\n -116.40289306640624,\n 34.08323237692003\n ],\n [\n -116.40907287597656,\n 34.09034078531726\n ],\n [\n -116.42829895019531,\n 34.10000726293642\n ],\n [\n -116.4466667175293,\n 34.10341869733246\n ],\n [\n -116.46091461181639,\n 34.10498222546687\n ],\n [\n -116.46915435791016,\n 34.10810919505794\n ],\n [\n -116.4712142944336,\n 34.11663670650332\n ],\n [\n -116.46486282348631,\n 34.120189582533065\n ],\n [\n -116.46142959594725,\n 34.12331598996403\n ],\n [\n -116.45421981811522,\n 34.12502125438493\n ],\n [\n -116.43945693969727,\n 34.128715875972134\n ],\n [\n -116.4224624633789,\n 34.13042103147612\n ],\n [\n -116.41422271728514,\n 34.133831239293684\n ],\n [\n -116.4121627807617,\n 34.13511003175254\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":1,"text":"Sacramento PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"557951b2e4b032353cc173f7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"O’Leary, David 0000-0001-9888-1739 doleary@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9888-1739","contributorId":139900,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Leary","given":"David","email":"doleary@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":548435,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Clark, Dennis A. daclark@usgs.gov","contributorId":1477,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"Dennis","email":"daclark@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":548434,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Izbicki, John A. 0000-0003-0816-4408 jaizbick@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0816-4408","contributorId":1375,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Izbicki","given":"John A.","email":"jaizbick@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":548436,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70189621,"text":"70189621 - 2015 - Surface monitoring of microseismicity at the Decatur, Illinois, CO2 sequestration demonstration site","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-06-03T13:25:10","indexId":"70189621","displayToPublicDate":"2015-06-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3372,"text":"Seismological Research Letters","onlineIssn":"1938-2057","printIssn":"0895-0695","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Surface monitoring of microseismicity at the Decatur, Illinois, CO2 sequestration demonstration site","docAbstract":"Sequestration of CO2 into subsurface reservoirs can play an important role in limiting future emission of CO2 into the atmosphere (e.g., Benson and Cole, 2008). For geologic sequestration to become a viable option to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, large-volume injection of supercritical CO2 into deep sedimentary formations is required. These formations offer large pore volumes and good pore connectivity and are abundant (Bachu, 2003; U.S. Geological Survey Geologic Carbon Dioxide Storage Resources Assessment Team, 2013). However, hazards associated with injection of CO2 into deep formations require evaluation before widespread sequestration can be adopted safely (Zoback and Gorelick, 2012). One of these hazards is the potential to induce seismicity on pre-existing faults or fractures. If these faults or fractures are large and critically stressed, seismic events can occur with magnitudes large enough to pose a hazard to surface installations and, possibly more critical, the seal integrity of the cap rock.
The Decatur, Illinois, carbon capture and storage (CCS) demonstration site is the first, and to date, only CCS project in the United States that injects a large volume of supercritical CO2 into a regionally extensive, undisturbed saline formation. The first phase of the Decatur CCS project was completed in November 2014 after injecting a million metric tons of supercritical CO2 over three years. This phase was led by the Illinois State Geological Survey (ISGS) and included seismic monitoring using deep borehole sensors, with a few sensors installed within the injection horizon. Although the deep borehole network provides a more comprehensive seismic catalog than is presented in this paper, these deep data are not publicly available. We contend that for monitoring induced microseismicity as a possible seismic hazard and to elucidate the general patterns of microseismicity, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) surface and shallow borehole network described below provides an adequate event detection threshold.
The formation targeted for injection is the Mount Simon Sandstone, which is laterally extensive, has high porosity and permeability and has the potential to host future CCS projects due to its favorable hydrologic characteristics and proximity to industrial sources of CO2 (Birkholzer and Zhou, 2009). At Decatur, CO2, a byproduct of ethanol production at the Archer Daniels Midland (ADM) facility, is compressed to supercritical state and injected at 2.1 km depth into the 460 m thick Mount Simon Sandstone. This sandstone has varying properties, ranging from the lower, fine- to coarse-grained sandstone with high permeability and porosity, to the middle and upper Mount Simon, which consist of planar, cross-bedded layers of varied permeability and porosity (Leetaru and Freiburg, 2014). The changes in permeability and porosity within the Mount Simon Sandstone, due to depositional and diagenetic differences, create horizontal baffles, which inhibit vertical flow and restrict the injected CO2 to remain near the injection horizon (Bowen et al., 2011). The lowest portion of the Mount Simon Sandstone overlying the Precambrian rhyolite basement is the Pre-Mount Simon interval, generally < 15 m in thickness and composed of fine- to medium-grain size sandstone that is highly deformed (Leetaru and Freiburg, 2014). The basement rhyolite has a clayrich matrix and is fractured, with significant alterations within the fractures. The primary sealing cap rock is the Eau Claire Formation, a 100–150 m thick unit at a depth of roughly 1.69 km (Leetaru and Freiburg, 2014). The Maquoketa Shale Group and the New Albany Shale serve as secondary and tertiary seals at shallower depths of ∼820 and ∼650 m, respectively.
The ISGS managed the Illinois Basin–Decatur Project (IBDP), a three-year project beginning in November 2011, during which carbon dioxide was injected at a rate of ∼1000 metric tons per day until November 2014 (Finley et al., 2011, 2013). ADM manages the Illinois Industrial CCS (ICCS) project, which will inject ∼3000 metric tons/day into a second injection well starting in the summer of 2015.
The USGS began monitoring microseismicity with a 13- station seismic network at Decatur in July 2013 (Fig. 1). This network provides good detection capabilities and azimuthal (focal sphere) coverage for microseismicity with moment magnitudes (Mw) above about −0:5. Here, we report on 19 months of microseismicity monitoring at the Decatur CO2 sequestration site, which permits a detailed look at the evolution and character of injection-induced seismicity.
","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/0220150062","usgsCitation":"Kaven, J., Hickman, S.H., McGarr, A.F., and Ellsworth, W.L., 2015, Surface monitoring of microseismicity at the Decatur, Illinois, CO2 sequestration demonstration site: Seismological Research Letters, v. 86, no. 4, p. 1096-1101, https://doi.org/10.1785/0220150062.","productDescription":"6 p. ","startPage":"1096","endPage":"1101","ipdsId":"IP-064149","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":344016,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois","city":"Decatur","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -89.09088134765625,\n 39.706130149279325\n ],\n [\n -88.78326416015625,\n 39.706130149279325\n ],\n [\n -88.78326416015625,\n 39.9634381223102\n ],\n [\n -89.09088134765625,\n 39.9634381223102\n ],\n [\n -89.09088134765625,\n 39.706130149279325\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"86","issue":"4","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-06-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59706fb9e4b0d1f9f065a8c5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kaven, J. Ole 0000-0003-2625-2786 okaven@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2625-2786","contributorId":3993,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kaven","given":"J. Ole","email":"okaven@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":705466,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hickman, Stephen H. 0000-0003-2075-9615 hickman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2075-9615","contributorId":2705,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hickman","given":"Stephen","email":"hickman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":705467,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McGarr, Arthur F. 0000-0001-9769-4093 mcgarr@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9769-4093","contributorId":3178,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGarr","given":"Arthur","email":"mcgarr@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":705468,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ellsworth, William L. ellsworth@usgs.gov","contributorId":787,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellsworth","given":"William","email":"ellsworth@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":705469,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70147007,"text":"sir20155058 - 2015 - Water-quality trends in the Scituate reservoir drainage area, Rhode Island, 1983-2012","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-06-09T14:49:52","indexId":"sir20155058","displayToPublicDate":"2015-06-09T16:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2015-5058","title":"Water-quality trends in the Scituate reservoir drainage area, Rhode Island, 1983-2012","docAbstract":"The Scituate Reservoir is the primary source of drinking water for more than 60 percent of the population of Rhode Island. Water-quality and streamflow data collected at 37 surface-water monitoring stations in the Scituate Reservoir drainage area, Rhode Island, from October 2001 through September 2012, water years (WYs) 2002-12, were analyzed to determine water-quality conditions and constituent loads in the drainage area. Trends in water quality, including physical properties and concentrations of constituents, were investigated for the same period and for a longer period from October 1982 through September 2012 (WYs 1983-2012). Water samples were collected and analyzed by the Providence Water Supply Board, the agency that manages the Scituate Reservoir. Streamflow data were collected by the U.S. Geological Survey. Median values and other summary statistics for pH, color, turbidity, alkalinity, chloride, nitrite, nitrate, total coliform bacteria, Escherichia coli (E. coli), and orthophosphate were calculated for WYs 2003-12 for all 37 monitoring stations. Instantaneous loads and yields (loads per unit area) of total coliform bacteria and E. coli, chloride, nitrite, nitrate, and orthophosphate were calculated for all sampling dates during WYs 2003-12 for 23 monitoring stations with streamflow data. Values of physical properties and concentrations of constituents were compared with State and Federal water-quality standards and guidelines and were related to streamflow, land-use characteristics, varying classes of timber operations, and impervious surface areas.
\nTributaries in the Scituate Reservoir drainage area for WYs 2003-12 were slightly acidic (median pH of all stations equal to 6.1) and contained low median concentrations of chloride (22 milligrams per liter [mg/L]), nitrate (0.01 mg/L as nitrogen), nitrite (0.001 mg/L as nitrogen), and orthophosphate (0.02 milligrams per liter as phosphorus [mg/L as P]). Turbidity and alkalinity values also were low with medians of 0.57 nephelometric turbidity units and 5.1 mg/L as calcium carbonate, respectively. Total coliform bacteria and E. coli were detected in most samples from all stations, but median concentrations were generally low-43 colony-forming units per 100 milliliters (mL) and 15 colony-forming units per 100 milliliters, respectively.
\nMedian values of several physical properties and median concentrations of several constituents correlated positively with the percentages of developed land and negatively with the percentages of forest cover in the drainage areas above the monitoring stations. Median concentrations of chloride correlated positively with the percentages of impervious land use in the subbasins of monitoring stations, likely reflecting the effects of deicing compounds applied to roadways during winter maintenance. Median concentrations of alkalinity also correlated positively with the percentage of impervious land use, which may be related to the deterioration of fabricated structures containing calcium carbonate. Median values of color correlated positively with the percentage of wetland area in the subbasins of monitoring stations, reflecting the natural sources of color in tributaries. Streamflows were negatively correlated with turbidity and concentrations of total coliform bacteria and E. coli, possibly reflecting seasonal patterns in which relatively high values of these properties and constituents occur during warmer low-flow conditions late in the water year. Similar seasonal patterns were observed for pH, alkalinity, and color. Negative correlations between concentrations of chloride and streamflow also were significant, indicating that deicing salts from roadways and other impervious surfaces that lack direct connection to the tributaries are likely infiltrating to the groundwater and discharging to some of the tributaries late in the water year. While salt-laden runoff directly enters some of the tributaries at roadway crossings, most of the roadway runoff infiltrates into the adjacent berms throughout the drainage area. Statistically significant correlations were not identified between various degrees of tree-canopy reduction caused by timber operations in the subbasins and median values or concentrations of water-quality properties.
\nLoads and yields of chloride, nitrate, nitrite, orthophosphate, and bacteria varied at monitoring stations in the Scituate Reservoir drainage area in WYs 2003-12. Loads generally were greater at stations in the Barden Reservoir and the Regulating Reservoir Subbasins that have larger drainage areas than in subbasins with smaller drainage areas. Subbasin yields of fecal-indicator bacteria and orthophosphate generally were largest in the Westconnaug Reservoir Subbasin, and subbasin yields for chloride, nitrate, and nitrite were largest in the Moswansicut Reservoir Subbasin in the northeastern part of the drainage area.
\nUpward trends in pH were identified for nearly half of the monitoring stations for WYs 1983-2012 and may reflect regional reductions in acid precipitation. Many upward trends in alkalinity also were identified for both the WYs 1983-2012 and for WYs 2003-12 periods and are likely related to the natural weathering of structures containing concrete or, in some cases, the application of lime or fertilizers on agriculture lands. Significant trends in chloride concentrations at most stations during WYs 1983-2012 were upward; however, results for WYs 2003-12 substantiate few significant upward trends and, in a few cases, downward trends were identified in several tributary drainage areas.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20155058","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Providence Water Supply Board","usgsCitation":"Smith, K.P., 2015, Water-quality trends in the Scituate reservoir drainage area, Rhode Island, 1983-2012: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2015-5058, viii, 56 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20155058.","productDescription":"viii, 56 p.","numberOfPages":"70","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","temporalStart":"1983-01-01","temporalEnd":"2012-12-31","ipdsId":"IP-045415","costCenters":[{"id":376,"text":"Massachusetts Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":301097,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20155058.jpg"},{"id":301094,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5058/"},{"id":301095,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5058/pdf/sir2015-5058.pdf","text":"Report","size":"13.9 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2015-5058 Report"},{"id":301096,"rank":3,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5058/attachments/sir2015-5058_appendix.xlsx","text":"Appendix 1","size":"700 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"SIR 2015-5058 Appendix 1","linkHelpText":"Values for water-quality data collected by the Providence Water Supply Board at 37 monitoring stations in the Scituate Reservoir drainage area, water years 1983–2012."}],"country":"United States","state":"Rhode Island","otherGeospatial":"Scituate Reservoir","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -71.79290771484375,\n 41.72623044860004\n ],\n [\n -71.8011474609375,\n 41.937019660425264\n ],\n [\n -71.54296874999999,\n 41.937019660425264\n ],\n [\n -71.553955078125,\n 41.734429390721\n ],\n [\n -71.79290771484375,\n 41.72623044860004\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":11,"text":"Pembroke PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55780020e4b032353cbeb6b7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, Kirk P. 0000-0003-0269-474X kpsmith@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0269-474X","contributorId":1516,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Kirk","email":"kpsmith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":376,"text":"Massachusetts Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":545577,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70148471,"text":"sir20155045 - 2015 - Hydrologic model of the Modesto Region, California, 1960-2004","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-06-09T08:50:49","indexId":"sir20155045","displayToPublicDate":"2015-06-09T10:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2015-5045","title":"Hydrologic model of the Modesto Region, California, 1960-2004","docAbstract":"Strategies for managing water supplies and groundwater quality in the Modesto region of the eastern San Joaquin Valley, California, are being formulated and evaluated by the Stanislaus and Tuolumne Rivers Groundwater Basin Association. Management issues and goals in the basin include an area in the lower part of the basin that requires drainage of the shallow water table to sustain agriculture, intra- and inter-basin migration of poor-quality groundwater, and efficient management of surface and groundwater supplies. To aid in the evaluation of water-management strategies, the U.S. Geological Survey and the Stanislaus and Tuolumne Rivers Groundwater Basin Association have developed a hydrologic model that simulates monthly groundwater and surface-water flow as governed by aquifer-system properties, annual and seasonal variations in climate, surface-water flow and availability, water use, and land use. The model was constructed by using the U.S. Geological Survey groundwater-modeling software MODFLOW-OWHM with the Farm Process.
\nAvailable measurements of groundwater pumped for municipal, irrigation, and drainage purposes are specified in the model, as are deliveries of surface water. Private irrigation pumping and recharge associated with agricultural land use were estimated by using the Farm Process in MODFLOW-OWHM, which simulates landscape processes associated with irrigated agriculture and other land uses. The distribution of hydraulic conductivity in the aquifer system was constrained by using data from more than 3,500 drillers' logs. The model was calibrated to 4,061 measured groundwater levels in 109 wells and 2,739 mean monthly surface-water flows measured at 6 streamgages during 1960-2004 by using a semi-automated method of parameter estimation.
\nThe model fit to groundwater levels was good, with an absolute mean residual of 0.8 feet; 74 percent of simulated heads were within 10 feet of those observed. The model fit to streamflow was biased low, but reasonable overall; the absolute mean residual of streamflow was 780 cubic feet per second, and 68 percent of simulated streamflows were within 500 cubic feet per second of observed. Hydrographs both of groundwater levels and streamflow indicated overall an acceptable fit to observed trends.
\nSimulated private agricultural pumpage ranged from about 780,000 to 1,380,000 acre-feet per year and averaged about 1,000,000 acre-feet per year from 1960 to 2004. Simulated deep percolation, or groundwater recharge from precipitation and irrigation, varied with climate and land use from about 1,100,000 to 1,700,000 acre-feet per year, averaging 1,360,000 acre-feet per year. Key limitations of the model with respect to estimating these large components of the water budget are the uncertainty associated with actual irrigation deliveries and irrigation efficiencies and the lack of metered data for private agricultural groundwater pumping. Different assumptions with respect to irrigation deliveries and efficiencies, and other model input, would result in different estimates of private agricultural groundwater use.
\nThe simulated exchange between groundwater and surface water was a small percentage of streamflow, typically ranging within a loss or gain of about 2 cubic feet per second per mile. The simulated exchange compared reasonably with limited independent estimates available, but substantial uncertainty is associated with these estimates.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20155045","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Stanislaus and Tuolumne Rivers Groundwater Basin Association","usgsCitation":"Phillips, S.P., Rewis, D.L., and Traum, J.A., 2015, Hydrologic model of the Modesto Region, California, 1960-2004: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2015-5045, x, 69 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20155045.","productDescription":"x, 69 p.","numberOfPages":"84","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-014014","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":301085,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20155045.jpg"},{"id":301082,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5045/"},{"id":301084,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5045/downloads/sir2015-5045_fig21supplement.xls","text":"Supplement to figure 21","size":"3.1 MB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"SIR 2015-5045 Supplement to figure 21"},{"id":301083,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5045/pdf/sir2015-5045.pdf","text":"Report","size":"9 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2015-5045 Report"}],"projection":"Albers equal area conic projection","datum":"North American Datum of 1983","country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Modesto","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -121.38381958007812,\n 37.56308554496544\n ],\n [\n -121.38381958007812,\n 37.565262680889965\n ],\n [\n -121.34948730468749,\n 37.565262680889965\n ],\n [\n -121.34948730468749,\n 37.56308554496544\n ],\n [\n -121.38381958007812,\n 37.56308554496544\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -121.33575439453126,\n 37.57505900514994\n ],\n [\n -120.838623046875,\n 37.9051994823157\n ],\n [\n -120.39093017578125,\n 37.470498470798724\n ],\n [\n -120.96633911132812,\n 37.11543110112874\n ],\n [\n -121.33575439453126,\n 37.57505900514994\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":1,"text":"Sacramento PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5578001de4b032353cbeb6b3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Phillips, Steven P. 0000-0002-5107-868X sphillip@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5107-868X","contributorId":1506,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Phillips","given":"Steven","email":"sphillip@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":548351,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rewis, Diane L. dlrewis@usgs.gov","contributorId":1511,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rewis","given":"Diane","email":"dlrewis@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":548352,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Traum, Jonathan A. 0000-0002-4787-3680 jtraum@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4787-3680","contributorId":4780,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Traum","given":"Jonathan","email":"jtraum@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":548353,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70148452,"text":"70148452 - 2015 - Landscape disturbance from unconventional and conventional oil and gas development in the Marcellus Shale region of Pennsylvania, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-11-14T17:34:28.469263","indexId":"70148452","displayToPublicDate":"2015-06-08T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5021,"text":"Environments","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Landscape disturbance from unconventional and conventional oil and gas development in the Marcellus Shale region of Pennsylvania, USA","docAbstract":"The spatial footprint of unconventional (hydraulic fracturing) and conventional oil and gas development in the Marcellus Shale region of the State of Pennsylvania was digitized from high-resolution, ortho-rectified, digital aerial photography, from 2004 to 2010. We used these data to measure the spatial extent of oil and gas development and to assess the exposure of the extant natural resources across the landscape of the watersheds in the study area. We found that either form of development: (1) occurred in ~50% of the 930 watersheds that defined the study area; (2) was closer to streams than the recommended safe distance in ~50% of the watersheds; (3) was in some places closer to impaired streams and state-defined wildland trout streams than the recommended safe distance; (4) was within 10 upstream kilometers of surface drinking water intakes in ~45% of the watersheds that had surface drinking water intakes; (5) occurred in ~10% of state-defined exceptional value watersheds; (6) occurred in ~30% of the watersheds with resident populations defined as disproportionately exposed to pollutants; (7) tended to occur at interior forest locations; and (8) had >100 residents within 3 km for ~30% of the unconventional oil and gas development sites. Further, we found that exposure to the potential effects of landscape disturbance attributable to conventional oil and gas development was more prevalent than its unconventional counterpart.
","language":"English","publisher":"MDPI","publisherLocation":"Basel, Switzerland","doi":"10.3390/environments2020200","usgsCitation":"Slonecker, T.E., and Milheim, L., 2015, Landscape disturbance from unconventional and conventional oil and gas development in the Marcellus Shale region of Pennsylvania, USA: Environments, v. 2, no. 2, p. 200-220, https://doi.org/10.3390/environments2020200.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"200","endPage":"220","numberOfPages":"21","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-060471","costCenters":[{"id":242,"text":"Eastern Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472026,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/environments2020200","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":306663,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Pennsylvania","otherGeospatial":"Marcellus Shale region","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -76.53700943985835,\n 39.858770491692525\n ],\n [\n -75.94119467051401,\n 40.343724405280796\n ],\n [\n -74.31416203114968,\n 41.136613984593424\n ],\n [\n -75.42940506094872,\n 41.98252460542756\n ],\n [\n -79.77579741680867,\n 42.02225947674938\n ],\n [\n -79.89037718014443,\n 42.20358852900213\n ],\n [\n -80.53202385482297,\n 41.97684616967814\n ],\n [\n -80.54730115660134,\n 39.73552379388724\n ],\n [\n -78.82096605567959,\n 39.70614679531755\n ],\n [\n -78.69874764145489,\n 40.425182945651585\n ],\n [\n -78.04946231588691,\n 41.021453137217605\n ],\n [\n -76.71269841030623,\n 41.2573156562668\n ],\n [\n -76.84255547541991,\n 40.894543228560565\n ],\n [\n -76.52937078896939,\n 40.923407813957596\n ],\n [\n -78.25570588989113,\n 39.89980363356864\n ],\n [\n -78.28626049344695,\n 39.676757283700994\n ],\n [\n -77.69044572410263,\n 39.73552379388724\n ],\n [\n -77.04116039853469,\n 40.16883881318182\n ],\n [\n -76.51409348719147,\n 40.81943634649028\n ],\n [\n -76.04049713207142,\n 40.73845679874668\n ],\n [\n -76.84255547541991,\n 40.11044319933444\n ],\n [\n -76.53700943985835,\n 39.858770491692525\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"2","issue":"2","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-06-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55cdbfb6e4b08400b1fe140c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Slonecker, Terry E. tslonecker@usgs.gov","contributorId":446,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Slonecker","given":"Terry","email":"tslonecker@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":242,"text":"Eastern Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":548237,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Milheim, Lesley E. lmilheim@usgs.gov","contributorId":2560,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Milheim","given":"Lesley E.","email":"lmilheim@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":242,"text":"Eastern Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":548239,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}